Within organisations, all staff don't have the same needs. On intranets, should we be providing user-driven personalisation, or tailoring information based on our knowledge of staff needs? (Presentation by James Robertson in London, October 2011)
How can you combine LEAN Startup, the creation of an MVP, Agile development and an all changing environment around you?
The hard truth is that you may setup the best plan in the world on how to work, but as a startup, anything may break it. It could be our own human nature or a major change in the startup life. As a startup you are not prepared for everything or be that agile.
Asiakkuuskokemusten johtaminen Suomessa 2016 -tutkimuksesta selviää, kuka oli paras ja missä suomalaisyritykset menevät asiakaskokemusosaamisessaan. Shiruten Customer Experience Management Index(TM) erottelee jyvät akanoista nyt jo neljättä vuotta. Mukaan mahtui iso yllätys.
DEX: the way ahead (keynote at IntraTeam Event in Copenhagen, March 2020)James Robertson
Digital employee experience (DEX) is providing a strategic approach to delivering a better experience for staff, beyond just providing new tools. This keynote by James Robertson shares the story so far, the current state of DEX, and the way ahead.
What does a digital workplace look like? (Keynote presentation from IKO confe...James Robertson
The Innovations in Knowledge Organisation (IKO) conference in Singapore brought together a wide range of practitioners to explore practical solutions. This closing keynote by James Robertson from Step Two shared key definitions, themes from the conference and practical examples.
Digital employee experience (DEX) is a powerful concept that mirrors customer experience. Still new in the marketplace of ideas, it's already having an impact around the globe. Closing keynote at DEX 2019 (Sydney) by James Robertson, Founder, Step Two.
From intranets to digital employee experience (March 2019)James Robertson
Modern intranets still play an important role in organisations, but they now sit within the broader digital workplace. Leading firms are now focusing on digital employee experience (DEX), as the next step in their journey. (Keynote presentation by James Robertson at the Entopic Intranet & Digital Workplace Congres in Utrecht, March 2019)
How can you combine LEAN Startup, the creation of an MVP, Agile development and an all changing environment around you?
The hard truth is that you may setup the best plan in the world on how to work, but as a startup, anything may break it. It could be our own human nature or a major change in the startup life. As a startup you are not prepared for everything or be that agile.
Asiakkuuskokemusten johtaminen Suomessa 2016 -tutkimuksesta selviää, kuka oli paras ja missä suomalaisyritykset menevät asiakaskokemusosaamisessaan. Shiruten Customer Experience Management Index(TM) erottelee jyvät akanoista nyt jo neljättä vuotta. Mukaan mahtui iso yllätys.
DEX: the way ahead (keynote at IntraTeam Event in Copenhagen, March 2020)James Robertson
Digital employee experience (DEX) is providing a strategic approach to delivering a better experience for staff, beyond just providing new tools. This keynote by James Robertson shares the story so far, the current state of DEX, and the way ahead.
What does a digital workplace look like? (Keynote presentation from IKO confe...James Robertson
The Innovations in Knowledge Organisation (IKO) conference in Singapore brought together a wide range of practitioners to explore practical solutions. This closing keynote by James Robertson from Step Two shared key definitions, themes from the conference and practical examples.
Digital employee experience (DEX) is a powerful concept that mirrors customer experience. Still new in the marketplace of ideas, it's already having an impact around the globe. Closing keynote at DEX 2019 (Sydney) by James Robertson, Founder, Step Two.
From intranets to digital employee experience (March 2019)James Robertson
Modern intranets still play an important role in organisations, but they now sit within the broader digital workplace. Leading firms are now focusing on digital employee experience (DEX), as the next step in their journey. (Keynote presentation by James Robertson at the Entopic Intranet & Digital Workplace Congres in Utrecht, March 2019)
Modern intranets are delivering more capabilities than ever before, on the road towards great digital workplaces and digital employee experiences. (Keynote presented by James Robertson at Intranet Italia Day in Milan, October 2018)
How to deliver simplicity in the digital workplaceJames Robertson
Powerful new functionality is being delivered to staff, but this increases complexity by default. What we need to focus on is providing simplicity in the digital workplace and the broader digital employee experience. Presentation by James Robertson at Digital Workplace Conference in Auckland, May 2018.
Digital employee experience: heart of the digital workplace (Denmark, Feb 2018)James Robertson
DENMARK, FEB 2018: Digital employee experience (#DEX) puts the employee at the center of efforts to make the business work better, and to deliver great customer service. (Presentation by James Robertson at IntraTeam Event, Copenhagen, February 2018)
Innovations in digital workplaces and employee experienceJames Robertson
There's a huge engagement and information management challenge within organisations. Thankfully emerging digital workplaces are starting to deliver real employee experience benefits. (Keynote by James Robertson at the Digital Workplace Experience conference in Chicago, June 2017)
Put employee experience at the heart of the digital workplaceJames Robertson
While we're delivering better enterprise solutions to staff, they're still not happy or engaged. The key to a great outcome is to focus on employee experience, as the keystone for the wider digital workplace.
How to deliver a great digital workplace with a team of oneJames Robertson
Great digital workplaces are already being delivered by organisations. Yet the reality for most teams -- of one -- is that it's hard to know how to make it happen. To succeed: have a vision, create a strategy and constantly deliver. Presentation by James Robertson at Interactions 2016 in London.
Taking the fastest journey to the digital workplace (Sydney version)James Robertson
Closing keynote presented by James Robertson at Intranets2016, Sydney, June 2016. Shares the Digital Workplace Radar, and explores how it can be for team planning.
Global and local: creating relevant intranets in complex organisationsJames Robertson
Modern intranets are powerful tools that can bridge the gap between corporate (global) and local (specific) needs. Contains many intranet screenshots. Presented by James Robertson at the IABC World Conference in New Orleans, June 2016.
Design thinking provides a powerful toolbox for delivering a digital workplace that is frictionless and productive for the whole workforce. (Presentation by James Robertson at Congres Intranet 2016, in Utrecht, the Netherlands)
Taking the fastest journey to the digital workplaceJames Robertson
The future of the digital workplace is uncertain, with many technologies in play. This presentation introduces the Digital Workplace Radar, and outlines how to take the fastest journey to the future vision. (Keynote by James Robertson at the Congres Intranet 2016 in Utrecht.)
Intranet showcase: the 2015 Intranet Innovation AwardsJames Robertson
The 2015 Intranet Innovation Awards has surfaced insights from remarkable solutions from around the globe. This intranet showcase session, presented at KMWorld 2015 in Washington DC, shares screenshots from many of the winners. Enjoy!
Taking an agile approach to the digital workplaceJames Robertson
The new digital workplace is emerging within organisations as a result of a wave of digital change. Agile development methodologies are also accelerating the pace of development. Together they are transforming the workplace. See what this looks like in this presentation by James Robertson at KMWorld 2015 in Washington DC.
Making the most of the emerging digital workplaceJames Robertson
A digital transformation is happening in organisations, but how do we make sure that what results isn't just a *new* mess? This keynote presentation outlines a definition for the digital workplace, and how to take the journey. (Keynote presentation by James Robertson at Intranet Now in London on 13 October 2015.)
The 'digital workplace' is emerging as a consensus vision for the future of work, and the shape of the new workplace.
But how deliver this vision? This keynote presented by James Robertson at Intranets2015 in Sydney shares practical steps and ideas, as well as plenty of inspiration
How design thinking is transforming intranetsJames Robertson
James Robertson's keynote at IntraTeam Event 2015 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Shares examples of leading intranets, and how the power of design is transforming what they do.
The importance of field research when designing for health workersJames Robertson
Field research (ethnographic research) is a vital first step when designing solutions for staff working in challenging environments. This includes healthcare staff, call centre workers, and other front-line staff. (Presentation by James Robertson at World Usability Day 2013 in Canberra, Australia.)
UX behind the firewall: Designing engaging experiences for employeesJames Robertson
While UX is having a great impact in the consumer-facing space, "cubeland" has remained the place that UX goes to die. By aiming to deliver enterprise solutions that surprise and delight, UX can deliver much-needed business benefits. Presented by James Robertson at the VanUE meeting in Vancouver, October 2013.
Great (SharePoint) intranets in the modern ageJames Robertson
SharePoint has brought great new technology capabilities to intranets, ushering in a new age of business-centric sites. But how do we ensure we're delivering a great intranet? This presentation shares screenshots of great intranets in the modern age. (Presented in Vancouver by James Robertson, October 2013)
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Modern intranets are delivering more capabilities than ever before, on the road towards great digital workplaces and digital employee experiences. (Keynote presented by James Robertson at Intranet Italia Day in Milan, October 2018)
How to deliver simplicity in the digital workplaceJames Robertson
Powerful new functionality is being delivered to staff, but this increases complexity by default. What we need to focus on is providing simplicity in the digital workplace and the broader digital employee experience. Presentation by James Robertson at Digital Workplace Conference in Auckland, May 2018.
Digital employee experience: heart of the digital workplace (Denmark, Feb 2018)James Robertson
DENMARK, FEB 2018: Digital employee experience (#DEX) puts the employee at the center of efforts to make the business work better, and to deliver great customer service. (Presentation by James Robertson at IntraTeam Event, Copenhagen, February 2018)
Innovations in digital workplaces and employee experienceJames Robertson
There's a huge engagement and information management challenge within organisations. Thankfully emerging digital workplaces are starting to deliver real employee experience benefits. (Keynote by James Robertson at the Digital Workplace Experience conference in Chicago, June 2017)
Put employee experience at the heart of the digital workplaceJames Robertson
While we're delivering better enterprise solutions to staff, they're still not happy or engaged. The key to a great outcome is to focus on employee experience, as the keystone for the wider digital workplace.
How to deliver a great digital workplace with a team of oneJames Robertson
Great digital workplaces are already being delivered by organisations. Yet the reality for most teams -- of one -- is that it's hard to know how to make it happen. To succeed: have a vision, create a strategy and constantly deliver. Presentation by James Robertson at Interactions 2016 in London.
Taking the fastest journey to the digital workplace (Sydney version)James Robertson
Closing keynote presented by James Robertson at Intranets2016, Sydney, June 2016. Shares the Digital Workplace Radar, and explores how it can be for team planning.
Global and local: creating relevant intranets in complex organisationsJames Robertson
Modern intranets are powerful tools that can bridge the gap between corporate (global) and local (specific) needs. Contains many intranet screenshots. Presented by James Robertson at the IABC World Conference in New Orleans, June 2016.
Design thinking provides a powerful toolbox for delivering a digital workplace that is frictionless and productive for the whole workforce. (Presentation by James Robertson at Congres Intranet 2016, in Utrecht, the Netherlands)
Taking the fastest journey to the digital workplaceJames Robertson
The future of the digital workplace is uncertain, with many technologies in play. This presentation introduces the Digital Workplace Radar, and outlines how to take the fastest journey to the future vision. (Keynote by James Robertson at the Congres Intranet 2016 in Utrecht.)
Intranet showcase: the 2015 Intranet Innovation AwardsJames Robertson
The 2015 Intranet Innovation Awards has surfaced insights from remarkable solutions from around the globe. This intranet showcase session, presented at KMWorld 2015 in Washington DC, shares screenshots from many of the winners. Enjoy!
Taking an agile approach to the digital workplaceJames Robertson
The new digital workplace is emerging within organisations as a result of a wave of digital change. Agile development methodologies are also accelerating the pace of development. Together they are transforming the workplace. See what this looks like in this presentation by James Robertson at KMWorld 2015 in Washington DC.
Making the most of the emerging digital workplaceJames Robertson
A digital transformation is happening in organisations, but how do we make sure that what results isn't just a *new* mess? This keynote presentation outlines a definition for the digital workplace, and how to take the journey. (Keynote presentation by James Robertson at Intranet Now in London on 13 October 2015.)
The 'digital workplace' is emerging as a consensus vision for the future of work, and the shape of the new workplace.
But how deliver this vision? This keynote presented by James Robertson at Intranets2015 in Sydney shares practical steps and ideas, as well as plenty of inspiration
How design thinking is transforming intranetsJames Robertson
James Robertson's keynote at IntraTeam Event 2015 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Shares examples of leading intranets, and how the power of design is transforming what they do.
The importance of field research when designing for health workersJames Robertson
Field research (ethnographic research) is a vital first step when designing solutions for staff working in challenging environments. This includes healthcare staff, call centre workers, and other front-line staff. (Presentation by James Robertson at World Usability Day 2013 in Canberra, Australia.)
UX behind the firewall: Designing engaging experiences for employeesJames Robertson
While UX is having a great impact in the consumer-facing space, "cubeland" has remained the place that UX goes to die. By aiming to deliver enterprise solutions that surprise and delight, UX can deliver much-needed business benefits. Presented by James Robertson at the VanUE meeting in Vancouver, October 2013.
Great (SharePoint) intranets in the modern ageJames Robertson
SharePoint has brought great new technology capabilities to intranets, ushering in a new age of business-centric sites. But how do we ensure we're delivering a great intranet? This presentation shares screenshots of great intranets in the modern age. (Presented in Vancouver by James Robertson, October 2013)
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Welcome to the first live UiPath Community Day Dubai! Join us for this unique occasion to meet our local and global UiPath Community and leaders. You will get a full view of the MEA region's automation landscape and the AI Powered automation technology capabilities of UiPath. Also, hosted by our local partners Marc Ellis, you will enjoy a half-day packed with industry insights and automation peers networking.
📕 Curious on our agenda? Wait no more!
10:00 Welcome note - UiPath Community in Dubai
Lovely Sinha, UiPath Community Chapter Leader, UiPath MVPx3, Hyper-automation Consultant, First Abu Dhabi Bank
10:20 A UiPath cross-region MEA overview
Ashraf El Zarka, VP and Managing Director MEA, UiPath
10:35: Customer Success Journey
Deepthi Deepak, Head of Intelligent Automation CoE, First Abu Dhabi Bank
11:15 The UiPath approach to GenAI with our three principles: improve accuracy, supercharge productivity, and automate more
Boris Krumrey, Global VP, Automation Innovation, UiPath
12:15 To discover how Marc Ellis leverages tech-driven solutions in recruitment and managed services.
Brendan Lingam, Director of Sales and Business Development, Marc Ellis
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.