The document summarizes the intern's work designing various ultrasonic scanning devices at Dhvani Research and Development Solutions using Solidworks CAD software. Key designs included a HAPP tungsten rod inspector, four wheel scanner, segment scanner, and various manual scanners. The intern gained experience with parametric modeling, equations, and optimized designs for flexibility and minimum manpower requirements for non-destructive testing. Overall, the internship provided valuable experience in mechanical design and learning Solidworks software.
AUTOMATIC PORTABLE HAMMERING MACHINE
TITLE PAGE
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
PROJECT METHODS AND COMPONENT DETAILS
DESIGN OF HAMMERING MACHINE
CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
FUTURE SCOPE
REFERENCES
CAD MODEL
Cam and follower theory prof. sagar a dhotareSagar Dhotare
This ppt covers following points,
Classification of Cam and Follower
Terminology of cam
Importance of Pressure angle
Application of Cam and Follower
Importance of cam and follower
The document provides an overview of the Theory of Machines course. It is divided into three parts: kinematics of machines deals with motion only, dynamics of machines deals with both motion and forces. The study of TOM is important for understanding how machines work, designing machines, and synthesizing mechanisms. It requires knowledge of vectors, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and basic mechanics. The course modules will cover topics like mechanisms, inversions, cams, power transmission devices, flywheels, governors, and references. The goal is for students to understand machine motion and design, calculate kinematic effects, and synthesize mechanisms.
A servomotor is a rotary actuator that allows for precise control of position, velocity, and acceleration through feedback sensors. It consists of a motor coupled to sensors. The document discusses servomotor control structures and types. It also provides an example of calculating the required motor size for a given cyclic motion profile of a rotary load, describing the steps to determine the net inertia, torque requirements, velocity and acceleration profiles, and selecting a motor that meets the peak torque, RMS torque, and maximum speed requirements.
This document provides an overview of clutches and their operation. It discusses the basic components and functions of clutches, including engaging and disengaging the transmission from the engine. It then describes different types of clutches in more detail, including single plate clutches, multi-plate clutches, and cone clutches. The key principles of how these clutches work to connect or disconnect power transmission are explained.
Failure investigation of axle box spring of railway 16 t coacheseSAT Journals
Abstract Spring is an elastic member whose main function is to deflect or distort under load and to recover its original shape when lo ad is removed. The springs used in the bogie suspension of Railway coaches are helical compression springs. Visual examination shows that failure is common between first to third coils. The exact time of failure cannot be determined as the coaches come for POH after 18 months. Some cracks also negotiate during load testing. Pattern of cracks showing it may subject to transverse forces. The cracks are detected in Magnaflux testing. The present works attempt to analyze design of primary suspension springs used in Railway coaches under transverse loading while negotiating curved path by using ANSYS 14.5 software. Stresses induced are compared with allowable stresses. Typical 16T coaches have been considered for the failure analysis. Keywords: Helical compression springs, load & stress calculation, POH, ANSYS 14.5, Modeling, Primary Suspension system, axle box spring, Bolster spring, Creo 2.0.
Design of Belt Drives With Pulley Theory By Prof. Sagar A. DhotareSagar Dhotare
It covers following points :-
Introduction flat and V Belt
Types of Belts
Calculations for Tensions
Maximum Torque Transmitted
pulley design
Advantage and disadvantages of V belt over flat belt
Design of clutch theory Prof. Sagar a DhotareSagar Dhotare
This covers following points,
Introduction to clutch
Classification
Requirement of good friction clutch
Requirements of material used for friction clutch
Material used for friction clutch
Considerations in Designing a Friction Clutch
Design of Single Disc or Plate Clutch
Design of Multi Disc or Plate Clutch
Design of Cone Clutch
Comparison between Single and Multi Plate Clutch
Comparison between Plate and Cone Clutch
AUTOMATIC PORTABLE HAMMERING MACHINE
TITLE PAGE
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
PROJECT METHODS AND COMPONENT DETAILS
DESIGN OF HAMMERING MACHINE
CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
FUTURE SCOPE
REFERENCES
CAD MODEL
Cam and follower theory prof. sagar a dhotareSagar Dhotare
This ppt covers following points,
Classification of Cam and Follower
Terminology of cam
Importance of Pressure angle
Application of Cam and Follower
Importance of cam and follower
The document provides an overview of the Theory of Machines course. It is divided into three parts: kinematics of machines deals with motion only, dynamics of machines deals with both motion and forces. The study of TOM is important for understanding how machines work, designing machines, and synthesizing mechanisms. It requires knowledge of vectors, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and basic mechanics. The course modules will cover topics like mechanisms, inversions, cams, power transmission devices, flywheels, governors, and references. The goal is for students to understand machine motion and design, calculate kinematic effects, and synthesize mechanisms.
A servomotor is a rotary actuator that allows for precise control of position, velocity, and acceleration through feedback sensors. It consists of a motor coupled to sensors. The document discusses servomotor control structures and types. It also provides an example of calculating the required motor size for a given cyclic motion profile of a rotary load, describing the steps to determine the net inertia, torque requirements, velocity and acceleration profiles, and selecting a motor that meets the peak torque, RMS torque, and maximum speed requirements.
This document provides an overview of clutches and their operation. It discusses the basic components and functions of clutches, including engaging and disengaging the transmission from the engine. It then describes different types of clutches in more detail, including single plate clutches, multi-plate clutches, and cone clutches. The key principles of how these clutches work to connect or disconnect power transmission are explained.
Failure investigation of axle box spring of railway 16 t coacheseSAT Journals
Abstract Spring is an elastic member whose main function is to deflect or distort under load and to recover its original shape when lo ad is removed. The springs used in the bogie suspension of Railway coaches are helical compression springs. Visual examination shows that failure is common between first to third coils. The exact time of failure cannot be determined as the coaches come for POH after 18 months. Some cracks also negotiate during load testing. Pattern of cracks showing it may subject to transverse forces. The cracks are detected in Magnaflux testing. The present works attempt to analyze design of primary suspension springs used in Railway coaches under transverse loading while negotiating curved path by using ANSYS 14.5 software. Stresses induced are compared with allowable stresses. Typical 16T coaches have been considered for the failure analysis. Keywords: Helical compression springs, load & stress calculation, POH, ANSYS 14.5, Modeling, Primary Suspension system, axle box spring, Bolster spring, Creo 2.0.
Design of Belt Drives With Pulley Theory By Prof. Sagar A. DhotareSagar Dhotare
It covers following points :-
Introduction flat and V Belt
Types of Belts
Calculations for Tensions
Maximum Torque Transmitted
pulley design
Advantage and disadvantages of V belt over flat belt
Design of clutch theory Prof. Sagar a DhotareSagar Dhotare
This covers following points,
Introduction to clutch
Classification
Requirement of good friction clutch
Requirements of material used for friction clutch
Material used for friction clutch
Considerations in Designing a Friction Clutch
Design of Single Disc or Plate Clutch
Design of Multi Disc or Plate Clutch
Design of Cone Clutch
Comparison between Single and Multi Plate Clutch
Comparison between Plate and Cone Clutch
This document discusses commutator and carbon brush failure in electric locomotives. It provides details on the operation of electric locomotives and the key components like the pantograph, transformer, rectifier, traction motors. It describes the installation process for carbon brushes and the most common causes of failure which include low or unequal spring pressure, contaminated environments, and incorrect brush grades. Maintaining proper spring tension is important to prevent brush failure and ensure optimal performance.
Development of high temperature magnetic bearingsjinfangliu
The document discusses a NASA/Electron Energy Corporation (EEC) Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) project to develop high temperature permanent magnet biased magnetic bearings and motors. The project aims to utilize EEC's patented SmCo magnets that can operate up to 550°C to develop a technology demonstrator operating at 540°C, including a motor and radial/thrust magnetic bearings. Bench tests of a designed radial bearing show it can produce over 2800N of force at 500°C, around 86% of room temperature performance. A solid model and test apparatus are presented, demonstrating progress toward the project goals.
Active magnetic bearings used as exciters for rolling element bearing outer r...ISA Interchange
The active health monitoring of rotordynamic systems in the presence of bearing outer race defect is considered in this paper. The shaft is assumed to be supported by conventional mechanical bearings and an active magnetic bearing (AMB) is used in the mid of the shaft location as an exciter to apply electromagnetic force to the system. We investigate a nonlinear bearing-pedestal system model with the outer race defect under the electromagnetic force. The nonlinear differential equations are integrated using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta algorithm. The simulation and experimental results show that the characteristic signal of outer race incipient defect is significantly amplified under the electromagnetic force through the AMBs, which is helpful to improve the diagnosis accuracy of rolling element bearing's incipient outer race defect.
This document describes the design and construction of an automatic roll punching machine that uses a geneva wheel mechanism to feed metal sheets automatically for punching. The machine aims to reduce setup and punching times compared to conventional manual punching. It consists of two sections - a geneva wheel and chain drive that moves metal sheets, and a crank wheel and connecting rod that converts rotational motion into linear reciprocating motion of the punch tool. When switched on, the motor rotates the crank wheel to punch holes in the automatically fed metal sheet. The geneva wheel indexes with each revolution to advance the sheet for the next punch. This low-cost automatic punching machine reduces labor costs and improves output efficiency.
Project report on Geneva operated belt conveyor By Indrakumar R PadwaniINDRAKUMAR PADWANI
This document describes a project report on a Geneva operated belt conveyor. It introduces the Geneva mechanism, which converts continuous rotation into intermittent motion. It then describes different types of belt conveyors and conveyor systems. The components of the Geneva belt conveyor system are identified as the driving wheel, driven wheel, conveyor belt, rollers, bearings, and stand. The working of the system is to use the Geneva mechanism to drive the conveyor belt intermittently to transport materials.
Geometrical Analysis and Design of Tension-Actuated Ackermann Steering System...Scientific Review SR
The tension-actuated steering system is a vehicular steering design that comprises a motorized gear system, pulleys, inelastic string, main steering bar, and a strain gauge. This development is aimed to produce a steering design that could enhance the efficiency of steering systems in quad-wheeled (i.e. four-wheeled) robots. In this work, the steering system of conventional passenger vehicles and existing quad-wheeled robots are reviewed and their technical deficiencies are improved based on cost, power and production factors. Thus, the tension-actuated steering system is proposed as a solution for mechanizing steering functions in quad-wheeled robots. It is expected that this work will stimulate interest and enthusiasm.
Design mini-project for TY mechanical studentsRavindra Shinde
In these project, we have designed a lifting table suitable to use in college . By adjusting the height of table any student can have proper sitting posture and position. It is also helpful for programmers/coders who have to seat for a long time, by having such a table they can do coding in a standing position too.
This document provides details of an automatic portable hammering machine mini project report submitted by students. It includes an abstract that discusses CAD modeling, design, and analysis of the machine. The objectives are to design and fabricate an automatic hammering machine that can perform manufacturing operations like riveting and forging. The report describes the components of the machine like the DC motor, hammer, disc, and drive shaft. It provides calculations for the maximum torque generated by the motor, impact velocity of the hammer, and torque force. The design utilizes a double rocker four-bar linkage mechanism to achieve the hammering motion.
The document describes the design of a dedicated fixture with a chain conveyor arrangement for a multistage special purpose machine. The fixture is designed to hold engine components like a rear axle carrier, bull gear, and shaft during cleaning operations on a conveyorized automated washing machine. Dedicated fixtures are designed for each component to locate and support them properly. The rear axle carrier fixture uses vertical resting pads. The shaft fixture uses V-shaped rods to locate the shaft. The individual fixtures are mounted on holding plates attached to the conveyor chain to move the components through the washing stages. The chain conveyor and dedicated moving fixtures allow reliable cleaning of complex engine components in an automated process.
The document summarizes the CT4 high-speed Cartesian robot. It has high speeds of up to 2500 mm/s and accelerations of 3.2 G. It has a compact design, high rigidity, and excellent straight line movement. An optional rotational axis can change the direction of workpieces, expanding its applications. It has a large 400x300mm operating range and can install more easily than other robot types. The robot reduces cycle times by 32% compared to conventional robots.
This document discusses the design and optimization of a scissor jack. It begins with an abstract discussing the need to design automobile jacks that are cost-effective, versatile, and durable. It then provides an introduction on the types of jacks commonly used with vehicles and their disadvantages. The document describes the methodology used, which includes a literature review, problem definition, design formulation, case study, and conclusion. It also includes a failure analysis section that examines common failure points in scissor jacks like arm teeth wear, screw failure, and jack head failure. Finally, it presents a sample design calculation for a scissor jack to lift a Mahindra Bolero vehicle, optimizing dimensions and materials for the screw, nuts, pins
This paper presents a novel six degrees of freedom mechanism to integrate conical article with the cylindrical article which are large and heavy. The six desired motions include six linear motions and six rational motions. The linear motions are vertical, longitudinal and lateral. The vertical motion is achieved by toggle jack, longitudinal by wheel and rail assembly and the lateral motion is achieved by cross slides. The three rotational motions namely pitch, yaw and roll are achieved by simultaneous movement of toggle jacks, simultaneous movement of cross slides and rollers respectively. It is designed in such a way that it sustains the weight of the heavy articles and also prevents slipping and toppling of the conical article. This approach helps to satisfy and fulfil the goal of aligning the main article flange to the conical article flange for further bolting. The mechanism is designed keeping in mind factors like ergonomics and aesthetics.
This document provides details on the construction and working of an automatic punching machine. It consists of a DC motor, chain drive mechanism, job feeding rollers, main shaft supported by plummer blocks, geneva wheel mechanism, crank wheel and punching tool. The motor powers the geneva wheel which indexes and drives the job feeding rollers via chain drive, automatically feeding the sheet for punching. The crank wheel converts the motor's rotary motion into reciprocating motion of the punching tool via connecting rod. Proper handling, inspection and installation of plummer blocks and bearings is described to ensure safety and performance.
This seminar report discusses gearless transmission mechanisms. It begins by outlining the need for gearless transmission due to limitations of geared systems. It then describes how gearless transmission works using bent links to transmit power between shafts at any angle without gears. Applications are listed along with manufacturing details. Advantages over geared systems include lower cost, interchangeability, and ability to transmit power at varying angles. Limitations are also discussed along with potential advances.
Introduction of Spur Gear theory by_Prof. Sagar DhotareSagar Dhotare
This PPT contains in formation of spur gear classification, Selection Parameters, Conditions, Tooth profile and System, Materials and Design consideration, Modes of failures
This document discusses the components and design considerations of computer numerical control (CNC) hardware. It describes the structure of CNC machine tools, including rigid beds, spindles, spindle drives, feed drives, and feedback control systems. Specific topics covered include stepper motors, servo motors, lead screws, ball screws, linear motors, encoders, and tooling systems. The goal of the design elements discussed is to enable CNC machine tools to achieve high stiffness, accuracy, and speeds for precision machining applications.
IRJET- Pedal and Rope Operated ForkliftIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design and working of a pedal and rope operated forklift intended for use in small-scale industries. The forklift is designed to lift loads of at least 50 kg and works through three mechanisms - a lifting mechanism using a chain block and gear assembly, a steering mechanism using a bell crank lever, and a pedaling mechanism connecting pedals to gears and chains to power forward and reverse movement. The forklift aims to provide a low-cost and safe material handling solution for small industries compared to fuel-powered forklifts.
Modified Electromagnetic Actuator for Active Suspension SystemDr. Amarjeet Singh
Active suspension is a type of suspension systems which can vary its damping value in order to adjust the spring firmness in accordance with the road conditions. Real Active Suspension incorporates an external actuator which helps in raising or lowering of vehicle chassis independently at each wheel. Generally, the actuators that are used for active suspension are Hydropneumatic, Electro-hydraulic or Electromagnetic actuators. A new concept of two-way electromagnetic actuation with the help of magnetic damping is proposed in this paper, which can extend its arm on both sides to facilitate active suspension mechanism in both humps and potholes. This increases the ride quality while maneuvering not only in humps, but also in dumps. It also describes about the comparison of spring materials, sophisticated design, construction and working principle of newly proposed actuator. Catia V5 software has been used to design and simulate the actuator model, different spring materials are analyzed and their shear stress and deflections are compared.
A presentation on the whitworth quick return mechanism, that covers the historical development of the mechanism, its applications, mathematical analysis, Solidworks and AdamsView Simulation images
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Chain Drive Power Transmission from Station...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a chain drive power transmission system that can transmit power from a stationary source to oscillating devices. The system uses a modified chain with conical teeth that can automatically slide and lock into conical sockets on a driven wheel as the wheel oscillates between -45° and +45°. The design includes a chain section, driver section, and driven section. An analysis of the chain section was conducted using ANSYS software to evaluate stresses and ensure optimal performance. The results show this alternating transmission system can replace machines using multiple drives with a single drive and has applications where power needs to be transmitted to oscillating mechanisms.
The document discusses advances in metrology, including laser interferometry and coordinate measuring machines (CMMs). It describes the principles and components of laser interferometry, including laser sources, optical elements, and measurement receivers. Coordinate measuring machines are discussed, including their construction, types of probes, accuracy considerations, and applications for precision inspection. Computer-aided inspection using machine vision systems is also summarized, outlining the key stages of image generation, processing, and analysis.
This document discusses commutator and carbon brush failure in electric locomotives. It provides details on the operation of electric locomotives and the key components like the pantograph, transformer, rectifier, traction motors. It describes the installation process for carbon brushes and the most common causes of failure which include low or unequal spring pressure, contaminated environments, and incorrect brush grades. Maintaining proper spring tension is important to prevent brush failure and ensure optimal performance.
Development of high temperature magnetic bearingsjinfangliu
The document discusses a NASA/Electron Energy Corporation (EEC) Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) project to develop high temperature permanent magnet biased magnetic bearings and motors. The project aims to utilize EEC's patented SmCo magnets that can operate up to 550°C to develop a technology demonstrator operating at 540°C, including a motor and radial/thrust magnetic bearings. Bench tests of a designed radial bearing show it can produce over 2800N of force at 500°C, around 86% of room temperature performance. A solid model and test apparatus are presented, demonstrating progress toward the project goals.
Active magnetic bearings used as exciters for rolling element bearing outer r...ISA Interchange
The active health monitoring of rotordynamic systems in the presence of bearing outer race defect is considered in this paper. The shaft is assumed to be supported by conventional mechanical bearings and an active magnetic bearing (AMB) is used in the mid of the shaft location as an exciter to apply electromagnetic force to the system. We investigate a nonlinear bearing-pedestal system model with the outer race defect under the electromagnetic force. The nonlinear differential equations are integrated using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta algorithm. The simulation and experimental results show that the characteristic signal of outer race incipient defect is significantly amplified under the electromagnetic force through the AMBs, which is helpful to improve the diagnosis accuracy of rolling element bearing's incipient outer race defect.
This document describes the design and construction of an automatic roll punching machine that uses a geneva wheel mechanism to feed metal sheets automatically for punching. The machine aims to reduce setup and punching times compared to conventional manual punching. It consists of two sections - a geneva wheel and chain drive that moves metal sheets, and a crank wheel and connecting rod that converts rotational motion into linear reciprocating motion of the punch tool. When switched on, the motor rotates the crank wheel to punch holes in the automatically fed metal sheet. The geneva wheel indexes with each revolution to advance the sheet for the next punch. This low-cost automatic punching machine reduces labor costs and improves output efficiency.
Project report on Geneva operated belt conveyor By Indrakumar R PadwaniINDRAKUMAR PADWANI
This document describes a project report on a Geneva operated belt conveyor. It introduces the Geneva mechanism, which converts continuous rotation into intermittent motion. It then describes different types of belt conveyors and conveyor systems. The components of the Geneva belt conveyor system are identified as the driving wheel, driven wheel, conveyor belt, rollers, bearings, and stand. The working of the system is to use the Geneva mechanism to drive the conveyor belt intermittently to transport materials.
Geometrical Analysis and Design of Tension-Actuated Ackermann Steering System...Scientific Review SR
The tension-actuated steering system is a vehicular steering design that comprises a motorized gear system, pulleys, inelastic string, main steering bar, and a strain gauge. This development is aimed to produce a steering design that could enhance the efficiency of steering systems in quad-wheeled (i.e. four-wheeled) robots. In this work, the steering system of conventional passenger vehicles and existing quad-wheeled robots are reviewed and their technical deficiencies are improved based on cost, power and production factors. Thus, the tension-actuated steering system is proposed as a solution for mechanizing steering functions in quad-wheeled robots. It is expected that this work will stimulate interest and enthusiasm.
Design mini-project for TY mechanical studentsRavindra Shinde
In these project, we have designed a lifting table suitable to use in college . By adjusting the height of table any student can have proper sitting posture and position. It is also helpful for programmers/coders who have to seat for a long time, by having such a table they can do coding in a standing position too.
This document provides details of an automatic portable hammering machine mini project report submitted by students. It includes an abstract that discusses CAD modeling, design, and analysis of the machine. The objectives are to design and fabricate an automatic hammering machine that can perform manufacturing operations like riveting and forging. The report describes the components of the machine like the DC motor, hammer, disc, and drive shaft. It provides calculations for the maximum torque generated by the motor, impact velocity of the hammer, and torque force. The design utilizes a double rocker four-bar linkage mechanism to achieve the hammering motion.
The document describes the design of a dedicated fixture with a chain conveyor arrangement for a multistage special purpose machine. The fixture is designed to hold engine components like a rear axle carrier, bull gear, and shaft during cleaning operations on a conveyorized automated washing machine. Dedicated fixtures are designed for each component to locate and support them properly. The rear axle carrier fixture uses vertical resting pads. The shaft fixture uses V-shaped rods to locate the shaft. The individual fixtures are mounted on holding plates attached to the conveyor chain to move the components through the washing stages. The chain conveyor and dedicated moving fixtures allow reliable cleaning of complex engine components in an automated process.
The document summarizes the CT4 high-speed Cartesian robot. It has high speeds of up to 2500 mm/s and accelerations of 3.2 G. It has a compact design, high rigidity, and excellent straight line movement. An optional rotational axis can change the direction of workpieces, expanding its applications. It has a large 400x300mm operating range and can install more easily than other robot types. The robot reduces cycle times by 32% compared to conventional robots.
This document discusses the design and optimization of a scissor jack. It begins with an abstract discussing the need to design automobile jacks that are cost-effective, versatile, and durable. It then provides an introduction on the types of jacks commonly used with vehicles and their disadvantages. The document describes the methodology used, which includes a literature review, problem definition, design formulation, case study, and conclusion. It also includes a failure analysis section that examines common failure points in scissor jacks like arm teeth wear, screw failure, and jack head failure. Finally, it presents a sample design calculation for a scissor jack to lift a Mahindra Bolero vehicle, optimizing dimensions and materials for the screw, nuts, pins
This paper presents a novel six degrees of freedom mechanism to integrate conical article with the cylindrical article which are large and heavy. The six desired motions include six linear motions and six rational motions. The linear motions are vertical, longitudinal and lateral. The vertical motion is achieved by toggle jack, longitudinal by wheel and rail assembly and the lateral motion is achieved by cross slides. The three rotational motions namely pitch, yaw and roll are achieved by simultaneous movement of toggle jacks, simultaneous movement of cross slides and rollers respectively. It is designed in such a way that it sustains the weight of the heavy articles and also prevents slipping and toppling of the conical article. This approach helps to satisfy and fulfil the goal of aligning the main article flange to the conical article flange for further bolting. The mechanism is designed keeping in mind factors like ergonomics and aesthetics.
This document provides details on the construction and working of an automatic punching machine. It consists of a DC motor, chain drive mechanism, job feeding rollers, main shaft supported by plummer blocks, geneva wheel mechanism, crank wheel and punching tool. The motor powers the geneva wheel which indexes and drives the job feeding rollers via chain drive, automatically feeding the sheet for punching. The crank wheel converts the motor's rotary motion into reciprocating motion of the punching tool via connecting rod. Proper handling, inspection and installation of plummer blocks and bearings is described to ensure safety and performance.
This seminar report discusses gearless transmission mechanisms. It begins by outlining the need for gearless transmission due to limitations of geared systems. It then describes how gearless transmission works using bent links to transmit power between shafts at any angle without gears. Applications are listed along with manufacturing details. Advantages over geared systems include lower cost, interchangeability, and ability to transmit power at varying angles. Limitations are also discussed along with potential advances.
Introduction of Spur Gear theory by_Prof. Sagar DhotareSagar Dhotare
This PPT contains in formation of spur gear classification, Selection Parameters, Conditions, Tooth profile and System, Materials and Design consideration, Modes of failures
This document discusses the components and design considerations of computer numerical control (CNC) hardware. It describes the structure of CNC machine tools, including rigid beds, spindles, spindle drives, feed drives, and feedback control systems. Specific topics covered include stepper motors, servo motors, lead screws, ball screws, linear motors, encoders, and tooling systems. The goal of the design elements discussed is to enable CNC machine tools to achieve high stiffness, accuracy, and speeds for precision machining applications.
IRJET- Pedal and Rope Operated ForkliftIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design and working of a pedal and rope operated forklift intended for use in small-scale industries. The forklift is designed to lift loads of at least 50 kg and works through three mechanisms - a lifting mechanism using a chain block and gear assembly, a steering mechanism using a bell crank lever, and a pedaling mechanism connecting pedals to gears and chains to power forward and reverse movement. The forklift aims to provide a low-cost and safe material handling solution for small industries compared to fuel-powered forklifts.
Modified Electromagnetic Actuator for Active Suspension SystemDr. Amarjeet Singh
Active suspension is a type of suspension systems which can vary its damping value in order to adjust the spring firmness in accordance with the road conditions. Real Active Suspension incorporates an external actuator which helps in raising or lowering of vehicle chassis independently at each wheel. Generally, the actuators that are used for active suspension are Hydropneumatic, Electro-hydraulic or Electromagnetic actuators. A new concept of two-way electromagnetic actuation with the help of magnetic damping is proposed in this paper, which can extend its arm on both sides to facilitate active suspension mechanism in both humps and potholes. This increases the ride quality while maneuvering not only in humps, but also in dumps. It also describes about the comparison of spring materials, sophisticated design, construction and working principle of newly proposed actuator. Catia V5 software has been used to design and simulate the actuator model, different spring materials are analyzed and their shear stress and deflections are compared.
A presentation on the whitworth quick return mechanism, that covers the historical development of the mechanism, its applications, mathematical analysis, Solidworks and AdamsView Simulation images
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Chain Drive Power Transmission from Station...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a chain drive power transmission system that can transmit power from a stationary source to oscillating devices. The system uses a modified chain with conical teeth that can automatically slide and lock into conical sockets on a driven wheel as the wheel oscillates between -45° and +45°. The design includes a chain section, driver section, and driven section. An analysis of the chain section was conducted using ANSYS software to evaluate stresses and ensure optimal performance. The results show this alternating transmission system can replace machines using multiple drives with a single drive and has applications where power needs to be transmitted to oscillating mechanisms.
The document discusses advances in metrology, including laser interferometry and coordinate measuring machines (CMMs). It describes the principles and components of laser interferometry, including laser sources, optical elements, and measurement receivers. Coordinate measuring machines are discussed, including their construction, types of probes, accuracy considerations, and applications for precision inspection. Computer-aided inspection using machine vision systems is also summarized, outlining the key stages of image generation, processing, and analysis.
This document presents a design for an in-pipe inspection robot with an Adaptable Quad Arm Mechanism (AQAM) and Swivel Hand Mechanism (SHM) to enable it to navigate various pipe configurations, including branches and elbows. The AQAM allows the arms to rotate independently, allowing the robot to traverse reduced branch pipes and zero-radius curves. The SHM enables the robot to change its orientation by rotating the "hands" to bypass obstacles. A prototype was built and tested, demonstrating it could successfully navigate branch pipes and elbows of different diameters and orientations. The mechanisms aim to address issues faced by previous in-pipe robots in inspecting complex pipe networks.
This document describes the design of a pipe inspection robot. The robot is designed to crawl inside pipes and use a camera to identify defects. It uses a four-bar linkage mechanism with wheels connected by links to move inside pipes of varying diameters. The objectives are to fabricate the robot using CAD, determine the required motor torque and voltage, and test its ability to move inside pipes. Experiments are conducted to validate the design in pipes of different orientations. The robot is able to successfully inspect pipes and transmit video to identify cracks and corrosion.
This document discusses advances in metrology, specifically laser metrology and interferometry. It begins by explaining the principles and components of lasers and how they are used for precision measurement. Examples of laser measuring machines described include laser telemetric systems, laser and LED distance measuring instruments, scanning laser gauges, and laser interferometers. Interferometry uses laser beams to perform highly accurate linear and angular measurements. Coordinate measuring machines and digital devices for computer-aided inspection are also summarized.
1. A comparator is a precision instrument used to compare the dimensions of a workpiece to a master standard. It indicates how much the workpiece differs from the standard dimension but does not provide an actual measurement.
2. Comparators are required for mass production to quickly and consistently check that parts meet dimensional specifications without having to directly measure each one. They eliminate human error and require little skill to operate.
3. Good comparators have robust designs, are sensitive, versatile, unaffected by environmental conditions, and provide quick, clear readings. The contact points should withstand wear and the system must be free of backlash and friction.
This presentation summarizes a student project to design, prototype, and control a hospital cot. The objectives are to allow sliding the sleeping surface between two beds and introducing five types of motion in a single bed. The project uses rack and pinion gears to enable sliding, and air pumps to inflate the right and left sides of the bed. Sensors and motors are controlled using a microcontroller. Materials were selected based on mechanical properties and cost. The presentation provides details on the motor, controller, and other mechanical components designed to safely support patients.
In this project, I analyzed a eight-legged form of the Theo Jansen Walker linkage design.
Theo Jansen, the initial inventor of this design, has been creating this type of sustainable kinematic contraptions since 1990.
They are referred to as ‘Strandbeests’, because their first existence started on the beach.
Their strong characteristic of these walkers is the fact that they do not require any sensors, motors, or other technology to control or power its movements.
This report will highlight the design strengths of this beast by showing the motion and kinematic analysis performed by the ‘leg movements’ of the walker when powered by a hypothetical motor.
This document contains a report from a group of civil engineering students at the University of Malaysia Pahang on a theodolite traversing exercise. The group conducted a traverse survey within the university campus to establish control networks and locate survey stations. They measured bearing and length between stations using a total station. Their report includes an introduction, objectives, equipment used, procedures, field book, scaled drawing of the survey, and analysis. The traverse was completed within specifications for angular and linear closure errors.
IRJET- Design and Analysis Material Handling System using Kinematic Mecha...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a material handling system using a kinematic mechanism. The system aims to replace conventional conveyor belts with a low-cost, intermittent motion system using linkages and a motor. It uses a double crank mechanism to convert the motor's rotary motion into reciprocating motion. The design is modeled in CREO and analyzed in ANSYS to test for displacement and stress. The system is intended to automate material handling for small scale industries in a affordable and low maintenance way.
The document provides information about using an Atmel 89S52 microcontroller to control servo motors. It includes sections about servo motors, the Atmel 89S52 microcontroller, and sample Keil code. The Atmel 89S52 has features like 8K bytes of flash memory, 256 bytes of RAM, timers/counters, and I/O ports that make it suitable for controlling servo motors. The Keil code section implies the document contains or references code written for the Atmel 89S52 in Keil software.
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1. SIDDAGANGA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
REPORT OF INTERNSHIP AT DHVANI RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT SOLUTIONS
IIT MADRAS RESEARCH PARK
CHENNAI-600036
BY:-
VEETURI SANYASI SRICHARAN
USN: 1SI10ME134
B.E, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SIT, TUMKUR-572103
2. CONTENTS
1. Acknowledgement
2. Abstract
3. Introduction
4. Parametric functions
5. Design of HAPP tungsten rod inspector
6. Four wheel scanner
7. Segment scanner-650
8. Manual four wheel scanner
9. Compact manual four wheel scanner
10. Summary
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I would like to thank Prof. Krishnan Balasubramaniam, Professor,
Department of mechanical engineering, IIT Madras and Mrs. Sujatha Chakravarthy
for giving me this opportunity to do my summer internship at Dhvani research and
development solutions pvt. Ltd.
I would also like to thank my mentor and guide in Dhvani Mr. Ressel P Painingal,
for his ever- supporting and able guidance.
I would like to thank Mrs. Padma Purushothaman for introducing me to a few new
aspects of the software I was using (Solidworks).
Last, but not the least, I would like to thank all employees of Dhvani research and
co-interns for making my stay fruitful and enjoyable.
4. ABSTRACT
Inspection of product during fabrication and operation is an important and essential
part in the industry to enhance the lifetime of the component. Failure of such
inspections leads to breaking down of the component resulting significant delays as
well as growth and finance of the company. Therefore, on-site routine non-
destructive testing helps in monitoring the ageing effects, such as, corrosion,
cracks, faults etc. Non-destructive testing includes many methods and among them
Liquid penetrate test, ultrasonic test, eddy current test are simple and versatile.
The most widely used apparatus is the ultrasonic scan test machines. Development
of such machines requires expensive and time consuming efforts. In addition to
this, each client may have a different demand to which we should either modify the
existing model or come up with an entirely new model. Ideally, it is desirable to
have a flexible machine which can be used in different environments to do the
required job with minimum manpower requirements. Therefore, it is advisable to
optimize all these parameters before proceeding to the final fabrication of the
product. There are several CAD (Computer aided Design) software packages
which help in designing and optimizing of a required product.
In the present work, Solidworks CAD package has been used to design various
types of assemblies which are used for a wide range of applications from a four
wheel driven scanner for the inspection of axial pipe or rods or objects with similar
geometry. Further the efforts were also devoted to parameterize the several objects
including above geometries.
5. INTRODUCTION
The ultrasonic testing is done with the help of a transducer which is made of a
piezoelectric substance i.e. a substance which changes its shape depending on the
amount of electric charge applied on it. Hence, when an AC source is applied,
these molecules/atoms oscillate at high frequencies thus giving rise to a high
frequency wave which is guided through a specimen to. There are two ways of
receiving the waves namely reflection and attenuation.
Reflection (Pulse echo mode):- Here, the transducer sends the sound and
receives it through an interface such as the back wall of an object or from an
imperfection in the object. The diagnostic machine then displays these
results in the form of a signal with amplitude representing the intensity of
the reflection and the distance representing the arrival time of the reflection.
Attenuation (Through transmission):- Here, the transmitter sends the
ultrasound and a separate receiver receives the sound and the diagnostic
machine interprets the signal and shows where the defect is.
There are three principle ways of ultrasonic test.
1. A scan: Here, the probe is fixed at a point, and readings are taken only at the
point. To get readings at different points on a specimen, the work piece will
have to be moved to the desired orientation.
2. B-Scan: Here, the probe can be moved in a linear path. Hence, for this type of
scan, indexing of the specimen is required. That is, the probe moves along a
line and takes readings, then the specimen is moved by some amount, and the
readings are taken along a different line.
6. 3. C-Scan: The probe in this type of scan is capable of moving in two
perpendicular directions. Hence, readings could be taken anywhere on the
plane containing the two axes of motion.
There are numerous advantages. Some of them are:-
1. High penetrating power, hence can detect deep flaws.
2. High sensitivity.
3. Only the surface needs to be accessible
4. Non-hazardous and portable.
5. Greater accuracy than other NDT methods.
1. PARAMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1.1 Introduction
Parameters are numeric entities (in this case dimensions) which are specified by
the user to build a model e.g. length, breadth, height etc.
1.2 Parameters in Solidworks
Parameters in Solidworks are nothing but the dimensions which we use to define a
body. Each feature like boss extrude, cut extrude etc. and sketch dimensions are
individual parameters which can be altered separately. These parameters can be
altered through the design table. We can create a design table by going to the insert
7. tab in the toolbar and then in the tables tab, we find the design table option, as
shown in the screen shot.
The design table
8. 1.3 Equations
Solidworks gives us the option to define equations and relate the different
parameters in a given part. You can make as many configurations (with different
names) as possible and can select them in an assembly by clicking on the
component and then selecting the desired configuration from the component
properties as shown. Even in assemblies, we can relate the driving dimension of
one part to another dimension of another part and in this way, we can change the
scale of the entire assembly by changing one dimension.
This was very useful especially in case of the three wheel inspector, where you
have to make an inspector of a different scale for a pipe of different outer diameter.
2. HAPP TUNGSTEN ROD INSPECTOR
2.1 Design requirements
The tungsten inspector is intended for structural integrity inspection of Heavy alloy
blanks manufactured through Powder Metallurgy route.
The other requirements made were as follows:-
The inspector should be able to accept specimen of diameter ranging from 22mm
to 35mm and length ranging from 300mm to 1200mm.
The density of the specimen ranges from 16.5 to 18.5gm/cc
The design should have an immersion tank for A, B and C scan inspection.
9. The design should have fully automated 2 axis 5 probe ultrasonic flaw detecting
mechanism.
The design should have a fully automated feed in and feed out system.
The machine should be able to inspect 120 pieces in 10 hours i.e. one specimen
must not take more than 5 minutes for inspection.
2.2 Conceptual design
An overall outline of the design is as follows:-
The feed mechanism consists of an inclined sheet on which the rods to be
inspected are placed. The sheet is inclined at an angle of 5 degrees to the
horizontal.
The specimen should then be shifted towards the inspection tank, for which we
have an assembly of rollers on a 20X20mm aluminium extrusion supported by
160X40 mm aluminium extrusion at the base.
The specimen is moved on the rollers and is sensed by a proximity sensor.
Then it is taken into the tank with the help of a lifting system placed between
the rollers.
10. The specimen is the moved in the vertical direction with the help of an LM
guide system which places the specimen at the bottom of the tank on two
rollers which are coupled with the help of chain and sprocket drive.
Only one of the shafts is driven (since the other one is connected) by a motor.
Since the motor cannot be placed inside the tank, hence it is placed just outside
the tank beneath the feed tray. The place where the motor shaft enters the tank
is sealed with a mechanical seal to avoid leakage.
A vertical guide is used for performing the scan which can travel in horizontal
direction also (rack and pinion system).
The specimen is again placed on the rollers the way it was taken.
The specimen is then placed in the acceptor tray and is rolled down.
2.3 Conclusion:-
The design given above is just a proposed model and is only the first iteration.
Many practical problems may arise during the fabrication and in the working of the
inspector which have to be taken into account and more iterations should be
performed. But since this project is not sanctioned as yet, hence I was told to leave
it there.
11. 3. FOUR WHEEL SCANNER
3.1 Disadvantages of the present three wheel scanner
The three wheel scanner which we have has quite a few disadvantages some of
which are:-
LOW STABILITY:- The three wheel scanner could only
travel a small distance at a stretch i.e. we could not
assure the stability of this scanner since it has three wheels and was a one
wheel drive. Hence, once the centre of gravity shifts from the path of travel, the
scanner starts to deviate from its original path.
12. ONE WHEEL DRIVE:- The three wheel scanner was powered by a single kn
lk motor. This motor was attached to the rear wheel
and the power was transmitted with the help of a system of spur gears. Hence
the whole load of the scanner used to fall on this motor.
NO STEERING FACILITY:- The three wheel scanner has
no steering facility i.e. it can only move in a
straight line path and the user cannot steer the scanner manually. This creates a
grave problem because if the scanner slips/deviates from its original path, then
it is almost impossible to get the scanner back to its original path without
human intervention.
3.2 Advantages of four wheel scanner
The newly drafted design for the four wheel scanner for pipe inspection has
several advantages over the previous scanner.
13. HIGHER STABILITY:- The new scanner has four ads‟
wheels supporting it i.e. it has good geometric symmetry and
hence can travel in a specified path with ease.
FOUR WHEEL DRIVE:- This scanner has all four a
driving wheels i.e. two wheels, on opposite sides,
are directly connected to the wheels and the other wheels on their
respective sides are connected to these wheels with the help of a timing
pulley as shown in figure.
MANUAL STEERING IS POSSIBLE:- In this type of scanner,
manual steering is possible since we can alter the direction of the
rotating wheels by changing the polarity of the wheels. Hence we can
steer the scanner back onto path even if it deviates from its original path.
3.3 Key features of the four wheel scanner:-
The main highlights of the four wheel scanner are as follows:-
14. 1. The four wheel scanner employs high performance Swiss motors which
are capable of delivering a speed of 20 rpm.
2. This is a four wheel drive hence we can assure higher stability,
repeatability, accuracy, speed and precision to the client.
3. The four wheel scanner also uses high quality lifton magnets which have
high magnetic power. These are used in the wheels for scanning on
ferrous surfaces e.g. pipes, tanks, plates etc.
4. The four wheel scanner has a wide range of application since it can be
used on pipes of 6 inch outer diameter to flat surface inspection.
5. This scanner is very robust and can scan almost all type of surfaces for
defects.
3.4 Applications
The four wheel scanner can be used in many areas and for almost any type of
scan some of which are:-
i. This can be used to perform phased array scans on pipes.
ii. This can be used for inspection of storage tanks.
iii. This can be used for inspection of flat surfaces also.
15. 4. SEGMENT SCANNER-650
4.1 Introduction
This scanner has been named so because it is capable of scanning a specific
segment/ a custom defined area of breadth 650 mm for defects. This is
especially useful for scanning large storage tanks where you know scanning the
whole area will take a lot of time but you know the approximate area where the
defect is present.
4.2 Advantages
There are several advantages of this scanner:-
1. This is a completely automatic system which can be used for inspecting
large areas which otherwise take a lot of time and the data can be stored
for later analysis.
2. This can be used to inspect an individual segment of a large structure as
many times as the user wants.
3. This is capable of travelling even on vertical surfaces since it has
magnetic wheels.
4. This can be used to perform axial scans on large diameter pipes.
4.3 Key design features:-
16. This scanner is made of two smaller four wheel “carriages” which
support the scanner.
Each individual carriage is driven by two swiss 20 rpm motors through a
worm wheel-worm arrangement as shown in the figure.
The two carriages are connected with a 20X20 aluminium extrusion.
A GSR-R series linear motion guide with a rack at one end is mounted
on this aluminium extrusion for the linear motion of the transducer.
A stepped motor is provided on top of the LM guide piece for moving
the transducer.
The power is transmitted through a system of spur gears to the pinion at
the other end. This pinion directly mates with the rack as shown in the
figure.
18. 5. MANUAL FOUR WHEEL SCANNER
5.1 Introduction
This four wheel scanner is a manual one i.e. it can be manually driven wherever
the user wants to inspect. There are two swiveling arms on either side of the
scanner which carry two transducers each which consist of torsion springs which
ensure that the transducers always remain in contact with the surface being
inspected.
5.2 Advantages
The advantages of this type of scanner are:-
Manual scanner, hence stability, path followed etc. entirely depend on the
user.
There are two swiveling arms which can be adjusted to a suitable position
based on the outer diameter of the pipe.
There are two transducers on either side of the scanner which can give more
precise results.
This scanner can be used to scan in any user defined way i.e. the user can
specify the area, location and the number of times (If no satisfactory results
are obtained the first time) the scanner has to perform the scan, since it is
completely handled by the user.
This scanner has a soft spring suspension which resists excessive human
force and hence prevents the scanner from damage.
19. 5.3 Key design features
The key design aspects of this scanner are as follows
This scanner mainly has a central „I‟ shape frame to which there are two
swiveling arms attached.
This scanner has two adjustable transducers on each arm which have
torsional springs to ensure that the transducer always remains in contact with
the specimen.
The scanner‟s wheels are just 110mm apart, hence can move with ease on a
pipe of external diameter ranging from 6 inches to a flat surface.
The wheels have soft springs between the wheels and the rigid frame which
are used to absorb excessive human force
THE MANUAL SCANNER
21. 6. COMPACT MANUAL FOUR WHEEL SCANNER
6.1 Introduction
This is but a smaller version of the manual four wheel scanner. This is useful for
scanning irregular surfaces. This scanner has two transducer holders placed on
either side of the scanner i.e. it can accommodate a total of four transducers.
6.2 Advantages
There are several advantages of this type of scanner some of which are:-
This scanner is very compact with dimensions 390mm X 120mm
This scanner is manually driven and can be used for custom scanning.
Major applications include scanning rugged surfaces.
This scanner has two transducers on either side with springs to hold
them down i.e. a total of four transducer holders.
6.2 Key design features
The key design features include:-
This scanner consists of a central „I‟ shape frame which is made of 20 X 20
mm aluminum extrusions.
This scanner has four wheels of 50 outer diameter lifton magnets separated
by 52 outer diameter washers.
22. This scanner consists of spring loaded transducer holders.
THE COMPACT FOUR WHEEL SCANNER
THE FOUR WHEEL SCANNER ON A SHEET
23. 7. SUMMARY
Thus, I would like to conclude my report stating that my stay at DHVANI
RESEARCH AND DEVLOPMENT has been fruitful and satisfactory.
Solidworks drafting and designing have been learnt successfully
and also taught to other employees. Thanks to my co- intern Aravind
Govindarajan, I even learnt basics of Solidworks simulations.
Thus all the different models were made but since designing is
an iterative process and factors such as availability of parts in market,
feasibility, cost of production etc have to be taken into consideration, hence I
conclude that the first iteration for each model has been completed.