internship report

1
“Internship Report”
I6 June to 31 July 2014
Submitted by: Syeda Rajja Zehra Zaidi (BS III- Statistics Department)
2k12/St/86
University of Sindh, Jamshoro

2
In The Name Of
Allah
The Most Beneficent and the Most Merciful

3
Declaration
This is certify that Miss. Syeda Rajja Zehra Zaidi D/O M r. Syed Muzaffer Ali Zaidi Student of BS
Statistics Department, University of Sindh, Jamshorto has completed her internship at our organization
for a period of six weeks from 16-Jun-2014 to 31-July-2014. During her internship she learned &
worked in advocacy,leadership, finance, H.R,DRR & research
We wish her best for her future endeavors.
Dated: Regional director
________________________
Mr. Gulam Mustfa Baloch
(Regional head SPO Hyderabad)

4
Certificate
This is to certify that report Miss Syeda Rajja Zehra Zaidi student of Statistics Department university
of Sindh. Roll no: 2k12/st/86 is a record of the candidate own work carried out under by our supervision.
The matter embodied in this report is original & submitted for the award of any other degree
Date: Certified By
__________________ Chairman of Statistics Department
sig: ___________________

5
Acknowledgement
As part of my Bachelor’s Degree completion I have completed 06 week internship at the SPO
Qasimabad, Hyderabad. In this report I will share my experiences for the period of 16-Jun- 2014 to 31-
july-2014. During my internship my role, responsibilities and obligations were to the social
Development Department. Here I have noted my experiences as well as provided some
recommendations for the organization.
Especially thanks the Regional Director, Mr. Ghulam Mustafa Baloach, Program Specialist Mr. Abdul
Wahid Sangrasi (Program Specialist) Ms.Shazia Junijo (Program Specialist) Mr. Sheeraz Chandio,
(Program Officer) Ms. Afsana Kharal(Program Officer) for their supervision and direction at all times.
All staff of SPO is very good and all employs are very experienced and cooperative, they provide us
friendly and learning full environment.
In this regard I heartily thankful to Chairmen Dr. G.H talpur, university of sindh jamshoro, which
provide us the opportunity to join as an internee at SPO.

6
Table to contents
S.N CONTENT PAGE NO:
Introduction of University of Sindh 07
Introduction of Statistics Department 08
About SPO 09
About SPO Program 11
About internship 16
Engagement with SPO 17
Performance in SPO 32
Research Report 33
Abstract (Internship) 59
Suggestions 60
Bibliography 61
Appendix 62

7
INTRODUCTION OF UNIVERSITY OF SINDH
The University ofSindh is a public research university located in the residential area
of Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan It is one of the oldest universities in Pakistan, and as of 2013 was ranked in
eighth in terms of "general category" by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan
Founded in 1947 in Karachi, the university was relocated to Hyderabad where the university began
functioning as a full-fledged teaching university. There are four law colleges and various other colleges
affiliated with the Sindh University. The university is noted for research in literature, natural sciences,
philosophy, and Sindhology. The university is also a member of the Association of Commonwealth
Universities of the United Kingdom
A formal academic centre was therefore needed for Sindh and under the constitutional act no. XVII titled
'University of Sindh', a resolution was passed by the Legislative Assembly of Sindh thus giving birth to
this new university in the nation's capital of the act was subsequently revised and modified in 1961 and
years to come. However,it was the act of 1972 that provided for greater autonomy and representation of
teachers,under which the university currently functions.
In the years after the independence from 1947 to 1955, Hyderabad was declared as the capital of Sindh
and the university operations were relocated from Karachi to Hyderabad in 1951]
where it formally
started functioning as a teaching institution in pursuit of fulfillment of its charter and mission to
disseminate knowledge.
The first department established was the Department of Education, later raised to the status of Faculty of
Education. The departments of basic science disciplines as well as other departments targeted
towards Humanities and Social Sciences were added in the mid-50s. With the sudden departmentalized
growth of the university's organizational structure, a better equipped campus was desired and a new
campus was established in Jamshoro town, 15-kilometres from the city of Hyderabad on the right bank
of the Indus river in 1955 and was named after Allama Imdad Ali Imam Ali Kazi, former vice-
chancellor of the university as a tribute to the great scholar and visionary. Before Jamshoro was selected
for the establishment of Sindh University, is was desolate hilly track but was selected to be a university
township away from the humdrum of the city of Hyderabad which lacked room to meet the ambitious
expansion programs.

8
Introduction Of Statistics Department
The aim of statistical modeling is to empower effective decision making, and the unique contribution of
the field is its ability to incorporate multiple levels of uncertainty in the framing of wise decisions. Over
the last few years,the development of new computational tools and the unprecedented evolution of "big
data" have propelled statistical modeling to new levels. Today statistical modeling and machine learning
have reached a level of impact that no large organization can afford to ignore. The information landscape
is changing as it has never changed before.
The Department of Statistics is proud to have had a leadership role in this development. It participates in
a wide range of university consortia that spans the fields of computer science, neuroscience, medicine,
public policy, and finance. Moreover, our faculty members have won singular international recognition
for their contributions to many parts of statistical science including observational studies, statistical
algorithms, game theory, high dimensional inference,information theory, nonparametric function
estimation, model selection, time series analysis, machine learning, and probability theory.

9
About SPO
History of SPO
Strengthening Participatory Organization began its life in the early 1990s as the Small Projects Office
(SPO) of Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) programmed in Pakistan. On January 15,
1994, the Small Projects Office was transformed into an indigenous NGO. The decade since that
inception has seen many more transformations and developments.
From its humble beginning as a small and very new NGO in 1994, Strengthening Participatory
Organization has grown to become one of the leading NGOs in Pakistan - in terms of its size and
resources,the scope of its activities, its reach across the country, and the impact of its work.
Achievements at a glance
It is estimated that some 1,500,000 people have benefited directly through SPO’s training programmed
and projects and another one million indirectly.
A few achievements of SPO’s programmed are listed below:
Empowering Women
Increased number of women organizations has been strengthened, providing a platform to women to play
an active role in integrating their own concerns in the overall planning process. The confidence of
women has increased and their involvement in decision-making ensured. Women have been especially
sensitized for good governance and provided political education so that they can play a role in the local
government. Chota funding has also spurred economic activities that benefit female community
members.
Promoting Development
SPO’s partner organizations demonstrated maturity in planning and undertaking development activities--
over 300 CBOs and WOs designed development projects that addressed key needs of their communities.
They were able to secure funds for these projects from SPO as well as other donors such as Trust for
Voluntary Organizations (TVO),The Canada Fund and other bilateral donors. At least 30 percent of the

10
beneficiaries of these projects hailed from the poorest segments of the target communities and no less
than 30 percent were women. The POs also involved a large number of the intended beneficiaries in
project needs’ assessment,design and management. Environmental safeguards were built in
Changing Attitudes
Through SPO’s interventions, an attitudinal change in society was observed where people demand that
their basic needs are fulfilled and seen as their rights, rather than taking the fulfillment of such needs as a
privilege. In order to strengthen advocacy for change, civil society organizations were linked with
regional and sectored networks to play a leading role in representing grass root communities. This
further increased the participation of communities in decision-making.
Promoting Policy Debate
SPO has grown as an institution with the ability to develop linkages among grass root communities and
policy-making institutions. Until now, SPO has engaged local communities to assist government in
policy development processes including devolution of power plan, youth policy, and education policy
and repealing Hudood Ordinances. These networks gave their input at the policy level in provincial and
national forums. Wide-ranging consultation processes were initiated by SPO across Pakistan.
Representatives of government, NGOs, CBOs and the communities extensively attended consultative
workshops.
Rights-Based Political Education and Supporting Democracy
The POs played a vital role in order to provide women leadership in the first two phases of local bodies’
elections and the last two general elections. In order to ensure effective participation of women, the
minimum female participation of 33% was achieved in Punjab through advocacy campaigns in
collaboration with other agencies. SPO's local resource persons were also actively involved in 46
districts. 781 members of SPO partner organizations contested the elections, out of which, 536 were
elected from all over the country. After reduction in seats more than 400 got elected in the second round.
A larger number of activists participated in the process through campaigning, canvassing and bringing
the development agenda to the fore. SPO can justifiably claim to have acted as a catalyst for smooth
implementation of the new local government system.

11
SPO has established a mechanism through its local partner networks to collect feedback on government
policies, review performance and propose alternative solutions. During the last year, SPO partner
networks conducted research based studies in the areas of health and education.
Some interventions with political parties in 10 districts of all four provinces have provided an
opportunity to establish a mechanism to communicate priorities and expectations of civil society to
political leadership.
Reviving communities affected by natural disasters
SPO is very much rooted in the local communities in at least half of the districts of Pakistan. In any
situation of emergency or disasters, it stands by these communities through developing and
implementing relief and rehabilitation programmed. During one of the most severe earthquakes of
human history, which affected the lives of people in northern Pakistan, SPO was the only leading
organization, which utilized its full potential to mobilize resources in a very short time. The resources
both cash and in kind were worth 40 million rupees. A number of small initiatives were undertaken in
collaboration with other partners for communities in the areas of education and health. SPO has also
provided massive support to flood affected communities in Turbat, Bolan, Gwadar, Naseerabad,
Jaffarabad,Thatta,Badin, Swat and Rawalpindi (districts across four provinces). SPO was the first
organization to train the implementing partners of Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation
Authority (ERRA),including the army, in community mobilization and the only national organization to
work at the policy level with the newly formed National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA).
SPO Programs
Democratic Governance Program
The Democratic Governance Program emphasizes on mainstreaming of marginalized communities in
decision making processes by working towards the realization of the basic human rights as described in
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the Constitution of Pakistan. It ultimately leads
to the next stage of claiming rights from policy and decision making institutions in a democratic manner.
It is achieved through extensive political education through Civil Society Networks on regular basis.
Enabling the people through education and training to participate fully in all forms of voluntary activities
for social development is encouraged. Youth, the most vibrant section of the society is engaged and
mainstreamed in social and political processes through this program.
Social Justice Program

12
Social Justice Program is a mean to establish and expedite the community-rooted mechanisms in order to
secure the well being of people, irrespective of caste,creed,colour or sex, by improving their quality of
life. The program aims to support mechanisms largely in the public sector and those devised by the civil
society in the areas of basic education, primary healthcare, livelihood support to women and relief and
rehabilitation after natural disasters in areas where SPO works.
Peace and Social Harmony Program
The Peace and Social Harmony Program encourages civil society networks, faith-based organizations
and groups, representing a wide range of stakeholders, to jointly participate in decision-making
processes for the protection of basic rights regardless of religion, language, ethnicity and class
differences. The program is based on building social harmony among diversified groups to share and
understand each other’s point of view and respect differences. The major challenges to be dealt with
include the rising sectarian differences and inter-provincial harmony. ‘Politics of Consent’ is encouraged
resulting in informed, thoroughly debated, and positive public and policy messages of awareness raising
and advocacy
Geographical Coverage
SPO is presently working in following districts:
Baluchistan (18 Districts):
Awaran,Bolan, Chargai, Gwader, Jaffrabad,Kech,Lasbela, Loralai, Mustang, Naseerabad,Nushki,
Kuazdar, Pangur,Pishin Quetta,Sibi, Washuk, Ziarat.
NWFP (9 Districts And FATA):
Charsada,Chitral, Dir, Dera Ismail Khan, Malakand, Mardan, Peshawer,Swat,Shangla Fata (Khyber,
Orakzai and Mohmand Agencies)

13
Punjab (14 Districts):
Bhawalpul, Bhakker, Dera Ghazi Khan, Ghujranwala, Khanewal, Khushab, Lahore, Layyah, Lodhran,
Mianwali, Multan, Muzaffurgarh, Sargudha, Vehari
Sindh (12 Districts):
Badin, Hyderbad, Ghotki, Karachi,Matyari, Mirpurkhas, Nawabshah,Shikarpur, Tando Allyar, Tando
Muhammad Khan, Thatta, Umerkot
SPO Offices
SPO currently manages and implements its programmes through nine permanent and three temporary
project offices:
National Center (Islamabad)
Balochistan (quettaand turbat)
NWFP (pesharwer & deraismail khan)
Punjab (lahour & multan)
Sindh (Karachi& islamabad)
Project Offices in azad kashmer (muzafferabad, bagh nelum and in Sukkur Sindh)
SPO General Body Members
Ms. Tahira Abdullah, Ms. Naheed Aziz, Ms. Sadiqa Salahuddin, Mr. Javed Jabbar, Ms. Parveen Akhtar,
Dr. Tufail Muhammad Khan, Ms. Kalpana Devi, Prof. Dr. Karamat Ali, Ms. Parveen Ghauri, Sister
Naseem George,Ms. Zeenat Yaqoob, Mr. Noor Ahmed Nizamani, Syed Abid Rizvi, Mr. Naseer
Memon, Mr. Muhammad Amin, Mr. R. D. Williams, Dr. Taj Baloch, Dr. Allah Dad Luni, Mr. Aaref
Farooqui

14
SPO Eighth Board Member
(Tenure: November, 2012 - October, 2015)
Mr. Javed Jabbar, Mr. Naseer Memon, Dr. Tufail Muhammad Khan, Prof. Dr. Karamat Ali, Dr. Taj
Baloch , Syed Abid Rizvi, Mr. Aaref Farooqui, Ms. Neelam Hussain, Ms. Farida Nosherwani, Ms.
Parveen Akhtar,Ms. Arifa Mazhar, Ms. Sadiqa Salahuddin ,Ms. Zeenat Yaqoob

15
About Internship
University gave chance of internship to enhance my skill & knowledge. The main think of internship
applying tools of my subject in practical life. To lots knowledge about social sciences through this
internship. To Developed capacity building .To learn tools, techniques, & those process of which is help
in my studies. To make confidence.
The main purpose of internship is importance for my degree, I interested in internship because I want to
apply my subjective work in practical, & learning. This all thinks is very helpful in my future.

16
Engagement
SPO enhance the capacity through the engagement in training and seminars, where it was great
opportunity increase the knowledge about the social development. We engaged in different activities as;
Trainings
Session: 1
(Institution)
(By Mr Abdul Wahid Sangrasi)
16/6/2014
Welcome to all internees thy came to internship at SPO,then introduce all internees, after that informed
all terms & conditions of internship. Then gave the overall introduction of SPO,
Institution
An institution is any structure or mechanism of social order governing the behavior of a set of
individuals within a given community; may it be human or a specific animal one. Institutions are
identified with a social purpose, transcending individuals and intentions by mediating the rules that
govern living behavior
Government Institution:
An established organization or foundation, especially one dedicated to education, public service,
or culture runs by government. Large organizations influential in the community, like a college,
hospital, university, etc.,are examples of government institutions.
Private Institution
An institution is classified as private if it is controlled and managed by a non-governmental
organization (e.g.,a Church, Trade Union or business enterprise), or if its Governing Board
consists mostly of members not selected by a public agency.

17
Civil Society Institution
Civil Society Institute describes itself as a "nonprofit and nonpartisan ... think tank that serves as
a catalyst for change by creating problem-solving interactions among people, and between
communities, government and business that can help to improve society."
Session: 2
(Charity, Welfare, Development)
(By MR Mustafa Baloch)
16/6/2014
Charity
Charity (practice),the practice of being benevolent, giving and sharing.
Charity (virtue), the Christian theological concept of unlimited love and kindness
Principle of charity in philosophy and rhetoric
Tzedakah a Hebrew concept commonly used to signify charity
Zakaht the Islamic concept of mandatory alms-giving, often translated as "charity"
Sadaqah, the Islamic concept of voluntary alms-giving, often translated as "charity"
Welfare
There are many different types of welfare, but each are generally concerned with a government trying to
provide support for its citizens. This may take place through social welfare provisions, social security, or
financial aid. When the government is seen as supporting businesses directly, rather than allowing the
free market to cause some businesses to fail, it is pejoratively described as corporate welfare. And when
a government allows its programs to grow to a point deemed excessive by critics, they may choose to
describe the government as a welfare state..
Development
Development describes the growth of humans throughout the lifespan, from conception to death. The
scientific study of human development seeks to understand and explain how and why people change
throughout life. This includes all aspects of human growth, including physical, emotional, intellectual,
social, perceptual, and personality development.

18
Economic Development
Economic development is the sustained, concerted actions of policy makers and communities that
promote the standard of living and economic health of a specific area. Economic development can also
be referred to as the quantitative and qualitative changes in the economy. Such actions can involve
multiple areas including development of human capital, critical infrastructure, regional competitiveness,
environmental sustainability, social inclusion, health, safety, literacy, and other initiatives. Economic
development differs from economic growth. Whereas economic development is a policy intervention
endeavor with aims of economic and social well-being of people, economic growth is a phenomenon of
market productivity and rise in GDP. Consequently, as economist Amartya Sen points out: “economic
growth is one aspect of the process of economic development.
Political Development
This is the process of the evolution and establishment of institutions, procedures and mechanisms that
facilitate allocation of resources and values in such a manner that conflicts over access to use of these
resources and values do not regenerate into violence.
Social Development
Social development is a process that results in the transformation of social structures to improve the
capacity of a society in order to fulfill its objectives. It aims specifically in developing power to elevate
expansion of human activity

19
Session3:
Gender, supervision. Monitoring, evalution)
(By Mr. Gulam Mustafa Baloch)
17/6/2014
Gender
Gender refers to the personal sexual identity of an individual, regardless of the person's biological and
outward sex. How people define masculinity and femininity can vary based on the individual's
background and surrounding culture. Differing societal expectations in different cultures establish the
behavioral, psychological and physical attributes that are associated one gender or another.
Supervision
Supervisor, one who oversees the work or tasks of another
Abusive supervision
Clinical supervision, the system whereby therapists are expected to arrange to meet
another therapist for their own benefit or to discuss their work
In Great Britain, especially at Cambridge University, "supervision" can mean a tutorial, that is, a
meeting between a student or small group of students and a teacher
Watara Supervision(also known as Quick shot Supervision in the UK) is a video game system
Supervision (comics), (formerly known as Scrap),a female superhero and member of Dynamo 5
"Supervision" in telecommunication refers to the on-hook/off-hook condition of a phone line,
making it part of line signaling
In childcare and general use, the verb "to supervise" means to watch over, and is often used in
the context of an adult watching children to ensure they are attended, acceptably behaved, and
safe
Supervision (Band), the works of Richard Blake Hansen released under the Pretty Lights record
label
Monitoring
Monitoring is the regular observation and recording of activities taking place in a project or
programmed. It is a process of routinely gathering information on all aspects of the project.

20
To monitor is to check on how project activities are progressing. It is observation; ─ systematic and
purposeful observation.
Monitoring also involves giving feedback about the progress of the project to the donors, implementers
and beneficiaries of the project.
Reporting enables the gathered information to be used in making decisions for improving project
performance.
Evaluation
Evolution is technically defined as: "a gradual process in which something changes into a different and
usually more complex or better form." As it is most famously used, "evolution" is the process by which
an organism becomes more sophisticated over time and in response to its environment. The Theory of
Evolution is currently the most popular concept of how life reached its current state. Evolution as a
biological mechanism is driven by natural selection. This theory is favored by many scientists to explain
phenomena in nature, so much so that it is generally assumed as factual in most studies.

21
Session4:
Advocacy
18/6/2014
Advocacy
Advocacy is a political process by an individual or group which aims to influence public-policy and
resource allocation decisions within political, economic, and social systems and institutions. Advocacy
can include many activities that a person or organization undertakes including media campaigns, public
speaking, commissioning and publishing research or conducting exit poll or the filing of an amicus brief.
Lobbying (often by lobby groups) is a form of advocacy where a direct approach is made to legislators
on an issue which plays a significant role in modern politics Research has started unfolding how
advocacy groups in the U.S .and Canada are using social media to facilitate civic engagement and
collective action.
Session5:
DisasterRisk Reduction
(By Mr. Zafar Nizamani)
18/6/2014
DisasterRisk Reduction
There is no such thing as a 'natural' disaster, only natural hazards. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) aims
to reduce the damage caused by natural hazards like earthquakes, floods, droughts and cyclones, through
an ethic of prevention.
Disasters often follow natural hazards. A disaster's severity depends on how much impact a hazard has
on society and the environment. The scale of the impact in turn depends on the choices we make for our
lives and for our environment. These choices relate to how we grow our food, where and how we build
our homes, what kind of government we have, how our financial system works and even what we teach
in schools. Each decision and action makes us more vulnerable to disasters - or more resilient to them.
Session6:

22
Social & community mobilization
(By Mr. Sheeraz Chandio)
19/6/2014
Social mobilization
Social mobilization is defined as the mass movement to engage people's participation in a process and is
used by grassroots and political organizations to achieve a common goal. Social mobilization can be
used by governments to provide national support for a goal that is useful to all persons. It is used mainly
by governments to mobilize the population to participate in elections and other events that may require
voting.
Community mobilization
Community mobilization is a process through which action is stimulated by a community itself,
or by others, that is planned, carried out, and evaluated by a community’s individuals, groups,
and organizations on a participatory and sustained basis to improve the health, hygiene and
education levels so as to enhance the overall standard of living in the community.

23
Session7:
H.R (Human Resources)
(By Mr. Dhanesh Joshi)
19/6/2014
H.R (Human Resources)
At SPO, we take pride in our diverse and dynamic workforce and recognize it as our most valued asset.
SPO relies on the strength of its dedicated team members thus invests heavily in their capacity building
by providing equal learning opportunities to its staff through national and international training courses.
The centrally located HR Unit oversees all workforce related activities and plays a pivotal role in
furthering the mission and vision of the organization.
To aid the HR Unit, SPO has deployed a virtual application, SPO-HRMIS. It streamlines the operations
and facilitates the move towards a truly paperless environment. Appointment of competent staff,
retention, progression, succession and benefit planning is being managed through this HR-MIS,which is
regularly upgraded to meet overall organizational challenges.
HR Mission
To recruit, retain and develop a highly competent, diverse workforce that supports the mission, vision
and values of SPO.
HR Vision
To create and foster an environment for excellence and leadership by emphasizing progressive HR
practices that focus on continuous improvement, innovation, employee commitment and growth

24
Session8:
Finance
(By Mr. Ajeet Kumar):
20/7/2014
A branch of economics concerned with resource allocation as well as resource management, acquisition
and investment. Simply, finance deals with matters related to money and the markets
Personal finance
Personalfinance is your entire plan for making, spending and investing money. Paying expenses as they
come up without planning often leaves you short of money until your next paycheck. To meet longer-
term goals and protect yourself from financial emergencies you must be able to save and invest money
each pay period
Bank reconciliation
Bank reconciliation statement is a report which compares the bank balance as per company's accounting
records with the balance stated in the bank statement
Budgeting
Budgeting lies at the foundation of every financial plan. It doesn’t matter if you’re living paycheck to
paycheck or earning six-figures a year, you need to know where your money is going if you want to have
a handle on your finances
Bank statement
A record usually sent to the account holder once per month, summarizing all transactions in an account
during the time from the previous statement to the current statement
finance statement

25
A written report which quantitatively describes the financial health of a company. This includes an
income statement and a balance sheet, and often also includes a cash flow statement. Financial
statements are usually compiled on a quarterly and annual basis
Debit credit
Debit means it comes directly out of your account that same second/day you use the card. Some places
charge you for debit as the bank charges them the ach fee.
Credit is the promise to pay and the promise that that same amount you’re charging is in your bank.
Credit is free as it usually takes a few days before it posts to your account.
Audit
Quality control: Periodic (usually every six months) onsite-verification (by a certification authority) to
ascertain whether or not a documented quality system is being effectively implemented.
Session9:
Beneficiaries Complain Box
(By Mrs. Abida zaffer)
23/6/2014
Beneficiaries Complain Box
The BenComm Box is an online application that enables your organization to communicate
more effectively with its beneficiaries. It will help your organization to become more
accountable and more efficient, and your beneficiaries to be more informed and more
empowered.
BENEFITS
Through the BenComm Box you can set up information hotlines to improve beneficiaries access to
critical information during disasters, improve organizational accountability through an IVR- and SMS-

26
based Complaints and Response Mechanism (CRM), and send out voice calls and text messages to
beneficiaries through the in-built Early Warning System.
About us
The B.C.B has been conceptualized, designed and built by Raabta Consultants in partnership with the
Popular Engagement Policy Lab (PEPL).
The team at Raabta and PEPL are gratefulto the Catholic Agency for Overseas Development (CAFOD)
for supporting the development of Version 2 of this system. Both prior to and during Version 2 Raabta’s
team has worked closely with Strengthening Participatory Organization (SPO) Special Projects
department during its relief and disaster resilience work in Sindh province, Pakistan.
Session 10:
Government International Agreement
24/6/2014
Government
A group of people that governs a community or unit. It sets and administers public policy and exercises
executive, political and sovereign power through customs, institutions, and laws within a state. A
government can be classified into many types--democracy, republic, monarchy, aristocracy, and
dictatorship are just a few
Parliament
Judicial
Executive
Constitution 1973
All The citizen’s are equal in the eyes of constitution
International Agreement

27
UDHR
CEDAW
CRC
MDG
Session11:
Report writing:
(By Mr. Sheraz Chandio)
24/6/2014
Report writing:
First, let’s look at the definition of a report. According to the Oxford English Dictionary a report is “a
statement of the results of an investigation or of any matter on which definite information is required.”
and, importantly, it is designed to help others. It is likely that you are very familiar with the most
commonly produced reports i.e. those that appear in newspapers detailing what has happened that day,
but most people don’t even recognize them as reports. And, if you have ever told a friend about a recent
night out, you’ve also given a verbal report.
Once you understand what a report is, it’s easy to see that they are not just for high-flying executives. In
reality, anyone, in any profession may need to write one. Here’s an example: you work in a shop and
your employer wants to find out the split between male and female customers visiting the premises. He
gives this task to you and, after gathering the required data, you need a way to organize and present it in
a logical manner – a report fits the bill perfectly.
Kinds of Report
There are lots of different kinds of report, such as:
Routine – occurring on a regular basis
Special – those that are required to cover a specific subject or task
Technical – these cover complex technical issues
And, which report you choose to complete will be determined by the subject you are writing about. All
reports should be presented in a professional manner making the information easy to read and absorb.

28
As you can see,reports are useful in all work environments, but the ones we are most concerned with are
those that are used for business.
Session11:
CRC, CEDAW UDHR:
(By Mrs. Afsana kharar):
24/6/2014
CRC
The Convention changed the way children are viewed and treated – i.e., as human beings with a
distinct set of rights instead of as passive objects of care and charity.
The unprecedented acceptance of the Convention clearly shows a wide global commitment to
advancing children’s rights.
There is much to celebrate as we mark the 25th anniversary of the Convention, from declining
infant mortality to rising school enrolment, but this historic milestone must also serve as an
urgent reminder that much remains to be done. Too many children still do not enjoy their full
rights on par with their peers.
Business as usual is not enough to make the vision of the Convention a reality for all children.
The world needs new ideas and approaches, and the Convention must become a guiding
document for every human being in every nation.
CEDAW
The Convention provides the basis for realizing equality between women and men through ensuring
women's equal access to,and equal opportunities in, political and public life -- including the right to vote
and to stand for election -- as well as education, health and employment. States parties agree to take all
appropriate measures,including legislation and temporary special measures,so that women can enjoy all
their human rights and fundamental freedoms.
The Convention is the only human rights treaty which affirms the reproductive rights of women and
targets culture and tradition as influential forces shaping gender roles and family relations. It affirms
women's rights to acquire, change or retain their nationality and the nationality of their children. States
parties also agree to take appropriate measures against all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of
women.

29
Countries that have ratified or acceded to the Convention are legally bound to put its provisions into
practice. They are also committed to submit national reports, at least every four years,on measures they
have taken to comply with their treaty obligations.
UDHR:
The Universal Declaration begins by recognizing that ‘the inherent dignity of all members of the human
family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world’.
It declares that human rights are universal – to be enjoyed by all people, no matter who they are or where
they live.
The Universal Declaration includes civil and political rights, like the right to life, liberty, free speech and
privacy. It also includes economic, social and cultural rights, like the right to social security, health and
education.
Session 12:
Administration
(By Mr. faheem Jatooi )
24/6/2014
Administration
1. Law:A collection of assets that make up the estate of a deceased person by a court-appointed
administrator to pay off the deceased's debts,and to distribute the remaining assets to the estate's
beneficiaries.
2. Management: The interpretation and implementation of the policy set by an organization's
board of directors.
Session13:
Social Development Enterprise (SDE),
(By Mr. Nisar)
25/6/2014
Social Development Enterprise (SDE),

30
Comparative advantage at the grassroots. was created as an extended arm of Strengthening
Participatory Organization (SPO),to strive offering quality services to the target groups,
communities and individuals and redirect its income in the uplift, growth and development of the
most disadvantaged and underserved audience.
SDE model is aimed to build capacities of excluded individuals and groups comprising women,
girls, youth and minorities in a bid to help them secure their well-being by means of a living a
decent, respectful, secure and purposeful life.
SDE will be setting state-of-the-art human resources building centers across Pakistan,especially
in the areas where SPO already has its own program activities. SDE centers will host, conduct
and deliver seminars, conferences,advocacy events,trainings, tailored services in technical
advisory capacity, research studies etc. These priority areas have been identified keeping in view
SPO’s existing skill-sets, core competencies, experience
Since last two decades,SPO Training Units (TU’s) across country emerged as a source of
inspiration to venture into the enterprising arena of our social market, from young professionals
to civil society and from academia to cross sections of the society.

31
Session 14:
Research:
(By Mr. Abdul Wahid Sangrasi)
26/7/2014
Research:
Research consists of an investigation that:
seeks answers to a question
systematically uses a predefined set of procedures to answer the question
collects evidence in order to answer a question
produces findings that were not determined in advance
produces findings that are applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the study
ResearchEthics
Confidentiality
Informed voluntary consent
Right to withdraw at any time
Sharing results with your research participants
Special consideration for vulnerable groups in seeking consent
Storing data without names in a secure location
Basic steps of a research project
Find a topicWhat, When
Formulate questionsWhat, Why

32
Define populationWho, When
Select design & measurementHow
Gather evidenceHow
Interpret evidenceWhy
Tell about what you did and found out
Research steps
Select Research Topic and determine objectives
Formulating a research question
Planning the study/Research
Collecting data
Analyzing data
Developing actions based on data collected
Analyzing/reflecting on actions
Disseminating results

33
Performance
Evaluation forms translate to English
1st
task in SPO is evaluate forms, article comments translate in to English
Survey on proof burden, exchange & vender through secondary data(15 month from news paper
kawish) (report in annex)
Through this data we get more deffrent information in our society
Gave Presentation on social mobilization,
Mr. sheraz divide all internees in 4 groups then gave presentation of social mobilization
Assignment Report (report in annex)
Attend 2 day training on advocacy & leadership
Attend 2 days training on management & finance (report in annex)
3 weeks Research field on life pattern difference between working woman & house wife

34
RESEARCH REPORT
Reported By:
Syeda Rajja Zaidi
Short research on
“Difference Life patron between House
wife and working women”
08-Aug-2014

35
Report on research
“Difference Life patron between House wife and working women”
Table:
S.N Content Page no:
1 Summary 35
2 Introduction 36
3 Literature review 38
4 Research objective 40
5 Research methodology 41
6 Finding results 56
7 Recommendation 56
8 Learning 57
9 Annex 59

36
Summary
The aim of this survey to analysis whose life patron is better the other, the main objective of survey is, to
know that which kind of life patron is more appropriate for women and family, to know the impact on
children and family of both life patrons of women. To know the level of satisfaction of women on both
life pattern. To discover the reasons for not allowing women to work. The stockholder of this survey is
working women & house wife, Husband, Children’s & other family members.
Collect data through Focus group discussion (FGD) & individual. There are 5 activities (no of activities
& require material) involves in this survey “Individual in depth interview with women, husbands, and
children” (6+6, Questioner for women, children, husband)” FGD with whole family (5, Check list)”
“FGD with working women “(5, Check list)”FGD with house wife “(5, Check list)” Secondary research
through reading material” (5, Internet, News paper)

37
Introduction
The different Life patron between House wife and working women, Such studies they compare working
and house wife families without making a distinction between part-time and full-time working wives,
nor taking into account the interaction between employment status and other factors such as family
income, age,number of young children. Nonetheless, these are likely to have an important bearing on
the wife's time availability and interest in convenience products. If, for example, house wives have
severalyoung children at home, or are heavily involved in activities outside the home, they are likely to
have equivalent or greater time pressures to part-time working wives; equally, the older house wives
may have greater discretionary income to spend on convenience products and services than young
working wives. In addition, little research has been undertaken to exam/ne differences in attitudes among
working and house wives, and the extent to which these influence their purchase behavior.
The purpose of this survey is to describe which kind of life patron is more appropriate for women and
family judgment the behaviors & attitudes, the impact on children and family of both life patrons of
women to analysis how much time spend with families, who can understand their needs. The level of
satisfaction of women on both life pattern, find out the y are satisfied their job’s, what the reason behind
their job. To discover the reasons for not allowing women to work. Analysis if working women is
educated so why house wife do not work, why her family member do not allow women to work due to
culture problem or other problem
There are 40 question’s involve in survey, 10 question to each stakeholders. There are 5 stakeholders in
this survey is working women or house wife, husband, children & other family,
First Collect primary data through individually in depth interview of working women & house wife,
husbands, children. Second collect primary data through FGD of working women & house wife family,
third collect primary data through FGD of 2 families of working women forth collect primary data
through FGD of 2 housewives families & fifth collect secondary data through news paper,internet,
books
In today’s IT era, everyone is working irrespective of sex, age, Distance,Work burden, etc...
When Women are also working in a family, there comes some problems like they needs someone to take
care of their kids, the children’s are not getting Proper attention from their Parents,they are missing the
parental care up to a most.
But while looking today’s price hikes on day to day commodities, it seems both men and Women
together can only be able to run a family without economic problems.

38
Literature review
Over the past half century the proportion of working wife families has increased by leaps and bounds.
Whereas in 1910, only one out of five wives worked, today the proportion is close to three out of five
(Ferris, 1971). The consequences for family behavior and life-style patterns once the wife's main
working hours are removed from the home are overwhelming in magnitude. As the Presidential
Commission on Manpower in 1972 suggested, "perhaps no other single change in family life has
affected so many families in as relatively short a time as has the movement of married woman into the
labor force" (U.S. Department of Labor 1972). Despite the importance of this social trend, scant
attention appears to have been paid to examining its implications for marketing strategies. Relatively
little interest seems, for example, to have been shown in assessing whether working wife families have
specific needs and interests which provide opportunities for developing new products and services,or for
emphasizing certain benefits and appeals.
There are two major reasons for thinking that this neglect of the working wife families is unwarranted. In
the first place, time constraints on the performance of household duties such as shopping, cooking,
cleaning, and in particular on the time at which these tasks are performed in working wife families,
suggest that different strategies are likely to be developed to cope with these problems. One hypothesis is
that working wives will show greater interest than non-working wives in time-saving products and
services such as take-out dinners, laundry services, and instant dusting spray (Management Review
1967).
Secondly, differences in attitudes among working and non-working wives towards female roles are
likely to influence their behavior. The dual roles of the wife in her employment and in the home, imply
that the degree of involvement in various "homemaker" roles such as "Chief Cook", "Mother",
"Housekeeper", will differ from the house wife for whom such roles are the focal point of her existence
(Hartley 1960). This does not necessarily imply rejection of homemaker roles by the working wife, but
rather that she seeks other opportunities for self-fulfillment in activities outside the home (Bailyn 1970,
Powell 1960). Consequently, the time and effort devoted to homemaker roles, as well as concepts of
appropriate behavior in these roles, may differ from those of the house wife. Stimulation received from
involvement in a job may also generate greater interest in new and different products, and emphasis on
different product benefits; for example, more concern with originality, or less concern with the
preference of family members. Nonetheless, working wives, and equally house wives, may not all have
similar attitudes toward homemaking. Motivations for working or for not working differ (Hoffman
1963b). Some women work primarily from financial necessity and remain predominantly involved in
homemaker roles. Equally some house wife solve frustrations with the domestic routine by involvement
in non-paid social and charitable activities rather than paid employment. Consequently, they are open to
an equally wide sphere of contacts and relationships as working women, and may have as little time or
energy to devote to household duties.
Scant attention has been paid to examining the impact of the wife's employment status on purchase
behavior. Some comparisons have been made of purchase behavior in working and house wife families.
These have found, for example, that working wives tend to be more efficient in organizing household

39
tasks; they make fewer shopping trips, and are more likely to be accompanied by their husbands than
house wives (Anderson 1972, Baldwin and Lunn 1972, Hoffman 1963 a lunn, Baldwin and Dickens
1972). On the other hand, there appears to be little evidence to indicate that working wives are more
interested in convenience products than house wife (Anderson 1972).
The claim that housewives staying at home spending more time around their children are better,much-
more-responsible/effective mothers than their career-mom counterparts.
But time: quantity equal quality.
Research on the subject is inconclusive, sometimes lauding the children of working mothers; for being
more academically motivated/ambitious, healthier because their mothers make educated food choices, at
other times lauding Asian housewives for the same thing. The critique works similarly.

40
Researchobjectives
To know that which kind of life patron is more appropriate for women and family
To know to impact on children and family of both life patron of women.
To know the level of satisfaction of women on both life pattern.
To discover the reasons for not allowing women to work.
To know the advantages of both life patron of women
To know the disadvantages of both life patron
To know whose life patron is batter

41
ResearchMethodology
In this study first we select research objectives, all objectives totally related with research topic, and then
developed research questionnaire was administered by individually interview & FGD, All respondents
had been married, Their jobs included a variety of occupations such as researcher,education department
& NGO’s sector. The sample was selected by a quota procedure and both the working and house wife
groups were stratified by age, income and number of children. The objective was thus to obtain two
groups "matched" in terms of background characteristics,rather than two groups which were
representative of the working and house wife its small size clearly limits the extent to which any
substantive conclusions can be drawn concerning differences in purchase behavior of working and non-
working wife families, particularly insofar as differences within the two groups are concerned. The
purpose of the study was not, however, to compare these differences,but rather to isolate the impact of
the wife's employment status from that of other related variables, such as income, stage in family life-
cycle, number of young children at home. Consequently, given research budget constraints, the
alternative of small matched samples controlling for these variables was preferred to that of larger but
less comparable .samples.
The whole research complete on three week, this is a short research so first we make work plane of 3
week, Create the work plan the process of interviews are as follow

42
Work plan
ResearchFieldwork Date DAY TIME PLACE survey
12-07-2014 Saturday 10am-5pm Old campus Individual in depth interview with 6
house wives & their children’s
13-07-2014 Sunday 10am-5pm Old campus Individual in depth interview with 6
husbands of house wives
14-07-2014 Monday 11am-2:30pm Qasimabad Individual in depth interview with 6
working women
15-07-2014 Tuesday 11:30am-2:30pm Qasimabad Individual in depth interview with 6
husbands of working women
15-07-2014 Tuesday 5:00pm-6:30pm Hider
chowk
Individual in depth interview with 6
children’s of working women
16-07-2014 Wednesday 12:00pm-3:00pm Old campus FGD of whole families of working
women, involve in 5 families in FGD
16-07-2014 Wednesday 8:00pm-10pm Old campus FGD of whole families of house
wives, involve 5 families in FGD
17-07-2014 Thursday 12:00pm-2:30pm Hider
chowk
FGD of 2 working women families
18-07-2014 Friday 1:00pm-3:00pm Latifabad FGD of 2 working women families
19-07-2014 Saturday 11:00am-3:00 At home Collect data through news papers &
books
20-07-2014 Sunday 11:00-3:00 At home Collect data through internet

43
In the questionnaire, respondents were asked about grocery purchase behavior; attitudes to female roles;
and background characteristics of the family. Attitudes toward four aspects of a woman's role were
examined: a) home and family orientation, b) cooking, shopping and other household tasks, c) self-
perceptions and concepts, and d) social interaction. The background questions included a number
describing the home, such as the type of household appliances owned, as well as the standard family
background questions relating to income, age, and education of husband and wife, etc.
individual interview had 6 sample of working women ,individual interview had 6 sample of house wife ,
individually interview had 6 sample of working women husbands, individual interview had 6 sample of
house wives husbands, individual interview had 6 sample of working women children’s & individual
interview had 6 sample house wives of their children’s. Decide the area of research. Then develop
questioner for research
The major research questions related to working women or house wife were as follows:
Are you working women or house wife?
What is your education?
The risks of your relationship depend on whom?
Do you have any benefit from your profession?
How can manage your time? So you can complete you responsibilities in time?
What is the impact on your family from your profession?
Who is more responsible in your point of view Working women or house wife?
Do you feel in your life stage you are not working women or house wife?
Do you have any difficulties from your profession?
Do you think you are perfectly complete your whole responsibilities?
The major research questions related to husbands of working women or house wife were as follows:
Your wife is working women or house wife?
Do think you wife do job?
Your wife is complete their own responsibilities on time?
Do you have any difficulties from their profession?
You wife maintain herself?

44
Do you think your wife is social?
What are the impact on your family from their profession?
You wife have self confident?
Do you have any benefit from their profession?
Who is more compromise in life working women or house wife?
The major research questions related to children’s of working women or house wife were as follows:
Your mother is working women or house wife?
Your mother complete own responsibilities on time?
The behavior of your mother is friendly with you?
Your mother gives you full time?
Do you have any complain with your mother?
Your mother helps in your work?
What are the impacts on your family from their profession?
Do you think your mother is social?
The major research questions related to other family member of working women or house wife were as
follows
Which wife is better for your family working women or house wife?
Is working women or house wife complete their own responsibilities on time?
Comparison between the behavior of working women or house wife?

45
Do you feel in your life stage she do not working women or house wife?
Do you have any complain with her?
She takes interest in your work with her responsibilities?
Who are more busy working women or wife?
Do you feel any changes in your home the presence of working women & house wife?

46
A short research on “different Life patron between House wife and working women”
evolution form
Are you working women or house wife?
Working women House wife
I am a working women I am a house wife
What is your education?
MSC(3)
BSC(2)
M.A(3)
B.A(2)
HSC(4)
SSC(2)
B.A
PRIMARY(5)
The risks of your relationship depend on whom?
In laws
Some time me & some time my husband
my husband (mostly answers)
no any problem in my relationship, if any
difficulty in my relation so just shortage of
Children’s (mostly answers)
My husband because he not gave me a time
Na any problem(mostly answers)
Myself because of my anger
Do you have any benefit from your profession?
Yes lots of benefits, I support my family
I support my husband & I am Arbitrary
woman
Yes,I Nourish my children perfectly (mostly
answers)
Yes I care my family(mostly answers)
I see all activities of my children
To gave me a full time (mostly answers)
How can manage your time? So you can complete you responsibilities in time?

47
I wake up early morning , some work complete
in morning & half complete in evening(mostly
answers)
I have a servant so I have no problem
I am a teacher I can manage easily my
responsibilities
I have more time for my responsibilities(mostly
answers)
I complete work in time
According to time I continuously work
What is the impact on your family from your profession?
Very Good impact in my family specially my
children from my job
My children are Arbitrary
My husband are Heart ease from my job
I complete whole desire of my children
Good impact because I complete my
responsibilities
I make good food for my husband & children
I gave good nourishment. good conduct, good
manners of my children
Who is more responsible in our point of view Working women or house wife?
In my point of view working women are more
responsible because they have double
responsibilities
Working women are more responsible because
they work Two-handed
House wife are responsible because they have
responsibility of whole family
I think working women, they face dual
situations
Do you feel in your life stage you are not working women or house wife?
Never
No because I get more benefits through my job
No never because I feelmyself confidence is
more developed
No because I feelI am lucky
I am satisfy my life
I have no any need of job

48
Do you have any difficulties from your profession?
No I can manage all think
Some time because shortage of time
No but my health disturb of this think
No If I have no job so I have lots of problem
No because I am not interested
Some time
Do you think you are perfectly complete your whole responsibilities?
Yes I do perfectly
Yes but some time mistake because of
Cockiness
Yes of course
Yes I complete whole responsibilities because I
am house wife
Your wife is working women or house wife?
Husbands of Working women Husbands of House wife
Do think you wife do job?
Yes of course because of today’s
Job must because these period
Yes why not if she want
Yes of course but my wife are not educated
No because I am able to complete her desires
but if she want so her concurrence
Your wife is complete their own responsibilities on time?
Yes she manage
Yes but some time not complete in time
She complete both responsibilities perfectly
Yes perfectly
Yes some time she complete my
responsibilities
Yes she is so sharp

49
Do youhave any difficultiesfromtheirprofession?
No but women are disturb
No because she help me a lot
No any difficulty just shortage time
No any difficulty my work complete before
time
Yes if women are educated so she must do job
because she waist her education at home
Yes lot of burden on husband

50
You wife maintain herself?
Yes because she is educated
Yes of course because she is beautician
Yes as a house wife she maintain her self
No I remind her
Do you think your wife is social?
Yes according to these situation must be a
social
Yes of course
Yes must know the updates to every one
Yes this is very useful
Nice because my children are good feed
Very nice but some time create problem
because of combine family
Good
You wife have self confident?
Yes 100%
Yes sometime over confidence
Yes just As a house wife (mostly answers)
Yes she is educated but she can’t job because
of children’s
Yes she help me a lot
Yes she is my right hand
Yes because I am free for all other thing
Yes she complete my 90% work
Who is more compromise in life working women or house wife?
Working women House wife because she completely bound at

51
Working women because she have more work home
Working women
Your mother is working women or house wife?
Children’s of Working women Children’s of House wife
Your mother complete own responsibilities on time?
Yes (mostly answers)
Yes,she is so punctual
Yes (mostly answers)
The behavior of your mother is friendly with you?
She is very politely with me
Yes but some time she is scold me Cockiness
She is very friendly with me
She is so understand me
Your mother gives you full time?
Yes she give me a possible time
Yes but some time it may not possible
Yes full completely(mostly answers)
Do you have any complain with your mother?
No but some food not in time
No she is my ideal (mostly answers)
No she is perfect
Yes she scold me because of my father

52
Yes She fulfill my whole needs
She understand my situation easily
Yes She with me a full time
No some time feel she will be a working women
because she is educated
28. Your mother helps in your work?
Yes she help me in my all projects, home work
She help me in shopping
She gave me a new ideas for utilize my self
Yes she help me in a punctual
Yes as a house wife
Good
Some time disturb because of work burden
Nice
Do you think your mother is social?
Yes must be Yes it is necessary for every one
Which wife is better for your family working women or house wife?
Other family members of Working women Other family members of House wife
Working woman House wife
Is working women or house wife complete their own responsibilities on time?
Yes complete on time
No because she have lot of work
Yes
No never
No because she do dual job only for my future
No because she take care myself all time
no

53
Comparison between the behavior of working women or house wife?
Major Difference because she is well educated
She is well manner
Broad minded
She is a simple women
She is good conduct,
She is good but some time she is not broad
minded
Yes she support my son
she handle all think easily
Yes she gave full time
She complete responsibilities
No
Some time because shortage of time
Never
Do you feel in your life stage she do not working women or house wife?
No
Never I support of her job
No because I m also working women
No
Yes some time feel if she is educated so she
understand easily
Do you have any complain with her?
No
Yes she have short time for us
No
She takes interest in your work with her responsibilities?
Yes
Yes but not more interest
Yes,she interest in every think

54
She decide our dresses
She help me in decision making
Who are more busy working women or wife?
Working women she handles both situations Working women
Do you feel any changes in your home the presence of working women & house wife?
Yes lot of changes
Change life style, develop thinking
Change in standard
No any change
Then data analysis of all answers of question & our analysis hypothesis accept or reject, after that get
research objective according to these questions
Ratio:
Life of working women is 75% better then house wives
Impact of working women are 80% better then house wives
The level of satisfaction is 90% then women
Working women & house wives both are 50% advantages & disadvantages

55
Results
Working women life is more good then house wife
Impact of working women is better than working women.
The level of satisfaction of house wife is too high then working women because they gave full for
family.
Mostly women was not able to job because lack of education, some women was not interested & some
women could not job because of her children
The advantage of working women save future & nourishment of children is very good, they help in
every thinks of husbands & children she can understand easily of all think
Advantages of house is completely work in time they bound family & relation just like a chain, they
lock out all activities of children, more take care of her family
Working women have lot of job burden, working women some time ignore her children because
shortage of time
Disadvantages of house wife, she is not broad minded she can’t understand easily
Working women life is better than house wife
Observations
Women are not take interested in interview
Face difficulty fgd of other family member of house wife
House wife are not understand easily what is research they ask many question
Some women children are create lot of disturbance
Individually working women & house wives give information deeply then with family
Husbands of working women are full satisfied their profession
The level of interest is so high of children’s

56
Learning
research on Differences life patron between Working women and house wife
Some differences emerged in behavior of the working women and house wife but these were not always
along the lines hypothesized
There are some slight differences between Working women and house wife activities are organized;
particularly insofar as the working wives go less frequently to neighborhood stores, (possibly implying
fewer midweek trips), and tend to make somewhat more use of husbands. These differences were
substantially more marked in the unadjusted means, and tend to be affected by the wife's age and the
socio-economic status of the family.
There is also little indication that the working women rely more on the use of domestic help or on
mechanical labor saving devices to aid in their cooking and housekeeping chores. On the contrary, the
house wives appear to be better equipped than their working counterparts, especially with washing
machines and dryers, freezers,electric carving knives and self-defrosting refrigerators. Perhaps,since
house wives spend more time in the home, they attach more importance to possessing these appliances
than do working women.
The increased participation of husbands in working wife families in particularly in assuming the major
responsibility for these tasks, also suggests that the relevant decision-making unit and hence appropriate
promotional target is different when the wife is employed. While in house wife families, focus
predominantly on the wife is likely to be appropriate, in working wife families inclusion of both husband
and wife appears desirable. This does, however, depend on the extent to which the husband influences
product and brand decisions. Examination of this aspect is therefore needed before any definitive
conclusions can be reached.
The relationship between attitudes toward female roles and behavior. While groups with different
attitudes appear to be characterized by different behavior, the nature of the relationship between attitudes
and behavior is not clear. Intuitively, one would expect traditional female role perceptions to lead to a
rejection of convenience products and services, yet the reverse relationship occurs both among working
women and among house wives. Possibly home-oriented women have lower levels of self-achievement,
and are more ready to accept the easy solution. Further exploration of this issue is also required
In many respects the study raises more questions than it solves. Yet it helps to pinpoint some key issues,
and to demonstrate the complexity of the working women phenomenon and its implications for shopping
behavior. The fact that a woman is involved in employment outside the home does not necessarily imply
that she will devote less effort to homemaking activities than her house wife counterpart; conversely,
house wife is not necessarily highly committed to her domestic role. Nonetheless involvement in a full-
time job imposes time constraints on the performance of household duties which have consequences for
purchase behavior. In addition although involvement in a job is associated with different attitudes to
homemaker roles, these vary among different categories of working wives; and the precise impact on
purchase behavior remains unclear.
Further clarification of these issues should be a major concern at this time. As the women's liberation
movement gains more widely based support, the invasion by women of upper status jobs is likely to
continue. In addition, the shift of married women into the labor force shows no signs of abating.

57
Mastering the implications of these major social forces is thus likely to be critical to understanding
future developments in life patterns

58
Abstract (Internship)
The six weeks that I interned at SPO were a great learning experience for me. Form the time I joined the
organization till the time I completed my internship, it was full of knowledge and experience on how to
manage volunteer work in organizations, besides running a smooth organization. This was the first time
during my internships that I had the chance to conduct the research in Hyderabad
All in all, this internship has ingrained a responsibility in me to work for the underprivileged, poverty
stricken and deserving people of my country who constitute a large majority of population of Pakistan.
Working for such people will ensure the development and betterment of the society as a whole and
improvement of these underprivileged people in particular.
Whole internship period divided into 15 sessions and research field First week of internship on concept,
second week of internship on research,third, fifth week is research theory & six week of internship is
thesis report & presentation
There are 15 sessions involved during internship, i) introduction of SPO & institution ii) charity, welfare
& development iii) supervision monitory evolution &,gender iii) advocacy iv) DRR v) social
development & community development vi) HR vii) finance viii) BCB ix) government constitution x)
CEDAW,UDHR & CRC xi)report writing xii) administration xiii) SDE xiv) research theory xv)
research report & thesis report
Performance:collect 15 months data proof burden, vender, & exchange through news paper,
presentation of social mobilization, write repot on human rights, attend 2 days training & write report on
it & research in field & write report

59
Suggestions
Increase time of internship
Some time trainer are too busy so they gave not fully concentration
Give chances of attending seminars
Increase session of finance, administration & I.T
Increase computer for internees
SPO should provides laptop for internee

60
Bibliography
http://www.investorwords.com
http://www.spo.org.pk
http://www.unisdr.org
http://www.allaboutscience.org
http://www.ask.com
http://www.ehow.com/info_7755252_personal-finance.html
http://accounting-simplified.com
http://www.investorwords.com/1957/financial_statement.html#ixzz38tkeyjMD
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/audit.html#ixzz38tldqbug
http://www.unicef.org/crc/
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/
https://www.humanrights.gov.au
DAWN NEWS PAPER

61
Appendices
Words Abbreviations
B.A Bachelorof art
B.com Bachelorof comers
BCB Beneficentcomplainbox
CBOs Communitybase organization
CRC Conventionrightof children
CRM ComplaintsandResponse Mechanism
CAOD CatholicAgencyforOverseasDevelopment
DRR Disasterriskdeclaration
FGD Focusedgroupdiscussion
HSC Highersecondarycertificate
IT Informationtechnology
MDG millenniumdevelopmentgoal
NGO nongovernmentorganization
PMBOK ProjectManagementBodyof Knowledge
PMI ProjectManagementInstitute
PEPL PopularEngagementPolicyLab
SDE Social DevelopmentEnterprise
SPO Strengtheningparticipatoryorganization
TU TrainingUnits
YSD youthfor social development
YCDO Youthcareer developmentorganizations

62
Annex:
1. Survey Data Collection from kawish News Paper of 15 Month
2. One day training on “human rights”
3. Two days training workshop on “importance of management in nonprofit organization”

63
Annex:1
Survey Data Collection from kawish News Paper of 15 Month
S. No
Incident/problem Dated Area/town Summary
01 Sunghchatti 13-08-2012 Kandyaro Fathergave her daughter
revenge of murder.
02 Sunghchatti 12-10-2012 Pan-u-Aaqil One girl her name was
masoomaherage was
approximately9years
was gave insunghchatti.
03 Sunghchatti 7-5-2012 Pan-u-aaqil Revenge of 4 murders
gave 12 girls.
04 Sunghchatti 20-5-2011 Sanghar Shazia’sfathergave her
revenge of murder.
05 Sunghchatti 1-4-2012 Obaro One girl her name was
shakeelagave revengeof
murder.
06 Sunghchatti 8-9-2012 Khanpur One innocentgirl‘s
relative gave asrevenge
of murder.
07 Sunghchatti 17-9-2012 Rohri Landlordgetstwo girlson
power.One wasbasheera
herage was 12 years&
secondwasmaira herage
was 5 years
08 Sunghchatti 22-6-2012 Wahi pandhi Victimintwogroupsas
resultone groupgave girl
to another.

64
09 Sunghchatti 3-6-2012 Daharki Landlordgetstwo girlsin
the lightof decisionher
name was shabnamand
shakeelas
10 Sunghchatti 17-2-2012 Ghotki Revenge of blame one
fathergave herdaughter.
11 Sunghchatti 09-03-2011 Pan-u- aaqil Resultof familyconflict
one girl revenge another
family
12 Sunghchatti 30-2012 Dukri One girl in dukri despite
of notpermissiongave
implement
13 Sunghchatti 30-3-2012 Sukkur One girl gave in
sunghchatti
14 Sunghchatti 28-05-2011 Geralo(dost
mohammadjatoi)
4 yeargirl gave in
sunghchatti
15 Vend 27-03-2012 Kumber Mother vendher
daughterforsome money
16 Vend 28-03-2012 Kumber Sufia’sfathervendher
daughterbecause he was
use to drinking,one time
he had no moneyfor
drinkingthatwhyhe
vendherdaughter
17 Vend 06-04-2012 Khairpur(city) Mubina’srelativesvend
herfor some money
18 Vend 03-012-2012 Chachro Hasna’smothervendher
for 5 lacks
19 Vend 14-06-2011 Kumber(shal One girl vendfor30

65
mohammad) thousands
20 Vend I8-08-2012 Sukkur Abda’sfathervendher
21 Vend 03-1-2012 Chachro Sulimatvendfor5 lacks
22 Vend 05-05-2011 Thal Nasema’sfathervendher
daughterfor60,000
23 Vend 07-06-2011 Lucky wasi Fathervendshertwo
24 Vend 08-06-2011 Khanpur Fathervendherinnocent
girl in3,70,000 to old
men
25 Vend 16-2012 Maleer(karachi) Hina’svendforsome
money
26 Exchange 27-04-2011 Tando jam Brotherexchange her
sister
27 Exchange 7-10-2011 Perjo Goth One girl in per-jo-ghut
gave in exchange
28 Exchange 09-03-2011 Kazi ahmad 13 year girl gave
exchange inrelativeson
auntyson’s
29 Exchange 03-01-2011 Karachi(kimari) Fatima give exchange
ownarea
30 Vend 12-04-2007 Dadu Afsha’svendheruncle for
30,000

66
Annex:2
One day training on “human rights”
25-06-2014
Reported by: Syeda.rajja.zaidi
Organized by YSD Hyderabad where 3 speakers
participated in seminar, total participant 200 and 3 guest,
at Indus hotel Hyderabad,the aim of this seminar was to
spread awareness about human rights, also enhance
knowledge about human rights. At the end participant
understand & get lot of information about human rights

67
One Day Training Report On
Human Rights
25th
June 2014

68
Table:
S.N Context Page No:
01 Training profile 03
02 Objectives 03
03 Trainers &training methodology 03
04 Define of human rights(Mr. Mustafa baloch) 04
05 Problems of human rights in Pakistan(Ms.shazia junijo) 05
06 Human rights in Islam and human right to own think(Mr. sheeraz
chandio)
06
07 Training’s observation, recommendation, results 07
08 Annex 08

69
One day training Report on
“Human rights”
Title : human rights
Date : 25-06-2014
Time : 9:00am to 5:00 pm
Venue : Indus hotel Hyderabad
No ofparticipant : 200 (females: 105 + males: 95)
Facilitators : Mr. Mustafa baloch, Ms.Shazia, Mr.Sheeraz
chandio
Organized by : YSD (youth for social development)organization
Supported by : SPO (Strengthening participatory organization)
Reported by : Syeda Rajja Zaidi (internee)
Objectives:
To aware participants about human rights
To aware participants about problem of human rights in Pakistan
To aware participants about how they treated to each other
To aware participants about policies of human rights in Islam
To aware participants about human right to own things
Trainers:
Mr. Ghulam Mustafa Baloch-Regional Head-SPO Hyderabad

70
Miss Shazia Junejo-Program Specialist
Mr. Sheeraz Chandio-Program Officer
Training methodology applied in training:
Brainstorming
Lecture Delivery
Discussion
Group work
presentation
Questions answers
Details:
The training started by Mr. Mustafa Baloch, where he invited the participant about recitation of Holly
Quran and geeta’s verses,then welcome to all participants to participate that training. After that he
introduced to it self. He applied Methodology in training brainstorming, Lecture Delivery and Questions
answers,like as
We all are born free and equal?
What is right to life?
What is no slavery?
What is Human right are protect by law?
What is right to public assembly
What is right to democracy?
What are worker rights?
What are right to education?
What is responsibility?
After that he defined human rights,
What are human rights?

71
HUMAN RIGHTS DEFINED
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason
and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all
their forms.
Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest,detention or exile.
Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts
violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.
Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses
The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by
society and the State.
Everyone has the right to freedom of peacefulassembly and association.
No one may be compelled to belong to an association.
Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free,at least in the elementary and
fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional
education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to
all on the basis of merit.
Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.
These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles
of the United Nations.
Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State,group or person any
right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights
and freedoms set forth herein.

72
Problems ofhuman rights in Pakistan
Ms. Shazia junijo
She introduced itself. She applied methodology in training Discussion Lecture Delivery, Group work and
presentations
After then she award participants about problems of human rights in Pakistan
The situation of human rights in Pakistan is a complex one due to its status as a developing
country and an Islamic republic with a mixture of both Islamic and secular laws.
The human rights commission of Pakistan is an organization that has developed to become a
broad spectrum human rights body.
It provides for the fundamental rights which include freedom of speech,freedom of religion,
freedom to have a fair trial and right to bear arms
.Rape,domestic violence, sexual harassment,honor crimes, abuse and discrimination against
women are the common violation of human rights in the country.
Religious freedom violation, violation against religious minorities, child abuse, child labor,
widespread human trafficking and lack of worker rights still exist greatly within the country.
Although all laws and rights exist to counter any problems regarding human rights in the
country, abuses still remain.
The overall human rights situation in the country is poor with the countless Bomb blasts, suicide
attacks,assassinations, kidnappings, hijacking and other acts of terrorism. Although the
government initiated an investigation but those behind these attacks couldn’t be caught and
countless lives were lost.
In the same way a weak criminal system, insufficient training for investigators, lack of juridical
independence and infringements on the privacy of people account for major human right
problems in the country.
Another problem relating human rights is corruption.
The biggest example of this is when in August 2010, floods raged in Indus delta leaving 20.6
million people homeless and large number of deaths.
Growing distrust of the government amidst claims of corruption compelled many to turn to the
nongovernmental organizations to extend support to the flood victims.

73
Corruption remained endemic in the country and it is also said that a lot of the relief fund
money went into the pockets of officials.
All these statistics and conclusions show that Pakistan is in dire need to enact measures to
counter problems regarding human rights with the correct implementation of the law. Still a lot
of effort and reforms are required to respect the dignity of humanity.
After Discussion & Lecture Delivered she divided all participants into 10 groups, each group had
selected one group leader. After that all groups developed their presentation & presented to leader in
each groups
Human rights in Islam:
Mr. Sheeraz chandio:
He introduced itself. After then he applied methodology in training Brainstorming, & Questions answers
What are human rights in Islam?
What are policies of Islam?
Then brainstorming he gave flash cards to all participants to right own thins about human right in Islam,
after then he defines human right in Islam;
Islam and Human Rights" is a probing examination of how the Islamic tradition has been
exploited for political ends by regimes and institutions seeking to legitimize policies inimical to
human rights.
Ann Elizabeth Mayer critically appraises Islamic human rights schemes that dilute the human
rights afforded by international law, comparing them with the complex Islamic legal heritage
and international human rights law.
Challenging stereotypes about a supposedly monolithic Islam inherently incompatible with
human rights, Mayer dissects the political motives behind the selective deployment of elements
of the Islamic tradition by conservative forces seeking to delegitimize demands for democracy
and human rights.

74
The fifth edition provides an updated consideration of government policies on Islam and human
rights activism and how they are affecting developments in severalMiddle Eastern countries,
and features a new chapter on the resistance of human rights for sexual minorities by the
Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and Muslim states
The new edition also analyzes the other most recent and important issues of the region,
including: The burgeoning pressures in the Middle East for human rights leading up to the Arab
Spring; The ambitious campaign of the (OIC) to influence the UN human rights system by
forging alliances with non-Muslim states hostile to human rights; The concerted efforts by this
cross-cultural alliance to subvert international human rights law under pretenses of supporting
human rights; The intensifying controversies over issues of sexual orientation and gender
identity in the Middle East; The Danish Cartoons controversy and the OIC project to co-opt
international human rights law to criminalize "defamation of Islam" occurring in the West
Human right own think
Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.
No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.
Observations:
Participant level of interest was very high
Way of communication was very impressive
Communication between participants and trainers was very friendly
the seminar start and closed according to time
mostly participants appreciate the exposure visit
Recommendations:
This type of training should be conduct on every places specially villages
to aware villagers about human right
YSD should organize other seminar in future where will understand completely
we appreciate to trainers for their efforts,get lot of lot of information about human rights
please give information to villager about specially women rights in Pakistan
one day training is to short, increase their days

75
Results:
participant’s award about human rights
participant’s award problems of human rights
participant’s award about how they treated to each other
participant’s award about policies of human rights in Islam
participant’s award about human right to own things

76
Annex
Discussions picture
During presentation picture

77
Annex:3
Group work picture
Report on

78
ReportedBy:
Syeda Rajja Zaidi
Table
Two days training workshop on
“importance of management in
nonprofit organization”
1st
to 2nd
July 2014
Organized by YCDO (Youth Career Development
Organization) Hyderabad where 4 speakers participated
in workshop, total participant 27 , at SPO training hall
Hyderabad, the aim of this workshop was to spread
awareness about management in non profit organization,
also enhance knowledge about youth power. At the end
participant understand & get lot of information about
management .

79
S # context Page no:
01 Training profile 04
02 Objectives 04
03 Trainers & Training methodology 04
04 Day 1: session 1:with participants introduction, Social & community
mobilization (Mr. Gul Muneer Noohpoto)
05
05 difference between project & program ( Mr. Gul Muneer Noohpoto) 06
06 Manager & Leader (Mr. Gul Muneer Nooh poto) 07
07 Welfare & Development (Mr. Gul Muneer Noohpoto) 08
08 Session 2: Supervision , Monitoring , Evaluation (Mr.Ghulam Mustafa
Baloch)
08
09 Day 2 :1 with participants introduction ,Resource of management & Financial
management (Mr.Wahid sangrasi)
10
10 Project Management (Mr.Zahid Thaibo) 11
11 Observations , Recommendations ,Results 11
12 Annex 12

80
“Two days training workshopreport on importance of managementin
nonprofit organization”
Title : importance of management in nonprofit
Organization
Date : 1st
to 2nd
- july-2014
Time : 9:00am to 5:00 pm
Venue : SPO training hall, Qasimabad Hyderabad
No ofparticipant : 27 (females: 11+ males: 16)
Facilitators : Mr. Ghulam Mustafa Baloch, Mr. Wahid
Sangrasi,Mr. Gul Muneer Noohpoto and Mr. Zahid Thaibo
Organized by : Youth career development organizations
Supported by : SPO,SPARC, CSSP and SDS
Reported by : Syeda Rajja Zaidi (Internee)
Objectives:
To aware participants about Social & community mobilization
To aware participants about difference between leader & manager, program & project , welfare
& development, struggle and moment
To aware participants about supervision , monitoring , evaluation
To aware participants about MDG(millennium development goal )
To aware participants about resource mobilization
To aware participants about how resources can be impacted
To aware participants about financial management
To aware participants about accounting

81
To aware participants about project management
Trainers:
Mr. Ghulam Mustafa Baloch-Regional Head-SPO Hyderabad
Mr. Gul Muneer Noohpoto
Mr. Wahid sangrasi
Mr. Zahid Thaibo
Training methodology applied in training:
Brainstorming
Lecture Delivery
Discussion
Group work
Role play
Questions answers
Debriefing
Detail:
Day 1:
The training started by Mr. Gul Muneer NoohPoto, where he invited the participant about recitation of
Holly Quran and Geeta’s verses,then welcome to all participants to participate that training. After that
he introduced to itself. He applied Methodology in training was activity .in activity involve toke
introduction of one another and share with all participants, then started session
Session 1:

82
By Mr. Gul Muneer NoohPoto
Social mobilization:
Social Mobilization, as defined by UNICEF, is a broad scale movement to engage people's participation
in achieving a specific development goal through self-reliant efforts. It involves all relevant segments of
society: decision and policy makers, opinion leaders, bureaucrats and technocrats,professional groups,
religious associations, commerce and industry, communities and individuals. It is a planned
decentralized process that seeks to facilitate change for development through a range of players engaged
in interrelated and complementary efforts. It takes into account the felt needs of the people, embraces the
critical principle of community involvement, and seeks to empower individuals and groups for action.
Mobilizing the necessary resources,disseminating information tailored to targeted audiences, generating
intersect oral support and fostering cross-professional alliances are also part of the process. While the
components of the process may be everyday practice in many development programs, they tend to be
taken up in isolation of each other. Social mobilization in total aims at a continuum of activities in a
broad strategic framework. The process encompasses dialogue and partnership with a wide spectrum of
societal elements. At the policy level, the outcomes should be a supportive framework for decision
making and resource allocation to empower communities to act at the grassroots level. The outcomes
should be people's active involvement ranging from identifying a need to implementation in achieving
the development objective and evaluation effort. The solidarity of bureaucrats and technocrats and a
broad alliance of partners among various non-governmental groups are equally critical for the attainment
of any change-oriented development goal. Simply stated, social mobilization calls for a journey among
partners and results in the successfultransformation of development goals into societal action.
Though circumstances differ from country to country and often from one part of a country to another,
health programs depend upon the collaboration of other sectors. WHO has stressed the need to recognize
the intersect oral nature of health, but little concrete action has been taken to effectuate such an
approach. For a health program to succeed,the health sector needs not just a helping hand from others,
but a genuine partnership whereby ownership of the programs is shared and the stakes of other sectors
are clearly recognized. The societal mobilization strategy calls for partnership with all stake holders.
Community mobilization

83
Community mobilization is a process through which action is stimulated by a community itself, or by
others, that is planned, carried out, and evaluated by a community’s individuals, groups, and
organizations on a participatory and sustained basis to improve the health, hygiene and education levels
so as to enhance the overall standard of living in the community. A group of people have transcended
their differences to meet on equal terms in order to facilitate a participatory decision-making process. In
other words it can be viewed as a process which begins a dialogue among members of the community to
determine who, what, and how issues are decided, and also to provide an avenue for everyone to
participate in decisions that affect their lives.
Difference between a Project and a Program
The following table summarizes the main areas of difference between a project and a program.
Project Program
Objectives
Outputs – tangible; relatively
easy to describe, define and
measure; tending towards
objective.
Outcomes – often intangible;
difficult to quantify; benefits often
based on changes to organizational
culture and behaviors; introducing
new capabilities into the
organization; tending towards
subjective.
Scope
Strictly limited; tightly
defined; not likely to be
subject to material change
during the life of the project.
Not tightly defined or bounded;
likely to change during the life cycle
of the program.
Duration
Relatively short term;
typically three to six months.
Relatively long term typically
eighteen months to three years.
Risk profile
Project risk is relatively easy
to identify and manage. The
project failure would result
in relatively limited impact
on the organization relative
to program risk.
Program risk is more complex and
potentially the impact on the
organization if a risk materializes
will be greater relative to project
risk. Programmed failure could result
in material financial, reputational or
operational loss.
Nature of the Clearly defined. Ill-defined; often disagreement

84
problem
between key stakeholders on the
nature and definition of the problem.
Nature of the
solution
A relatively limited number
of potential solutions.
A significant number of potential
solutions with often with
disagreement between stakeholders
as to the preferred solution.
Stakeholders
A relatively limited number
of stakeholders.
A significant number of diverse
stakeholders; probable disagreement
between them as to the definition of
the problem & the preferred
solution.
Relationship to
environment
Environment within which
the project takes place is
understood and relatively
stable.
Environment is dynamic; and
programmed objectives need to be
managed in the context of the
changing environment within which
the organization operates.
Resources
Resources to deliver the
project can be reasonably
estimated in advance.
Resources are constrained and
limited; there is competition for
resources between projects.

85
Difference between manager & leader
The manager administers; the leader innovates
The manager is a copy; the leader is an original
The manager maintains; the leader develops
The manager focuses on systems and structure; the leader focuses on people
The manager relies on control; the leader inspires trust
The manager has a short-range view; the leader has a long-range perspective
The manager asks how and when; the leader asks what and who
The manager has his or her eye always on the bottom line; the leader’s eye is on the horizon
The manager imitates; the leader originates. The manager accepts the status quo; the leader
challenges it
The manager is the classic good soldier; the leader is his or her own person
The manager does things right; the leader does the right thing
Difference between welfare & development
Welfare
Health, happiness, prosperity, and well-being in general
(Government, Politics & Diplomacy)
financial and other assistance given to people in need
(as modifier): welfare service
(Government, Politics & Diplomacy) also called: welfare work plans or work to better the social
or economic conditions of various underprivileged groups
(Government, Politics & Diplomacy) the welfare Brit the public agencies involved with giving
such assistance
(Government, Politics & Diplomacy) on welfare US and Canadian in receipt of financial aid
from a government agency or other source
Development

86
The act of developing.
The state of being developed.
A significant event, occurrence,or change.
A group of dwellings built by the same contractor.
Determination of the best techniques for applying a new device or process to production of
goods or services.
The organized activity of soliciting donations or grants; fundraising.
Elaboration of a theme with rhythmic and harmonic variations.
The central section of a movement in sonata form, in which the theme is elaborated and
explored.
Session 2:
By Mr.Mutafa Baloch
Session Method: Brainstorming, lecture delivery and questions’ answers.
The session started by Mr. Mustafa where he brainstormed the participants from asking questions, as
What is supervision?
What is monitoring?
What is evaluation?
After brainstorming trainer started his session as;
Mr. Mustafa define in detail supervision, monitoring & evaluation
Supervision
Supervision is a professional conversation that may take place informally over a snatched coffee
break or during a quick chat with a colleague in their office, or formally in designated teaching
sessions/tutorials or team meetings.
Supervision can be defined in many different ways but is essentially a conversation between
professionals at all levels of experience, not only for people in training.
Supervision is aimed at promoting learning, reflective practice and improving patient safety and
the quality of patient care.

87
This module considers the role of educational and clinical supervisors in supporting students,
trainees and colleagues.
The module covers some of the theoretical background to supervision in various clinical settings
It also contains some practical ideas about how to approach supervision and activities to develop
a technique based on curiosity.
By the end of the module you should have an enhanced understanding of the principles of
supervision and how it operates in a range of clinical and educational contexts.
You will also have the opportunity to explore how you think the ideas relate to your own
practice as a clinical teacher and be given advice about where to obtain additional information
on how to further develop your supervision skills.
The best way to improve your own supervision skills is by doing so in a peer supervision group
led by someone experienced in supervision or in training supervisors.
Monitoring:
Monitoring generally means to be aware of the state of a system and may refer to:
To observe a situation for any changes which may occur over time, using a
monitor or measuring device of some sort:
Management of performance and availability of software applications
Monitoring(medicine) the observation of a disease, condition or one or several medical
parameters over time
Monitoring in clinical trials, oversight and administrative efforts that monitor a monitoring
participant's health during a clinical trial
Bio monitoring of toxic chemical compounds, elements, or their metabolites, in biological
substances
Business transaction
Materials manufacturing
Deformation monitoring , measurement and tracking of the alteration in the shape or dimensions
of an object as a result of monitoring managing information technology from a business
transaction perspective
Cure monitoring for composite stresses
Election monitoring the observation of an election by one or more independent parties
Emerging monitoring targeting, an energy efficiency technique

internship report

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to internship report

Similar to internship report (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

internship report