Presentation by the Director of the International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG) at Brazil's II National Development Conference on 24 November 2011. The presentation identifies the main subjects and policy issues that will be covered by IPC-IG's forthcoming Flagship Report on Social Protection and Employment for Inclusive Growth.
A presentation by the UNDP Brasilia-based International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG) on the 'Intersections between Social Protection, Inclusive Growth and Fiscal Space'. Presented at Brazil's II National Development Conference (CODE), organised by the Institute of Applied Economic Research (Ipea).
The main objective of social protection in the early stages of Uzbekistan’s transition period was to protect vulnerable groups by providing guaranteed minimum incomes. In the difficult period of structural reforms, social protection helped to mitigate some of their undesirable impacts on the population, to maintain social stability and guarantee basic social rights.
Social protection policies were successful in preventing a large share of the vulnerable from falling into poverty. Moreover, Uzbekistan managed to preserve the access of children from low-income families to free health care and education and to maintain its pre-reform levels of literacy.
Economic growth has been strong for almost a decade and the country has graduated to middle-income status. But this is bringing new challenges in transforming the economy and society. These transformations will have a significant effect on the well-being of people, their available choices and social rights. Demand for social services, in terms of both type and quality, will also change. The current social protection model will also have to be revised in line with these new demands and transformations.
The parameters of the social protection model in this new stage of development will be determined by the targets and objectives of Uzbekistan’s overall development policy in the medium- and long term.
Social contract – is an implicit agreement between the government and main social groups, formulated around basic living needs of the society: sustainable livelihoods, guaranteed employment and income, as well as confidence in tomorrow. This implicit agreement determines the nature and model of the society and creates the background and the framework for human development as well as realization of social rights of individuals. Accordingly, it is social contract that defines the model of social policy at each stage of development in the country.
In future Uzbekista faces new challenges, which stipulate the need for transformation of the economy, society, and institutions. With acceleration of transformation processes, the search for new points of balance and appropriate review of the model of social contract may be required to reach the goals of structural reforms and retain social accord. The response to the question, what should be the model of social contract at the subsequent stages will be defined based on the mid-term and long-term development goals of the country.
A presentation by the UNDP Brasilia-based International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG) on the 'Intersections between Social Protection, Inclusive Growth and Fiscal Space'. Presented at Brazil's II National Development Conference (CODE), organised by the Institute of Applied Economic Research (Ipea).
The main objective of social protection in the early stages of Uzbekistan’s transition period was to protect vulnerable groups by providing guaranteed minimum incomes. In the difficult period of structural reforms, social protection helped to mitigate some of their undesirable impacts on the population, to maintain social stability and guarantee basic social rights.
Social protection policies were successful in preventing a large share of the vulnerable from falling into poverty. Moreover, Uzbekistan managed to preserve the access of children from low-income families to free health care and education and to maintain its pre-reform levels of literacy.
Economic growth has been strong for almost a decade and the country has graduated to middle-income status. But this is bringing new challenges in transforming the economy and society. These transformations will have a significant effect on the well-being of people, their available choices and social rights. Demand for social services, in terms of both type and quality, will also change. The current social protection model will also have to be revised in line with these new demands and transformations.
The parameters of the social protection model in this new stage of development will be determined by the targets and objectives of Uzbekistan’s overall development policy in the medium- and long term.
Social contract – is an implicit agreement between the government and main social groups, formulated around basic living needs of the society: sustainable livelihoods, guaranteed employment and income, as well as confidence in tomorrow. This implicit agreement determines the nature and model of the society and creates the background and the framework for human development as well as realization of social rights of individuals. Accordingly, it is social contract that defines the model of social policy at each stage of development in the country.
In future Uzbekista faces new challenges, which stipulate the need for transformation of the economy, society, and institutions. With acceleration of transformation processes, the search for new points of balance and appropriate review of the model of social contract may be required to reach the goals of structural reforms and retain social accord. The response to the question, what should be the model of social contract at the subsequent stages will be defined based on the mid-term and long-term development goals of the country.
Social Protection and Agriculture for Food Security: Breaking the Cycle of Po...Pascal Corbé
Benjamin Davis, Strategic Programme Leader, Rural Poverty Reduction at FAO, presents at GIZ workshop "Agriculture Meets Social Protection: How can food and nutrition security benefit?", Eschborn, 7 July 2016
Social Media Vs. Social Marketing For SlideshareMike Newton-Ward
Addresses the confusion between social media, communication and social marketing--especially as it pertains to positive behavior change. Original audience was public health, human service and environmental agency staffs with some exposure to social marketing, but little exposure to social media.
This presentation was based on a talk given at the 11th international conference of the Globalisation for the Common Good (GCGI), held at the Cité Universitaire Internationale in Paris under the theme: “Imagining a Better World: An Intergenerational Dialogue for the Common Good to Inspire a Creative Leadership”.
Integrated agricultural system, migration, and social protection strategies t...ILRI
Presented by Bradford Mills (Virginia Tech), Genti Kostandini (University of Georgia), Anthony Murray (Economic Research Service, USDA), Jiangfeng Gao (Virginia Tech), Joseph Rusike (AGRA), Steven Omamo, Zhe Guo and Jawoo Koo (IFPRI) at the Livestock Systems and Environment (LSE) Seminar, ILRI, Nairobi, 28 January 2015
Social Protection, Economic Growth, Poverty and Inequality in Brazil?UNDP Policy Centre
Presentation by Fabio Veras Soares (IPC-IG) at the Conference on Social Protection, Economic Growth, Poverty and Inequality in South Africa: Lessons from the BRICS- UNDP and National Planning Commission of South Africa. September 2011.
Productive Inclusion in Brazil - Bolsa Familia and the Brazil without Extreme...UNDP Policy Centre
Presentation by Fabio Veras Soares, IPC-IG Research Coordinator given at the 1st Kenyan Social Protection Conference Week on 28 January, 2015.
Kenya's “Enhancing Synergy in Social Protection Delivery” Conference took place in Nairobi, from 27-30 January.
The purpose of the conference was to discuss the current state of Kenya’s Social Protection Policy (2012) implementation, in light of a massive scale up and expansion of its National Safety Net Programme and a move towards an integrated Social Protection System.
Scholarly Communication: Tools and Strategies for Learning and Sharing in the...Heather Martin
Slides from a discussion I led as part of the Social Science Research Toolkit program (http://blogs.mhsl.uab.edu/sbs/?page_id=85) at Mervyn H. Sterne Library, University of Alabama at Birmingham.
The Secrets Of Mastering Social Media To Build Brand, Find New Supporters, An...hjc
With the cost of traditional marketing channels going up and up, social media is getting more attention as a way to strengthen your organization’s marketing, advocacy, and fundraising efforts.
This straightforward session will try to show you the most cost effective, proven ways to use social media to strengthen your organization. With examples from Twitter, Facebook, Youtube, and other social media tools, you’ll see how some of the best nonprofit brands use social media to beat the competition! We will breakthrough common misconceptions and notions of social media while providing you with tips, best practices and tools to get you started on a long-term strategy towards engaging your donors.
Social protection linking policy and strategic trajectories social capital ...Costy Costantinos
Using investigative methods of human feelings of wellness via direct survey of economic, environmental, physical, mental, workplace, social and political wellness metrics, the theme of the research underpins the determination of linkages between policy and strategies and civic en-gagement to spawn social protection mechanisms. The research is predicated on developing tools for stemming the stresses and shocks administered by the degree and speed of impoverishment that has posed enormous challenges for nations and peoples. The influence of global competition, social re-engineering, political and military conflicts and power shifts exert enormous pressure on the psyche of the average individual and family. The results from the survey were computed using the seven satisfaction metrics. While more has changed in the last decade technologically, culturally, politically and economically than the entire past century, responses from key informants by and large show a general level of life satisfaction among the selected population of lowest to highest incomes categories, using the Gross National Happiness approach. Life wellness measurement fares better compared to Gross Domestic Product as it shows satisfaction level and helps self-targeting in public works designed as employment generating safety nets.
INFORMING OTHERS OF YOUR HEARING LOSS
SPEECHREADING
STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE COMMUNICATION
APPROACHES TO COMMUNICATION
HEARING PROTECTION DEVICES
ASSISTIVE LISTENING DEVICES
Natalia Winder Rossi's (FAO) presentation for IFPRI's policy seminar "Boosting Growth to End Hunger by 2025 in Africa: The Role of Social Protection" held on 2 May 2019 in Washington DC.
Natalia Winder Rossi
POLICY SEMINAR
Boosting Growth to End Hunger by 2025 in Africa: The Role of Social Protection
MAY 2, 2019 - 12:15 PM TO 01:45 PM EDT
Social Protection and Agriculture for Food Security: Breaking the Cycle of Po...Pascal Corbé
Benjamin Davis, Strategic Programme Leader, Rural Poverty Reduction at FAO, presents at GIZ workshop "Agriculture Meets Social Protection: How can food and nutrition security benefit?", Eschborn, 7 July 2016
Social Media Vs. Social Marketing For SlideshareMike Newton-Ward
Addresses the confusion between social media, communication and social marketing--especially as it pertains to positive behavior change. Original audience was public health, human service and environmental agency staffs with some exposure to social marketing, but little exposure to social media.
This presentation was based on a talk given at the 11th international conference of the Globalisation for the Common Good (GCGI), held at the Cité Universitaire Internationale in Paris under the theme: “Imagining a Better World: An Intergenerational Dialogue for the Common Good to Inspire a Creative Leadership”.
Integrated agricultural system, migration, and social protection strategies t...ILRI
Presented by Bradford Mills (Virginia Tech), Genti Kostandini (University of Georgia), Anthony Murray (Economic Research Service, USDA), Jiangfeng Gao (Virginia Tech), Joseph Rusike (AGRA), Steven Omamo, Zhe Guo and Jawoo Koo (IFPRI) at the Livestock Systems and Environment (LSE) Seminar, ILRI, Nairobi, 28 January 2015
Social Protection, Economic Growth, Poverty and Inequality in Brazil?UNDP Policy Centre
Presentation by Fabio Veras Soares (IPC-IG) at the Conference on Social Protection, Economic Growth, Poverty and Inequality in South Africa: Lessons from the BRICS- UNDP and National Planning Commission of South Africa. September 2011.
Productive Inclusion in Brazil - Bolsa Familia and the Brazil without Extreme...UNDP Policy Centre
Presentation by Fabio Veras Soares, IPC-IG Research Coordinator given at the 1st Kenyan Social Protection Conference Week on 28 January, 2015.
Kenya's “Enhancing Synergy in Social Protection Delivery” Conference took place in Nairobi, from 27-30 January.
The purpose of the conference was to discuss the current state of Kenya’s Social Protection Policy (2012) implementation, in light of a massive scale up and expansion of its National Safety Net Programme and a move towards an integrated Social Protection System.
Scholarly Communication: Tools and Strategies for Learning and Sharing in the...Heather Martin
Slides from a discussion I led as part of the Social Science Research Toolkit program (http://blogs.mhsl.uab.edu/sbs/?page_id=85) at Mervyn H. Sterne Library, University of Alabama at Birmingham.
The Secrets Of Mastering Social Media To Build Brand, Find New Supporters, An...hjc
With the cost of traditional marketing channels going up and up, social media is getting more attention as a way to strengthen your organization’s marketing, advocacy, and fundraising efforts.
This straightforward session will try to show you the most cost effective, proven ways to use social media to strengthen your organization. With examples from Twitter, Facebook, Youtube, and other social media tools, you’ll see how some of the best nonprofit brands use social media to beat the competition! We will breakthrough common misconceptions and notions of social media while providing you with tips, best practices and tools to get you started on a long-term strategy towards engaging your donors.
Social protection linking policy and strategic trajectories social capital ...Costy Costantinos
Using investigative methods of human feelings of wellness via direct survey of economic, environmental, physical, mental, workplace, social and political wellness metrics, the theme of the research underpins the determination of linkages between policy and strategies and civic en-gagement to spawn social protection mechanisms. The research is predicated on developing tools for stemming the stresses and shocks administered by the degree and speed of impoverishment that has posed enormous challenges for nations and peoples. The influence of global competition, social re-engineering, political and military conflicts and power shifts exert enormous pressure on the psyche of the average individual and family. The results from the survey were computed using the seven satisfaction metrics. While more has changed in the last decade technologically, culturally, politically and economically than the entire past century, responses from key informants by and large show a general level of life satisfaction among the selected population of lowest to highest incomes categories, using the Gross National Happiness approach. Life wellness measurement fares better compared to Gross Domestic Product as it shows satisfaction level and helps self-targeting in public works designed as employment generating safety nets.
INFORMING OTHERS OF YOUR HEARING LOSS
SPEECHREADING
STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE COMMUNICATION
APPROACHES TO COMMUNICATION
HEARING PROTECTION DEVICES
ASSISTIVE LISTENING DEVICES
Natalia Winder Rossi's (FAO) presentation for IFPRI's policy seminar "Boosting Growth to End Hunger by 2025 in Africa: The Role of Social Protection" held on 2 May 2019 in Washington DC.
Natalia Winder Rossi
POLICY SEMINAR
Boosting Growth to End Hunger by 2025 in Africa: The Role of Social Protection
MAY 2, 2019 - 12:15 PM TO 01:45 PM EDT
17
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Guide:
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SOCIAL PROTECTION
SOCIAL PROTECTION: WHAT IS IT?
Social protection measures have a long history in Europe where the European Social Model is extolled as one that supports “social solidarity” and enables the population as a whole to contribute through taxes to help those in need. Social protection measures have become increasingly popular in Asia, Latin America, and Africa with large scale programs which impacted the futures of millions in India, China, South Africa, Brazil, Russia, Tanzania, Zambia, Mexico, Chile, etc.
In the wake of the Asian Financial Crisis and the global financial crisis, social protection policies provided a means to enable populations “in need” to survive and be prepared to contribute to the society once the economy recovers. It has become particularly important to facilitate peoples’ and states’ recovery from environmental, financial, and other types of crisis. Depending on the risk to be mitigated, social protection can take different forms and approaches which have led to a variety of programs and policies across the globe.
Research on Social protection has increased dramatically with the increase in economic shocks and other types of crisis as well as increase in policies implemented in developing and emerging countries. Such research has provided a wealth of information on the objectives, implementation, approaches and impact of social protection measures. This literature review will first provide an overview of the approaches comprising social protection; and consider some of the challenges inherent to defining this evolving concept. The second part of this review will take a closer look at some of the social protection policies and programs implemented around the globe, especially in BRIC. The final part of this review will consider the quandaries in social protection and research considerations for the future. Social protection is the broadest?, signifying the full range of protective transfers, services, and institutional safeguards supposed to protect the population ‘at risk’ of being ‘in need’.
The graph above provides an overview of various social protection schemes used across the globe. They are often a combination of social services, labor policy and social insurance; and safety nets.
In many countries social protection pie is financed by social contributions of employers, protected persons and general government contribution. The social assistance comes within the social protection in many countries by solidarity basis, selectivity and targeting basis, institutional delusion level and re-integration efforts. The social insurance program was implemented for a unified and integrated social protection process. The institutional participation of social agents favors the transparency and rationalization of the social protection model. Different modifications were made in the past decades for the protection of the social protection pie. The information is coordinate.
Possible theoretical frameworks for FP4 research: some suggestionsILRI
A presentation by Kate Longley at the Workshop on Defining a Strategic Agricultural Research Agenda on Post-Crisis/Post-Shock Recovery in Highly Stressed Systems, Nairobi, May 22-23, 2008
Natalia Winder Rossi's (FAO) presentation at the South-South Cooperation Knowledge Exchange Platform on Strengthening Resilience of the Rural Poor in Nairobi (Kenya) on 18 November 2019.
As part of its overall mission of promoting the well-being of humanity throughout the world, The Rockefeller Foundation developed the goal of advancing inclusive economies. The framing of this goal is deliberate: the word inclusive stresses the need to overcome disadvantage while the choice of economies versus growth suggests the need to consider all dimensions of economic life. This executive summary outlines efforts to develop a framework to better understand and measure the characteristics of an inclusive economy. It includes:
• The evolution of the concept of an inclusive economy
• Key lessons learned from an analysis of indicator initiatives
related to measuring an inclusive economy
• A recommended indicator framework composed of 5 broad
characteristics, 15 sub-categories, and 57 indicators
• Implications for future work
For more details, a full report is available at:
inclusiveeconomies.org
The expansion of non-contributory social protection worldwide and its implica...UNDP Policy Centre
GW4 Research and Policy Seminar: Transnational transformations in social protection: concepts, instruments and contexts (2nd July 2018) University of Bath-
By Fábio Veras Soares, Senior Research Coordinator at IPC-IG
Graduation from Poverty versus Graduating from Social Protection – setting t...UNDP Policy Centre
The IPC-IG was honoured to participate in the Transfer Project Workshop, held in Arusha, from 2 to 4 April 2019, where researchers and policymakers gathered to discuss evidence for social protection policies in sub-Saharan Africa. IPC-IG Senior Research Coordinator Fábio Veras delivered the presentation "Graduation from Poverty versus Graduating from Social Protection – Setting the Scene and Discussing the Evidence". The Transfer Project is a partnership between UNICEF, FAO, UNC Chapel Hill, national governments and local research partners.
Jorge maldonado what we have learnt about articulating social protection and ...UNDP Policy Centre
This presentation is part of the programme of the International Seminar "Social Protection, Entrepreneurship and Labour Market Activation: Evidence for Better Policies", organized by the International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG/UNDP) together with Canada’s International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and the Colombian Think Tank Fedesarrollo held on September 10-11 at the Ipea Auditorium in Brasilia.
Risks, Vulnerabilities and the Social Protection System in JamaicaFAO
Presentación de Faith Innerarity, Director General, Ministry of Labour and Social Security, realizada durante el Sexto Seminario de Transferencias Condicionadas de Ingresos, realizado en Santiago de Chile el 29 y 30 de septiembre 2011
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👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
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Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*
Intersections between Social Protection, Inclusive Growth and Fiscal Space
1. Intersections between Social Protection,
Inclusive Growth and Fiscal Space
2ª Conferência do Desenvolvimento - IPEA
Rathin Roy
Director, IPC-IG
Raquel Ramos
Macroeconomist
Brasília, November 24th
2. Intersections between Social Protection, Inclusive Growth and
Fiscal Space
1. Objectives of macroeconomic and social protection policies
2. The interface between macroeconomic and social protection
3. An analytical framework
4. Design and objectives of existing social protection policies
5. Implications: Fiscal space
2
3. Intersections between Social Protection, Inclusive Growth and
Fiscal Space
1. Objectives of macroeconomic and social protection policies
2. The interface between macroeconomic and social protection
3. An analytical framework
4. Design and objectives of existing social protection policies
5. Implications: Fiscal space
3
4. Objectives of macroeconomic and social protection policies
Macroeconomic policies:
• Stable Growth
• Price Stability
• External Sector Equilibrium
Social Protection policies:
• Equity
• Vulnerability
4
5. Goals of Macroeconomic Policy and Social Protection
Macroeconomic Policy Social Protection
Growth Price Stability External Sector
- Equity
- Vulnerability
5
6. Intersections between Social Protection, Inclusive Growth and
Fiscal Space
1. Objectives of macroeconomic and social protection policies
2. The interface between macroeconomic and social protection
3. An analytical framework
4. Design and objectives of existing social protection policies
5. Implications: Fiscal space
6
7. The interface between macroeconomic and social protection
1. Growth and Equity
(Weeks, 2010; Roy and Weeks, 2004; Bacha and Taylor 1978; Roy 1994)
1950s - 1970s:
– trade‐offs between growth and income inequality
1970s and 1980s:
– redistributive mechanisms: poverty reduction not hampering growth
– ‘trickle‐down’ mechanisms
Late 1990s:
– MDGs: a target requires policies + coherent strategy
– Idea: maximise growth + income transfers + poverty reduction programmes
– What about equity? Is growth enough?
7
8. The interface between macroeconomic and social protection
2. Price stability, equity and vulnerability
Traditional approach:
– Monetary + Fiscal instruments Focus on the overall price level
– Subsidies + tax concessions Control specific prices + ensure that poor and
vulnerable access key basic goods and services
Within the Inclusive Growth approach:
– Monetary Focus on the overall price level
– Conditional and Unconditional Cash Transfers enhance the affordability of
basic goods and services
8
9. The interface between macroeconomic and social protection
Well enhance the welfare of specific target groups by
enabling them to better afford such goods and
Targeted services;
Cash
Transfers are more effective than subsidies;
serve as countercyclical measures to enable
vulnerable populations to better cope with the
fallout of exogenous shocks that adversely impact
their livelihoods
address vulnerability of different target groups,
when such vulnerability is impacted by rising or
volatile price movements, as during the recent
food crisis.
9
10. The interface between macroeconomic and social protection
Concluding…
Emerging developing economies led an important change:
there are key complementarities between the objectives of social protection
policies and macroeconomic policies.
Social policies can complement macroeconomic policies by:
– enhancing the inclusivity of growth;
– improving the sustainability of growth;
– reducing countercyclical pressures ;
– enabling growth to be inclusive through participation in its delivery, rather than
just participation in the benefits of growth through compensating those left out of
the growth process.
10
11. Intersections between Social Protection, Inclusive Growth and
Fiscal Space
1. Objectives of macroeconomic and social protection policies
2. The interface between macroeconomic and social protection
3. An analytical framework
4. Design and objectives of existing social protection policies
5. Implications: Fiscal space
11
12. An analytical framework
We propose an analytical framework which make this interactions between social
protection policies and macroeconomic policies explicit.
• G = Growth
• K = Capital
• L = Labour
• Pk = Price of Capital
• Pl = Price of Labour
• Th= Technology
• K/Y = Capital productivity
• L/Y = Labour productivity
12
13. An analytical framework
– Growth thus occurs through a combination of increases in the:
• application of resources (capital and labour),
• improvements in the productivity of these resources,
• improvements in innovation (whether technical, procedural or institutional)
– Simplifying assumption:
(following Kalecki, 1954; Rowthorn, 1977; and Kaldor, 1956):
• L is exclusively supplied by those who are the targets of social protection policies;
• K is supplied exclusively by those who are not such targets
13
14. An analytical framework
– A process of inclusive growth would be one in which:
G is secured by an increase in the intensity of use of the factor of production L
– In this simplified version this can happen if:
• The Price of L and/or the quantity of L used to produce G increases;
• L/Y increases;
• The greater the returns to L owners from the returns to g(th) increase relative to the state of
affairs prior to the working out of the growth process.
Social protection policies that secure any of the above will increase inclusion
14
15. An analytical framework
– The model changes two assumptions made in most growth analyses
(1) Most growth models assume that the policy objective is to maximize growth;
(2) This maximization happens through the application of all the resources (K, L in this
exposition) available in the economy and, then through increases in productivity.
– These do not hold, especially in developing countries. Reasons:
(1) Policy makers do not maximize growth; they choose a target rate of growth to be
achieved;
(2) Resources are not fully utilized;
Most people are employed, but at very low levels of productivity
Capital can be underutilized
15
16. Intersections between Social Protection, Inclusive Growth and
Fiscal Space
1. Objectives of macroeconomic and social protection policies
2. The interface between macroeconomic and social protection
3. An analytical framework
4. Design and objectives of existing social protection policies
5. Implications: Fiscal space
16
17. Design and objectives of existing social protection policies
Objective of social protection programmes increasing the investments in
human capital through the support families give to their children
Brazilian Bolsa Seeks to promote access to health, education and social
Família assistance; to fight hunger and poverty; and to stimulate the
sustained emancipation of families living in poverty and extreme
poverty
Colombian Familias increase the investments by families in extreme
en Acción poverty on their children’s human capital – resources conditional
to attending school
Philippine 4P improving human development of extremely
poor households - cash grants to households with pregnant
women or children
Mexican enhance the opportunities of social and economic
Oportunidades development through the improvement of their education, health
and nutrition options
Children &
Ethiopian PSNP fight food insecurity to reduce household s’ Pregnant women
vulnerability 17
18. Design and objectives of existing social protection policies
Employment and public works interventions attempt to induce structural change
increase the participation of a wider section of society in growth process
India’s National Aims at enhancing livelihood security of households and creating
Rural Employment durable assets in rural areas
Guarantee Act This is done by providing employments on works that
address problems such as drought, deforestation and soil erosion
South African Promote economic growth and provide poverty and income relief
Expanded Public Reduce unemployment through the offer of temporary work
Works Programme related to public and community services for unemployed people
18
19. Design and objectives of existing social protection policies
From safety nets approach to one focused on inclusion
it is not necessary for growth to be inclusive as long as those who
Safety
benefited from growth could be made to share some of their gains
Nets with those who did not so that society as a while was better off
Social with enhancing inclusion in the growth process as with the
Protection equitable distribution of the benefits of growth
as seen above
19
20. Intersections between Social Protection, Inclusive Growth and
Fiscal Space
1. Objectives of macroeconomic and social protection policies
2. The interface between macroeconomic and social protection
3. An analytical framework
4. Design and objectives of existing social protection policies
5. Implications: Fiscal space
20
21. Implications: Fiscal space
– Traditionally, Social Protection has been viewed as a “regrettable necessity” -
as detracting from the pool of resources available for development
– However, Social Protection can
– improve quality and stability of Macroeconomic Policy
– help secure the allocation and stabilization objectives of public finance
– Social Protection is not just compatible with, but actively contributing to, fiscal
and macroeconomic stability
21
22. Implications: Fiscal space
What to consider in assessing fiscal space available for social protection?
– The sustainability of policies to create fiscal space is a function of what the
fiscal space is used for
– Fiscal Policy’s Functions: stabilization, allocation, distribution and growth
Should be balanced according to (Roy, Heuty and Letouze, 2009):
– the timeframe of the analytical framework
– political economy context
– Finding sustainable fiscal space for social protection therefore involves asking
– what is the purpose of social protection?
– the timeframe for its implementation?
– the political economy context within which it is implemented?
22
23. Implications: Fiscal space
Social protection policies and the stabilization function of fiscal policy
– Developing countries are prone to be hit by exogenous shocks and less
equipped to mitigate their consequences (Williamson, 2005)
– The examples of India and Brazil during the recent economic crisis show that
social protection programmes can have significant countercyclical value
– Reason: social protection in these countries was not designed to act purely as
safety nets or “floors”, but embedded in overall development policy
23
24. Implications: Fiscal space
– The focus in low income countries: secure economic growth through investing
in the social and human resources that enable such growth to be resilient
– This is a sharp break from the growth mantras of the 1980s and 1990s -
These focused on (a) an increase in exports based on static comparative
advantage or (b) import substituting industrialization,
But failed for lack of physical and social infrastructure and human capital
– This important change in development strategy is characterized by the
centrality of policy interventions to scale up those investments that secure the
achievement of the MDGs
24
25. Implications: Fiscal space
– What has to be taken into account in assessing the fiscal space for social protection?
– To implement social protection systems in developing countries
– Increase current expenditure in the short to medium term;
– but social protection exp / total expenditure declines in the long term with
increased incomes and improved employment performance
– On the design of social protection programmes
– It needs to embody highly specific objectives that deliver development results
within the planning horizon;
– the development impact of such expenditures should enhance the taxable capacity
of the economy and allow for a broadening in ambition of the social protection
programme in the medium term
– If this is the case, current fiscal space utilized for social protection in most low income
countries permit s an increase in the fiscal allocation for key social programmes
25
27. 2ª Conferência do Desenvolvimento
Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada
Intersections between
Social Protection,
Inclusive Growth
and Fiscal Space
Rathin Roy
Director, IPC-IG
Raquel Ramos
Macroeconomist
Brasília, November 24th