The document discusses the evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) from its early beginnings with connected home appliances to its current state as a major driver of the fourth industrial revolution. It describes how IoT allows machines, devices, and objects to connect and exchange data over networks, enabling the integration of operational technology (OT) with information technology (IT). This brings opportunities for new revenue streams through predictive maintenance, remote monitoring, and new business models like product-as-a-service. However, the complexity of connecting many distributed devices to multiple business applications poses challenges. The document proposes architectures like IoT platforms, edge gateways, and integration frameworks to help tame this complexity and enable IoT at scale.

1. Internet of Things
Roberto Siagri
20-4-2021

2. In the beginning there was a TCP/IP Toaster
• First home appliances TCP/IP connected

3. Internet Connected and Internet of Things

4. Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing
"The Computer for the 21st Century", Scientific American,
Vol. 265 No.9, pp. 66-75, 1991
Mark Weiser
The most profound
technologies are those
that disappear.
They weave themselves
into the fabric of everyday
life until they are
indistinguishable from it

5. The Pervasive Computer
Machine-2-Machine / Internet of Things applications everywhere…
5

6. ‘Things’
are making
the
difference
in 2025
79 ZB of data will
be generated by
IoT devices
The Internet of Things

7. “If you went to bed last night as an
industrial company, you’re going to
wake up this morning as a software
and analytics company.”
Data and the 4^ Industrial Revolution
Data is the new raw material:
new source of innovation & lever to achieve business sustainability.
Jeff Immelt former GE CEO

8. Software Defined Machines
Mechanics
Source: adapted from “Software gibt den Takt vor”, C. Kühnl in “Mechatronic & Fertigung”, 2010
SW
Software
+
AI
Services
Mobile
Comm.-
5G
Electronics
3^ Industrial Revolution 4^ Industrial Revolution
Electric
parts
Mechanics
Electronics
Edge
Computing
Data
Gravity

9. Digital Twins

10. Data Lake
Things
(Assets/Products)
New Business
Models
Digital
Twins
Internet of Things

11. The Data Lake: the dawn of Industry 4.0
Mobile App Web App 3rd party back-end
integration
Process Control
ERP, EMS
SCADA vs Industrial IoT
Enterprise resource
planning level

12. From Industrial Production to Digital Production
World Economic Forum:
Industrial Internet of Things: Unleashing the Potential
of Connected Products and Services Jan.2015
Short
Medium-Long
1. Operational Efficiency
2. New Products and Services
3. Outcome Economy
4. Autonomous Pull Economy
Time
Growth
eceptive
igitalization
isruption
ematerialization
emonetization
emocratization
D
Credit: Peter Diamandis
IoT
AI

13. Industry needs to combine IT and OT
IT OT
Internet of
Things
Information Technology
Business Process Automation
& Office Automation
Operational Technology
Industrial Process Automation
& Factory Automation
i.e:
Engagement
i.e.:
Predictive Maintenance
+
IoT enables the fusion of IT & OT

14. OT business opportunities
because of IT integration
• Predictive maintenance
• Remote Monitoring & Assets
Performance Management
• Operational efficiency and
productivity gains
• New more performing Products

15. IT business opportunities
because of OT integration
• Increase Customer Retention
and Fidelization
• New Business Models
- products-as-a-service
- pay-per-use
- monetization of data

16. The complexity trap in IoT
In need of a bridge between Distributed Things and Multiple Business Apps
Business
Applications
Sensors,
Actuators,
Displays, …
@
16
How do we
tame
complexity?
?
IT
OT

17. The complexity trap in IoT
In need of a bridge between Distributed Things and Multiple Business Apps
Business
Applications
Sensors,
Actuators,
Displays, …
@
17
How do we
tame
complexity?
?
IT
OT

18. The complexity trap in IoT
In need of a bridge between Distributed Things and Multiple Business Apps
Business
Applications
Sensors,
Actuators,
Displays, …
@
18
How do we
tame
complexity?
?
IT
OT
X X

19. X
No more vertical M2M Applications
IoT = Horizontal M2M

20. The IT & OT Pyramids
Internet of Things = Things to Cloud
Mobile & Web Apps
IoT platform
Public Private
Cloud
Telecom
Infrastructure
WAN
Networks
SW Gateway
(Software Frameworks )
Gateways
CLOUD
IT
OT

21. The IT & OT Pyramids
Internet of Things = Things to Cloud
Mobile & Web Apps
IoT platform
Public Private
Cloud
Telecom
Infrastructure
WAN
Networks
SW Gateway
(Software Frameworks )
Gateways
CLOUD
IT
OT

22. The IT & OT Pyramids
Internet of Things = Things to Cloud
Mobile & Web Apps
IoT platform
Public Private
Cloud
Telecom
Infrastructure
WAN
Networks
SW Gateway
(Software Frameworks )
Gateways
IT
OT

23. Building a bridge between Field and Business apps
Business
Applications
PLCs, Sensors,
Actuators, HMIs
@
Multi-
Service
Gateway
IoT Cloud Platform
IoT
Integration
Platform
IoT Gateway Framework

24. Building a bridge between Field and Business apps
Business
Applications
PLCs, Sensors,
Actuators, HMIs
@
Multi-
Service
Gateway
IoT Cloud Platform
IoT
Integration
Platform
IoT Gateway Framework

25. The coupling trap in IoT
In need of a bridge between Distributed Things and Multiple Business Apps
?
?
Business
Apps @
API Interfaces
IoT
Integration
Platform
Act
Integrate
Store
Control
Connect
+
Field Interfaces
Field
Devices
Multi-
Service
IoT Gateway
Communicate
Compute
Collect
25
Data
Consumers
Data
Producers
How do we
tame market and
technology
uncertainties?
? ?

26. Mobile & Web Apps
APIs
IoT Platform
DataCenter
IoT : the IT Pyramid
Internet of Things = Co-Innovation Platform
IT
Co-Ideate
Co-Fund
Co-Build
Co-Distribute
Co-Market
Co-Sell
Co-Revenue Share
SaaS
PaaS
IaaS

27. IoT : the OT Pyramid
Internet of Things = Scalability & HW agnostic
WAN
Software Defined
Gateway
HW Gateways
Fieldbus, PAN, I/O
OT Wired and Wireless Network
Infrastructure
Frameworks with Field
Protocols

28. Green Field vs. Brown Field

29. Apps, Data Analytics, Predictive Tools
Enterprise-Class IoT Architecture
IoT Edge Gateway
IoT Integration Platform

30. IoT Architecture
IoT Gateway
IoT Cloud Platform
Business Applications
• Connectivity / Message Routing
• Device Registry and Management
• Data Management and Storage
• Event Management
• Application Enablement
• Communications/messaging
• Data pre-processing
• Real-time data analytics
• Real-time actions/rules
• Application Container
• Remote management
• Communications/messaging
• Data acquisition

31. Dissecting an IoT Platform
Application Integration
Security
Administration
Device Management
Data Management
Device
Connectivity

32. IoT HW Gateway
Dissecting an IoT Edge Framework
Linux
Java SE / OSGi
Device Abstraction
Basic Gateway
Services
Network Configuration
Network
Configuration
Connectivity and
Delivery
Admin
Web-based
UI Admin
GUI
Applications
Visual Application
Security
Data Flows - Wires
Digital
Twins
Device
Management
Protocols
Drivers
Custom Application
Custom Application

33. Gartner ‘Three Tiers’ IoT Architecture
Reference Architecture
IoT Edge Gateways

34. 2006: Performance Economy
1- today's assets will be tomorrow's resources
2- at yesterday's resource prices
3- the business model to do this is the
sale of goods as services
Walter Stahel

35. PSS : Product Service Systems
Pure
Product
1:
Product
Oriented
2:
Product-use
Oriented
Pure
Service
3:
Result
Oriented
The Value is
to a large
extent
contained in
the product
The Value is
to a large
extent
contained in
the service
Product-Service System
Service Content
(intangible)
Product Content
(tangible)

36. Digitization
is opening the door
to a new phase of
sustainable
growth
driven by
new
service oriented
business models
Source: Infographics by the
Government of Japan visualizing
a Society 5.0
Digitization for a Super Smart Society
IoT
Big
Data
AI
Robot

37. Libro Bianco sull’IoT di ANIE digitale
www.anie.it

38. Roberto.Siagri@outlook.com
Thank You!