Coverage
Jamaica
NIS, NHIS,
CSPS
PATH, Poor
Relief,
Disability
Grants,
Social
Pensions
PATH:
17.3% of
population
Chile
Pensions,
Health
Chile Solidario,
Subsidios
Chile
Solidario:
10% of
population
Brazil
Pensions,
Health
Bolsa Familia,
Continuous
Cash Benefit
Bolsa
Familia:
12.4% of
population
Mexico
Pensions,
Health
Oportunidades
O
The document discusses models and theories of public policy including elite theory, group theory, and rational choice theory. It outlines the policy process model involving problem definition, agenda setting, policy formulation, legitimation, implementation, and evaluation. Key aspects of the policy process model are problem definition, agenda setting, policy formulation, implementation which involves agencies making law, and evaluation and potential policy change. Oversight of agencies occurs through administrative procedures, economic analysis, and congressional and presidential oversight.
- Public policy can be defined as "anything a government chooses to do or not to do" according to Thomas Dye. This definition emphasizes that governments are the primary actors in public policy and their decisions, whether to act or not act, constitute public policy.
- Governments are uniquely able to make authoritative decisions on behalf of citizens, backed by legislation. Public policy also involves a series of interrelated decisions made across government to address problems.
- Studying public policy allows us to scientifically understand the causes and consequences of policies, help solve practical problems, and make policy recommendations. It also allows us to learn what governments are doing in key areas, the causes of their decisions, and the impacts of their policies
The document discusses evaluating policy performance based on William N. Dunn's book. It outlines different approaches to evaluation, including causal evaluation, official evaluation, and participative evaluation. It also discusses the role of values and ethics in policy analysis and lists common criteria for evaluating policy performance such as effectiveness, efficiency, and equity.
The document discusses the Logical Framework Approach (LFA), a systematic planning procedure used for project management. It describes the history and key features of the Logical Framework Matrix, including its hierarchy of objectives from activities to goal. The matrix maps the logical relationships between project components and defines objectives, indicators, assumptions and risks. It is a tool used for planning, monitoring and evaluating projects.
The document discusses policy environment mapping and engagement for researchers. It provides information on different types of policy changes, who makes policy, questions a policy mapping can answer, stakeholders in the policy process, and tools for policy analysis including stakeholder analysis, force field analysis, and policy mapping diagrams. The document aims to help researchers understand the policy process and identify opportunities to inform policy through engagement with stakeholders and use of policy mapping and analysis frameworks.
Module 4: Policy Making as a Process Dima course contentMichael Kenny
This 24 slide presentation Policy Making as a Process is Module 4 of a nine (9) module online course for adult education policy makers and practitioners to complement an innovative toolkit to guide adult education policy and practice.
Participation in adult education varies significantly across states and regions of Europe! Why? Evidence and literature suggests a wide disparity in policy making, programming and implementation skills in the adult education sector across Europe. It is imperative that policy makers and programme managers address this disparity to foster life-long learning for a smart-sustainable Europe (see EU2020 https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/economic-and-fiscal-policy-coordination/eu-economic-governance-monitoring-prevention-correction/european-semester/framework/europe-2020-strategy_en) and to achieve a European target of 15% of the adult population engaged in learning.
In response to this challenge, the ERASMUS+ DIMA project (See https://dima-project.eu/index.php/en/, 2015 to 2017) developed a practical 9 module online course to complement an innovative toolkit to guide adult education policy and practice. The DIMA toolkit (See https://dima-project.eu/index.php/en/toolkit) introduces tools for developing, implementing, and monitoring adult education policies, strategies, and practices.
Author: Michael Kenny and DIMA Project partners (https://dima-project.eu/index.php/en/partners)
This document provides an outline on policy formulation. It begins with learning objectives to understand the importance of policy formulation and how to formulate effective policies. It then defines what a policy is, the meaning of policy formulation, and the importance of policy formulation. It outlines the characteristics of a good policy and the steps in the policy making process, including identifying issues, formulating options, adopting policies, implementing, distributing, controlling and evaluating. It provides guidance on how to write effective policies and examples of policy formats. The document aims to educate on best practices for developing strong organizational policies.
This document discusses agenda setting in public policymaking. It defines agenda setting as the process of adopting social issues or problems as policy problems to be addressed by the government. The document outlines the five stages of policymaking according to Kingdon: agenda setting, formulation, adoption, implementation, and evaluation. It describes different levels of agendas, from the agenda universe to the decision agenda. Finally, it discusses actors involved in shaping policy agendas, including political officials, civil society, international organizations, and the public. It also summarizes Kingdon's model of three streams that influence when an issue gets on the political agenda.
The document discusses models and theories of public policy including elite theory, group theory, and rational choice theory. It outlines the policy process model involving problem definition, agenda setting, policy formulation, legitimation, implementation, and evaluation. Key aspects of the policy process model are problem definition, agenda setting, policy formulation, implementation which involves agencies making law, and evaluation and potential policy change. Oversight of agencies occurs through administrative procedures, economic analysis, and congressional and presidential oversight.
- Public policy can be defined as "anything a government chooses to do or not to do" according to Thomas Dye. This definition emphasizes that governments are the primary actors in public policy and their decisions, whether to act or not act, constitute public policy.
- Governments are uniquely able to make authoritative decisions on behalf of citizens, backed by legislation. Public policy also involves a series of interrelated decisions made across government to address problems.
- Studying public policy allows us to scientifically understand the causes and consequences of policies, help solve practical problems, and make policy recommendations. It also allows us to learn what governments are doing in key areas, the causes of their decisions, and the impacts of their policies
The document discusses evaluating policy performance based on William N. Dunn's book. It outlines different approaches to evaluation, including causal evaluation, official evaluation, and participative evaluation. It also discusses the role of values and ethics in policy analysis and lists common criteria for evaluating policy performance such as effectiveness, efficiency, and equity.
The document discusses the Logical Framework Approach (LFA), a systematic planning procedure used for project management. It describes the history and key features of the Logical Framework Matrix, including its hierarchy of objectives from activities to goal. The matrix maps the logical relationships between project components and defines objectives, indicators, assumptions and risks. It is a tool used for planning, monitoring and evaluating projects.
The document discusses policy environment mapping and engagement for researchers. It provides information on different types of policy changes, who makes policy, questions a policy mapping can answer, stakeholders in the policy process, and tools for policy analysis including stakeholder analysis, force field analysis, and policy mapping diagrams. The document aims to help researchers understand the policy process and identify opportunities to inform policy through engagement with stakeholders and use of policy mapping and analysis frameworks.
Module 4: Policy Making as a Process Dima course contentMichael Kenny
This 24 slide presentation Policy Making as a Process is Module 4 of a nine (9) module online course for adult education policy makers and practitioners to complement an innovative toolkit to guide adult education policy and practice.
Participation in adult education varies significantly across states and regions of Europe! Why? Evidence and literature suggests a wide disparity in policy making, programming and implementation skills in the adult education sector across Europe. It is imperative that policy makers and programme managers address this disparity to foster life-long learning for a smart-sustainable Europe (see EU2020 https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/economic-and-fiscal-policy-coordination/eu-economic-governance-monitoring-prevention-correction/european-semester/framework/europe-2020-strategy_en) and to achieve a European target of 15% of the adult population engaged in learning.
In response to this challenge, the ERASMUS+ DIMA project (See https://dima-project.eu/index.php/en/, 2015 to 2017) developed a practical 9 module online course to complement an innovative toolkit to guide adult education policy and practice. The DIMA toolkit (See https://dima-project.eu/index.php/en/toolkit) introduces tools for developing, implementing, and monitoring adult education policies, strategies, and practices.
Author: Michael Kenny and DIMA Project partners (https://dima-project.eu/index.php/en/partners)
This document provides an outline on policy formulation. It begins with learning objectives to understand the importance of policy formulation and how to formulate effective policies. It then defines what a policy is, the meaning of policy formulation, and the importance of policy formulation. It outlines the characteristics of a good policy and the steps in the policy making process, including identifying issues, formulating options, adopting policies, implementing, distributing, controlling and evaluating. It provides guidance on how to write effective policies and examples of policy formats. The document aims to educate on best practices for developing strong organizational policies.
This document discusses agenda setting in public policymaking. It defines agenda setting as the process of adopting social issues or problems as policy problems to be addressed by the government. The document outlines the five stages of policymaking according to Kingdon: agenda setting, formulation, adoption, implementation, and evaluation. It describes different levels of agendas, from the agenda universe to the decision agenda. Finally, it discusses actors involved in shaping policy agendas, including political officials, civil society, international organizations, and the public. It also summarizes Kingdon's model of three streams that influence when an issue gets on the political agenda.
Policy adoption is the stage in the policymaking process where proposed policies are legitimized and chosen for implementation by government bodies. It involves deciding which policy alternative, including maintaining the status quo, will be used to address a particular issue. Scholars define policy adoption as the choice among generated alternatives and their estimated effects. Factors like crises, interest groups, and media coverage can influence which policies are adopted. Approaches to decision making in policy adoption include top-down, rational, incremental, mixed scanning, and garbage can models.
Social policy analysis uses various methods to evaluate policies and their impact. Policy analysts conduct needs assessments, evaluate outcomes, and use case studies and content analysis. The goal is to understand problems policies aim to address, determine if objectives are met, and identify unintended consequences. Analysts may also use grounded theory to uncover themes in policies and develop theories about values and ideologies underlying them. Overall, social policy analysis provides a way to critically examine social problems, policies, and services to promote social justice and improve people's quality of life.
This document provides an overview of public policy analysis. It defines policy analysis as using evidence and reason to select the best policy among alternatives to address a problem. The summary discusses three key points:
1) Policy analysis integrates methods from multiple disciplines like political science, economics, and sociology to produce information relevant to policy problems, potential solutions, and outcomes.
2) There are three main forms of policy analysis: prospective focuses on predicting future impacts before implementation; retrospective examines past policies after implementation; and integrated combines both approaches.
3) A good policy analysis considers what is known empirically, what is valued, and what actions should be taken to resolve issues - requiring the use of descriptive, normative,
The presentation discusses the conceptual framework for public policy planning in a step-by-step approach. It involves systematic mode, incremental mode, ad-hoc mode, importation mode of policy generation. Before the end, it will cover the aspects of policy implementation and impact assessment processes.
This document provides an overview of public policy definitions, approaches, and processes. It begins by defining public policy as systems of laws, regulations, and actions by governmental entities to address public issues. The traditional views of public policy are discussed, including definitions that focus on the dichotomy between politics and administration.
The document then examines several models of public policy analysis, including the institutional, process, group, elite, rational, incremental, game theory, public choice, and systems models. It discusses the importance of models in creating order, simplifying complexity, and identifying key elements in the policy process like institutions, stakeholders, formulation, and evaluation.
Introduction to Public Policy for Master of Business StudiesKhemraj Subedi
This document provides an overview of public policy analysis. It defines key terms like policy, analysis, and public policy. Public policy is described as a course of action by governments to address citizen needs and maintain order. Policy analysis involves assessing alternatives to satisfy goals. The document outlines the main actors in policymaking like legislatures and executives. It also describes characteristics of public policy, the stages of the policy process, and the theory of public choice, which applies economic concepts like rational self-interest to political behavior. Public choice theory posits that politicians, voters, bureaucrats, and interest groups act in their own self-interest in the policy process.
Policy, procedure, types of policy, characteristics of policy & policy an...Ali jili'ow
There has been a widespread confusion among students regarding the meaning of policy and procedure and the difference between these terms, some people talk about policy, meaning of a policy and procedures manual, Others talk about policy meaning the implicit framework that guides our day to day actions on the job while still Others emphasize that policy is made by boards within an organization.
However, this paper highlight very briefly what is a policy meaning and definition of policies, types of policy stages of policy cycle, elements of policy¸ criteria for good policy, policy analysis approaches, forms of policy analysis approaches, differences between policies and procedures, characteristics of policy and stages of policy process, the paper arranged as Q/A format.
This document provides guidance on developing and managing grant budgets. It outlines a 3-step process for developing budgets: 1) identify total project costs, 2) organize budget items into categories by time and source, and 3) format the data according to the funder's requirements. Effective grant management includes developing a realistic plan, carefully monitoring progress and expenditures, and managing any unexpected issues. Maintaining clear documentation and communication with the funder is important for compliance and continued funding.
Defines the policy,lists the main features of a policy , the step by step process of policy formulation and implementation,describes the criteria to judge the efficacy and chances of success of policy and lastly the weaknesses of policy formulation in a developing country like Pakistan
This document outlines the public policy formulation process. It begins with defining key concepts like policy and public policy. The public policy formulation process has four phases - initiation, generation, implementation, and evaluation. The initiation phase involves agenda-setting, identifying policy issues, and stakeholder engagement. The generation phase is when policies are formulated and drafted. Implementation involves enacting the policies. Evaluation is monitoring and assessing the policies. The document provides details on steps like policy analysis and stakeholder consultation that are part of the initiation and generation phases of the public policy formulation process.
This document provides an overview of public policy definitions, approaches, and processes. It begins by defining public policy as systems of laws, regulations, and actions by governmental entities to address public issues. The traditional views of public policy are discussed, including definitions that focus on the dichotomy between politics and administration.
The document then covers several models of public policy analysis, including the institutional, process, group, elite, rational, incremental, game theory, public choice, and systems models. It explains the prospective, retrospective, and integrated approaches to policy analysis. Finally, key aspects of public policy in the Philippines are summarized, such as the role of the National Economic Development Authority and common problems and criticisms.
This document discusses policy implementation. It defines implementation as converting policy intentions into actions and outcomes. It describes top-down and bottom-up approaches to implementation and categories for identifying problems. Challenges to implementation include lack of support, capacity issues, and barriers like weak political support, poor design, and limited funding. Strategies for managers include designing policies with implementation in mind, mobilizing resources quickly while building capacity, and managing the change process. Understanding context is also important to successful implementation.
The document discusses the rationale for public policy. It defines public policy as the course of action by governments to deal with public problems. The major goals of public policy are to achieve the best interests of society, provide good governance, and enable the public to measure government achievements. Some key public issues that policies address are peace and order, education, health, social welfare, and employment. The major types of policies are regulatory, distributive, and redistributive. The document also outlines the key components and steps in the public policy process.
This document discusses policy and policy making in education. It defines policy as directives that guide decisions and actions. Policy making is the first step in the planning cycle and policies differ in scope, complexity, environment, choices, and criteria. There are four types of policies: issue-specific, program, multi-program, and strategic. The document also discusses the actors and processes involved in policy making, including the synoptic and incremental approaches.
This document provides an overview of public policy analysis. It discusses definitions of public policy, typologies of public policy, why governments intervene in markets, models of the policy process, and approaches to policy analysis. The key points are:
1) Public policy is defined in various ways but generally refers to courses of action by governments to address issues of public concern.
2) Public policy can be categorized in typologies such as patronage/promotional, regulatory, and redistributive policies.
3) Governments intervene in markets when societies desire certain goods like healthcare but the free market does not adequately provide them, or when markets fail due to issues like externalities, information problems, or barriers to entry.
This document discusses several approaches to policy making models, including:
- Incremental policy making, which relies on interaction rather than complete analysis and aims for limited adjustments rather than sweeping reforms.
- Lasswell's approach, which suggests seven stages of policy processes including intelligence, promotion, prescription, invocation, application, termination, and appraisal.
- Easton's model of interactive stages of input, throughput, output, and feedback, which may not accurately describe policy making in developing countries.
This document discusses theory of change and its importance for evaluation. It begins by introducing theory of change and explaining that it is a process for exploring how change happens in a particular context. It then discusses building a theory of change by defining a program, its outcomes and intermediate steps, and identifying assumptions. The document explains that theory of change is important for evaluators to consider process and for programmers to be results-oriented. It also notes a common criticism is that theory of change can oversimplify programs.
- Public policy is defined as actions or decisions by government to address public issues through laws, regulations, or programs.
- Three main approaches to analyzing public policy are empirical, which examines facts and impacts; valuative, which determines the worth of policies; and normative, which recommends courses of action.
- Key theories for studying public policy include political systems theory, which views policy as responses to demands on government; group theory, which sees policy as outcomes of group competition and influence; and elite theory, which posits that elites set the policy agenda to serve their own interests.
Models of policy making and the concept of power in policyNayyar Kazmi
The document discusses different models of policy making and concepts of power in policy making. It describes four models:
1) The rational model which aims to make the best decision by defining problems, establishing goals, generating alternatives, and selecting the best option.
2) The bounded rationality model which aims for a satisfactory decision by analyzing problems and establishing criteria for acceptable solutions.
3) The incremental model which involves successive limited comparisons and trial-and-error adjustments.
4) The mixed scanning model which combines bounded rationality and incrementalism, using broad goals to guide incremental decisions.
The document also discusses three dimensions of power: decision making power, agenda-setting power, and thought control power. It outlines three sources
UNICEF proposes several targets and strategies for the Post-2015 Development Agenda. Key targets include reducing under-five mortality to 20 deaths per 1,000 live births by 2035, eliminating preventable maternal deaths, reducing child stunting by 40% by 2025, and achieving universal coverage of basic health, water, sanitation, and education. UNICEF also calls for targets addressing violence against children, resilience to disasters and conflicts, and leaving no one behind through data disaggregation. Additionally, UNICEF emphasizes recognizing children's central role in development and addressing issues like gender equality, disabilities, adolescents, migrants, and social protection.
This document discusses social protection and aging in Malawi. It provides background on population issues and policies in Malawi over time, including a past study on challenges facing the elderly. Key findings of the study were that poverty and lack of income severely impact the elderly, abuse is common, and most elderly have no pension support. The document also outlines current government efforts to address issues of the elderly, including establishing a ministry and NGO for persons with disabilities and the elderly. It provides context on global, regional and national debates around social protection and aging populations.
Policy adoption is the stage in the policymaking process where proposed policies are legitimized and chosen for implementation by government bodies. It involves deciding which policy alternative, including maintaining the status quo, will be used to address a particular issue. Scholars define policy adoption as the choice among generated alternatives and their estimated effects. Factors like crises, interest groups, and media coverage can influence which policies are adopted. Approaches to decision making in policy adoption include top-down, rational, incremental, mixed scanning, and garbage can models.
Social policy analysis uses various methods to evaluate policies and their impact. Policy analysts conduct needs assessments, evaluate outcomes, and use case studies and content analysis. The goal is to understand problems policies aim to address, determine if objectives are met, and identify unintended consequences. Analysts may also use grounded theory to uncover themes in policies and develop theories about values and ideologies underlying them. Overall, social policy analysis provides a way to critically examine social problems, policies, and services to promote social justice and improve people's quality of life.
This document provides an overview of public policy analysis. It defines policy analysis as using evidence and reason to select the best policy among alternatives to address a problem. The summary discusses three key points:
1) Policy analysis integrates methods from multiple disciplines like political science, economics, and sociology to produce information relevant to policy problems, potential solutions, and outcomes.
2) There are three main forms of policy analysis: prospective focuses on predicting future impacts before implementation; retrospective examines past policies after implementation; and integrated combines both approaches.
3) A good policy analysis considers what is known empirically, what is valued, and what actions should be taken to resolve issues - requiring the use of descriptive, normative,
The presentation discusses the conceptual framework for public policy planning in a step-by-step approach. It involves systematic mode, incremental mode, ad-hoc mode, importation mode of policy generation. Before the end, it will cover the aspects of policy implementation and impact assessment processes.
This document provides an overview of public policy definitions, approaches, and processes. It begins by defining public policy as systems of laws, regulations, and actions by governmental entities to address public issues. The traditional views of public policy are discussed, including definitions that focus on the dichotomy between politics and administration.
The document then examines several models of public policy analysis, including the institutional, process, group, elite, rational, incremental, game theory, public choice, and systems models. It discusses the importance of models in creating order, simplifying complexity, and identifying key elements in the policy process like institutions, stakeholders, formulation, and evaluation.
Introduction to Public Policy for Master of Business StudiesKhemraj Subedi
This document provides an overview of public policy analysis. It defines key terms like policy, analysis, and public policy. Public policy is described as a course of action by governments to address citizen needs and maintain order. Policy analysis involves assessing alternatives to satisfy goals. The document outlines the main actors in policymaking like legislatures and executives. It also describes characteristics of public policy, the stages of the policy process, and the theory of public choice, which applies economic concepts like rational self-interest to political behavior. Public choice theory posits that politicians, voters, bureaucrats, and interest groups act in their own self-interest in the policy process.
Policy, procedure, types of policy, characteristics of policy & policy an...Ali jili'ow
There has been a widespread confusion among students regarding the meaning of policy and procedure and the difference between these terms, some people talk about policy, meaning of a policy and procedures manual, Others talk about policy meaning the implicit framework that guides our day to day actions on the job while still Others emphasize that policy is made by boards within an organization.
However, this paper highlight very briefly what is a policy meaning and definition of policies, types of policy stages of policy cycle, elements of policy¸ criteria for good policy, policy analysis approaches, forms of policy analysis approaches, differences between policies and procedures, characteristics of policy and stages of policy process, the paper arranged as Q/A format.
This document provides guidance on developing and managing grant budgets. It outlines a 3-step process for developing budgets: 1) identify total project costs, 2) organize budget items into categories by time and source, and 3) format the data according to the funder's requirements. Effective grant management includes developing a realistic plan, carefully monitoring progress and expenditures, and managing any unexpected issues. Maintaining clear documentation and communication with the funder is important for compliance and continued funding.
Defines the policy,lists the main features of a policy , the step by step process of policy formulation and implementation,describes the criteria to judge the efficacy and chances of success of policy and lastly the weaknesses of policy formulation in a developing country like Pakistan
This document outlines the public policy formulation process. It begins with defining key concepts like policy and public policy. The public policy formulation process has four phases - initiation, generation, implementation, and evaluation. The initiation phase involves agenda-setting, identifying policy issues, and stakeholder engagement. The generation phase is when policies are formulated and drafted. Implementation involves enacting the policies. Evaluation is monitoring and assessing the policies. The document provides details on steps like policy analysis and stakeholder consultation that are part of the initiation and generation phases of the public policy formulation process.
This document provides an overview of public policy definitions, approaches, and processes. It begins by defining public policy as systems of laws, regulations, and actions by governmental entities to address public issues. The traditional views of public policy are discussed, including definitions that focus on the dichotomy between politics and administration.
The document then covers several models of public policy analysis, including the institutional, process, group, elite, rational, incremental, game theory, public choice, and systems models. It explains the prospective, retrospective, and integrated approaches to policy analysis. Finally, key aspects of public policy in the Philippines are summarized, such as the role of the National Economic Development Authority and common problems and criticisms.
This document discusses policy implementation. It defines implementation as converting policy intentions into actions and outcomes. It describes top-down and bottom-up approaches to implementation and categories for identifying problems. Challenges to implementation include lack of support, capacity issues, and barriers like weak political support, poor design, and limited funding. Strategies for managers include designing policies with implementation in mind, mobilizing resources quickly while building capacity, and managing the change process. Understanding context is also important to successful implementation.
The document discusses the rationale for public policy. It defines public policy as the course of action by governments to deal with public problems. The major goals of public policy are to achieve the best interests of society, provide good governance, and enable the public to measure government achievements. Some key public issues that policies address are peace and order, education, health, social welfare, and employment. The major types of policies are regulatory, distributive, and redistributive. The document also outlines the key components and steps in the public policy process.
This document discusses policy and policy making in education. It defines policy as directives that guide decisions and actions. Policy making is the first step in the planning cycle and policies differ in scope, complexity, environment, choices, and criteria. There are four types of policies: issue-specific, program, multi-program, and strategic. The document also discusses the actors and processes involved in policy making, including the synoptic and incremental approaches.
This document provides an overview of public policy analysis. It discusses definitions of public policy, typologies of public policy, why governments intervene in markets, models of the policy process, and approaches to policy analysis. The key points are:
1) Public policy is defined in various ways but generally refers to courses of action by governments to address issues of public concern.
2) Public policy can be categorized in typologies such as patronage/promotional, regulatory, and redistributive policies.
3) Governments intervene in markets when societies desire certain goods like healthcare but the free market does not adequately provide them, or when markets fail due to issues like externalities, information problems, or barriers to entry.
This document discusses several approaches to policy making models, including:
- Incremental policy making, which relies on interaction rather than complete analysis and aims for limited adjustments rather than sweeping reforms.
- Lasswell's approach, which suggests seven stages of policy processes including intelligence, promotion, prescription, invocation, application, termination, and appraisal.
- Easton's model of interactive stages of input, throughput, output, and feedback, which may not accurately describe policy making in developing countries.
This document discusses theory of change and its importance for evaluation. It begins by introducing theory of change and explaining that it is a process for exploring how change happens in a particular context. It then discusses building a theory of change by defining a program, its outcomes and intermediate steps, and identifying assumptions. The document explains that theory of change is important for evaluators to consider process and for programmers to be results-oriented. It also notes a common criticism is that theory of change can oversimplify programs.
- Public policy is defined as actions or decisions by government to address public issues through laws, regulations, or programs.
- Three main approaches to analyzing public policy are empirical, which examines facts and impacts; valuative, which determines the worth of policies; and normative, which recommends courses of action.
- Key theories for studying public policy include political systems theory, which views policy as responses to demands on government; group theory, which sees policy as outcomes of group competition and influence; and elite theory, which posits that elites set the policy agenda to serve their own interests.
Models of policy making and the concept of power in policyNayyar Kazmi
The document discusses different models of policy making and concepts of power in policy making. It describes four models:
1) The rational model which aims to make the best decision by defining problems, establishing goals, generating alternatives, and selecting the best option.
2) The bounded rationality model which aims for a satisfactory decision by analyzing problems and establishing criteria for acceptable solutions.
3) The incremental model which involves successive limited comparisons and trial-and-error adjustments.
4) The mixed scanning model which combines bounded rationality and incrementalism, using broad goals to guide incremental decisions.
The document also discusses three dimensions of power: decision making power, agenda-setting power, and thought control power. It outlines three sources
UNICEF proposes several targets and strategies for the Post-2015 Development Agenda. Key targets include reducing under-five mortality to 20 deaths per 1,000 live births by 2035, eliminating preventable maternal deaths, reducing child stunting by 40% by 2025, and achieving universal coverage of basic health, water, sanitation, and education. UNICEF also calls for targets addressing violence against children, resilience to disasters and conflicts, and leaving no one behind through data disaggregation. Additionally, UNICEF emphasizes recognizing children's central role in development and addressing issues like gender equality, disabilities, adolescents, migrants, and social protection.
This document discusses social protection and aging in Malawi. It provides background on population issues and policies in Malawi over time, including a past study on challenges facing the elderly. Key findings of the study were that poverty and lack of income severely impact the elderly, abuse is common, and most elderly have no pension support. The document also outlines current government efforts to address issues of the elderly, including establishing a ministry and NGO for persons with disabilities and the elderly. It provides context on global, regional and national debates around social protection and aging populations.
This document outlines a strategy for children with disabilities in Rwanda from 2014-2018. It discusses key background information on disability and children's rights. The strategy focuses on three main levels of intervention: community, service delivery, and the political/legal framework. It emphasizes coordination between national and sub-national bodies and promotes an integrated programming approach across sectors to achieve goals related to research, advocacy, programming, and accessibility by 2018. The strategy is guided by human rights principles and aims to transform systems to be inclusive of children with disabilities.
OECD Well-being and Mental Health Conference, Carrie Exton, OECDStatsCommunications
Session on Integrated approaches to mental health: where do we stand, where do we need to go next?, 6 December 2021, more information at www.oecd.org/wise/well-being-and-mental-health.htm
When the 1938 "Somewhere in Dreamland" cartoon on child poverty during the Great Depression is still relevant today, what does it say about our progress? Read more in our blog!
This document discusses child sensitive social protection. It begins by providing context on global poverty levels and demographics in sub-Saharan Africa. It then defines social protection according to various organizations and provides examples of social protection instruments targeted at different life stages. The document discusses how social protection correlates to the Sustainable Development Goals and reviews intended and unintended impacts of programs in India, Ethiopia, and Peru. It concludes by defining child sensitive social protection as policies and programs that address children's specific vulnerabilities and poverty patterns while maximizing positive impacts on children.
Contemporary Paper analysis (Lislie, Anapada).docxLislieAnapada
The document discusses social protection in the Philippines. It outlines the various social protection programs implemented by the Philippine government to address poverty, risks, and vulnerabilities, including labor market interventions, social insurance, social welfare programs, and social safety nets. However, it notes that many programs still suffer from issues like low coverage, leakage of benefits to non-poor households, and outdated targeting. It calls for strengthening targeting rules, monitoring and evaluation, as well as adopting innovative approaches like adaptive social protection to better meet objectives and support Filipinos in need.
The document discusses social protection in the Philippines. It outlines four main components of social protection: labor market interventions, social insurance, social welfare, and social safety nets. It notes that while some programs have been effective, many still face challenges like low coverage, leakage of benefits to non-poor, and lack of targeting of those most in need. Overall, social protection programs aim to improve economic conditions and reduce vulnerabilities, but strengthening of targeting and evaluation is still needed to ensure interventions meet their objectives.
This document discusses definitions and concepts of development from an economic and human development perspective. It begins by defining development based on sources like the Business Dictionary and others as the systematic use of knowledge to meet objectives, the extension of theoretical or practical aspects of a concept, and a process of social and economic transformation based on cultural and environmental factors. It then discusses Todaro's widely accepted definition of development as involving expanding people's choices and capabilities. The document outlines the evolution of thinking around development from purely economic growth perspectives to a human development approach adopted by the UNDP in 1990 focusing on enlarging people's choices rather than just income. It provides examples of related indicators at national and international levels and discusses concepts like the Millennium Development Go
This document discusses definitions and concepts of development from an economic and human development perspective. It begins by defining development from sources such as the Business Dictionary and others as the systematic use of knowledge to meet objectives, the extension of theoretical aspects of a concept, and a process of social and economic transformation based on cultural and environmental factors. It then discusses Todaro's widely accepted definition of development as involving expanding people's choices and capabilities. The document outlines the evolution of thinking around development from a focus on economic growth to the 1990 introduction of the human development concept by the UNDP. It provides examples of related indicators at national and international levels. It also discusses the Philippines' performance on human development indicators and the Millennium Development Goals.
Social Policy Responses to Global Financial Crisispenbra
The document discusses social policy responses to financial crises, particularly in small states. It argues that social policy and economic policy are intertwined and should pursue social and economic goals together. Social security programs like universal pensions, health care, child benefits, and employment guarantees can help protect people during crises and boost demand. While expensive, basic social security systems are affordable for small states and can cost less than 3% of GDP.
This document discusses social protection concepts and approaches and their implications for international development policy and practice. It provides background on social protection, defining it as public actions taken to address socially unacceptable levels of vulnerability, risk, and deprivation. Social protection encompasses social assistance, which transfers resources to eligible vulnerable groups, and social insurance, which is financed by contributions and based on risk-pooling. The document discusses rationales for social protection including promoting social stability and equity. It outlines principles for social protection policy development, noting policies should be responsive, affordable, sustainable, and build on individual and community capabilities. The policy context discusses how globalization increases both opportunities and insecurity worldwide.
The expansion of non-contributory social protection worldwide and its implica...UNDP Policy Centre
GW4 Research and Policy Seminar: Transnational transformations in social protection: concepts, instruments and contexts (2nd July 2018) University of Bath-
By Fábio Veras Soares, Senior Research Coordinator at IPC-IG
Child protection and social protection ch prot & adol network meeting v2Mies Infa
This document discusses the connection between child protection and social protection policies. It argues that while they are distinct areas, they overlap and complement each other in working towards goals like poverty reduction, social development, and fulfilling rights. The document outlines some of the issues in the current situation regarding child poverty and disparities in Latin America. It also discusses different social protection approaches like conditional cash transfers and the debates around them, advocating for universal, integrated systems of protection.
The case for a maternity protection social insurance scheme in zimbabwe a t...CosmasCHIKWAWAWA1
Maternity protection has gained salience in the last few
decades as women of child-bearing age are increasingly joining
the labour market. Policies that ensure maternity protection
schemes that include paid maternity leave are important in
safeguarding the health and livelihood of women and children.
Research-based evidence generally suggests that maternity
protection is associated with higher rates of breastfeeding and
vaccinations in low and middle income countries. Longer paid
maternity leave may reduce infant and maternal mortality. With
more and more women of child-bearing age entering the
workforce, governments it is incumbent for governments to
adapt policies that guarantee that employed mothers and their
families are able to provide essential care during pregnancy,
delivery and lactation, without losing income and employment
opportunities. Inadequate maternity protection undermines
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catastrophic and impoverishing healthcare expenditure.
Manifestly, more effort is needed to bridge the gap between
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endeavours to present robust arguments for the development
and introduction of a maternity protection scheme in Zimbabwe,
while acknowledging that currently the country offers
substantial maternity protection through constitutional and
legislative provisions that enjoin the state and employers to
ensure that there is a considerable measure of maternity
protection. Although the constitutional and legislative provisions
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Integrated child protection system–chile crece contigoUNDP Policy Centre
The document describes Chile's integrated child protection system called Chile Crece Contigo. It aims to provide comprehensive support and benefits to accompany child development from gestation through preschool enrollment. Key aspects include intersectoral coordination across health, education, and social development ministries at national, regional, and local levels. The system also utilizes a derivations and monitoring registration system as a management tool to register children, monitor their development process, and activate integrated actions and benefits in a timely manner.
17
First Last
Guide:
Class:
Date:
SOCIAL PROTECTION
SOCIAL PROTECTION: WHAT IS IT?
Social protection measures have a long history in Europe where the European Social Model is extolled as one that supports “social solidarity” and enables the population as a whole to contribute through taxes to help those in need. Social protection measures have become increasingly popular in Asia, Latin America, and Africa with large scale programs which impacted the futures of millions in India, China, South Africa, Brazil, Russia, Tanzania, Zambia, Mexico, Chile, etc.
In the wake of the Asian Financial Crisis and the global financial crisis, social protection policies provided a means to enable populations “in need” to survive and be prepared to contribute to the society once the economy recovers. It has become particularly important to facilitate peoples’ and states’ recovery from environmental, financial, and other types of crisis. Depending on the risk to be mitigated, social protection can take different forms and approaches which have led to a variety of programs and policies across the globe.
Research on Social protection has increased dramatically with the increase in economic shocks and other types of crisis as well as increase in policies implemented in developing and emerging countries. Such research has provided a wealth of information on the objectives, implementation, approaches and impact of social protection measures. This literature review will first provide an overview of the approaches comprising social protection; and consider some of the challenges inherent to defining this evolving concept. The second part of this review will take a closer look at some of the social protection policies and programs implemented around the globe, especially in BRIC. The final part of this review will consider the quandaries in social protection and research considerations for the future. Social protection is the broadest?, signifying the full range of protective transfers, services, and institutional safeguards supposed to protect the population ‘at risk’ of being ‘in need’.
The graph above provides an overview of various social protection schemes used across the globe. They are often a combination of social services, labor policy and social insurance; and safety nets.
In many countries social protection pie is financed by social contributions of employers, protected persons and general government contribution. The social assistance comes within the social protection in many countries by solidarity basis, selectivity and targeting basis, institutional delusion level and re-integration efforts. The social insurance program was implemented for a unified and integrated social protection process. The institutional participation of social agents favors the transparency and rationalization of the social protection model. Different modifications were made in the past decades for the protection of the social protection pie. The information is coordinate.
Putting Children First: Session 2.2.B Aislinn Delany - Towards comprehensive ...The Impact Initiative
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Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 23-25 October 2017
This three-day international conference aimed to engage policy makers, practitioners and researchers in identifying solutions for fighting child poverty and inequality in Africa, and in inspiring action towards change. The conference offered a platform for bridging divides across sectors, disciplines and policy, practice and research.
Go mena vss session 6_inclusion_ghada.yaser _social protectionBahi Shoukry
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Similar to Risks, Vulnerabilities and the Social Protection System in Jamaica (20)
Agenda of the 5th NENA Soil Partnership meetingFAO
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This document summarizes the proceedings of the first meeting of the Global Soil Laboratory Network (GLOSOLAN). GLOSOLAN was established to harmonize soil analysis methods and strengthen the performance of laboratories through standardized protocols. The meeting discussed the role of National Reference Laboratories in promoting harmonization, and how GLOSOLAN is structured with regional networks feeding into the global network. Progress made in 2018 included registering over 200 laboratories, assessing capacities and needs, and establishing regional networks. The work plan for 2019 includes further developing regional networks, standard methods, a best practice manual, and the first global proficiency testing. The document concludes by outlining next steps to launch the regional network for North Africa and the Near East.
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The program will expand our perspectives and appreciation for our blue planet, build new foundations for our relationship to the ocean, and ignite a wave of action toward necessary change.
Combined Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Vessel List.Christina Parmionova
The best available, up-to-date information on all fishing and related vessels that appear on the illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing vessel lists published by Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) and related organisations. The aim of the site is to improve the effectiveness of the original IUU lists as a tool for a wide variety of stakeholders to better understand and combat illegal fishing and broader fisheries crime.
To date, the following regional organisations maintain or share lists of vessels that have been found to carry out or support IUU fishing within their own or adjacent convention areas and/or species of competence:
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT)
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Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)
Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO)
North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)
North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC)
South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO)
South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO)
Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA)
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Unlike the IUU lists published on individual RFMO websites, which may update vessel details infrequently or not at all, the Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List is kept up to date with the best available information regarding changes to vessel identity, flag state, ownership, location, and operations.
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DI SEGUITO SONO PUBBLICATI, AI SENSI DELL'ART. 11 DELLA LEGGE N. 3/2019, GLI IMPORTI RICEVUTI DALL'ENTRATA IN VIGORE DELLA SUDDETTA NORMA (31/01/2019) E FINO AL MESE SOLARE ANTECEDENTE QUELLO DELLA PUBBLICAZIONE SUL PRESENTE SITO
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The Karnataka government, along with the central government’s Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), offers various housing schemes to cater to the diverse needs of citizens across the state. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the major housing schemes available in the Karnataka housing board for both urban and rural areas in 2024.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
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Risks, Vulnerabilities and the Social Protection System in Jamaica
1. Risks, Vulnerabilities and the Social
Protection System in Jamaica
Presentation by Faith Innerarity
Director General
Ministry of Labour and Social Security
2. Outline of Presentation
• Introduction – Integrating Economic and Social
policies
• Background – Conceptual Underpinning of
Social Protection System and the Rights-based
Approach
• Government of Jamaica Response to Risk and
vulnerability: Life Cycle Approach
• Comparative situation of Jamaica within LAC
• Challenges – Coverage Gap and Incidence of
Poverty
• Conclusion
2
3. Integrating Economic and social
policies
• The integration of economic and social
policies is indispensable to the realization of
the goal of sustainable national development.
• This constitutes one of the greatest
challenges in public policy in developing
countries such as Jamaica.
3
4. Integrating Economic and Social Policy
Macro-
economic
policy
framework
Sustainable
development
Social policy
agenda
4
5. Social Protection and Political
Economy
• The design of social protection systems critical
for balancing economic and social imperatives
for desired development outcomes.
• Debates on social security and economic
theory since classical economists
• Focus on political economy of social policies in
context of neo-liberalism and globalisation.
5
6. Social Protection, Growth and social
Progress
• Promotion of social protection, and reduction
in levels of poverty, vulnerability and
inequality linked to economic growth and
social progress.
• Social protection contributes to economic
growth by raising labour productivity and
enhancing social stability.
• Investing in social protection is an investment
in social justice and economic development
6
7. Social Protection System
• Conceptually social protection:
– Embodies the response of society to levels of risk
and deprivation deemed unacceptable.
– Reflects a social consensus on fundamental values
concerning acceptable levels and security of
access to the means of meeting basis needs and
basic rights.
– Includes secure access to income, health,
education, nutrition and shelter.
7
8. Social Protection System
Two main sub-categories of social protection:
1. Social insurance which is social security that is
financed by contributions and based on the
insurance principle: that is, individuals or
households protect themselves against risks by
combining to pool resources with a larger number
of similarly exposed individuals;
2. Social assistance which encompasses public actions
that are designed to transfer resources to groups
deemed eligible as a result of deprivation.
8
10. Rights-Based Approach to Social
Protection
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948,
Article 22, states that “everyone as a member
of society has the right to social security”.
International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights 1966, Article 9, refers to
“the right of everyone social security including
social insurance”.
10
11. Rights-Based Approach to Social
Protection
• As is the case with many other developing
countries, over the years Jamaica has become
signatory to a range of international instruments
which promote the provision of social protection
as a right.
• This has significantly influenced the formulation
of social policies, the review of existing social
legislation as well as the introduction of new laws
and social assistance programmes.
11
12. Rights-Based Approach to Social
Protection
• The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)
provided the context for the passage of the Child Care
and Protection Act (2004) and the related Office of the
Children’s Advocate, as well as the creation of the Child
Care and Development Agency.
• International Labour Organization (ILO) instruments
such the Convention on the Minimum Age for
Admission to Employment – C138 and the Convention
on the Worst Forms of Child Labour – C182 have also
influenced the development of programmes for
vulnerable children.
12
13. Rights-Based Approach to Social
Protection
• Policies and programmes for senior citizens and
persons with disabilities have been developed within
the framework of the rights-based framework. These
include:
– National Policy Statement on Senior Citizens (1997) and
the programmes of the National Council for Senior Citizens
which reflect the Vienna (1982) and Madrid (2002) Plan of
Action on Ageing;
– National Policy for Persons with Disabilities (2000) and the
Draft National Disability Bill based, respectively, on the UN
Standard Rules for the Equalization of Opportunities for
Persons with Disabilities (1994) and the Convention on the
Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006).
13
14. Rights-Based Approach to Social
Protection
• Gender policies and programmes under the
purview of the Bureau of Women’s Affairs and
the Women’s Centre Foundation, as well as
those under a range of other sectors and
institutions are being implemented based on
the principles of gender equality guided by
the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms
of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
and the Beijing Platform for Action.
14
15. Government Response to Increasing
Risk and Vulnerability
• In spite of the decline in economic activity and
public revenues in the last four years, in part
as a result of the global financial crisis, the
GOJ has managed not only to maintain but to
increase spending on education and health
and major social assistance programmes such
as the PATH.
• Such expenditure is critical to ensure
adequacy of the social protection system.
15
16. Age Group/Risk/ Indicator Population/Households at Risk Programmes Coverage
Cost
(J$ million)
0- 5 years old
Poor Birth Conditions
Low birth weight
Infant mortality rate
Under five mortality rate
Maternal mortality rate
Lack of Registration
Lack of Physical, Socio-emotional,
and Cognitive Development
Malnutrition (< 5 years)
Overweighed (<5 years)
Low pre-primary attendance
0-5 : (9.9%) 267,285
Poor: (19.3%) 51,586
Non-poor: (80.7%) 215,699
12.1% live births (MOH)
24.1 per 1,000 (2008) (MOH)
25.7 per 1,000 (2008) (MOH)
84 per 100,000 (2004/7) (MOH)
11% (under 5, MICS 2005)
4% stunt (8,925 children)
5.8% overweighed (12,941
children)
Less than 80% of days
Children’s Advocate
ECC (MOE)
PATH Health Grants (under 6)
PATH- pregnant and lactating
Child Health and Development Passport
(MOH)
CHASE (ECD)
PATH/UNICEF
Early Childhood Feeding/Material program
(MOE)
Early Stimulation Program (MLSS)
-
2,834 ECI
51,713
1,093
45,000 (2010/11)
Build 3 and
equip/ 15 schools
30,000 meals
Occasional
campaigns
86,000 children
1,915 children
50.6
166.1
423.1
8.7
17.5
223.6
-
-
-
26.5
14.9
Sub-total : 931.0
6-18 years old
Low Primary Education Attendance
and Achievement (6-11)
Children not accounted for in school
Low attendance
Low student achievement
Low Secondary Education
Attendance and Achievement (12-18)
Low student attendance
Low student achievement
Vulnerable Children/Teens
Children with disabilities
Child labour
Street children
Orphan and vulnerable children
Children in difficulties with law
School age mothers
Unattached Youth (15-17 years)
6-18: (25.2%) 680,573
Poor: (20.8%) 141,559
Non-poor: (79.2%) 539,014
12.9% (39,917 children)
84.2% (Boys 83.2% girls 85.2%)
35% of primary leavers illiterate
(Vision 2030)
81.5% total: 83.9% girls; 79.1%
boys
78.4% secondary leavers lack
preparation (Vision 2030)
15% (56,628 children)
0.8% (4,582 children 5-14)
2,000 children (14-17 years)
-
375 in correctional facilities
7% (7,350 children out of school)
7,726 live births, under 20 years (
2008)
School Feeding Program (cooked meal,
MOE)
Nutribun (NPL, MOE)
Management of Oversee food aid receipts
(MLSS)
School Textbook –Primary (MOE)
School Textbooks-Secondary (MOE)
PATH Education Grants (6-18)
Special Education (MOE)
Elimination of Child labour
(IPEC/MLSS/ILO)
TACKLE (EU)
Possibility Program /Street Children (MLSS)
Children under the Care of the State (CDA)
Women’s Centre of Jamaica Foundation
(MYSC)
(For unattached youth see youth programs
below)
175,000
136,000
-
282,000 students
341,841 books
171,491
-
4,554
N/A
500-600
40
5,961
1,573
-
1,842.4
717.4
13.3
374.0
960.0
1,633.0
-
847.0
15.0
-
12.0
1,365.4
126.0
-
Sub-total: 7,905.5
Jamaica- Population at Risk: Programme Coverage and Cost (2009/10)
16
17. Age Group/Risk
Indicator
Population/Households at Risk Programs Coverage
Cost
(J$ million)
19-24 years old
Vulnerable Youth
Unemployed/jobless
19-24: (9.4%) 253,811
Poor: (16.7%) 42,386
Non-poor: (83.3%) 211,425
43.1% (35,738 youth 20-24 years)
Scholarships (MOF)
Scholarships (MOE)
Student Loan Bureau (amount grants
only)
Step-to-Work (MLSS)
SYEAT (MLSS)
YES (MLSS)
NCYD (MYSC)
National Youth Services (MYSC)
Youth Empowerment and
Participation (MYSC)
(MYSC/UNICEF)
Youth Empowerment and
Participation (MYSC/Korea)
300
1,088
Loans 7,332/grants
925
1,586
3,600 (since 2008)
53
325,000
12,000
-
-
-
-
40.0
178.0
40.3
-
42.5
-
178.3
570.0
3.4
-
11.4
Sub-total:
1,023.9
25-59 years old
Low and Unstable
Income
Working poor
Unemployed
Low Human Capital
Not passed any exam
25-59: (44.5%) 1,197,103
Poor: (12.7%) 152,032
Non-poor: (87.3%) 1,045,071
6.4% (71,500) of those employed
work less than 33 hours (only part-
time work available)
11.6% (145,800 ) (8.1% male;
15.9% female)
14% adult illiteracy
72% labour force no training
Employment Services/Exchange
(MLSS)
Overseas Employment Family
Services (MLSS)
HEART Trust/NTA
PATH-Adult Poor/Poor Relief
2,027 registered
10,200 workers
83,000 persons
17,295
-
22.2
76.1
4,791.3
156.1
Sub-total:
5,045.7
60 years and older
Lack of Income
No pension
60+: (11%) 296,811
Poor: (17.2%) 51,051
Non-poor: (82.8%) 245,760
Without Pension from NIS: 71.3%
(162,825 over 65 years)
NIS (MLSS)
Public Pension System (MOF)
JADEP (NHF)
NI Gold Health Plan
Poor Relief (OPM/DLG)
PATH- Elderly
National Council Senior Citizens
(MLSS)
65,610 (old age
pensioners)
25,370 (pensioners)
196,100
84,817
1,81
48,775
32,902/715 clubs
7,737.4
14,689.0
577.0
292.2
150.0
392.9
55.6
Sub-total:
23,894.10
Jamaica- Population at Risk: Programme Coverage and Cost (2009/10)
17
18. Age Group/Risk
Indicator
Population/Households at
Risk
Programs Coverage
Cost (J$
million)
Households in General
Poverty
Incidence
Homeless
Increase Lifestyle Diseases
and HIV/AIDS:
No health insurance
HIV/AIDS incidence
Person with Disabilities
Needs
Disability Incidence
Public and Domestic
Violence
Murder rate
Major crime rate
Cases of domestic violence
Deportees and Refugees
Lack of Low Income
Housing
Overcrowded
Lack of Basic Services
HH without piped water
HH without toilet facility
(exc.)
HH without electricity
Natural Disasters
HH: 771,086
HH Poor: (12%) 92,530
HH Non-poor: (88%)
678,556
686 (women 113; man
576) (BOS)
80% (2,156,000 persons)
HIV 1.2% (total: 33,000)
HIV 1.6% (15-49: 23,235)
6.3% (163,206) (2001
Census)
62/100,000
437/100,000
6.9% (2,523) cases of
Family Court
45.9% (353,928)
21.3% (164,214s)
15.7% ( 121,061)
7.1% (54,747)
Out Door Poor (Poor Relief)
Homeless Program (Board of
Supervision)
Rehabilitation Grants (MLSS)
Compassionate Grants (MLSS)
Emergency Grants (MLSS)
Public Assistance Services
(MLSS/Operations)
National Health Fund
Civil Servants Health Scheme (MOF)
CHASE- Health program
HIV Control/Prevention
(MOH/WB/G. Fund)
Jamaica Council for Persons with
Disability (MLSS)
Empowerment and Assistive Aids
Grant (PM)
The Abilities Foundations (MLSS)
PATH-Disabled
Poverty Reduction II (MONS/EU)
Violence Prevention (MONS
/UNDP/CIDA)
Rehabilitation/Reintegration
Deportees (MNS/UK)
YES (MSLL)
Indigent Housing (units)
JSIF
Social Development Commission
Constituency Development Fund
ODPEM/Operations
ODPEM/CCRIF insurance coverage
12,981
686
1,131
2,529
619
N/A
208,505
135,370 (incl.
pensioner)
150 persons; 68
projects
N/A
-
300
80
7,922
N/A
N/A
N/A
See above
100 news/480
repaired
130,000 persons
371 community
profiles
N/A
nationwide
nationwide
36.1
10.0
15.0
39.0
9.9
196.1
2,664.0
2,234.0
119.7
996.0
59.3
8.9
7.5
89.4
48.6
12.4
57.5
-
-
1,544.7
532.8
1,259.0
128.8
356.0
Subtotal:
10,424.7
Total SA J$ 21,031
Total SI: J$ 28,194
Total: J$49,225
Jamaica- Population at Risk: Programme Coverage and Cost ( 2009/10)
18
19. Concentration Curves for PATH and Poor Relief (%)
Source: Social Protection Assessment Diagnostic Study 2011
19
20. Concentration Indices for Selected Social Protection
Programmes (2009)
Source: Social Protection Assessment Diagnostic Study.
20
21. Cost Effectiveness
• Margaret Grosh, et al (2008) notes that PATH
has the lowest administrative cost (around
0.3) of ten countries considered.
21
22. Generosity of PATH Benefit
• PATH education grant is not exceptionally
generous when compared to international
benchmarks or to the costs of sending the
children to school in Jamaica.
• The grant to the elderly (social pension) is also
very modest compared to other countries or the
national poverty line.
• In general, therefore, there is no danger of
creating working or saving disincentives with this
CCT programme.
22
23. Coverage Versus Generosity of
Transfer
• Within the framework of fiscal constraints the
issue to consider is the trade-off between
higher coverage and higher transfers.
• While in many LAC countries, CCT
programmes target those in extreme poverty
or the food poor; in the case of Jamaica poor
households in general are targeted.
23
24. Country Social
Insurance
Social
Assistance
Social
Protection
Education Health Social
Sectors
Year
Jamaica 2.6 1.9 4.5 6.3 2.5 13.3 2009/10
Average 2.4 1.8 4.0 6.3 4.1 14.5
Antigua
&Barbuda
3.6 1.6 5.2 3.9 3.2 12.3 2009
Dominica 3.4 2.2 5.6 5 4.6 15.2 2000
Grenada 1.8 1.6 3.4 5.2 5.9 14.5 2001
St. Kitts & Nevis 2.7 1 3.7 6.4 3.6 13.7 2000
St. Lucia 1.3 1.6 2.6 7.5 3.3 13.4 2000/01
St. Vincent & the
Grenadines
1.4 2.5 3.6 9.9 4.1 17.6 2002
Regional Comparison of Social
Protection Spending (% of GDP)
Source: Jose Silverio Marques “Antigua and Barbuda Social Protection Assessment
24
25. Conditional Transfer
Programmes
Median
Transfer as
%
of Average
Consumption
a/
Range
Transfer as %
of Average
Consumption
No of
Countries
Non-contributory Pensions 20% 7%-59% 14
Generosity of Social Pension Programmes
Source: Margaret Grosh et al. “For Protection and Promotion: The Design and
Implementation of Effective Safety Nets”. World Bank, 2008. Table 5.1 (p. 137).
a/ Consumption expenditures excludes durables, housing and health of the
poorest quintile.
25
26. Country Year
of Pension
Information
Pension
Monthly
Amount
US$
Gross National
Income per
capita (GNI) US$
Pension / GNI
per capita (%)
Jamaica 2010 10.4 4,590 2.7
Antigua & Barbuda 2010 95.0 12,130 9.4
Belize 50.0 3,740 16.0
Bolivia a/ 2007 27.0 1,630 19.9
El Salvador 2009 50.0 3,370 17.8
Panamá 2009 100.0 6,570 18.3
Costa Rica 2010 135.0 6,260 25.9
Chile 2009 144.0 9,470 18.2
Generosity of the Non-contributory Pensions
Source: Social security systems and GNI from the World Bank (2009 for all
countries). Bolivia: Robert Holzmann, David A Robalino and Noriyuki Takayma,
editors “Closing the Coverage Gap” World Bank, 2009. Page 75
26
27. Number/Percentage
Population 60 years and older a/ 298, 060
No. NIS Pensioners 60 years and older b/ 84,817
No. PATH Beneficiaries 60 years and older c/ 58,133
Number persons 60 years and older covered by NIS and
PATH combined
142,950
Number persons 60 years and older not covered by NIS
or PATH
155,110
Percentage population 60 years and older covered by
NIS and PATH combined
47.96
Percentage population 60 years and older not covered by
NIS or PATH
52.04
Social Protection Coverage Gap: Income Support for Elderly
(Jamaica 2010)
Source: a/ STATIN, End of Year Population 2000; b/ MLSS - Number of NIS
Pensioners as at 31 March 2010; c/ MLSS - PATH beneficiaries 60+ as at February
2010 27
28. Incidence of Poverty in Jamaica
• The incidence of poverty declined gradually from 18.7
per cent in 2000 to 16.5 per cent in 2009. In 2007,
there was a sharp decline in the incidence of poverty
to the level of 9.9 per cent from 14.3 per cent in 2006,
owing in part to exceptional economic activity
associated with the World Cup Cricket; since then
poverty has increased because of the impact of the
global financial crisis.
• Poverty in Jamaica, as in most LAC countries, is
associated with large households, low educational
attainment, unemployment, and dependence on rural
employment.
28
29. Groups Vulnerable to Poverty
• Female-headed households and households with more
children are more likely to be poor. Approximately 21
per cent of Jamaica’s children (0-18 years) live in
poverty and they account for about half (47 per cent)
of all people living in poverty.
• The incidence of poverty among seniors (18.7 per cent)
also tends to be higher than the national average.
• Poverty also appears to be strongly correlated with a
range of social factors including: teenage pregnancy;
single parenting; drug abuse; domestic violence; child
abuse and delinquency, though these associations are
both a cause and a result of poverty.
29
30. Groups Vulnerable to Poverty
• The incidence of poverty is computed by PIOJ from the
annual Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions (JSLC).
Based on a basket of goods and services, which include
the minimum dietary allowances set by WHO/PAHO, a
poverty line is estimated nationally and regionally for
individuals and households. Consumption levels below
the relevant poverty line are deemed inadequate to
provide the minimum nutrition and associated basic
necessities.
• The national poverty line (adult equivalent per capita
consumption) was J$110,100 in 2009.
30
31. Poverty and Vulnerability: Female-
Headed Households
• Female headed of households is a particularly
vulnerable group. The JSLC data indicates that
consumption levels among this group are
lower than their male counterparts.
• Poverty among female headed households in
2009 was 12.8 per cent compared to 11.4 per
cent for male heads of households. Women
are also more likely to be represented among
the working poor
31
32. 2006 2007 2008 2009
Jamaica (% of individuals) 14.3 9.9 12.3 16.5
By Region
KMA 9.4 6.2 7.0 12.8
Other Towns 9.2 4.0 10.7 10.2
Rural Areas 19.8 15.3 17.0 22.5
By Gender (%)
Male 14.6 11.2 13.3 17.7
Female 13.9 8.8 11.3 15.4
By Household Head (%)
Male 9.9 7.2 7.9 11.4
Female 10.8 8.0 9.1 12.8
All Households 10.3 7.6 8.5 12.0
By Age Group (%)
0-5 18.6 11.2 15.7 19.3
6-18 17.0 12.2 15.2 20.8
19-24 14.0 10.2 13.9 16.7
25-59 11.9 7.9 9.7 12.7
60+ 12.1 10.8 10.3 17.2
Memoranda items:
Number of poor 380,824 264,907 330,531 444,771
A. E. Poverty Line (All JA) J$/annual 74,349 80,090 104,737 110,100
Food Poverty Line (A.E., All JA) J$/annual 59,908 52,712 68,933 72,463
Mean Per capita Consumption J$/annual 139,597 165,761 214,015 205,693
Mean Per capita Consumption (1990 prices) 9,531 10,508 10,377 9,578
Incidence of Poverty: 2006-2009 (%)
Source: Special tabulations prepared by PIOJ based on JSLC.
32
33. Trends in Urban and Rural Poverty
• Between 2005 and 2008, poverty has declined
in KMA and in the Rural areas but the trend
was halted with an increase in poverty in
2009.
• In Other Towns, poverty has increased
between 2005 and 2008 and only declined
slightly in 2009.
33
34. Trends in Urban and Rural Poverty
• Not only has the incidence of poverty
increased in 2009 relative to 2006 but also the
poor have become poorer (Table 2.2). The
poverty gap which measures the average
distance of the poor to the poverty line has
increased nationally, in the KMA and in Rural
areas. The severity of poverty, which
measures the inequality among the poor, has
also increased for Jamaica as a whole as well
as for the KMA and Rural areas
34
35. Rural Poverty
• Poverty is more prevalent in rural areas which account
for about two-third of the country’s poor.
• In general, rural populations are disadvantaged in
terms of access to quality education and other social
services and to employment opportunities. The decline
in traditional agricultural exports such as banana and
sugar cane owing to the erosion of trade preferences,
as well as the downturn in the bauxite industry since
2008 because of the world economic recession has
made the situation worse. (See Vision 2030 Jamaica
National Development Plan- Poverty Reduction
Strategic Plan, June 2009. p. 15)
35
36. Urban Poverty
• The KMA has about one-fourth of the
poor;
• In KMA, there are pockets of poverty
that tend to grow with rural-urban
migration as the rural poor seek better
job opportunities in the capital city.
36
37. Jamaica KMA Other
Towns
Rural
Areas
2006
Poverty Line +25% 24.9 17.5 16.2 33.8
Poverty Line +20% 22.7 15.0 14.4 31.4
Poverty Line +10% 19.3 12.5 14.0 26.1
Poverty Line +5% 17.0 10.6 11.9 23.6
Official Poverty Line 14.3 9.4 9.2 19.8
Poverty Line -5% 11.4 7.2 6.3 16.4
Poverty Line -10% 9.6 6.7 5.0 13.6
Poverty Line -20% 6.4 4.6 3.6 8.8
Poverty Line -25% 5.2 3.8 3.0 7.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
2009
Poverty Line +25% 25.2 19.6 17.0 33.3
Poverty Line +20% 23.0 18.3 14.8 30.6
Poverty Line +10% 19.4 15.1 12.7 26.0
Poverty Line +5% 17.9 13.8 10.9 24.4
Official Poverty Line 16.5 12.8 10.2 22.5
Poverty Line -5% 14.2 11.5 7.4 19.6
Poverty Line -10% 12.3 10.3 5.0 17.6
Poverty Line -20% 8.2 7.0 3.1 11.7
Poverty Line -25% 6.6 5.2 2.2 9.9
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Dispersion of Population around Poverty Line: 2006/2009 (%)
.
Source: Special tabulations prepared by PIOJ based on JSLC
37
38. Distribution of Poverty by Region: 2006-2009 (%)
Source: Statistical Institute of Jamaica.
38
39. Deepening of Poverty
• The poverty gap which measures the average
distance of the poor to the poverty line has
increased nationally, in the KMA and in Rural
areas.
• The severity of poverty, which measures the
inequality among the poor, has also increased
for Jamaica as a whole as well as for the KMA
and Rural areas.
39
40. 2006 2009
Jamaica KMA Other
Towns
Rural
Areas
Jamaica KMA Other
Towns
Rural
Areas
Poverty Headcount
(H0)
14.3 9.4 9.2 19.8 16.5 12.8 10.2 22.5
Poverty Gap (H1) 3.2 2.2 1.5 4.5 3.8 3.1 1.5 5.6
Severity of Poverty
(H2)
1.2 0.9 0.4 1.7 1.4 1.1 0.4 2.0
Poverty Measures: 2006/2009
Source: Special tabulations prepared by PIOJ based on JSLC
Note
The poverty gap captures the mean aggregate income or consumption shortfall
relative to the poverty line across the whole population. It is obtained by
addition of all the shortfalls of the poor (assuming that the non-poor have a
shortfall of zero) and dividing the total by the population.
The severity of poverty takes into account not only the distance separating the
poor from the poverty line (the poverty gap), but also the inequality among the
poor. That is, a higher weight is placed on those households further away from
the poverty line. 40
41. Increased Vulnerability to Poverty
• Vulnerability to poverty, measured as the probability of falling below
the poverty line, has increased. This indicates that many Jamaican are
so close to the poverty line that they are at risk of falling into poverty
by adverse shocks.
• One in every four Jamaicans (25.2 per cent) was within 25 per cent of
the poverty line (33.3 per cent in Rural Areas) in 2009.
• Between 2006 and 2009, not only the incidence of poverty increased
but also the share of those just above the poverty line (poverty line +
5%) from 17 per cent in 2006 to 17.7 per cent in 2009. This increase in
vulnerability to poverty was more pronounced in the KMA and Rural
Areas. In the case of ‘Other Towns’, the incidence of poverty increased
but the share of those just above the poverty line declined.
• The share of those below -25% of the poverty line also increased from
5.2 per cent to 6.6 per cent during 2006-2009, implying that that the
number of very poor also increased.
41
42. CONCLUSION
• Employment and sustainable livelihood
constitute the first entry point for income
security and social protection.
• Social insurance and social assistance benefits are
intended to cover contingencies arising from
reduced or non existent earning capacity
resulting from life cycle vulnerabilities, macro-
economic and other shocks.
• As Government seeks to strengthen the social
protection system, it is necessary to pursue
policies which foster economic and development
including job creation.
42