The document provides a step-by-step guide for conducting library research. It outlines 8 steps: 1) choosing a research question, 2) selecting relevant research tools, 3) developing search strategies, 4) refining searches with limits, 5) obtaining full-text sources, 6) collecting citation information, 7) evaluating sources, and 8) repeating the process with different tools. The goal is to find high-quality sources to answer the research question and write a paper. Key tools mentioned include the library catalog, databases, and citation management software.

1. Library Research Step by Step
For International Studies 190:
Democratic Institutions in Comparative Perspective

2. The Research Process in a Nutshell
1. Start with a question or topic.
2. Think about where the answer—or a piece of
the puzzle—might have been articulated.
3. Choose tools that will help you find those
publications/information sources.
4. Use those tools to find information you can
use.
5. Repeat.

3. 0. Before you get started
• The licenses for most of our research tools
require that users are on UCSD IP addresses
– Are you on the wireless network at UCSD?
• Make sure you’re using the UCSD-PROTECTED network.
– Are you off-campus?
• Make sure you’re using the VPN

4. 1. Choose your research question,
hypothesis, or topic and keywords
• Develop your research
question, hypothesis, or thesis
statement
How does Canada's pension policy
compare with that of the countries
discussed in John Bowman's
Capitalisms Compared: Welfare,
Work and Business (US, Germany,
Sweden)?

5. 1. Choose your research question,
hypothesis, or topic and keywords
• Break that statement into key
concepts,
– Pension
– Policy
– Canada

6. 1. Choose your research question,
hypothesis, or topic and keywords
• Think of other ways to phrase those concepts. Use
synonyms. Consider more specific words (to
narrow your focus) or more general terms (to
expand your search), e.g.
– Who:
• retirees, workers, labor, employees
• citizens, taxpayers, voters
– What:
• pensions: retirement, social security
– old age
• Policy: politics, law
– When: (current)
– Where:
• Canada: individual province names
• United States: US, USA, America
• Germany
• Sweden: Scandinavia, Nordic countries, welfare state
• OECD countries
• first world countries

8. Try it yourself – 2 minutes
1. Take 1 minute to jot down your research topic, so at
least you have an idea on paper, even if it’s vague. (No
one else will see this).
2. Take another 1 minute to brainstorm: What are some
terms you would expect to see in a publication about
your problem? Try organizing your thoughts into who,
what, when, where categories.

9. 2. Choose tools that might be useful
for this project.
• You want a variety of
– Background sources
– Exhibits or Evidence sources
– Argument sources
– Method or Theory sources
• Each tool helps you find a specific,
limited kind and amount of information.
• Knowing which tools might help you find
what you're looking for will save you lots
of time.

10. Books
Books typically cover a single topic in depth.
• is UC San Diego Library’s online
library catalog
• Tip: includes books, ebooks, and
other materials like government
documents.
• Tip: Not enough at UC San Diego, or the
book you want checked out?
– to request from San Diego libraries
– to request books from other
libraries, University of California + beyond

11. Scholarly Articles
Scholarly articles cover more specific topics than books. Because
they are shorter, they are often published a little more quickly,
making them somewhat more current. The Library has literally
hundreds of databases for finding article citations.

12. Primary Sources
Primary sources are materials that
document the event when it
happened—or as close to when it
happened as possible.
Examples include:
• News: newspapers, magazines,
blogs, social media
• Government publications and
official documents
• First person accounts: diaries,
letters, oral histories, blogs,
social media…

13. Statistics & Datasets
Generally available in specialized databases or
directly from the researchers and organizations
who collect them.
• Aggregate/statistics (numbers already
analyzed)
• Microdata (lowest level of collection)

14. Information Timeline Graphic by adstarkel. Used under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

15. Try it yourself – 5 minutes
1. Take 1 minute think about which types of
sources (books, scholarly articles, news, reports,
etc.) are most useful for this project.
2. Then spend 4 minutes reading descriptions of
tools (databases) and choose at least 3 (in
addition to JSTOR & Google Scholar) that look
like they will lead you to useful sources.

16. The Librarian’s Favorites
• Scholarly articles
– Worldwide Political Science Abstracts
– EconLit
– all ProQuest databases
– all EBSCOhost databases
– Melvyl
• News
– Access World News
– Nexis Uni
– Factiva
• Reports
– Google Custom Search engines (for IGOs, NGOs, think tanks,
government information from around the world)
– CIAO

17. 3. Choose your search strategies for
each research tool.
• In most databases, you can combine terms
with and (both terms must appear in the
hit)and or (one term must appear in the hit—for
synonyms or evenly weighted terms)
– pensions and policy; policy or law
• In many databases, you can use a symbol such as
* or ! to take the place of letters to get hits with
multiple endings of a word
– poli*
• In many databases, you can combine words
together into phrases using quotation marks
– “welfare state”
• Example search:
Canada and (pension or retire*) and poli*

19. Try it yourself – 1 minute
• Take 1 minute to develop a keyword search strategy using
some of the keywords you brainstormed in part 1.
– You probably want some combination of who, what, when,
and where, but don’t need to include all of them in one
search.
– As appropriate, use AND’s, OR’s, truncation, and/or phrases

20. 4. Refine your search with limits.
• Most databases have some sort of limits
you can apply, for example:
– date ranges
– publication types (e.g., scholarly
articles, dissertations, book chapters, etc.)
– languages
– peer reviewed articles
• When you find good hits, look at the subject headings. These are controlled
vocabulary assigned to describe the topic in the database. Also skim the abstracts
for additional keywords. Try running new searches using those terms.
• Find more citations by looking at the bibliography/cited references of sources you
find. Sometimes these citations are included in the database. (Also read the
literature review in the article itself.)
• Find more citations by looking at sources that cite the sources you find. Look for a
times cited link in the database. (If your database doesn’t have this, Google
Scholar does.) This is an especially good way to find core articles (and theory!) on
your topic.

22. How to tell if a source is peer reviewed
• Use a database and its “peer reviewed” limits/filters
• Google the source/publication title and check the description in “journal information” or “about this journal”
• Check a directory like Ulrich’s

23. 5. Get the actual item.
• If the full text isn’t available in your search
results. Look for the button.
• Link to full text if available.
• No full text?
– Try for the print
• No UCSD access at all?
– You can usually request the item from another
library using the link.
– For books, try or

25. 6. Get the citation information. You
need this for your bibliography.
You list the works you cite so that readers
interested in your research can find and read the
resources you used to draw your conclusions.
• Email records to yourself as a backup.
• Some databases can export the citation in a
specific format (e.g. APA, Chicago, MLA)
• Use Zotero, EndNote Web, or Mendeley to
manage, store, and format your citations

26. Most plagiarism that happens at UC
San Diego is accidental.

27. 7. Evaluate the items you find.
• Does it answer the
question?
• What are the
author’s credentials?
– And what sources do
they cite?
• Is the source current
enough for the kind
of research you're
doing?

28. 8. Try different tools & repeat
until you have enough
to write your paper!
• Check the help screens or guides to
each database for specifics on
combining your terms and whether your
results are ranked by date or relevance.
• When you find good hits, look at the
subject headings/descriptors. Try
running new searches using those
terms.

29. To Recap
1. Start with a question or topic.
2. Think about where the answer—or a
piece of the puzzle—might have been
articulated.
3. Choose tools that will help you find
those publications/information
sources.
4. Use those tools to find information
you can use.
5. Repeat.