This presentation is a part of the COP2272C college level course taught at the Florida Polytechnic University located in Lakeland Florida. The purpose of this course is to introduce students to the C++ language and the fundamentals of object orientated programming..
The course is one semester in length and meets for 2 hours twice a week. The Instructor is Dr. Jim Anderson.
This presentation is a part of the COP2272C college level course taught at the Florida Polytechnic University located in Lakeland Florida. The purpose of this course is to introduce students to the C++ language and the fundamentals of object orientated programming..
The course is one semester in length and meets for 2 hours twice a week. The Instructor is Dr. Jim Anderson.
The document discusses using files for input/output in C++ programs. It outlines the 5-step process: 1) include fstream header, 2) declare file stream variables, 3) associate variables with files, 4) use stream variables for input/output, 5) close files. It provides examples of opening files for input/output, reading/writing data, seeking to different positions in a file, and challenges the reader to process Dr. King's speech stored in a file.
This document discusses parameter passing mechanisms in programming languages. It explains different parameter passing techniques like call by value, call by reference, call by name. It also discusses formal and actual parameters, how they are associated during a subprogram call, and how their values are copied or linked during the subprogram entry and exit. Implementation of formal parameters involves storage in the activation record and handling input/output types by copying or using pointers.
This document discusses subprograms in programming languages. It covers the fundamentals of subprograms including definitions, parameters, and parameter passing methods. Key points include:
- A subprogram has a single entry point and control returns to the caller when execution terminates. Parameters can be passed by value, reference, result, or name.
- Issues around subprograms include parameter type checking, local variable scope, and parameter passing semantics and implementation. Languages support different parameter passing methods like pass-by-value or pass-by-reference.
- Parameter passing methods have tradeoffs between efficiency and aliasing. Multidimensional arrays as parameters require type information to be passed correctly in some languages. Subprograms can also
Functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks. There are three types of functions in Python: built-in functions, anonymous lambda functions, and user-defined functions. Functions help organize code by breaking programs into smaller, modular chunks. They reduce code duplication, decompose complex problems, improve clarity, and allow code reuse. Functions can take arguments and return values. Built-in functions are pre-defined to perform operations and return results when given the required arguments.
This document discusses data types and data structures. It defines them and describes their key attributes. For data types, it covers specification, implementation, operations and examples of elementary types. For data structures, it discusses composition, organization, representation and implementation of operations. It also addresses type equivalence checking, conversion and lists several common data structures like arrays, records, lists and files.
This presentation is a part of the COP2272C college level course taught at the Florida Polytechnic University located in Lakeland Florida. The purpose of this course is to introduce students to the C++ language and the fundamentals of object orientated programming..
The course is one semester in length and meets for 2 hours twice a week. The Instructor is Dr. Jim Anderson.
The document discusses using files for input/output in C++ programs. It outlines the 5-step process: 1) include fstream header, 2) declare file stream variables, 3) associate variables with files, 4) use stream variables for input/output, 5) close files. It provides examples of opening files for input/output, reading/writing data, seeking to different positions in a file, and challenges the reader to process Dr. King's speech stored in a file.
This document discusses parameter passing mechanisms in programming languages. It explains different parameter passing techniques like call by value, call by reference, call by name. It also discusses formal and actual parameters, how they are associated during a subprogram call, and how their values are copied or linked during the subprogram entry and exit. Implementation of formal parameters involves storage in the activation record and handling input/output types by copying or using pointers.
This document discusses subprograms in programming languages. It covers the fundamentals of subprograms including definitions, parameters, and parameter passing methods. Key points include:
- A subprogram has a single entry point and control returns to the caller when execution terminates. Parameters can be passed by value, reference, result, or name.
- Issues around subprograms include parameter type checking, local variable scope, and parameter passing semantics and implementation. Languages support different parameter passing methods like pass-by-value or pass-by-reference.
- Parameter passing methods have tradeoffs between efficiency and aliasing. Multidimensional arrays as parameters require type information to be passed correctly in some languages. Subprograms can also
Functions are blocks of reusable code that perform specific tasks. There are three types of functions in Python: built-in functions, anonymous lambda functions, and user-defined functions. Functions help organize code by breaking programs into smaller, modular chunks. They reduce code duplication, decompose complex problems, improve clarity, and allow code reuse. Functions can take arguments and return values. Built-in functions are pre-defined to perform operations and return results when given the required arguments.
This document discusses data types and data structures. It defines them and describes their key attributes. For data types, it covers specification, implementation, operations and examples of elementary types. For data structures, it discusses composition, organization, representation and implementation of operations. It also addresses type equivalence checking, conversion and lists several common data structures like arrays, records, lists and files.
This document discusses recursion in programming. It defines recursion as a technique for solving problems by repeatedly applying the same procedure to reduce the problem into smaller sub-problems. The key aspects of recursion covered include recursive functions, how they work by having a base case and recursively calling itself, examples of recursive functions in Python like calculating factorials and binary search, and the differences between recursion and iteration approaches.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It covers function definitions, prototypes, parameters, return types, scope rules, recursion, and examples. Functions allow dividing a program into smaller modular pieces to make it more manageable. Key points include defining functions with a return type, name, and parameters; using function prototypes for validation; and recursively calling functions to solve problems by breaking them down into base cases.
Functions allow programmers to organize code into reusable blocks. There are built-in functions and user-defined functions. Functions make code easier to develop, test and reuse. Variables inside functions can be local, global or nonlocal. Parameters pass data into functions, while functions can return values. Libraries contain pre-defined functions for tasks like mathematics and string manipulation.
Python functions allow for reusable code through defining functions, passing arguments, returning values, and setting scopes. Functions can take positional or keyword arguments, as well as variable length arguments. Default arguments allow functions to specify default values for optional parameters. Functions are objects that can be assigned to variables and referenced later.
This document discusses different types of functions in C++ including: library functions, user-defined functions, overloaded functions, inline functions, friend functions, static functions, constructor functions, destructor functions, and virtual functions. It provides examples and definitions for each type of function.
C++ basics include object-oriented programming concepts like encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. Functions can be overloaded in C++ by having the same name but different parameters. Variables have scope depending on whether they are local, global or block variables. Inline functions avoid function call overhead by copying the function code directly into the calling code. Recursion allows functions to call themselves, which can be useful for computing things like factorials.
This document discusses Language Integrated Query (LINQ) in .NET, including LINQ building blocks, sequences, query operators and expressions, query expression trees, and LINQ to Objects. LINQ allows querying over various data sources like collections, databases, and XML documents using a SQL-like syntax. Query expressions are translated into expression trees which provide optimizations. LINQ to Objects refers to using LINQ directly over IEnumerable collections without an intermediate provider.
This document discusses functions in Python. It defines a function as a block of reusable code that has a name. The function header includes the name, parameters in parentheses, and return type. The function body contains the code within curly braces. Functions are called by their name and parameters are passed within parentheses. Examples are provided of defining, calling, and returning values from functions in Python.
This document discusses algorithmic efficiency and complexity. It begins by defining an algorithm as a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem in a finite amount of time. It then discusses estimating the complexity of algorithms, including asymptotic notations like Big O, Big Omega, and Theta that are used to describe an algorithm's time and space complexity. The document provides examples of time and space complexity for common algorithms like searching and sorting. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of analyzing algorithms to minimize their cost and maximize efficiency.
Functions allow programmers to organize code into reusable blocks. A function is defined using the def keyword and can accept parameters. The body of a function contains a set of statements that run when the function is called. Functions can return values and allow code to be reused, reducing errors and improving readability. Parameters allow information to be passed into functions, while return values allow functions to provide results.
This document discusses various C++ concepts related to functions including:
- Default pointers which receive addresses passed to called functions.
- Reference variables which receive the reference of an actual variable passed to a function. Changing the reference variable directly changes the actual variable.
- Inline functions which eliminate context switching when defined inside a class or declared with the inline keyword.
- Friend functions which have access to private/protected members of a class they are declared as a friend to.
Subprograms are reusable blocks of code that can be called from other parts of a program. They have a header that specifies their name, parameters, and return type. When called, actual parameters are passed and bound to the formal parameters in the subprogram definition. Subprograms come in two types - procedures, which do not return values, and functions, which do. They allow code to be reused and abstracted through parameters and encapsulation.
The document discusses improving readability and performance in DataWeave 2.0. It explains that DataWeave is an expression-based language which can lead to nested function calls that are difficult to read. It presents using declarations and do statements in DataWeave 2.0 to write code in a more imperative style with improved readability and performance by avoiding unnecessary calculations. A real-world example of calculating account balances is provided to demonstrate transforming nested expressions into a more readable style using declarations and do statements.
The document discusses various concepts related to functions in Python including defining functions, passing arguments, default arguments, arbitrary argument lists, lambda expressions, function annotations, and documentation strings. Functions provide modularity and code reusability. Arguments can be passed by value or reference and default values are evaluated once. Keyword, arbitrary and unpacked arguments allow flexible calling. Lambda expressions define small anonymous functions. Annotations provide type metadata and docstrings document functions.
The document discusses functions, modules, and how to modularize Python programs. It provides examples of defining functions, using parameters, returning values, and function scope. It also discusses creating modules, importing modules, and the difference between running a Python file as a module versus running it as the main script using the __name__ == "__main__" check. The key points are that functions help break programs into reusable and readable components, modules further help organize code, and the __name__ check allows code to run differently depending on how it is imported or run directly.
Operator Overloading and Scope of VariableMOHIT DADU
This slide is completely based on the Operator Overloading and the Scope of Variable. The example given to explain are based on C/C++ programming language.
This document provides an introduction and overview of LINQ (Language Integrated Query). It discusses that LINQ allows developers to query data from different sources using a SQL-like syntax directly in .NET code. It also summarizes the key LINQ concepts like data sources, query operators, LINQ providers for different data types, and IDE support for LINQ in Visual Studio.
This document provides an overview of functions in the C programming language. It defines what functions are and their uses, including allowing code to be grouped and reused. It provides examples of basic function syntax and definition. It also covers function calling, parameters, return types, scope rules, and other key concepts like recursion, global variables, and header files. The goal is to teach the reader about functions as a fundamental building block in C programming.
In this lesson, we will start by defining the basic concept related to Pyhton: operations, variables, and basic types.
Then we will define the concept of a function, and how to use it.
[Notebook link]( https://drive.google.com/file/d/1T4T32lyCkT4J992tfnKUADQU88Qvlrvc/view?usp=drivesdk)
Finally, we will explain the concept of modules and libraries. And, we will show how to install these libraries in Google Colab.
The document discusses user-defined functions in C++. It explains that functions help divide programs into smaller, more manageable pieces. Functions are defined with a return type, parameter list, and function body. Functions can take arguments and return values. Function prototypes specify the function signature. Functions can be called by name and passed arguments. Global variables are accessible everywhere while local variables are only accessible within their function.
1. The document discusses recursion and provides examples of recursively defined problems and their solutions, including factorials, powers, greatest common divisor, Fibonacci series, Towers of Hanoi, and counting cells in a blob.
2. Recursion involves breaking a problem into smaller subproblems of the same type until reaching a base case that can be solved directly. The solutions to subproblems are then combined to solve the original problem.
3. Examples of recursively defined problems include mathematical formulas, searching and sorting algorithms like binary search, and problems like Towers of Hanoi that are naturally broken down recursively.
This document discusses recursion in programming. It defines recursion as a technique for solving problems by repeatedly applying the same procedure to reduce the problem into smaller sub-problems. The key aspects of recursion covered include recursive functions, how they work by having a base case and recursively calling itself, examples of recursive functions in Python like calculating factorials and binary search, and the differences between recursion and iteration approaches.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It covers function definitions, prototypes, parameters, return types, scope rules, recursion, and examples. Functions allow dividing a program into smaller modular pieces to make it more manageable. Key points include defining functions with a return type, name, and parameters; using function prototypes for validation; and recursively calling functions to solve problems by breaking them down into base cases.
Functions allow programmers to organize code into reusable blocks. There are built-in functions and user-defined functions. Functions make code easier to develop, test and reuse. Variables inside functions can be local, global or nonlocal. Parameters pass data into functions, while functions can return values. Libraries contain pre-defined functions for tasks like mathematics and string manipulation.
Python functions allow for reusable code through defining functions, passing arguments, returning values, and setting scopes. Functions can take positional or keyword arguments, as well as variable length arguments. Default arguments allow functions to specify default values for optional parameters. Functions are objects that can be assigned to variables and referenced later.
This document discusses different types of functions in C++ including: library functions, user-defined functions, overloaded functions, inline functions, friend functions, static functions, constructor functions, destructor functions, and virtual functions. It provides examples and definitions for each type of function.
C++ basics include object-oriented programming concepts like encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. Functions can be overloaded in C++ by having the same name but different parameters. Variables have scope depending on whether they are local, global or block variables. Inline functions avoid function call overhead by copying the function code directly into the calling code. Recursion allows functions to call themselves, which can be useful for computing things like factorials.
This document discusses Language Integrated Query (LINQ) in .NET, including LINQ building blocks, sequences, query operators and expressions, query expression trees, and LINQ to Objects. LINQ allows querying over various data sources like collections, databases, and XML documents using a SQL-like syntax. Query expressions are translated into expression trees which provide optimizations. LINQ to Objects refers to using LINQ directly over IEnumerable collections without an intermediate provider.
This document discusses functions in Python. It defines a function as a block of reusable code that has a name. The function header includes the name, parameters in parentheses, and return type. The function body contains the code within curly braces. Functions are called by their name and parameters are passed within parentheses. Examples are provided of defining, calling, and returning values from functions in Python.
This document discusses algorithmic efficiency and complexity. It begins by defining an algorithm as a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem in a finite amount of time. It then discusses estimating the complexity of algorithms, including asymptotic notations like Big O, Big Omega, and Theta that are used to describe an algorithm's time and space complexity. The document provides examples of time and space complexity for common algorithms like searching and sorting. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of analyzing algorithms to minimize their cost and maximize efficiency.
Functions allow programmers to organize code into reusable blocks. A function is defined using the def keyword and can accept parameters. The body of a function contains a set of statements that run when the function is called. Functions can return values and allow code to be reused, reducing errors and improving readability. Parameters allow information to be passed into functions, while return values allow functions to provide results.
This document discusses various C++ concepts related to functions including:
- Default pointers which receive addresses passed to called functions.
- Reference variables which receive the reference of an actual variable passed to a function. Changing the reference variable directly changes the actual variable.
- Inline functions which eliminate context switching when defined inside a class or declared with the inline keyword.
- Friend functions which have access to private/protected members of a class they are declared as a friend to.
Subprograms are reusable blocks of code that can be called from other parts of a program. They have a header that specifies their name, parameters, and return type. When called, actual parameters are passed and bound to the formal parameters in the subprogram definition. Subprograms come in two types - procedures, which do not return values, and functions, which do. They allow code to be reused and abstracted through parameters and encapsulation.
The document discusses improving readability and performance in DataWeave 2.0. It explains that DataWeave is an expression-based language which can lead to nested function calls that are difficult to read. It presents using declarations and do statements in DataWeave 2.0 to write code in a more imperative style with improved readability and performance by avoiding unnecessary calculations. A real-world example of calculating account balances is provided to demonstrate transforming nested expressions into a more readable style using declarations and do statements.
The document discusses various concepts related to functions in Python including defining functions, passing arguments, default arguments, arbitrary argument lists, lambda expressions, function annotations, and documentation strings. Functions provide modularity and code reusability. Arguments can be passed by value or reference and default values are evaluated once. Keyword, arbitrary and unpacked arguments allow flexible calling. Lambda expressions define small anonymous functions. Annotations provide type metadata and docstrings document functions.
The document discusses functions, modules, and how to modularize Python programs. It provides examples of defining functions, using parameters, returning values, and function scope. It also discusses creating modules, importing modules, and the difference between running a Python file as a module versus running it as the main script using the __name__ == "__main__" check. The key points are that functions help break programs into reusable and readable components, modules further help organize code, and the __name__ check allows code to run differently depending on how it is imported or run directly.
Operator Overloading and Scope of VariableMOHIT DADU
This slide is completely based on the Operator Overloading and the Scope of Variable. The example given to explain are based on C/C++ programming language.
This document provides an introduction and overview of LINQ (Language Integrated Query). It discusses that LINQ allows developers to query data from different sources using a SQL-like syntax directly in .NET code. It also summarizes the key LINQ concepts like data sources, query operators, LINQ providers for different data types, and IDE support for LINQ in Visual Studio.
This document provides an overview of functions in the C programming language. It defines what functions are and their uses, including allowing code to be grouped and reused. It provides examples of basic function syntax and definition. It also covers function calling, parameters, return types, scope rules, and other key concepts like recursion, global variables, and header files. The goal is to teach the reader about functions as a fundamental building block in C programming.
In this lesson, we will start by defining the basic concept related to Pyhton: operations, variables, and basic types.
Then we will define the concept of a function, and how to use it.
[Notebook link]( https://drive.google.com/file/d/1T4T32lyCkT4J992tfnKUADQU88Qvlrvc/view?usp=drivesdk)
Finally, we will explain the concept of modules and libraries. And, we will show how to install these libraries in Google Colab.
The document discusses user-defined functions in C++. It explains that functions help divide programs into smaller, more manageable pieces. Functions are defined with a return type, parameter list, and function body. Functions can take arguments and return values. Function prototypes specify the function signature. Functions can be called by name and passed arguments. Global variables are accessible everywhere while local variables are only accessible within their function.
1. The document discusses recursion and provides examples of recursively defined problems and their solutions, including factorials, powers, greatest common divisor, Fibonacci series, Towers of Hanoi, and counting cells in a blob.
2. Recursion involves breaking a problem into smaller subproblems of the same type until reaching a base case that can be solved directly. The solutions to subproblems are then combined to solve the original problem.
3. Examples of recursively defined problems include mathematical formulas, searching and sorting algorithms like binary search, and problems like Towers of Hanoi that are naturally broken down recursively.
This presentation is a part of the COP2272C college level course taught at the Florida Polytechnic University located in Lakeland Florida. The purpose of this course is to introduce students to the C++ language and the fundamentals of object orientated programming..
The course is one semester in length and meets for 2 hours twice a week. The Instructor is Dr. Jim Anderson.
This presentation is a part of the COP2272C college level course taught at the Florida Polytechnic University located in Lakeland Florida. The purpose of this course is to introduce students to the C++ language and the fundamentals of object orientated programming..
The course is one semester in length and meets for 2 hours twice a week. The Instructor is Dr. Jim Anderson.
Types Of Recursion in C++, Data Stuctures by DHEERAJ KATARIADheeraj Kataria
The document discusses recursion and provides examples of recursion including nested recursion. It explains recursion using functions like the Ackermann function and Fibonacci numbers. It discusses excessive recursion and how it can lead to many repeated computations. The document also covers backtracking as a method for systematically trying sequences of decisions to find a solution. It provides the example of solving the eight queens problem using backtracking and recursion.
The document discusses recursion in computer programming. It defines recursion as a function that calls itself or is called by another function. It categorizes different types of recursion such as direct, indirect, linear, tree, and tail recursion. It explains how recursive functions work by using a stack to store information from each function call. Examples of recursively-defined problems like factorials and Fibonacci numbers are provided. Guidelines for writing recursive functions and solving problems recursively are also outlined.
This C tutorial covers every topic in C with the programming exercises. This is the most extensive tutorial on C you will get your hands on. I hope you will love the presentation. All the best. Happy learning.
Feedbacks are most welcome. Send your feedbacks to dwivedi.2512@gmail.com. You can download this document in PDF format from the link, http://www.slideshare.net/dwivedi2512/learning-c-an-extensive-guide-to-learn-the-c-language
ATAM 2014 - Estimations et planification AgilesYassine Zakaria
Dans les démarches "classiques", une bonne planification prend en compte énormément de
contraintes et de paramètres.
Le chef de projet doit consacrer beaucoup de temps et d’énergie pour maintenir à jour son
référentiel de pilotage et de suivi. Autrement, le projet va subir les travers connus (manque
de visibilité, dépassements coût/délais, non respect des engagements, non qualité, ...
Dans cette session, nous allons décortiquer les pratiques de chiffrage (forces /
faiblesses) et nous allons aborder les techniques d'estimation et de planification Agiles qui,
moyennant un minimum d'effort, vont nous permettre de mieux suivre nos
projets et d'avoir des projections plus fiables en termes de planning.
This document discusses different types of functions in C programming. It defines standard library functions as built-in functions to handle tasks like I/O and math operations. User-defined functions are functions created by programmers. Functions can be defined to take arguments and return values. Functions allow dividing programs into modular and reusable pieces of code. Recursion is when a function calls itself within its own definition.
Functions allow programmers to organize code into reusable blocks. A function is defined with a return type, name, parameters, and body. Functions can be called to execute their code from other parts of a program. Parameters allow data to be passed into functions, and functions can return data through return values or by reference. Inline functions avoid function call overhead by copying the function code into the calling location. Default parameters simplify function calls by automatically passing default values if arguments are omitted.
The document discusses functions in programming. It defines functions as named blocks of code that perform tasks. Functions help break programs into smaller, reusable chunks. There are built-in functions included with languages like Python as well as user-defined functions. Functions make programs more organized and modular by allowing code to be reused and shared across the program. Parameters and arguments are used to pass information into functions.
The document discusses functions in C++. It covers standard and user-defined functions, value-returning and void functions, formal and actual parameters, and how to define, declare, and call functions. It also discusses scope of identifiers, value vs reference parameters, function overloading, and functions with default parameters.
This document discusses different types of functions in C language. It explains that a C program consists of one or more functions, including at least one main function. There are two types of functions: library functions which are pre-defined, and user-defined functions which are created by the user. User-defined functions can have parameters and return values or not. Functions are used to divide a large program into subprograms for reusability and readability. Parameters can be passed by value or by reference. Recursive functions are functions that call themselves.
Chapter Introduction to Modular Programming.pptAmanuelZewdie4
Modular programming involves breaking down a program into individual components (modules) that can be programmed and tested independently. Functions are used to implement modules in C++. Functions must be declared before use so the compiler knows their name, return type, and parameters. Functions are then defined by providing the body of code. Variables used within a function have local scope while variables declared outside have global scope. Functions can pass arguments either by value, where a copy is passed, or by reference, where the address is passed allowing the argument to be modified. Arrays and strings passed to functions are passed by reference as pointers.
This document discusses functions and modular programming in C++. It defines what a function is and explains that functions allow dividing code into separate and reusable tasks. It covers function declarations, definitions, parameters, return types, and calling functions. It also discusses different ways of passing arguments to functions: call by value, call by pointer, and call by reference. Finally, it provides an example program that calculates addition and subtraction using different functions called within the main function. Modular programming is also summarized as dividing a program into independent and reusable modules to reduce complexity, decrease duplication, improve collaboration and testing.
Multidimensional arrays store data in tabular form with multiple indices. A 3D array declaration would be datatype arrayName[size1][size2][size3]. Elements can be initialized and accessed similar to 2D arrays but with additional nested brackets and loops for each dimension. Functions allow dividing a problem into smaller logical parts. Functions are defined with a return type, name, parameters and body. Arguments are passed by value or reference and arrays can also be passed to functions. Recursion occurs when a function calls itself, requiring a base case to terminate the recursion.
The document discusses functions in C programming. The key points are:
1. A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. Functions allow code reusability and modularity.
2. main() is the starting point of a C program where execution begins. User-defined functions are called from main() or other functions.
3. Functions can take arguments and return values. There are different ways functions can be defined based on these criteria.
4. Variables used within a function have local scope while global variables can be accessed from anywhere. Pointers allow passing arguments by reference.
Functions allow programmers to organize code into reusable blocks to perform tasks. There are advantages like avoiding duplicated code, easy debugging. Functions can be predefined from libraries or user-defined. Parameters can be passed by value, where copies are used, or by reference, where the original variables are accessed. Examples demonstrate passing values vs references and how changes only affect the original variables for the latter.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines functions as blocks of code that perform a specific task and can be called by other parts of the code. It covers the different components of functions like declarations, definitions, calls, passing arguments, and recursive functions. Recursive functions are functions that call themselves to break down a problem into smaller sub-problems until a base case is reached.
This document discusses subprograms (also called subroutines) in programming languages. It covers:
- The basic definitions and characteristics of subprograms, including headers, parameters, and local variables.
- Different parameter passing methods like pass-by-value, pass-by-reference, and their implementation in common languages.
- Additional features of subprograms including overloading, generics, and functions passing subprograms as parameters.
This document provides an overview of functions in C++. It defines what a function is, how to declare and define functions, how to call functions, and the differences between passing arguments by value versus by reference. A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. Functions are declared with a return type and parameter list, and defined with a body of code. Arguments can be passed into functions either by value, where the function receives a copy of the argument, or by reference, where any changes to the argument are reflected in the original variable. Well-designed programs use modular functions to organize code into reusable components.
This document discusses functions in C programming. It defines a function as a self-contained block of statements that performs a specific task. Functions have a unique name, receive values from the calling program, may return a value, and are independent and reusable. There are two types of functions: predefined/standard library functions and user-defined functions. The document outlines the advantages of using functions and modular design. It also explains function declarations, definitions, parameters, scope, and how to define and call user-defined functions in C using both call-by-value and call-by-reference parameter passing.
The chapter discusses user-defined functions in C++, including:
- Value-returning functions that use the return statement to return a value of a specific data type.
- Void functions that do not return a value.
- Function prototypes that declare a function without defining its body, allowing a function to be called before it is defined.
- Value and reference parameters, where reference parameters pass a reference to the variable rather than a copy.
- The scope of identifiers as either local to a function or global across the entire program.
The document discusses user-defined functions in C programming. It covers topics like function declaration, definition, parameters, return values, function calls, categories of functions, recursion, scope and storage classes of variables in functions. Specifically, it defines a function, explains the need for user-defined functions, and describes the elements and different types of functions.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines functions as segments of a program that perform well-defined tasks and can be called independently. Functions make programs modular and easier to write, test and maintain. Key points covered include: functions have a name and signature; parameters are passed between calling and called functions; the return statement ends function execution and returns control/values; parameters can be passed by value or reference.
This document discusses functions in Python. It defines functions as collections of statements that perform specific tasks. There are three types of functions: built-in functions, module functions, and user-defined functions. Built-in functions are predefined in Python, module functions are contained in .py files, and user-defined functions are created by the user. The document provides examples of various types of functions and how they can be called and used.
Similar to Intro To C++ - Class #20: Functions, Recursion (20)
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
Intro To C++ - Class #20: Functions, Recursion
1. An Introduction To Software
Development Using C++
Class #20:
Functions, Recursion
2. 2 Types Of Function Parameters
• Value Parameters: When a function is called, the value of a
value parameter is copied into the corresponding formal
parameter. After the copying, there is no relationship
between the value parameter and the formal parameter.
Value parameters only provide a one-way link from the value
parameter to the formal parameter.
• Reference Parameter: The reference parameter received the
address (memory location) of the actual parameter. Reference
parameters can pass one or more values from a function and
can change the value of the actual parameter.
Image Credit: mathinsight.org
3. When Are Reference Parameters
Useful?
1. When the value of the actual parameter needs
to be changed
2. When you want to return more than one value
from a function (note that the return statement
can only return one value)
3. When passing the address would save memory
space and time relative to copying a large
amount of data.
Image Credit: www.amazon.com
4. How Do You Define A Reference
Parameter?
• When you attach a & after a data type for a variable name in
the formal parameter list of a function, the variable becomes
a reference parameter.
5. In Class Programming Challenge:
Drywall Calculations, Part II
• Your program will read in data on the dimensions of the rooms in the house being
built.
• All rooms will be rectangular, 10’ tall, and will be measured in meters
(1m = 3.28 ft).
• Your program will then convert the room measurements that are in meters to feet
using a single function with two reference parameters.
• This function will return two values, the room size in feet, using the two reference
parameters.
• Your program will print out: the room name, the room size in meters, and the
room size in feet.
Image Credit: www.1drywall.com
You must make your main function be the first function in your file.
1
6. Inline Functions
• Implementing a program as a set of functions is good from a software engineering
standpoint, but function calls involve execution-time overhead.
• C++ provides inline functions to help reduce function call overhead—especially for
small functions.
• Placing the qualifier inline before a function’s return type in the function definition
“advises” the compiler to generate a copy of the function’s body code in place
(when appropriate) to avoid a function call.
• The trade-off is that multiple copies of the function code are inserted in the
program (often making the program larger) rather than there being a single copy
of the function to which control is passed each time the function is called.
• The compiler can ignore the inline qualifier and typically does so for all but the
smallest functions.
5 Image Credit: www.iisa.org
7. Default Arguments
• It’s common for a program to invoke a function repeatedly with the same argument value
for a particular parameter.
• In such cases, you can specify that such a parameter has a default argument, i.e., a default value to be
passed to that parameter.
• When a program omits an argument for a parameter with a default argument in a function call, the
compiler rewrites the function call and inserts the default value of that argument.
• Default arguments must be the rightmost (trailing) arguments in a function’s parameter list.
• When calling a function with two or more default arguments, if an omitted argument is not the rightmost
argument in the argument list, then all arguments to the right of that argument also must be omitted.
• Default arguments must be specified with the first occurrence of the function name—typically, in the
function prototype.
• If the function prototype is omitted because the function definition also serves as the prototype, then the
default arguments should be specified in the function header.
• Default values can be any expression, including constants, global variables or function calls.
• Default arguments also can be used with inline functions
Image Credit: devblackops.io
8. Default Arguments
• The first call to boxVolume specifies no arguments, thus using all three default values of 1.
• The second call passes only a length argument, thus using default values of 1 for the width
and height arguments.
• The third call (line 20) passes arguments for only length and width, thus using a default value
of 1 for the height argument.
• The last call (line 24) passes arguments for length, width and height, thus using no default
values.
• Any arguments passed to the function explicitly are assigned to the function’s parameters
from left to right.
• Therefore, when boxVolume receives one argument, the function assigns the value of that
argument to its length parameter (i.e., the leftmost parameter in the parameter list).
• When boxVolume receives two arguments, the function assigns the values of those
arguments to its length and width parameters in that order.
• Finally, when boxVolume receives all three arguments, the function assigns the values of
those arguments to its length, width and height parameters, respectively.
6 Image Credit: www.mining.com
9. Unary Scope Resolution Operator
• It’s possible to declare local and global variables of the same name.
• C++ provides the unary scope resolution operator (::) to access a
global variable when a local variable of the same name is in scope.
• The unary scope resolution operator cannot be used to access a
local variable of the same name in an outer block.
• A global variable can be accessed directly without the unary scope
resolution operator if the name of the global variable is not the
same as that of a local variable in scope.
7 Image Credit: www.hitec-graduate-school.de
10. Recursion!
• Some problems are best solved by having a function call
itself.
• A recursive function is a function that calls itself, either
directly, or indirectly (through another function).
• Although many compilers allow function main to call itself,
the C++ standard document indicate that main should not
be called within a program or recursively. Its sole purpose is
to be the starting point for program execution.
Image Credit: mr-verb.blogspot.com
11. Recursive Problem-Solving Approaches
• A recursive function is called to solve a problem.
• The function knows how to solve only the simplest case(s),
or so-called base case(s).
• If the function is called with a base case, the function simply returns a result.
• If the function is called with a more complex problem, it typically divides the problem into
two conceptual pieces—a piece that the function knows how to do and a piece that it does
not know how to do.
• To make recursion feasible, the latter piece must resemble the original problem, but be a
slightly simpler or smaller version.
• This new problem looks like the original, so the function calls a copy of itself to work on the
smaller problem—this is referred to as a recursive call and is also
called the recursion step.
• The recursion step often includes the keyword return, because its result will be combined
with the portion of the problem the function knew how to solve to form the result passed
back to the original caller, possibly main
Image Credit: keenformatics.blogspot.com
13. Recursive Problem-Solving Approaches
• The recursion step executes while the original
call to the function is still “open,” i.e., it has not
yet finished executing.
• The recursion step can result in many more such recursive
calls, as the function keeps dividing each new subproblem with which the
function is called into two conceptual pieces.
• In order for the recursion to eventually terminate, each time the function
calls itself with a slightly simpler version of the original problem, this
sequence of smaller and smaller problems must eventually converge on
the base case.
• At that point, the function recognizes the base case and returns a result to
the previous copy of the function, and a sequence of returns ensues up
the line until the original call eventually returns the final result to main.
2 Image Credit: www.joedog.org
14. Another Recursion Example:
Fibonacci Series
• The Fibonacci series:
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, …
• Begins with 0 and 1 and has the property that each
subsequent Fibonacci number is the sum of the previous
two Fibonacci numbers.
• The Fibonacci series can be defined recursively as follows:
fibonacci(0) = 0
fibonacci(1) = 1
fibonacci(n) = fibonacci(n – 1) + fibonacci(n – 2)
3 Image Credit: en.wikipedia.org
16. A Note Of Caution About Recursion
• A word of caution is in order about recursive programs like the one we use here to
generate Fibonacci numbers.
• Each level of recursion in function fibonacci has a doubling effect on the number of
function calls; i.e., the number of recursive calls that are required to calculate the
nth Fibonacci number is on the order of 2n.
• This rapidly gets out of hand.
• Calculating only the 20th Fibonacci number would require on the order of 220 or
about a million calls, calculating the 30th Fibonacci number would require on the
order of 230 or about a billion calls, and so on.
• Computer scientists refer to this as exponential complexity.
• Problems of this nature humble even the world’s most
powerful computers!
Image Credit: en.wikipedia.org
17. Recursion vs. Iteration
• Both iteration and recursion are based on a control statement: Iteration uses a
repetition structure; recursion uses a selection structure.
• Both iteration and recursion involve repetition: Iteration explicitly uses a repetition
structure; recursion achieves repetition through repeated function calls.
• Iteration and recursion both involve a termination test: Iteration terminates when
the loop-continuation condition fails; recursion terminates when a base case is
recognized.
• Iteration with counter-controlled repetition and recursion both gradually approach
termination: Iteration modifies a counter until the counter assumes a value that
makes the loop-continuation condition fail; recursion produces simpler versions of
the original problem until the base case is reached.
• Both iteration and recursion can occur infinitely: An infinite loop occurs with
iteration if the loop-continuation test never becomes false; infinite recursion
occurs if the recursion step does not reduce the problem during each recursive
call in a manner that converges on the base case.
Image Credit: albello.com
18. Iterative solution
to the Factorial Problem
• A repetition statement is used rather than the selection
statement of the recursive solution.
• Both solutions use a termination test. In the recursive
solution, it tests for the base case. In the iterative solution,
it tests the loop-continuation condition—if
the test fails, the loop terminates.
• Finally, instead of producing simpler versions of the
original problem, the iterative solution uses a counter that
is modified until the loop-continuation condition becomes
false.
4 Image Credit: www.recommind.com
19. The Downside Of Recursion
• Recursion has negatives.
• It repeatedly invokes the mechanism, and consequently the
overhead, of function calls.
• This can be expensive in both processor time and memory space.
• Each recursive call causes another copy of the function (actually
only the function’s variables) to be created; this can consume
considerable memory.
• Iteration normally occurs within a function, so the overhead of
repeated function calls and extra memory assignment is omitted.
• So why choose recursion?
Image Credit: lawyernomics.avvo.com
20. Why Choose Recursion?
• Any problem that can be solved recursively can also be
solved iteratively (nonrecursively).
• A recursive approach is normally chosen when the
recursive approach more naturally mirrors the problem and
results in a program that’s easier to understand and debug.
• Another reason to choose a recursive solution is that an
iterative solution is not apparent.
• Avoid using recursion in performance
situations. Recursive calls take time and
consume additional memory.
Image Credit: everythingcomputerscience.com
21. Today’s In-Class
Programming Challenge: Phonewords
• Given a phone number, 800-356-9377, write a
recursive C++ program to generate as many words
out of these numbers as possible.
• 2 (a,b,c), 3 (d,e,f), 4(g,h,i), 5 (j,k,l), 6 (m,n,o),
7 (p,q,r,s), 8 (t,u,v), 9 (w,x,y,z)
• Ignore trying to convert
the “800” into a word.
Image Credit: www.acma.gov.au
22. What’s In Your C++ Toolbox?
cout / cin #include if/else/
Switch
Math Class String getline While
For do…While Break /
Continue
Arrays Functions
Editor's Notes
New name for the class
I know what this means
Technical professionals are who get hired
This means much more than just having a narrow vertical knowledge of some subject area.
It means that you know how to produce an outcome that I value.
I’m willing to pay you to do that.