1. NO.3: THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED(JAY)
"The numberof wars whichhave happenedorwill happenin
the worldwill alwaysbe foundtobe proportiontothe number
and weightof the causes,whetherreal orpretended,which
provoke orinvite them.If thisremarkbe just,itbecomesuseful
to inquire whethersomanyjustcausesof war are likelytobe
givenby Americaas by disunitedAmerica."
"The just causesof war, forthe mostpart, arise eitherform
violationsof treatiesorfromdirectviolence."
NO.4: THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED(JAY)
"But the safetyof the people of Americaagainstdangersfrom
foreignforce dependsnotonlyontheirforebearingtogive just
causesof war toother nations,butalsoonplacingand
continuingthemselvesinsucha situationasto not invite
hostilityorinsult;foritneednotbe observedthatthere are
pretendedaswell asjustcausesof war."
"It istoo true,howeverdisgraceful itmaybe tohuman nature,
that nationsingeneral will make warwhenevertheyhave a
prospectof gettinganythingbyit;nay,that absolute monarchs
will oftenmake warwhentheirnationsare togetnothingbyit,
but forpurposesandobjectsmerelypersonalaffronts,
ambition,orprivate compactsto aggrandize orsupporttheir
particularfamiliesorpartisans."
NO.2: THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED(JAY)
Why can we be critical of this?  Because itis toofocusedonAmericannationalism
 What keepsustogether,if we don'texactlyhave the
same religion,orlanguage,orculture?
 The onlythingthat keepsustogetherisan old
documentthatis still operative;otherwise,we
don't seemtohave much incommon.
 Accordingto Publius,we didhave thingsin
common.It wasa verysimple,smallcommunity
that remindsof usAristotle'spolis,inwhich
people are connectedtoeachotherinone way
or another.
 What isthe spiritof America?
So whatis thespirit of America?  Accordingto Publius,the unique situationof being
able to choose theirownformof government.
Are we purely"Crickean"?  (ProfessorBaumgarth) Because we take aseriesof
suggestionsfromthe government,andwe are not

2. able to come up withourown system?
 (ProfessorBaumgarth) "It'ssomethingtothinkabout,
but thinkingisverypainful."
NO.9: THE UNION ASA SAFEGUARD AGAINSTDOMESTIC FACTION ANDINSURRECTION (HAMILTON)
 Beginswiththe notionthathe isembarrassedbythe historyof Republics.
 He acknowledgesthattheyall ledtoconflict.
 There aren't anyviable,operative formsof arepublic.
 Republic(accordingtoPublius)= anyformof governance thatisnot monarchical
"It isimpossibletoreadythe historyof
the pettyrepublicsof Greece andItaly
withoutfeelingsensationsof horror
and disgustatthe distractionswith
whichtheywere continuallyagitated,
and at the rapid successionof
revolutionsbywhichtheywere keptin
a state of perpetual vibrationbetween
the extremesof tyrannyandanarchy."
 Petty=small
 All yougetis classwar..
 The ancientcity-statesof Greece andRome lacked
the diversityof social classes,andusing
opportunitiestoovercome the exaggerated
necessitiesof the richandpoor.
"If momentaryraysof glorybreakforth
fromthe gloom,while theydazzle us
witha transientandfleetingbrilliancy,
theyat the same time admonishusto
lamentthatthe vicesof government
shouldpervertthe directionandtarnish
the lusterof those brighttalentsand
exaltedendowmentsforwhichthe
favoredsoilsthatproducedthemhave
beensojustlycelebrated."
 There were all of these extraordinarycharactersin
the ancientcity-states,buttheywere notrecognized
for theircontributionto the communityasa whole.
"From the disordersthatdisfigure the
annalsof those republicsthe advocates
of despotismhave drawnarguments,
not onlyagainstthe formsof republican
government,butagainstthe very
principlesof civil liberty."
 You don't needaphilosopher;youjustneeda
Machiavellianprince whocanexecute rewardand
punishment.
"But itis not tobe deniedthatthe
portraitstheyhave sketchedof
republicangovernmentweretoojust
copiesof the originalsformwhichthey
were taken."
 Portraitssketchedbyrepublicans(popularformsof
government)
 Historyproceedstoshow more examplesof how
self-governmentfails.
Why are we anydifferent,accordingto
Publius?Whatguidesusinthis?

3. "The science of politics,however,like
mostother sciences,hasreceivedgreat
improvement."
 We have an organizable science of how toorganize
our communities.
 However,the ancientsonlytossedacoin.
 Theywere ignorant.
 Publiuscomestothe conclusionthatAristotle has
little ornothingtoteach us.
"The efficacyof variousprinciplesis
nowwell understood,whichwere
eithernotknowat all,or imperfectly
knownto the ancients."
 We know thingsaboutpolitical life thatthe ancients
didn't.
 Ex. Representation.Directdemocracies.
"The regulardistributionof powerinto
distinctdepartments;the introduction
of courtscomposedof judgesholding
theirofficesduringgoodbehavior;the
representationof the people inthe
legislaturebalancesandchecks;the
institutionof courtscomposedof
judgesholdingtheirofficesduringgood
behavior;the representationof the
people are whollynew discoveries,or
have made theirprincipal progress
towardsperfectioninmodern times."
 A complete listof the improvementsof modern
understandingsthatworkasan improvementof
ancientsociety.
 Theycouldn'tproperlymanage theirsocieties.
"I shall venture,howevernovel itmay
appearto some,to addone more,on a
principle whichhasbeenmade the
foundationof anobjectionof anew
Constitution...intoone Great
Confederacy."
 Thisis somethingthatpeopleposingthe new
Constitutionwill be against.
 The difference of itisthe size of the government.
 If diversityisanimportantthing,thenitis
likelytobe a case,that the more space and
people there are,thenthe betterthe
governmentwillbe.
 Why doeshe mentiondiversity?
 "enlargementof the orbit"
 Where are we now?The Empire State.
 The new governmentwill be largerthanthe
state.
 The larger the community,the more resourceshe
has.
 Then,we are notdependentonresources.
 The communitybecomesrich,because of the
range of manufacturing.
 The Anti-Federaliststhinkthatyouneedamilitary
establishment.
 The principle of the republicwayof life
dependsonindividualswhoare spiritedto
defendtheirindividualsfromotherrepublics.
 Then,theycan go back to private practice.

4.  The Anti-Federalistsdonotwanta standing
military.
 Once you geta military,itgoesagainst
 The spiritof a military…?
 MONTESQUIEU (FrenchPoliticalThinker)
 Why doesAristotle praisesmall communities?
o Because Aristotle emphasizesthe moral
qualityof the small republic.Inposition,
it isable to emphasize moral leaders,
moral actors.
 Montesquieuthinksthatyouneedsmall
republics,forthe sake of the protectionof the
republic.
 He expectswhenthere isamilitaryforce,
where numbersare important,youcanhave a
confederation,where the statesare sovereign.
 In otherwords,the Anti-Federaliststhinkthe new
constitutionwillbe Anti-Democratic.
 The larger the communityis,the less
democraticthe communitywill be.
 OBJECTIONSBY THE ANTIFEDERALISTS
 The larger the governmentis,the lazierthe
governmentwillbe.Outof sight.Outof mind.
What keepspeople fromdoingthatundera
smallerrepublicisthattheyare constantly
beingobservedbytheirpeople.
 The new extendedorbitof governmentrends
itself toreadily
 The new form of governmentwillbe too
democratic,inthat itwill be oppressive of
minorities.
 *these claimsare made by different
individuals,notone establishedunitof
Antifederalists*
 Publius'answertothisisthat the Anti-Federalists
have misreadMontesquieu.
 Theyargue thattheirideal governmentisa
quantative difference,notaqualitative
difference.
 MontesquieuneverimaginedNYC,orSoCal,or
Virginia,butmaybe Rhode Island.
"The definitionof aConfederate
republicseemssimplytobe 'an
assemblage of societies',oran
associationof twoor more statesinto
one state."The extent,modifications,
"mere mattersof discretion"=not a matter of principle,
but necessity
 Beingsovereignislikebeingpregnant.Either
youare or you aren't.
 Once you have agreedtogive up sovereignty,

5. and objectsof the federal authorityare
mere mattersof discretion.Solongas
the separate organizationof the
membersbe notabolished;solongasit
exists,byaconstitutional necessity,for
local purposes;thoughitshouldbe in
perfectsubordinationtothe general
authorityof the union,itwouldstill be,
infact and intheory, as associationof
states,or a confederacy."
how much of it becomesamatter of character,
not principle.
"or a confederacy"
 As longas the constitutionallowsforthe
existence of the states.
 The onlythingthat cannot be amendedinthe
Constitutionisastates2 senatorprovision.
"In the Lycianconfederacy,which
consistedof twenty-threecities,or
republics,the largestwere entitledto
three votesinthe commoncouncil,
those of the middle classtotwo,and
the smallesttoone.The Common
Council hadthe appointmentof all the
judgesandmagistratesof the
respective cities."
"Lycianconfederacy" - governmenthadpowertopick
senators.
Publiusistryingtoprove the confusioninthe waythe
Anti-Federalists readandunderstoodMontesquieu.