This presentation examines the legal conflicts that can arise due to the Internet being borderless and different countries having different laws. Possible solutions are offered.
Introduction to Cyber Wrongs, Conventional Crimes and Torts Through Computers,
Crimes and Torts Committed on a Computer Network and Relating to Electronic
Mail, Crimes Relating to Data Alteration/Destruction, Issues of Jurisdiction and
Applicable Law in Cyberspace, Enforcement Issues in Cyberspace, Online Dispute
Resolution, cyber stalking; cyber pornography; forgery and fraud; crime related to
IPRs; Cyber terrorism; computer vandalism
This document provides a comparative study of the processes for amending the constitutions of the United Kingdom, United States, and India. It outlines the amendment procedures for each country. In the United States, amendments can be proposed either through Congress or a national convention, and require ratification by 3/4 of state legislatures. In the UK, Parliament can amend the unwritten constitution through ordinary legislation. India's amendment process involves approval by a supermajority in Parliament. The document analyzes differences in flexibility between the constitutions and the involvement of state legislatures in federal systems like the US and India.
Cyber Crime and its Jurisdictional Issue'sDhurba Mainali
This document discusses cyber crime and issues of jurisdiction. It begins with background on the growth of internet usage and the rise of cyber crime. It then defines cyber crime and outlines its history. The document describes several common types of cyber crimes such as hacking, identity theft, cyber stalking, theft, and spoofing. It discusses the challenges of jurisdiction for cyber crimes, distinguishing between subject matter and personal jurisdiction. An example case involving jurisdiction is provided. The conclusion emphasizes the need for international cooperation and evolving cyber laws to address new forms of cyber crime.
Doctrinal legal research analyzes statutes, cases, and legal principles to understand prevailing legal doctrines. It aims to develop consistent theories of law. Non-doctrinal research examines law's relationship with social values and institutions through empirical data. It seeks to understand if legal theories are appropriate and valid in society. While doctrinal research emphasizes substantive law, non-doctrinal research assesses law's social impact. The two approaches complement one another, with doctrinal research clarifying law and non-doctrinal research providing social context.
Jurisdictional Issues In Internet DisputesTalwant Singh
This document discusses various jurisdictional issues that arise in internet disputes. It covers different approaches taken by courts around the world in determining jurisdiction for online disputes. Issues around applicable law and enforcing foreign judgments are also examined. Several suggestions are proposed to address jurisdictional uncertainty for cross-border internet transactions, including developing uniform internet laws or alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, but each approach faces challenges in implementation.
The document discusses cyber laws and provides an overview of key concepts related to cyber laws in India. It defines key terms like cyberspace, discusses the fundamentals and jurisprudence of cyber law, and outlines some of the major provisions and amendments of the Information Technology Act, 2000, which is the primary law governing cyber laws in India. The document also discusses the evolution of e-commerce and provides examples of e-governance initiatives in India.
Introduction to Cyber Wrongs, Conventional Crimes and Torts Through Computers,
Crimes and Torts Committed on a Computer Network and Relating to Electronic
Mail, Crimes Relating to Data Alteration/Destruction, Issues of Jurisdiction and
Applicable Law in Cyberspace, Enforcement Issues in Cyberspace, Online Dispute
Resolution, cyber stalking; cyber pornography; forgery and fraud; crime related to
IPRs; Cyber terrorism; computer vandalism
This document provides a comparative study of the processes for amending the constitutions of the United Kingdom, United States, and India. It outlines the amendment procedures for each country. In the United States, amendments can be proposed either through Congress or a national convention, and require ratification by 3/4 of state legislatures. In the UK, Parliament can amend the unwritten constitution through ordinary legislation. India's amendment process involves approval by a supermajority in Parliament. The document analyzes differences in flexibility between the constitutions and the involvement of state legislatures in federal systems like the US and India.
Cyber Crime and its Jurisdictional Issue'sDhurba Mainali
This document discusses cyber crime and issues of jurisdiction. It begins with background on the growth of internet usage and the rise of cyber crime. It then defines cyber crime and outlines its history. The document describes several common types of cyber crimes such as hacking, identity theft, cyber stalking, theft, and spoofing. It discusses the challenges of jurisdiction for cyber crimes, distinguishing between subject matter and personal jurisdiction. An example case involving jurisdiction is provided. The conclusion emphasizes the need for international cooperation and evolving cyber laws to address new forms of cyber crime.
Doctrinal legal research analyzes statutes, cases, and legal principles to understand prevailing legal doctrines. It aims to develop consistent theories of law. Non-doctrinal research examines law's relationship with social values and institutions through empirical data. It seeks to understand if legal theories are appropriate and valid in society. While doctrinal research emphasizes substantive law, non-doctrinal research assesses law's social impact. The two approaches complement one another, with doctrinal research clarifying law and non-doctrinal research providing social context.
Jurisdictional Issues In Internet DisputesTalwant Singh
This document discusses various jurisdictional issues that arise in internet disputes. It covers different approaches taken by courts around the world in determining jurisdiction for online disputes. Issues around applicable law and enforcing foreign judgments are also examined. Several suggestions are proposed to address jurisdictional uncertainty for cross-border internet transactions, including developing uniform internet laws or alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, but each approach faces challenges in implementation.
The document discusses cyber laws and provides an overview of key concepts related to cyber laws in India. It defines key terms like cyberspace, discusses the fundamentals and jurisprudence of cyber law, and outlines some of the major provisions and amendments of the Information Technology Act, 2000, which is the primary law governing cyber laws in India. The document also discusses the evolution of e-commerce and provides examples of e-governance initiatives in India.
Cybercrime Investigations and IT Act,2000Karnika Seth
This document provides an overview of the legal framework for cybercrime investigations in India. It discusses the Information Technology Act 2000 and 2008 amendments, which provide the main legal statutes governing cybercrimes. The amendments aimed to address new cybercrimes, strengthen evidence collection and increase accountability of intermediaries. Key aspects covered include cybercrime definitions, investigating agency powers, adjudicating authorities, and responsibilities of network service providers.
This document provides guidance on finding various types of public international law resources such as treaties, case law, UN materials, and customary law. It discusses tools for locating multilateral treaties from the 1920s onward, including subscription databases and free websites. For treaty status information, it recommends the United Nations website and the Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-General database. International law reports, cases from international courts, and UN publications are also outlined. Encyclopedias, journals, news sources, and other reference materials are highlighted to aid research.
Electronic or Digital evidence in India Courts
ip address as evidence
cdr address as evidence
electronic evidence under indian evidence act
electronic record in india
This document discusses the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) to enhance legal education. Many law schools are moving their education online. ICT allows teachers to store and reuse educational materials and provides students an environment to manage legal information. Electronic materials for legal education can include communication tools, information tools, and instructional tools. When implementing ICT in legal education, the focus should be on quality of content and educational processes rather than technical aspects. A principled design approach is needed for electronic learning materials.
Multiple Factor Approach Theory - Mobility & Culture ConflictsBhargav Dangar
This document discusses several factors that can influence criminal behavior according to different criminological theories:
1) Criminal behavior is influenced by a combination of many social and psychological factors rather than a single cause.
2) Modernization, urbanization, and industrialization can sometimes lead to social disorganization and cultural conflicts between groups, resulting in deviant behavior.
3) The propagation of crime reports in media can encourage crime among those with unstable minds or psychopathic tendencies and cause the general public to lose faith in law enforcement.
Admissibility of electronic evidence in indiaAltacit Global
The document discusses admissibility of electronic evidence in India. It provides an overview of how electronic evidence is treated under Indian law, including key amendments made to the Evidence Act to include electronic records as admissible evidence. It describes what constitutes electronic evidence, sources of electronic evidence, and the special procedures under sections 65A and 65B of the IT Act for adducing electronic evidence in courts.
Intellectual property rights in cyberspaceRistya Anditha
This document presents information about intellectual property rights in cyberspace, including copyrights, patents, trademarks, and trade secrets. It discusses how:
Copyright law protects original works and requires permission to copy, distribute or modify copyrighted material. Patents protect original and non-obvious inventions. Trade secrets include confidential business information. Trademarks identify the source of goods and services. However, rapid changes in cyberspace have made most intellectual property laws obsolete, requiring new laws to keep up with technological advances.
Classification of cause of action / characterisationcarolineelias239
it is the second element in private international law to decide a case having foreign element, after assuming jurisdiction by a court. It is essential to categorize facts of a case & to find out which part of law to be applied - whether tort / contract/ succession/ marital issues etc. Then only a case can be decided.
This document provides an overview of the judicial process in India from ancient to present times. It discusses:
1) The historical background of India's judicial system, which developed gradually over time and was influenced by the Constitution.
2) Ancient India had a well-developed system of civil and criminal law based on Dharma Shastra, Smritis, and Arthashastra texts. It included concepts like plaint, written statement, and res judicata.
3) The present Indian judicial system established by the Constitution includes the Supreme Court, High Courts, and subordinate courts. It also discusses the litigation process and role of judicial process in social ordering through maintaining rights and duties.
The document discusses privacy laws in India related to digital data and personally identifiable information. It outlines key concepts around data privacy, categories of private data under Indian law, and relevant sections of the Information Technology Act 2000 regarding unauthorized access to data, compensation for failure to protect sensitive personal data, and criminal offenses for disclosure of private information. It also briefly mentions some global privacy laws like the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act in the US.
LLB LAW NOTES ON PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
FREE AFFIDAVITS AND NOTICES FORMATS
FREE AGREEMENTS AND CONTRACTS FORMATS
FREE LLB LAW NOTES
FREE CA ICWA NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIRST SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SECOND SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW THIRD SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FOURTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIFTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SIXTH SEM NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FOUNDATION NOTES
FREE CA ICWA INTERMEDIATE NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FINAL NOTES
KANOON KE RAKHWALE INDIA
HIRE LAWYER ONLINE
LAW FIRMS IN DELHI
CA FIRM DELHI
VISIT : https://www.kanoonkerakhwale.com/
VISIT : https://hirelawyeronline.com/
The sources of law in Malaysia include the Federal Constitution, state constitutions, legislation passed by federal and state legislatures, judicial decisions, English common law, Islamic law, and customary laws. The Federal Constitution is the supreme law of the land. Legislation includes Acts of Parliament and subsidiary legislation. Judicial decisions become precedents through the doctrine of stare decisis. English common law was received prior to independence. Islamic law and native customary laws also apply in certain circumstances.
The issues relating to immovable property in international scenario is dealt in a different way in different case laws. It had changes in principles from time to time.
The document discusses the three main components of criminal justice systems: law enforcement, courts, and corrections. It provides details on the organization and operations of law enforcement and courts in different countries. For corrections, it covers risk assessment tools and rehabilitation programs used in various nations like the United States, Canada, China, and Russia. The conclusion recommends that the US Department of Justice consider adopting some approaches used in other countries' criminal justice systems.
The UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce was adopted in 1997 to help harmonize the laws related to electronic commerce across countries. It recommends that countries consider the model law when enacting or revising their own e-commerce laws. India enacted the Information Technology Act in 2000, which was influenced by the UNCITRAL Model Law and aimed to facilitate e-commerce and e-governance in India by providing legal recognition for electronic records and transactions. While the Indian law was broadly aligned with principles of the model law like functional equivalence and media neutrality, it deviated in some areas like requiring specific digital signature standards and not having provisions for online contract formation equivalent to those in the model law.
The petitioner union filed a writ petition seeking directions to the Inspector of Factories to take action against a factory for removing the optional lock system from its computerized attendance system. The factory had implemented the system in 2003 with permission. The court dismissed the petition. It noted that the union had previously agreed to the computerized attendance system. Under the Information Technology Act and factory rules, electronic records and exemption from certain rules are allowed. The workers could complain about any violations. [/SUMMARY]
This document outlines the distinction between private international law and public international law. Private international law determines which law applies in cases involving foreign elements and regulates relationships between private individuals in different countries. Public international law regulates relationships between nation states and determines some rights and duties for non-state entities. The document then discusses the Yahoo incorporation case, where French groups sued Yahoo for allowing auctions of Nazi memorabilia on its site, which was accessible in France and violated French law. The court ordered Yahoo to block French users from accessing these auctions. Finally, the document notes that a rule of private international law can become public international law if incorporated into a treaty or established as international custom through decisions of international tribunals.
This document discusses cyber jurisdiction in India. It begins with an introduction to cyber jurisdiction and defines cyber crimes. It then provides background on the history and development of cyber law in India, including the passage of the Information Technology Act of 2000. The document discusses the key issues around jurisdiction of cyber crimes, as the internet has no boundaries. It notes that the IT Act provides for extraterritorial jurisdiction over cyber crimes impacting India or involving Indian computers. However, the boundaryless nature of the internet still poses challenges to jurisdiction. The document aims to understand the position of cyber jurisdiction in India.
The document discusses recommendations for improving the performance of the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services (DHS). It addresses 10 problem statements regarding DHS and provides 28 recommendations. Key recommendations include adopting a health system approach that involves all organizations contributing to health; developing a strategic plan with goals of good health, responsiveness, and fairness; focusing DHS on essential services and high quality care for all residents; and instituting performance measurement to drive quality improvement. The document advocates realigning DHS, its goals, and functions based on worldwide trends and best practices.
The document provides an information security risk assessment of North Lawndale Employment Network (NLEN) conducted by a team. It identifies several security issues including: lack of compliance with PCI DSS standards for handling credit card data, no security cameras, unlocked server room, shared user logins, and paper files stored in boxes throughout the facility. The assessment provides recommendations in each area to improve security and compliance with policies. Implementation of the recommendations would help secure sensitive client data and reduce the risk of a security breach.
Cybercrime Investigations and IT Act,2000Karnika Seth
This document provides an overview of the legal framework for cybercrime investigations in India. It discusses the Information Technology Act 2000 and 2008 amendments, which provide the main legal statutes governing cybercrimes. The amendments aimed to address new cybercrimes, strengthen evidence collection and increase accountability of intermediaries. Key aspects covered include cybercrime definitions, investigating agency powers, adjudicating authorities, and responsibilities of network service providers.
This document provides guidance on finding various types of public international law resources such as treaties, case law, UN materials, and customary law. It discusses tools for locating multilateral treaties from the 1920s onward, including subscription databases and free websites. For treaty status information, it recommends the United Nations website and the Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-General database. International law reports, cases from international courts, and UN publications are also outlined. Encyclopedias, journals, news sources, and other reference materials are highlighted to aid research.
Electronic or Digital evidence in India Courts
ip address as evidence
cdr address as evidence
electronic evidence under indian evidence act
electronic record in india
This document discusses the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) to enhance legal education. Many law schools are moving their education online. ICT allows teachers to store and reuse educational materials and provides students an environment to manage legal information. Electronic materials for legal education can include communication tools, information tools, and instructional tools. When implementing ICT in legal education, the focus should be on quality of content and educational processes rather than technical aspects. A principled design approach is needed for electronic learning materials.
Multiple Factor Approach Theory - Mobility & Culture ConflictsBhargav Dangar
This document discusses several factors that can influence criminal behavior according to different criminological theories:
1) Criminal behavior is influenced by a combination of many social and psychological factors rather than a single cause.
2) Modernization, urbanization, and industrialization can sometimes lead to social disorganization and cultural conflicts between groups, resulting in deviant behavior.
3) The propagation of crime reports in media can encourage crime among those with unstable minds or psychopathic tendencies and cause the general public to lose faith in law enforcement.
Admissibility of electronic evidence in indiaAltacit Global
The document discusses admissibility of electronic evidence in India. It provides an overview of how electronic evidence is treated under Indian law, including key amendments made to the Evidence Act to include electronic records as admissible evidence. It describes what constitutes electronic evidence, sources of electronic evidence, and the special procedures under sections 65A and 65B of the IT Act for adducing electronic evidence in courts.
Intellectual property rights in cyberspaceRistya Anditha
This document presents information about intellectual property rights in cyberspace, including copyrights, patents, trademarks, and trade secrets. It discusses how:
Copyright law protects original works and requires permission to copy, distribute or modify copyrighted material. Patents protect original and non-obvious inventions. Trade secrets include confidential business information. Trademarks identify the source of goods and services. However, rapid changes in cyberspace have made most intellectual property laws obsolete, requiring new laws to keep up with technological advances.
Classification of cause of action / characterisationcarolineelias239
it is the second element in private international law to decide a case having foreign element, after assuming jurisdiction by a court. It is essential to categorize facts of a case & to find out which part of law to be applied - whether tort / contract/ succession/ marital issues etc. Then only a case can be decided.
This document provides an overview of the judicial process in India from ancient to present times. It discusses:
1) The historical background of India's judicial system, which developed gradually over time and was influenced by the Constitution.
2) Ancient India had a well-developed system of civil and criminal law based on Dharma Shastra, Smritis, and Arthashastra texts. It included concepts like plaint, written statement, and res judicata.
3) The present Indian judicial system established by the Constitution includes the Supreme Court, High Courts, and subordinate courts. It also discusses the litigation process and role of judicial process in social ordering through maintaining rights and duties.
The document discusses privacy laws in India related to digital data and personally identifiable information. It outlines key concepts around data privacy, categories of private data under Indian law, and relevant sections of the Information Technology Act 2000 regarding unauthorized access to data, compensation for failure to protect sensitive personal data, and criminal offenses for disclosure of private information. It also briefly mentions some global privacy laws like the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act in the US.
LLB LAW NOTES ON PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
FREE AFFIDAVITS AND NOTICES FORMATS
FREE AGREEMENTS AND CONTRACTS FORMATS
FREE LLB LAW NOTES
FREE CA ICWA NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIRST SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SECOND SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW THIRD SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FOURTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIFTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SIXTH SEM NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FOUNDATION NOTES
FREE CA ICWA INTERMEDIATE NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FINAL NOTES
KANOON KE RAKHWALE INDIA
HIRE LAWYER ONLINE
LAW FIRMS IN DELHI
CA FIRM DELHI
VISIT : https://www.kanoonkerakhwale.com/
VISIT : https://hirelawyeronline.com/
The sources of law in Malaysia include the Federal Constitution, state constitutions, legislation passed by federal and state legislatures, judicial decisions, English common law, Islamic law, and customary laws. The Federal Constitution is the supreme law of the land. Legislation includes Acts of Parliament and subsidiary legislation. Judicial decisions become precedents through the doctrine of stare decisis. English common law was received prior to independence. Islamic law and native customary laws also apply in certain circumstances.
The issues relating to immovable property in international scenario is dealt in a different way in different case laws. It had changes in principles from time to time.
The document discusses the three main components of criminal justice systems: law enforcement, courts, and corrections. It provides details on the organization and operations of law enforcement and courts in different countries. For corrections, it covers risk assessment tools and rehabilitation programs used in various nations like the United States, Canada, China, and Russia. The conclusion recommends that the US Department of Justice consider adopting some approaches used in other countries' criminal justice systems.
The UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce was adopted in 1997 to help harmonize the laws related to electronic commerce across countries. It recommends that countries consider the model law when enacting or revising their own e-commerce laws. India enacted the Information Technology Act in 2000, which was influenced by the UNCITRAL Model Law and aimed to facilitate e-commerce and e-governance in India by providing legal recognition for electronic records and transactions. While the Indian law was broadly aligned with principles of the model law like functional equivalence and media neutrality, it deviated in some areas like requiring specific digital signature standards and not having provisions for online contract formation equivalent to those in the model law.
The petitioner union filed a writ petition seeking directions to the Inspector of Factories to take action against a factory for removing the optional lock system from its computerized attendance system. The factory had implemented the system in 2003 with permission. The court dismissed the petition. It noted that the union had previously agreed to the computerized attendance system. Under the Information Technology Act and factory rules, electronic records and exemption from certain rules are allowed. The workers could complain about any violations. [/SUMMARY]
This document outlines the distinction between private international law and public international law. Private international law determines which law applies in cases involving foreign elements and regulates relationships between private individuals in different countries. Public international law regulates relationships between nation states and determines some rights and duties for non-state entities. The document then discusses the Yahoo incorporation case, where French groups sued Yahoo for allowing auctions of Nazi memorabilia on its site, which was accessible in France and violated French law. The court ordered Yahoo to block French users from accessing these auctions. Finally, the document notes that a rule of private international law can become public international law if incorporated into a treaty or established as international custom through decisions of international tribunals.
This document discusses cyber jurisdiction in India. It begins with an introduction to cyber jurisdiction and defines cyber crimes. It then provides background on the history and development of cyber law in India, including the passage of the Information Technology Act of 2000. The document discusses the key issues around jurisdiction of cyber crimes, as the internet has no boundaries. It notes that the IT Act provides for extraterritorial jurisdiction over cyber crimes impacting India or involving Indian computers. However, the boundaryless nature of the internet still poses challenges to jurisdiction. The document aims to understand the position of cyber jurisdiction in India.
The document discusses recommendations for improving the performance of the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services (DHS). It addresses 10 problem statements regarding DHS and provides 28 recommendations. Key recommendations include adopting a health system approach that involves all organizations contributing to health; developing a strategic plan with goals of good health, responsiveness, and fairness; focusing DHS on essential services and high quality care for all residents; and instituting performance measurement to drive quality improvement. The document advocates realigning DHS, its goals, and functions based on worldwide trends and best practices.
The document provides an information security risk assessment of North Lawndale Employment Network (NLEN) conducted by a team. It identifies several security issues including: lack of compliance with PCI DSS standards for handling credit card data, no security cameras, unlocked server room, shared user logins, and paper files stored in boxes throughout the facility. The assessment provides recommendations in each area to improve security and compliance with policies. Implementation of the recommendations would help secure sensitive client data and reduce the risk of a security breach.
O documento descreve a visita do autor à agência dos Correios em Ponta Grossa para obter referências sobre selos que podem ser usados em aulas. O gerente dos Correios explicou que os selos comemorativos preservam datas e momentos importantes. O autor recebeu documentos sobre práticas educacionais e editais de selos para compartilhar, além de recomendar um portal online sobre filatelia.
[Descargar o arquivo para un correcto funcionamento]
No ano 2013 os CCI´s elaboraron este xogo para levar ao Día da Ciencia na Rúa e poñer a proba a todas as persoas que se achegaron á nosa jaima
This document is a resume for Karthigeyan Ranganadane. He has over 3 years of experience in web application development using .NET and technologies like C#, ASP.NET, and SQL. He is currently working at Wipro Technologies on projects involving security operations, antivirus configuration, and dashboard development. Previously he worked on projects at Lloyds Banking Group involving sales/marketing and quote management. He seeks to contribute his skills and learning at an organization that provides opportunities for growth.
The document discusses Boolean algebra and its use in simplifying and analyzing digital logic circuits. It defines Boolean operations like AND, OR, and NOT. It presents the basic identities and laws of Boolean algebra, such as commutative, associative, distributive laws. It also discusses how to simplify Boolean expressions using these laws and properties like Demorgan's theorems. Standard forms like Sum of Products and Product of Sums are introduced to implement logic functions in AND-OR and OR-AND circuits respectively. Methods to convert between different forms are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of signals and systems. It defines key terms like signals, systems, continuous and discrete time signals, analog and digital signals, deterministic and probabilistic signals, even and odd signals, energy and power signals, periodic and aperiodic signals. It also classifies systems as linear/non-linear, time-invariant/variant, causal/non-causal, and with or without memory. Singularity functions like unit step, unit ramp and unit impulse are introduced. Properties of signals like magnitude scaling, time reflection, time scaling and time shifting are discussed. Energy and power of signals are defined.
The EU has adopted a strategy to enhance its support for trade-related needs in developing countries. The strategy has five pillars:
1) Increasing quantitative commitments for Aid for Trade (AfT) and Trade Related Assistance (TRA), with a goal of €2 billion annually for TRA by 2010.
2) Ensuring AfT has a pro-poor focus and promotes sustainability and poverty reduction.
3) Strengthening EU institutional capacity for coordinating and delivering AfT.
4) Providing at least 50% of increased TRA volumes to African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries to support regional economic partnership agreements.
5) Establishing monitoring and reporting mechanisms to track AfT flows and impacts.
Whether legal jurisdiction is able to check cyber-crime where there are no territorial borders and even where the criminal does not have any physical presence in the forum
This document discusses the rise of Industry 4.0, also known as the fourth industrial revolution. It describes the three previous industrial revolutions from the 18th century to today and how they advanced manufacturing. Industry 4.0 is characterized by connectivity between smart machines and systems using sensors and data exchange. This will allow autonomous decision making and optimization of production processes. The document highlights opportunities for Industry 4.0 in various sectors like agriculture, mining, transportation and more. It emphasizes that the rise of the Internet of Things will connect billions of devices generating huge amounts of data. Finally, it argues that advanced design and EDA tools will be crucial to enable the complex systems needed for Industry 4.0.
Cyber law deals with legal issues related to communications technology and the internet. It involves many areas of law due to the internet intersecting issues like intellectual property, privacy, and jurisdiction. Net neutrality, which affects internet infrastructure regulation, is an important aspect of cyber law. Jurisdiction and sovereignty are also major issues as a single online transaction can involve the laws of multiple countries. Free speech online raises questions about regulating speech through cyberspace.
The document discusses the challenges of determining which laws apply to digital actions that cross international borders. As the internet allows content to be accessed globally, differing laws between countries in areas like censorship, intellectual property, and speech become issues. Notable examples discussed include the ILOVEYOU computer virus, a Yahoo auction case in France, and libel tourism lawsuits. Potential solutions proposed are international agreements on standards and an alternative principle that a country can block illegal foreign content domestically but not enforce its laws extraterritorially.
The document discusses the need for a new approach to regulating issues that transcend national borders in the digital age. It argues that the traditional international law model centered around sovereign nation-states is inadequate when applied to the internet and environmental issues. The internet exists everywhere and nowhere, so nation-state control is ineffective. Instead, successful models like ICANN regulate technical issues technically without regard to borders. A similar functional approach may be needed for large-scale environmental problems, with binding commitments primarily from major emitting countries.
Building Legal Institutions for Information TechnologyRitesh Nayak
The document discusses several key themes around regulating behavior in cyberspace:
1) Code is a primary regulator of cyberspace as it can make the internet more or less regulable. Regulations can be built directly into code.
2) As more activity moves online, different sovereign governments will increasingly come into conflict as they try to regulate behavior.
3) Balancing free speech, privacy, and intellectual property protections online will require navigating latent ambiguities as values from the physical world are translated to cyberspace.
This document discusses jurisdiction in international law as it relates to regulating the internet and the EU's "right to be forgotten" ruling. It makes the following key points:
1) Jurisdiction in international law is traditionally based on a state's territory and sovereignty, but modern economic law has challenged this through the "effects doctrine."
2) The EU's "right to be forgotten" ruling in Google Spain concerned private litigation between individuals and corporations, falling under private international law.
3) Orders to extend compliance with the ruling to Google's global domains raise questions about the territorial reach of the ruling under public and private international law.
4) The document aims to clarify concepts of jurisdiction in public and private
This document discusses internet legalities and ethics. It begins by explaining how new technologies can enable both traditional crimes and new types of crimes due to their innovative nature. It discusses challenges like determining jurisdiction over crimes that cross borders and conflicts between foreign and local laws. It also describes global surveillance systems like ECHELON and CARNIVORE that monitor communications and can be used for both security and criminal purposes. Finally, it categorizes some specific internet-related crimes and discusses preventing crimes through security measures while acknowledging technologies can have dual uses.
CASE STUDY -1 BA 633 Information Systems Inf.docxhallettfaustina
CASE STUDY -1
BA 633: Information Systems Infrastructure.
Prof: Fred Rose.
NET NEUTRALITY
Anvesh Veldandi
Student no: 558046.
1. This case focuses on the Net Neutrality debate in the United States. Do some Internet research on international
views of Net Neutrality and summarize how views of this issue differ within and across other countries.
Network neutrality has been a contentious issue in the United States for several years, but is increasingly debated
elsewhere, with the EU, several European countries, and the Japanese government all examining the issue.
Net neutrality does not have a single, unanimously accepted definition even within, let alone across, countries.
Nevertheless, proponents of net neutrality generally believe that a structure in which the Internet’s intelligence lies
primarily at the edges of the network, with the edges connected by relatively “dumb pipes” is responsible for the
Internet’s diversity and innovation. They fear that without some regulation broadband providers may discriminate in
favor of their own or sponsored applications, or might degrade traffic to sites that do not pay for better quality of
service tiers.
Net neutrality debates in the U.S. have focused primarily on regulations regarding how broadband providers could
price and manage traffic on their networks. The debate in Europe, has generally focused instead on the role
unbundling mandatory network sharing can play in keeping networks neutral. Unbundling
proponents argue that if the infrastructure provider does not offer retail services or is only one of many retailers
offering service over its infrastructure it will have less incentive to discriminate in favor of or against particular
content. Unbundling opponents typically do not discuss it in the context of net neutrality, but note that it can reduce
incentives to invest in the underlying infrastructure. This paper first examines the net neutrality debate in countries
other than United States. It explores net neutrality in the U.K., France, Denmark, the Netherlands,
Germany, Sweden, South Korea, and Japan. Because net neutrality is another type of mandatory network sharing
and because unbundling is a key component of the EU’s general response to net neutrality, the second part of the
paper uses a new dataset to test empirically the effects of unbundling on investment in fiber-to-the-home.
The net neutrality debate began in other countries much later than it began in the U.S. Most European countries
embrace the general idea of net neutrality. While they address the issue differently, most have so far stated that
unbundling combined with rules governing firms with significant market power, rather than specific n ...
Charting a Way Forward Online Content Regulationrun_frictionless
This paper explores possible regulatory structures for content governance outside the United States and identifies questions that require further discussion. It builds off recent developments on this topic, including legislation proposed or passed into law by governments, as well as scholarship that explains the various content governance approaches that have been adopted in the past and may be taken in the future.2 Its overall goal is to help frame a path forward—taking into consideration the views not only of policymakers and private companies, but also civil society and the people who use Facebook’s platform and services.
https://runfrictionless.com/b2b-white-paper-service/
The Brazilian Civil Rights Framework for the Internet (Marco Civil da Interne...Samuel Barros
What is the Marco Civil da Internet? This law establishes principles, guarantees and rights for Internet users: citizens, companies and government. Among other topics, this legislation establishes principles for freedom of speech, privacy protection, log file and network neutrality.
The document discusses several key issues regarding internet law and regulation. It notes that while the internet may seem unregulated, there are some existing laws. However, regulating the internet is difficult due to its worldwide nature and anonymity. Several areas of internet law remain unclear, such as online defamation, the liability of internet service providers, and how to address cyberbullying while protecting free speech rights. Overall the passage examines both existing internet laws and legal issues that courts continue to evaluate.
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2. Introduction
A French court
presiding over a
lawsuit in June 2013
directed Twitter to
reveal authors of
anti-Semitic and
racist tweets.
Twitter's lawyers are
evaluating the court
order.
3. • The controversial tweets
were made by someone
in U.S.A., which is also
where Twitter and its
servers are located.
• In the U.S.A., hate speech
is protected by free
speech laws.
• But, in France, where the
tweets were seen – and in
many European countries
– hate speech is illegal.
4. The issue
Consider the far-reaching
impacts of this attempt
to regulate Internet and
social media speech. Do
laws of one country
apply to a company
based in another country
whose laws differ? Can a
nation ever have global
jurisdiction over speech
on the Internet?
5. Such disputes are becoming more
common because…
1.Different countries have
differing ideas on internet
regulation
2.Our existing remedies for
resolving international conflicts
of law are inadequate for the
Internet
3.With 192 countries, there’s no
one-size fits all solution
6. The presentation
Courts and commentators have long recognized
these issues, yet there has been little progress
made toward finding a solution to the Internet
jurisdiction dilemma. Given this situation, it is
imperative to establish a workable framework
for resolving such conflicts among governments
with differing values and goals. This
presentation proposes some possibilities.
7. Consequences
The economy suffers as businesses are less likely to invest and
innovate due to legal uncertainties. Dot coms also waste
valuable resources handling international legal disputes. And
some users may find themselves facing legal claims for
activities that are legal in the users’ country. While others
must surf the web without any certainty that redress is
available for harms they might suffer online.
8. Presentation Overview
I. Examples of recent & ongoing conflicts
II. Differing views of Internet regulation
III. Inadequacy of existing remedies
IV. Possible solutions & my proposal
11. The U.S.A. often presents
itself as the bastion of
Internet free speech, but it
arguably oversteps its
bounds sometimes.
Consider the 2008 case of
a British citizen living in
Spain, with Internet
servers in the Bahamas,
selling holidays to Cuba,
and having his domain
name impounded by a
registrar located in the
U.S.A. because it appeared
to break the U.S.A.’s
embargo against Cuba.
12. A German court
could not seize the
Facebook account
of a German citizen
accused of burglary
as evidence
because, although
Facebook has an
office in Hamburg,
the data was
located on a server
in the U.S.A.
13. Even within the same country, there are sometimes
disagreements about internet jurisdiction. Two
Californian judges in the same district disagreed
about their jurisdictional competence to hear cases
between a Korean plaintiff and an Australian
defendant, who used US social media platforms.
15. 1. Self-Governance
Insists that the Internet community is capable of
regulating itself and promulgation of domestic
or international laws is both unnecessary and
undesirable. But that ship has sailed; most
countries already regulate the Internet within
the framework of their political, legal, moral and
cultural values.
16. 2. Neo-mercantilism
It’s based on the premise that the Internet is
essentially a vehicle of commerce. The role of
government, therefore, is to ensure the free
flow of commerce along the information
superhighway and to remove any impediments.
This model is considered to be the American
approach to Internet regulation.
17. 3. Culturalism
Views cultural protection as the primary
objective of Internet regulation. Internet laws
and policies are enacted to reflect and protect a
nation’s intellectual, aesthetic and moral values,
with little consideration of their global impact.
The French ruling against Twitter illustrates the
culturalist perspective.
18. 4. Globalism
Requires multinational political, economic,
technological, and cultural cooperation in
regulating the Internet. This model relies on
treaties and international conventions to
achieve that goal. Although international
regulation of intellectual property and child
pornography on the Internet has made some
progress, there are no international agreements
resolving Internet jurisdiction.
22. In the traditional analog world, it is relatively easy
for courts to determine the geographical locations
of the persons, objects, and activities relevant to a
particular case. Even international sea law, such as
the United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea, is based on territory. However, as online
activities often involve actors and intermediaries in
multiple physical locations, diverse sets of
potentially incompatible laws and rules overlap and
frequently are in conflict. Virtual frontiers do not
map neatly into boundaries of national territories.
23. Content providers may physically reside in one
place, conduct their business in another place,
and locate their servers in a third location, and
their content is readily accessible from
anywhere in the world. As the French Twitter
case and Cuba travel case illustrate, cross-border
platforms can host user-generated content that
might be deemed illegal in certain jurisdictions,
but not in others.
24. Furthermore, attempts to identify the location
of a particular user over the Internet have
proven extremely difficult, and many Internet
users compound this problem by intentionally
hiding their location. Traditional principles of
international jurisdiction, particularly
territoriality, are poorly suited for this sort of
environment of geographic anonymity.
25. Towards a global standard
Courts have struggled to develop a satisfactory
solution, yet no progress has been made toward a
uniform global standard of Internet jurisdiction. Here
are some common proposals…
26. 1. A universal regulatory scheme?
An international convention would lead to a treaty
establishing substantive "universal standards” for
what’s legal and illegal. The treaty would also create
an international body that would promulgate civil
and criminal Internet regulations and jurisdictional
rules. However, getting 192 nations to agree on
standards and then adopt them into their domestic
legal codes seems daunting, if not impossible.
Attempts to do this with Outer Space and the Moon
haven’t worked well – either few countries adopt the
law or it’s so vague as to be toothless. Adoption of a
universal internet law could also create conflicts
between the universal Internet regulations and the
domestic laws regulating the same activities.
27. 2. A global standard for
determining jurisdiction?
A treaty would be signed by all nations that
creates a a single test for determining Internet
jurisdiction. It could, for example, be an effects
test. Under this principle, a state may assert
jurisdiction over conduct that has an effect, but
does not actually occur, within its border. As
with a universal standard, reaching a consensus
would be daunting.
28. 3. Filtering
Governments would regain control of their borders
by placing blocking and tracking technologies at
international access points or at the Internet
Service Provider's (ISP) servers to act as centurions.
Many governments have already implemented such
technologies to monitor and regulate Internet
activities of their citizens. However, such filters can
easily be circumvented and won’t solve issues such
as defamation and copyright infringement. In
addition, this could undermine the Internet’s
infrastructure and is antithetical to its founding
purpose of being a tool to share information.
29. 4. Choice of Laws Provisions
Content providers and users could agree to
resolve disputes in a particular forum via choice
of law provisions in terms of service contracts.
But there would need to be an international
consensus regarding the validity of such
agreements. This seems unlikely given that it
would limit governments power and the EU has
been reluctant to allow forum selection clauses.
30. 5. Do nothing
Not all of the issues of Internet regulation
require solutions. But, of course, conflict will
persist.
31. My proposal
The best model for Internet governance is a
hybrid that incorporate some elements from all
five models. Internet governance is a complex
task requiring a complex set of regulatory
mechanisms. As a result, the optimal system of
governance is a combination of regulation.
Various stakeholders – government officials,
tech companies and netizens – need to be
involved.
32. My proposal
Organizations like the Internet Governance
Forum and Internet & Jurisdiction have propped
up to tackle these issues. Progress may also be
achieved by using existing channels and devices.
Admittedly, this solution may seem like a bit of a
cop out. But, keep in mind, the reason for the
deadlock concerning Internet jurisdiction is
because each of the most common solutions
have significant drawbacks. There is no silver
bullet.
33. About the
Presenter
Mark Grabowski is an assistant
professor at Adelphi University
in New York, where he teaches
media law and Web journalism.
Previously, he worked as a
journalist, covering news and
politics for large newspapers
and popular websites around
the United States. He holds a
J.D. from Georgetown Law. His
research focuses on Internet
law, social media and media
ethics. For more information,
visit markgrabowski.com.
34. Sources
• Internet Jurisdiction, internetjurisdiction.net
• Internet Governance Forum: “The Transboundary
Internet: Jurisdiction, Control and Sovereignty”
• 31 B.C. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 345
• 29 Vand. J. Transnat'l L. 75
• University of Illinois Public Law Research Paper
No. 07-25
• New York Times
• Ars Technica