Intracellular accumulations occur when cells abnormally store substances endogenously produced or absorbed from outside the cell. Common types of accumulations include lipids like triglycerides and cholesterol, proteins, glycogen, and pigments. Accumulations can be harmless, but often correlate with cell injury. They result from imbalances between production or absorption of the substance versus the cell's ability to metabolize or transport it out. Certain genetic disorders can also cause accumulations by impairing the breakdown of metabolites.
This document discusses chronic venous congestion (CVC) and its effects on various organs. It describes how CVC results in localized blood volume increase within dilated vessels. It then summarizes the gross and microscopic findings of CVC in the lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys. The lungs show brown induration and thickened alveolar septa. The liver has a nutmeg appearance and centrilobular necrosis. The spleen exhibits congestion and fibrosis. The kidneys demonstrate mild degenerative changes. Hemorrhage and its causes, effects based on amount/speed of blood loss are also outlined.
Intracellular accumulations of substances can occur in the cytoplasm or nucleus of cells. Mild accumulations cause reversible cell injury, while severe accumulations result in irreversible injury. Abnormal intracellular accumulations fall into three categories: accumulations of normal cell constituents like lipids and proteins; accumulations of abnormal substances from abnormal metabolism; and accumulations of pigments, both endogenous like melanin and lipofuscin, and exogenous pigments. Fatty liver is a common site of fat accumulation and can range from mild and reversible to severe and irreversible. The pathogenesis of fatty liver involves defects in the normal processes of fat transport and metabolism in the liver.
Intracellular accumulations ppt by dr usman nasirUsman Nasir
This document discusses intracellular accumulations, which occur due to metabolic derangements within cells. It defines intracellular accumulations and categorizes them as normal cellular constituents or abnormal endogenous or exogenous substances. Accumulations can occur in the cytoplasm or nucleus. The document then discusses the processes and sites of accumulations, including accumulation of lipids (resulting in steatosis), cholesterol, proteins, glycogen, and pigments. Specific diseases associated with accumulations of these substances are provided as examples.
This document discusses hemodynamic disorders including edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, hemostasis, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, and shock. It defines key terms and compares hyperemia and congestion. Hyperemia is an active process involving arterial dilation that causes redness in tissue, while congestion is a passive process resulting from impaired venous outflow that causes blue-red discoloration. Congestion can lead to tissue hypoxia, degeneration, scarring, and fibrosis in organs like the lung and liver if not resolved.
1. Hyperemia and congestion refer to localized increases in blood volume within dilated vessels and are associated with edema.
2. Edema occurs when hydrostatic pressure is increased or oncotic pressure is decreased, overwhelming the lymphatic system and causing fluid accumulation in tissues.
3. Common causes of edema include increased venous pressure from heart failure, decreased plasma proteins, lymphatic obstruction, sodium retention, and inflammation.
The document discusses edema and fluid balance in the body. It describes the normal circulation of fluid between blood and tissues, mediated by hydrostatic and oncotic pressures. Edema occurs when there is increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, or impaired lymphatic drainage. Specific types of edema discussed include cardiac, hepatic, pulmonary, cerebral, and lymphatic edema. Sites of common edema and clinical significance are also reviewed.
The document discusses the outcomes of acute inflammation and their morphological patterns. There are three potential outcomes of acute inflammation: 1) complete resolution, 2) healing by fibrosis, or 3) chronic inflammation. It also describes four main morphological patterns of acute inflammation: serous, fibrinous, suppurative (abscess formation), and ulcerative. Each pattern is associated with different clinical presentations and histological features.
Haemodynamic disorders , thromboembolism and shock by Dr Nadeem (RMC)Hassan Ahmad
The document discusses various haemodynamic disorders including thrombosis, embolism, shock, hyperemia, congestion, and edema. It provides details on the pathophysiology and morphological changes seen in these conditions.
Hyperemia is an active process resulting from increased blood flow due to arteriolar dilation, causing engorged tissue that appears red. Congestion is a passive process resulting from impaired outflow, causing tissue to appear bluish-red due to accumulation of deoxygenated blood.
Pulmonary congestion microscopically shows engorged alveolar capillaries and edema, while chronic pulmonary congestion shows thickened fibrotic septa and hemosiderin
This document discusses chronic venous congestion (CVC) and its effects on various organs. It describes how CVC results in localized blood volume increase within dilated vessels. It then summarizes the gross and microscopic findings of CVC in the lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys. The lungs show brown induration and thickened alveolar septa. The liver has a nutmeg appearance and centrilobular necrosis. The spleen exhibits congestion and fibrosis. The kidneys demonstrate mild degenerative changes. Hemorrhage and its causes, effects based on amount/speed of blood loss are also outlined.
Intracellular accumulations of substances can occur in the cytoplasm or nucleus of cells. Mild accumulations cause reversible cell injury, while severe accumulations result in irreversible injury. Abnormal intracellular accumulations fall into three categories: accumulations of normal cell constituents like lipids and proteins; accumulations of abnormal substances from abnormal metabolism; and accumulations of pigments, both endogenous like melanin and lipofuscin, and exogenous pigments. Fatty liver is a common site of fat accumulation and can range from mild and reversible to severe and irreversible. The pathogenesis of fatty liver involves defects in the normal processes of fat transport and metabolism in the liver.
Intracellular accumulations ppt by dr usman nasirUsman Nasir
This document discusses intracellular accumulations, which occur due to metabolic derangements within cells. It defines intracellular accumulations and categorizes them as normal cellular constituents or abnormal endogenous or exogenous substances. Accumulations can occur in the cytoplasm or nucleus. The document then discusses the processes and sites of accumulations, including accumulation of lipids (resulting in steatosis), cholesterol, proteins, glycogen, and pigments. Specific diseases associated with accumulations of these substances are provided as examples.
This document discusses hemodynamic disorders including edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, hemostasis, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, and shock. It defines key terms and compares hyperemia and congestion. Hyperemia is an active process involving arterial dilation that causes redness in tissue, while congestion is a passive process resulting from impaired venous outflow that causes blue-red discoloration. Congestion can lead to tissue hypoxia, degeneration, scarring, and fibrosis in organs like the lung and liver if not resolved.
1. Hyperemia and congestion refer to localized increases in blood volume within dilated vessels and are associated with edema.
2. Edema occurs when hydrostatic pressure is increased or oncotic pressure is decreased, overwhelming the lymphatic system and causing fluid accumulation in tissues.
3. Common causes of edema include increased venous pressure from heart failure, decreased plasma proteins, lymphatic obstruction, sodium retention, and inflammation.
The document discusses edema and fluid balance in the body. It describes the normal circulation of fluid between blood and tissues, mediated by hydrostatic and oncotic pressures. Edema occurs when there is increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, or impaired lymphatic drainage. Specific types of edema discussed include cardiac, hepatic, pulmonary, cerebral, and lymphatic edema. Sites of common edema and clinical significance are also reviewed.
The document discusses the outcomes of acute inflammation and their morphological patterns. There are three potential outcomes of acute inflammation: 1) complete resolution, 2) healing by fibrosis, or 3) chronic inflammation. It also describes four main morphological patterns of acute inflammation: serous, fibrinous, suppurative (abscess formation), and ulcerative. Each pattern is associated with different clinical presentations and histological features.
Haemodynamic disorders , thromboembolism and shock by Dr Nadeem (RMC)Hassan Ahmad
The document discusses various haemodynamic disorders including thrombosis, embolism, shock, hyperemia, congestion, and edema. It provides details on the pathophysiology and morphological changes seen in these conditions.
Hyperemia is an active process resulting from increased blood flow due to arteriolar dilation, causing engorged tissue that appears red. Congestion is a passive process resulting from impaired outflow, causing tissue to appear bluish-red due to accumulation of deoxygenated blood.
Pulmonary congestion microscopically shows engorged alveolar capillaries and edema, while chronic pulmonary congestion shows thickened fibrotic septa and hemosiderin
Intracellular accumulations can occur due to abnormal metabolism, protein folding issues, or enzyme deficiencies. Lipids like triglycerides and cholesterol can accumulate in liver cells (steatosis) or macrophages (atherosclerosis, cholesterolosis). Proteins may accumulate in kidney tubules or form Mallory bodies in liver. Glycogen accumulates in diabetes or glycogen storage diseases due to glucose/glycogen metabolism defects. Special stains can identify accumulated substances microscopically.
Inflammation is the protective response of tissues to harmful stimuli and involves the immune system, blood vessels, and proteins. It eliminates the initial injurious agent, damaged tissue, and initiates repair. Acute inflammation occurs rapidly and is short-lived, involving fluid accumulation and neutrophil migration. Chronic inflammation lasts longer with lymphocyte and macrophage involvement, scarring and vascular proliferation. The classical signs of inflammation are heat, redness, swelling and pain. Inflammation is normally a tightly regulated process but can cause harm if uncontrolled.
Tissue repair involves the restoration of tissue architecture and function through regeneration of injured tissue or replacement by connective tissue scarring. It is a complex process that involves cell proliferation, interaction between cells and the extracellular matrix, angiogenesis, fibroblast migration and proliferation, and deposition of new extracellular matrix. Over time, the granulation tissue matures and remodels through synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix components.
This document summarizes information on pathological calcification and amyloidosis. It discusses two types of pathological calcification - dystrophic calcification, which occurs in dead or degenerating tissue despite normal calcium metabolism, and metastatic calcification, which results from hypercalcemia and occurs in normal tissues. It also covers the definition, chemical structure, classification, staining characteristics and morphological features of amyloidosis. In particular, it describes how amyloidosis can involve the kidney, spleen, liver and heart, and discusses the prognosis of generalized amyloidosis.
General pathology lecture 2 intracellular accumulationsZa Flores
This document discusses different types of intracellular accumulations, including exogenous and endogenous accumulations. Exogenous accumulations result from inhaled or ingested materials depositing in cells, such as coal dust (anthracosis) or asbestos fibers. Endogenous accumulations occur due to the body's normal metabolic processes or errors in metabolism, including lipofuchsin, bile pigments, melanin, hemosiderin, and amyloid deposits. The document provides examples of different accumulations seen in tissues under the microscope.
This document provides learning objectives and references related to anemias and red blood cells. It includes 11 learning objectives that cover classifying anemias, causes of iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemias, aplastic anemia, anemia of chronic disease, anemia of renal failure, hemolytic anemias, and peripheral blood and bone marrow changes in anemia. References are provided from multiple sources including textbooks, articles, and websites to support learning about red blood cells, hematopoiesis, anemia pathophysiology, clinical manifestations of anemia, and specific anemias like iron deficiency anemia.
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel or cavity of the heart. Virchow identified three main factors that contribute to thrombosis: endothelial injury, changes in blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Thrombi can propagate or embolize, becoming lodged in another vessel and resulting in infarction of downstream tissue. Infarctions appear pale/white in solid organs and red/hemorrhagic in lungs/other tissues. Over time, infarcted tissue progresses from coagulative necrosis to phagocytosis and scar formation.
The document discusses various skin conditions including acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, infections, and neoplasms. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, and histopathology of conditions like urticaria, eczema, psoriasis, lichen planus, impetigo, fungal infections, viral infections including warts and molluscum, and acne. Case studies are presented to demonstrate clinical presentations.
The document discusses wound healing and Le Fort fractures. It describes the three phases of wound healing: inflammatory, proliferative, and maturation. It also discusses healing by first and second intention. Factors that influence wound healing include nutrition, circulation, hormones, infection, mechanical factors, and foreign bodies. The document then describes the three types of Le Fort fractures - Le Fort I, II, and III - and their characteristics and typical management.
Chronic inflammation is a prolonged host response to persistent stimuli that involves lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, and mast cells. It is characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells and macrophages, tissue destruction by inflammatory cells, and attempts at healing through fibrosis and angiogenesis. Chronic inflammation can result from acute inflammation turning persistent, infections, hypersensitivity, or prolonged toxic exposure. It causes diseases like atherosclerosis, tuberculosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Granulomatous inflammation is a form of chronic inflammation seen in diseases like tuberculosis that involves collections of epithelioid macrophages and giant cells forming granulomas.
This document summarizes the key aspects of inflammation. It begins by defining inflammation and describing the cardinal signs. It then discusses the etiological factors, types of inflammation (acute vs chronic), and the haemodynamic and cellular events in acute inflammation. Specifically, it outlines the vascular changes, increased permeability, exudation of leukocytes, and process of phagocytosis. It also discusses the chemical mediators of inflammation like histamine, kinins, cytokines, prostaglandins, and the resolution of inflammation. Finally, it concludes that inflammation is an important immune response but better understanding its pathways could aid in treating diseases.
This document summarizes different types of intracellular pigments, including exogenous pigments that come from outside the body like carbon, iron, and silica, as well as endogenous pigments synthesized within the body like lipofuscin, melanin, hemosiderin, hematin, and bilirubin. It provides examples of different pigments, how they are demonstrated, their origins, locations in the body, and associations with certain diseases.
The document summarizes inflammation and its outcomes. It discusses:
1) The possible outcomes of acute inflammation are resolution, scarring (fibrosis), abscess formation, or progression to chronic inflammation.
2) Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation include non-suppurative (serous, fibrinous) and suppurative (localized like abscesses, boils, and carbuncles or diffuse like cellulitis).
3) Abscesses form cavities containing pus, while chronic inflammation occurs when an injurious agent persists, leading to long-term damage.
This lecture was the opening lecture on the ‘Physiology of Coagulation’ at the Continuing Medical Education (CME) Grand Rounds, 2011. Organised by Kuwait Anesthesia Council, Kuwait
This document discusses intracellular accumulation of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. It describes how accumulation can occur due to excess production or inadequate breakdown of normal substances, or buildup of abnormal endogenous or exogenous materials. Specific types of accumulation are then discussed in more detail, including lipid accumulation seen in fatty liver, cholesterol accumulation in atherosclerosis and xanthomas, protein accumulation in renal disease, and glycogen accumulation in diabetes mellitus and glycogen storage disorders. Causes and morphological features of each type are provided.
Cell injury and alterations can occur through various causes and result in reversible or irreversible changes to cells. Reversible cell injury may allow the cell to return to normal, while irreversible injury leads to cell death through necrosis or apoptosis. Specific patterns of acute cell injury include cellular swelling and fatty change. Long-term or persistent stimuli can also result in subcellular alterations and intracellular accumulations of substances such as lipids, proteins, pigments, and more. Extracellular accumulations may involve changes to collagen, elastic fibers, proteoglycans, and basement membranes in connective tissue.
Definition, types & vascular events of inflammationVeer Choollun
The document defines inflammation and its causes. It describes acute inflammation and the associated vascular events that occur, including transient vasoconstriction followed by vasodilatation and increased blood flow. This causes alterations in vascular permeability, initially allowing a plasma transudate to form and later an inflammatory exudate due to direct endothelial cell damage or the effects of chemical mediators. These vascular events underlie the five cardinal signs of inflammation.
Hemodynamics deals with the dynamics of blood flow through the circulatory system. It explains how physical laws govern blood flow and ensures transportation of nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide throughout the body to maintain homeostasis. Disorders of hemodynamics can result in issues like edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, and infarction. These disorders are caused by problems affecting blood vessels, blood flow, coagulation, or the balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures. Understanding hemodynamics is important for diagnosing and treating cardiovascular diseases and conditions.
1. Granulation tissue is highly vascularized connective tissue composed of newly formed capillaries, proliferating fibroblasts and residual inflammatory cells. It forms during the healing process to fill wounds.
2. Angiogenesis and fibrogenesis are the two main processes involved in the formation of granulation tissue. Angiogenesis involves the formation of new blood vessels, while fibrogenesis is the formation of new collagen fibers by fibroblasts.
3. Mature granulation tissue consists of a network of thin-walled blood vessels surrounded by fibroblasts in a collagen-rich matrix. It eventually transforms into a vascular scar through further collagen deposition and wound contraction.
Chronic inflammation can last for months or years and is driven by macrophages and lymphocytes. It can be caused by persistent infections, autoimmune reactions, and foreign bodies. Activated macrophages and T cells secrete cytokines and growth factors that lead to tissue damage and fibrosis over time. Macrophages and T cells also interact and stimulate each other, prolonging the inflammatory response. Granulomas are clusters of macrophages that form in response to chronic inflammation and surround foreign materials to isolate them.
This document discusses intracellular accumulations that can occur due to metabolic derangements in cells. It describes four main mechanisms that can lead to abnormal accumulations: 1) inadequate removal of normal substances, 2) accumulation of endogenous substances due to genetic/acquired defects, 3) failure to degrade metabolites due to enzyme deficiencies, and 4) deposition of exogenous substances that cells cannot degrade or transport. Common types of intracellular accumulations include lipids, proteins, glycogen, and pigments. The accumulations can have diverse causes and may be reversible if the overload stops or may progress and cause cellular/tissue injury.
Intracellular accumulation of proteins, glycogen, and pigments can result in reversible cellular injury and storage diseases. Abnormal accumulation of proteins can occur due to excess production or synthesis and results in "hyaline" deposits. Glycogen accumulation can be seen in poorly controlled diabetes or glycogen storage diseases due to enzyme deficiencies. Pigment deposits include endogenous pigments like hemosiderin from breakdown of hemoglobin and bilirubin, and exogenous pigments like carbon and lead.
Intracellular accumulations can occur due to abnormal metabolism, protein folding issues, or enzyme deficiencies. Lipids like triglycerides and cholesterol can accumulate in liver cells (steatosis) or macrophages (atherosclerosis, cholesterolosis). Proteins may accumulate in kidney tubules or form Mallory bodies in liver. Glycogen accumulates in diabetes or glycogen storage diseases due to glucose/glycogen metabolism defects. Special stains can identify accumulated substances microscopically.
Inflammation is the protective response of tissues to harmful stimuli and involves the immune system, blood vessels, and proteins. It eliminates the initial injurious agent, damaged tissue, and initiates repair. Acute inflammation occurs rapidly and is short-lived, involving fluid accumulation and neutrophil migration. Chronic inflammation lasts longer with lymphocyte and macrophage involvement, scarring and vascular proliferation. The classical signs of inflammation are heat, redness, swelling and pain. Inflammation is normally a tightly regulated process but can cause harm if uncontrolled.
Tissue repair involves the restoration of tissue architecture and function through regeneration of injured tissue or replacement by connective tissue scarring. It is a complex process that involves cell proliferation, interaction between cells and the extracellular matrix, angiogenesis, fibroblast migration and proliferation, and deposition of new extracellular matrix. Over time, the granulation tissue matures and remodels through synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix components.
This document summarizes information on pathological calcification and amyloidosis. It discusses two types of pathological calcification - dystrophic calcification, which occurs in dead or degenerating tissue despite normal calcium metabolism, and metastatic calcification, which results from hypercalcemia and occurs in normal tissues. It also covers the definition, chemical structure, classification, staining characteristics and morphological features of amyloidosis. In particular, it describes how amyloidosis can involve the kidney, spleen, liver and heart, and discusses the prognosis of generalized amyloidosis.
General pathology lecture 2 intracellular accumulationsZa Flores
This document discusses different types of intracellular accumulations, including exogenous and endogenous accumulations. Exogenous accumulations result from inhaled or ingested materials depositing in cells, such as coal dust (anthracosis) or asbestos fibers. Endogenous accumulations occur due to the body's normal metabolic processes or errors in metabolism, including lipofuchsin, bile pigments, melanin, hemosiderin, and amyloid deposits. The document provides examples of different accumulations seen in tissues under the microscope.
This document provides learning objectives and references related to anemias and red blood cells. It includes 11 learning objectives that cover classifying anemias, causes of iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemias, aplastic anemia, anemia of chronic disease, anemia of renal failure, hemolytic anemias, and peripheral blood and bone marrow changes in anemia. References are provided from multiple sources including textbooks, articles, and websites to support learning about red blood cells, hematopoiesis, anemia pathophysiology, clinical manifestations of anemia, and specific anemias like iron deficiency anemia.
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel or cavity of the heart. Virchow identified three main factors that contribute to thrombosis: endothelial injury, changes in blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Thrombi can propagate or embolize, becoming lodged in another vessel and resulting in infarction of downstream tissue. Infarctions appear pale/white in solid organs and red/hemorrhagic in lungs/other tissues. Over time, infarcted tissue progresses from coagulative necrosis to phagocytosis and scar formation.
The document discusses various skin conditions including acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, infections, and neoplasms. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, and histopathology of conditions like urticaria, eczema, psoriasis, lichen planus, impetigo, fungal infections, viral infections including warts and molluscum, and acne. Case studies are presented to demonstrate clinical presentations.
The document discusses wound healing and Le Fort fractures. It describes the three phases of wound healing: inflammatory, proliferative, and maturation. It also discusses healing by first and second intention. Factors that influence wound healing include nutrition, circulation, hormones, infection, mechanical factors, and foreign bodies. The document then describes the three types of Le Fort fractures - Le Fort I, II, and III - and their characteristics and typical management.
Chronic inflammation is a prolonged host response to persistent stimuli that involves lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, and mast cells. It is characterized by infiltration of mononuclear cells and macrophages, tissue destruction by inflammatory cells, and attempts at healing through fibrosis and angiogenesis. Chronic inflammation can result from acute inflammation turning persistent, infections, hypersensitivity, or prolonged toxic exposure. It causes diseases like atherosclerosis, tuberculosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Granulomatous inflammation is a form of chronic inflammation seen in diseases like tuberculosis that involves collections of epithelioid macrophages and giant cells forming granulomas.
This document summarizes the key aspects of inflammation. It begins by defining inflammation and describing the cardinal signs. It then discusses the etiological factors, types of inflammation (acute vs chronic), and the haemodynamic and cellular events in acute inflammation. Specifically, it outlines the vascular changes, increased permeability, exudation of leukocytes, and process of phagocytosis. It also discusses the chemical mediators of inflammation like histamine, kinins, cytokines, prostaglandins, and the resolution of inflammation. Finally, it concludes that inflammation is an important immune response but better understanding its pathways could aid in treating diseases.
This document summarizes different types of intracellular pigments, including exogenous pigments that come from outside the body like carbon, iron, and silica, as well as endogenous pigments synthesized within the body like lipofuscin, melanin, hemosiderin, hematin, and bilirubin. It provides examples of different pigments, how they are demonstrated, their origins, locations in the body, and associations with certain diseases.
The document summarizes inflammation and its outcomes. It discusses:
1) The possible outcomes of acute inflammation are resolution, scarring (fibrosis), abscess formation, or progression to chronic inflammation.
2) Morphologic patterns of acute inflammation include non-suppurative (serous, fibrinous) and suppurative (localized like abscesses, boils, and carbuncles or diffuse like cellulitis).
3) Abscesses form cavities containing pus, while chronic inflammation occurs when an injurious agent persists, leading to long-term damage.
This lecture was the opening lecture on the ‘Physiology of Coagulation’ at the Continuing Medical Education (CME) Grand Rounds, 2011. Organised by Kuwait Anesthesia Council, Kuwait
This document discusses intracellular accumulation of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. It describes how accumulation can occur due to excess production or inadequate breakdown of normal substances, or buildup of abnormal endogenous or exogenous materials. Specific types of accumulation are then discussed in more detail, including lipid accumulation seen in fatty liver, cholesterol accumulation in atherosclerosis and xanthomas, protein accumulation in renal disease, and glycogen accumulation in diabetes mellitus and glycogen storage disorders. Causes and morphological features of each type are provided.
Cell injury and alterations can occur through various causes and result in reversible or irreversible changes to cells. Reversible cell injury may allow the cell to return to normal, while irreversible injury leads to cell death through necrosis or apoptosis. Specific patterns of acute cell injury include cellular swelling and fatty change. Long-term or persistent stimuli can also result in subcellular alterations and intracellular accumulations of substances such as lipids, proteins, pigments, and more. Extracellular accumulations may involve changes to collagen, elastic fibers, proteoglycans, and basement membranes in connective tissue.
Definition, types & vascular events of inflammationVeer Choollun
The document defines inflammation and its causes. It describes acute inflammation and the associated vascular events that occur, including transient vasoconstriction followed by vasodilatation and increased blood flow. This causes alterations in vascular permeability, initially allowing a plasma transudate to form and later an inflammatory exudate due to direct endothelial cell damage or the effects of chemical mediators. These vascular events underlie the five cardinal signs of inflammation.
Hemodynamics deals with the dynamics of blood flow through the circulatory system. It explains how physical laws govern blood flow and ensures transportation of nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide throughout the body to maintain homeostasis. Disorders of hemodynamics can result in issues like edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, and infarction. These disorders are caused by problems affecting blood vessels, blood flow, coagulation, or the balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures. Understanding hemodynamics is important for diagnosing and treating cardiovascular diseases and conditions.
1. Granulation tissue is highly vascularized connective tissue composed of newly formed capillaries, proliferating fibroblasts and residual inflammatory cells. It forms during the healing process to fill wounds.
2. Angiogenesis and fibrogenesis are the two main processes involved in the formation of granulation tissue. Angiogenesis involves the formation of new blood vessels, while fibrogenesis is the formation of new collagen fibers by fibroblasts.
3. Mature granulation tissue consists of a network of thin-walled blood vessels surrounded by fibroblasts in a collagen-rich matrix. It eventually transforms into a vascular scar through further collagen deposition and wound contraction.
Chronic inflammation can last for months or years and is driven by macrophages and lymphocytes. It can be caused by persistent infections, autoimmune reactions, and foreign bodies. Activated macrophages and T cells secrete cytokines and growth factors that lead to tissue damage and fibrosis over time. Macrophages and T cells also interact and stimulate each other, prolonging the inflammatory response. Granulomas are clusters of macrophages that form in response to chronic inflammation and surround foreign materials to isolate them.
This document discusses intracellular accumulations that can occur due to metabolic derangements in cells. It describes four main mechanisms that can lead to abnormal accumulations: 1) inadequate removal of normal substances, 2) accumulation of endogenous substances due to genetic/acquired defects, 3) failure to degrade metabolites due to enzyme deficiencies, and 4) deposition of exogenous substances that cells cannot degrade or transport. Common types of intracellular accumulations include lipids, proteins, glycogen, and pigments. The accumulations can have diverse causes and may be reversible if the overload stops or may progress and cause cellular/tissue injury.
Intracellular accumulation of proteins, glycogen, and pigments can result in reversible cellular injury and storage diseases. Abnormal accumulation of proteins can occur due to excess production or synthesis and results in "hyaline" deposits. Glycogen accumulation can be seen in poorly controlled diabetes or glycogen storage diseases due to enzyme deficiencies. Pigment deposits include endogenous pigments like hemosiderin from breakdown of hemoglobin and bilirubin, and exogenous pigments like carbon and lead.
This document summarizes intracellular accumulations of substances like fat, proteins, carbohydrates, and pigments. It describes different types of accumulations including fatty change, protein droplets in nephrotic syndrome, glycogen in diabetes, and various endogenous and exogenous pigments. It also discusses pathologic calcification and gangrene, defining dystrophic and metastatic calcification.
Dr. Sufia Husain's lecture discusses intracellular accumulations and pathologic calcification. Some key points:
1. Intracellular accumulations can involve excess substances normally present in cells, like lipids, glycogen, and pigments. Accumulations of abnormal exogenous or endogenous substances are also possible.
2. Specific examples of accumulations discussed include fatty change (steatosis), glycogen in diabetes, lipofuscin, melanin, bilirubin, and hemosiderin.
3. Pathologic calcification can be dystrophic, occurring in damaged tissues, or metastatic, occurring with hypercalcemia. Dystrophic calcification is seen in areas of necrosis, while
APOPTOSIS , DESCRIPTION, CELL INJURY,
Cell injury that damage DNA ,
loss of growth factors. ,
Direct action of cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor) ,
Immune system action (e.g., natural killer cells or cytotoxic T lymphocytes).
Viral infection (eg HIV, Hepatitis)
, Sublethal damage to the cells , by ionizing radiation, hyperthermia, toxins
Intracellular accumulations and calcifications 22 9-2016pathologydept
This document discusses pigmentations, calcifications, and intracellular accumulations. It defines pigments as colored substances that can be exogenous or endogenous. Exogenous pigments include carbon and tattoo ink. Endogenous pigments include lipofuscin (aging pigment), melanin, and hemosiderin. Lipofuscin is prominently seen in the liver and heart. Hemosiderin stains blue with Prussian blue stain. Calcifications can be dystrophic or metastatic. Dystrophic calcification occurs in dead tissue and is associated with necrosis, while metastatic calcification results from hypercalcemia. Dystrophic calcification is commonly seen in the heart valves and atherosclerotic arteries. Intracellular accumulations
This document discusses intracellular accumulations, which are manifestations of metabolic derangements that can be transient or permanent. It describes four main types of intracellular accumulations: lipids, proteins, glycogen, and pigments. For lipids, it discusses fatty change (steatosis) in the liver from conditions like alcohol abuse, diabetes, and obesity. It also discusses cholesterol accumulation in atherosclerosis and hereditary hyperlipidemia. For proteins, it describes defective transport leading to protein accumulation. For pigments, it differentiates endogenous pigments like melanin and hemosiderin from exogenous pigments introduced from outside sources.
Cell accumulations foundation block pathologyMulazim Bukhari
This document discusses intracellular accumulations, specifically focusing on accumulations of normal cellular components like lipids, proteins, and glycogen. It describes the pathology of fatty change/steatosis, where triglycerides accumulate in the cytoplasm. The causes of fatty change include excess calorie intake and impaired lipid export. Microscopically, lipids are identified using stains like Oil Red O on frozen sections. Prolonged steatosis can progress to hepatitis and cirrhosis as liver cells are damaged.
Cell injury can be reversible or irreversible. Reversible cell injury involves cell swelling and changes to organelles. Irreversible injury leads to cytoplasmic and nuclear changes, as well as damage to mitochondria and plasma membranes. Failure of ATP production in mitochondria during ischemia or hypoxia can cause failure of the sodium-potassium pump, leading to intracellular sodium and calcium accumulation and cellular swelling. There are several types of cell necrosis characterized by different morphological features, including coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat and fibrinoid necrosis.
The document discusses various cellular adaptations in response to environmental changes including atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, and anaplasia. It also discusses intracellular accumulations of substances such as lipids, proteins, glycogen, pigments, and calcium deposits. Atrophy is a decrease in cell size while hypertrophy is an increase in cell size. Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number. Metaplasia, dysplasia and anaplasia refer to changes in cell type. Accumulations can occur due to excess production or defects in metabolism. Common accumulations include lipids in fatty liver, proteins in renal tubules, and iron as hemosiderin.
Persistent stress can lead to cellular adaptation through increased or decreased growth, disturbances in differentiation and morphology, or intracellular and extracellular accumulations. Accumulations include lipids (fatty change), proteins (hyaline change), calcium (pathologic calcification), and pigments. Pigments can be endogenous, such as lipofuscin, melanin, or hemosiderin which accumulate from normal metabolic processes, or exogenous like carbon, which cells cannot degrade.
This document discusses various pigments seen in pathology. It describes endogenous pigments like lipofuscin, melanin, hemosiderin that appear golden brown on H&E staining and are a result of normal physiological processes. It also mentions exogenous pigments like carbon particles from smoke that can cause anthracosis. Pathological calcification including dystrophic calcification in necrotic tissues and metastatic calcification in hypercalcemia is summarized. Finally, it briefly outlines some cellular and tissue level changes that occur in normal aging.
This document provides an overview of intracellular accumulations resulting from metabolic disorders and pigmentation. It discusses lipid, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism disorders that can lead to fatty change, cholesterol deposits, protein droplets, glycogen, and other intracellular accumulations. It also reviews various endogenous and exogenous pigments that may accumulate in cells, such as lipofuscin, hemosiderin, melanin, coal particles, and bilirubin. The document describes the morphology, staining properties, and causes of these various intracellular accumulations.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Enlist intracellular accumulations
Describe the mechanism of intracellular
accumulations.
Identify microscopically different types of
intracellular accumulations
3. Overview
Under some circumstances cells may accumulate
abnormal amounts of various substances.
They may be harmless or associated with varying
degrees of injury .
4. Overview
Intracellular may be found:
in the cytoplasm
within organelles (typically lysosomes)
in the nucleus
Come to the cell through:
Synthesis by affected cells (endogenous)
Produced elsewhere (exogenous)
7. MECHANISM
1. Normal or increased rate of production of a normal
substance, but metabolic rate is inadequate to
remove it (e.g. fatty change in liver)
8. MECHANISM
2. A normal or an abnormal endogenous substance
accumulates because of genetic or acquired
defects in its folding, packaging, transport, or
secretion.
9. MECHANISM
3. An inherited defect in an enzyme may result in failure
to degrade a metabolite. The resulting disorders are
called storage diseases.
10. MECHANISM
4. An abnormal exogenous substance is deposited and
accumulates because the cell has neither the enzymatic
machinery to degrade the substance nor the ability to
transport it to other sites.
(e.g. Accumulations of carbon or silica particles)
15. Fatty Change
Fatty change refers to abnormal accumulation of
triglycerides within parenchymal cells.
Site: liver, most common site
it may also occur in heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, and other
organs.
MORPHOLOGY
Most common site: the liver and the heart.
With increasing accumulation, the organ enlarges and
becomes progressively yellow, soft, and greasy.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20. microscopy fatty change
Early: small fat vacuoles in the
cytoplasm around the nucleus.
Later stages: the vacuoles
coalesce to create cleared
spaces that displace the
nucleus to the cell periphery
Occasionally contiguous cells
rupture (fatty cysts)
21.
22.
23. Cholesterol and Cholesteryl Esters
Cellular cholesterol metabolism is tightly regulated to
ensure normal cell membrane synthesis without
significant intracellular accumulation
24. CHOLESTEROL AND CHOLESTEROL
ESTERS
a) Atherosclerosis : In atherosclerotic plaques, smooth
muscle cells and macrophages within the intimal layer of the
aorta and large arteries are filled with lipid vacuoles, most of
which are made of cholesterol and cholesterol esters. These
cells have a foamy appearance ( foam cells)and aggregates
produce yellow cholesterol-laden atheromas.
b) Xanthomas: clusters of foamy cells are found in the sub
epithelial connective tissue of the skin and in tendons .
28. CHOLESTEROLOSIS
There is focal accumulation of cholesterol-laden macrophages in
the lamina propria of the gall-bladder. (foam cells)
29.
30. Morphologically visible protein accumulations are
much less common than lipid accumulations
They may occur because excesses are presented to the
cells or because the cells synthesize excessive amounts
31. AMYLOIDOSIS
Amyloid light chain AL (Ig light chains, derived from plasma
cells) Primary amyloidosis – M Myeloma
Amyloid associated chain AA(non-Ig protein from liver)
secondary amyloidosis – TB, R. arthritis
Beta amyloid precurson proteins AB form (in cerebral lesions
like Alzeihemer diseases)
Histologically: Eosinophilic hyaline extracellular
substance causes pressure atrophy in deposition area.
32. Protein accumulations
Example:
1. Nephrotic syndrome:
In the kidney trace amounts of albumin filtered
through the glomerulus are normally reabsorbed by
pinocytosis in the proximal convoluted tubules
After heavy protein leakage, pinocytic vesicles
containing this protein fuse with lysosomes,
resulting in the histologic appearance of pink,
hyaline cytoplasmic droplets
33. The process is reversible; if the proteinuria abates, the protein
droplets are metabolized and disappear.
34. Protein accumulations
MALLORY BODY, OR "ALCOHOLIC
HYALINE," is an eosinophilic intra-cytoplasmic
inclusion in liver cells that is highly characteristic of
ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE
hepatocytes of alcoholic liver disease
primary biliary cirrhosis
hepatocellular carcinoma.
35. Protein accumulations
Example:
2. Multiple myeloma.
Russell bodies are eosinophilic, large, homogenous
immunoglobulin-containing inclusions usually found
in a plasma cell undergoing excessive synthesis of
immunoglobulin
the Russell body is characteristic of the distended
endoplasmic reticulum. This is one cell variation
found in multiple myeloma.
36. Russell bodies are eosinophilic, large,
homogeneous immunoglobulin-containing
inclusions usually found in a plasma cell
undergoing excessive synthesis of immunoglobulin;
the Russell ... Multiple aggregates of Russell bodies
create what are known as Mott cells. This is one cell
variation found in multiple myeloma.
37.
38.
39.
40. GLYCOGEN
Associated with abnormalities in the metabolism of either
glucose or glycogen.
Examples:
1. In poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, glycogen accumulates
in renal tubular epithelium, cardiac myocytes, and β cells of
the islets of Langerhans.
Glycogen accumulates within cells in a group of closely related
genetic disorders collectively referred to as glycogen
storage diseases, or glycogenoses
In these diseases, enzymatic defects in the synthesis or
breakdown of glycogen result in massive stockpiling, with
secondary injury and cell death.
44. Exogenous pigment
The most common is carbon
When inhaled, it is phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages
and transported through lymphatic channels to the regional
tracheobronchial lymph nodes.
Tattooing is a form of localized exogenous pigmentation of
the skin.
The pigments inoculated are phagocytosed by dermal
macrophages, in which they reside for the remainder of the
life of the bearer.
The pigments do not usually evoke any inflammatory
response.
48. COAL WORKERS' PNEUMOCONIOSIS
Heavy accumulations may
induce emphysema or a
fibroblastic reaction that can
result in a serious lung disease
called coal workers'
pneumoconiosis
49. ENDOGENOUS PIGMENTS
Endogenous pigments include:
Endogenous pigments are characterized as hematogenous
and nonhematogenous. Hematogenous pigments originate
from blood and nonhematogenous pigments originate from
non-blood, fat or fatlike, and non-fatlike substances
lipofuscin,
melanin
certain derivatives of hemoglobin
Hemosiderin
bilirubin
50. LIPOFUSCIN
"Wear-and-tear pigment" is an insoluble brownish-yellow
granular intracellular material that seen in a variety of tissues
(the heart, liver, kidney, retina, adrenals, nerve cells and
ganglion cells in brain) as a function of age or atrophy.
Consists of complexes of lipid and protein that derive from
the free radical-catalyzed peroxidation of polyunsaturated
lipids of sub cellular membranes.
The brown pigment when present in large amounts, imparts an
appearance to the tissue that is called brown atrophy.
54. Melanin
is an endogenous, brown-black pigment produced in
melanocytes
Although melanocytes are the only source of melanin,
adjacent basal keratinocytes in the skin can
accumulate the pigment
(dermal macrophages)
58. Hemosiderosis
is systemic overload of iron, hemosiderin is deposited in
many organs and tissues
is a hemoglobin-derived granular pigment that is golden
yellow to brown and accumulates in tissues when there
is a local or systemic excess of iron.
It is found at first in the mononuclear phagocytes of the liver,
bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes and in scattered
macrophages throughout other organs.
With progressive accumulation, parenchymal cells
throughout the body (principally the liver, pancreas, heart,
and endocrine organs) will be affected
59. Hemosiderin
Local excesses of iron, and consequently of
hemosiderin, result from hemorrhage.
Bruise:
The original red-blue color of hemoglobin is
transformed to varying shades of green-blue by the local
formation of biliverdin (green bile) and bilirubin (red
bile) from the heme
60. Hemosiderin
The iron ions of hemoglobin accumulate as golden-yellow
hemosiderin.
The iron can be unambiguously identified by the Prussian
blue histochemical reaction
61. Hemosiderosis
Hemosiderosis occurs in the setting of:
1. increased absorption of dietary iron
2. impaired utilization of iron
3. hemolytic anemias
4. Repeated blood transfusions (the
transfused red cells constitute an
exogenous load of iron).
.
64. Endogenous Accumulations
Bilirubin Kernicterus: fat-soluble unconjugated bilirubin derived
from Rh hemolytic disease of newborn; bilirubin enters basal
ganglia nuclei of brain, causing permanent damage
Cholesterol Xanthelasma: yellow plaque on eyelid; cholesterol in
macrophages
Atherosclerosis: cholesterol-laden smooth muscle cells and
macrophages (i.e., foam cells); components of fibrofatty plaques
Glycogen Diabetes mellitus: increased glycogen in proximal renal
tubule cells (cells are insensitive to insulin and become
overloaded with glycogen
Von Gierke's glycogenosis: deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase;
glycogen excess in hepatocytes and renal tubular cells
65. Hemosiderin and ferritin Iron overload disorders (e.g.,
hemochromatosis): excess hemosiderin deposition in
parenchymal cells, leading to free radical damage and
organ dysfunction (e.g., cirrhosis); increase in serum
ferritin
Melanin; Addison's disease: destruction of the adrenal
cortex; hypocortisolism leads to an increase in ACTH
causing excess synthesis of melanin and diffuse
pigmentation of the skin and mucosal membranes
Triglyceride Fatty liver: triglyceride in hepatocytes
pushes the nucleus to the periphery
66. Exogenous Accumulations
Lead poisoning: lead deposits in nuclei of proximal
renal tubular cells (acid-fast inclusion) contribute to
nephrotoxic changes in the proximal tubule