The document discusses intermediate code generation in compilers. It describes how compilers take source code and convert it to an intermediate representation that is then converted to machine code. The intermediate code is machine independent, allowing portability. It can be optimized before generating target code. Common intermediate representations discussed include postfix notation, three-address code using quadruples or triples, and syntax trees.
This topic-based on Compiler Design Subject, III B.Tech-CSE Students, Intermediate Code Generation is the 3rd module of compiler design subject, these topics totally related to the second subjective assignment of Academic Writing in Swayam online course.
loader and linker are both system software which capable of loads the object code, assembled by an assembler, (loader) and link a different kind of block of a huge program. both software works at the bottom of the operation (i.e. closer to the hardware). in fact, both have machine dependent and independent features.
This topic-based on Compiler Design Subject, III B.Tech-CSE Students, Intermediate Code Generation is the 3rd module of compiler design subject, these topics totally related to the second subjective assignment of Academic Writing in Swayam online course.
loader and linker are both system software which capable of loads the object code, assembled by an assembler, (loader) and link a different kind of block of a huge program. both software works at the bottom of the operation (i.e. closer to the hardware). in fact, both have machine dependent and independent features.
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I hope this (.ppt) will be helpful to students studying Computer Science :)
In this slide you will explore more about how to make derivations ,design parse tree ,what is ambiguity and how to remove ambiguity ,left recursion ,left factoring .
Arrays in C++.
Purpose of Array.
Declaration of an Array.
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Example CPP programs using Array.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of an Array.
This presentation is all about Static and Dynamic rule used in the programming , It is important to understand the scope of variable and how program is processed inside the memory.
I hope this (.ppt) will be helpful to students studying Computer Science :)
In this slide you will explore more about how to make derivations ,design parse tree ,what is ambiguity and how to remove ambiguity ,left recursion ,left factoring .
Arrays in C++.
Purpose of Array.
Declaration of an Array.
Accessing Array Elements.
Example CPP programs using Array.
Multi-dimensional Array.
Advantages and Disadvantages of an Array.
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Intermediate code can translate the source program into the machine program. Intermediate code is generated because the compiler can’t generate machine code directly in one pass. Therefore, first, it converts the source program into intermediate code, which performs efficient generation of machine code further. The intermediate code can be represented in the form of postfix notation, syntax tree, directed acyclic graph, three address codes, Quadruples, and triples.
Three address code
Three-address code is an intermediate code. It is used by the optimizing compilers.
In three-address code, the given expression is broken down into several separate instructions. These instructions can easily translate into assembly language.
Each Three address code instruction has at most three operands. It is a combination of assignment and a binary operator.
Three address code is used in compiler applications:
Optimization: Three address code is often used as an intermediate representation of code during optimization phases of the compilation process. The three address code allows the compiler to analyze the code and perform optimizations that can improve the performance of the generated code.
Code generation: Three address code can also be used as an intermediate representation of code during the code generation phase of the compilation process. The three address code allows the compiler to generate code that is specific to the target platform, while also ensuring that the generated code is correct and efficient.
Debugging: Three address code can be helpful in debugging the code generated by the compiler. Since three address code is a low-level language, it is often easier to read and understand than the final generated code.
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2. INTRODUCTION
• In computing, code generation is the process by which a
compiler's code generator converts some intermediate
representation of source code into a form (e.g., machine code)
that can be readily executed by a machine.
• The front end of a compiler translates a source program into an
independent intermediate code,
• Then the back end of the compiler uses this intermediate code to
generate the target code (which can be understood by the
3. MACHINE INDEPENDENT INTERMEDIATE
CODE:
• Because of the machine independent intermediate code,
portability will be enhanced.
• It is easier to apply source code modification to improve the
performance of source code by optimizing the intermediate
code.
4.
5. INTERMEDIATE
REPRESENTATION
HIGH LEVEL IR
• High-level intermediate
code representation is very
close to the source
language itself.
• Not preferred for target
machine optimization
LOW LEVEL IR
• This one is close to the
target machine.
• It is good for machine-
dependent optimizations.
7. POSTFIX NOTATION
• The postfix notation for the expression “a + b” places the
operator at the right end as ab +.
• No parentheses are needed in postfix notation because the
position and arity (number of arguments) of the operators
permit only one way to decode a postfix expression.
• In postfix notation the operator follows the operand.
8. THREE ADDRESS CODE
• A statement involving no more than three references(two for
operands and one for result) is known as three address
statement.
• Three address statement is of the form x = y op z , here x, y, z
will have address (memory location).
• Can be represented in 3 forms : Quadruples, Triples, Indirect
type.
9. QUADRUPLES
• Each instruction in quadruples presentation is divided into four
fields: operator, arg1, arg2, and result.
Operator Argument
1
Argument
2
Resul
t
(1) * C D R1
(2) + B R1 R2
(3) = R2 A
Previous example of a = b + c * d
10. TRIPLES
• Each instruction in triples presentation has three fields :
op, arg1, and arg2.
• The results of respective sub-expressions are denoted by
the position of expression.
Operator Argument
1
Argument
2
(1) * C D
(2) + B (1)
(3) = (2)
Previous example of a = b + c * d
11. INDIRECT TRIPLES
• This representation is an enhancement over triples
representation. It uses pointers instead of position to
store results.
• This enables the optimizers to freely re-position the
sub-expression to produce an optimized code.
12. SYNTAX TREE
• Syntax tree is nothing more than condensed form of a parse
tree.
• The operator and keyword nodes of the parse tree are moved
to their parents and a chain of single productions is replaced
by single link in syntax tree.
• The internal nodes are operators and child nodes are
operands.
In computing, code generation is the process by which a compiler's code generator converts some intermediate representation of source code into a form (e.g., machine code) that can be readily executed by a machine.
n the analysis-synthesis model of a compiler, the front end of a compiler translates a source program into an independent intermediate code, then the back end of the compiler uses this intermediate code to generate the target code (which can be understood by the machine).
If a compiler translates the source language to its target machine language without having the option for generating intermediate code, then for each new machine, a full native compiler is required.
Intermediate code eliminates the need of a new full compiler for every unique machine by keeping the analysis portion same for all the compilers.
The second part of compiler, synthesis, is changed according to the target machine.
It becomes easier to apply the source code modifications to improve code performance by applying code optimization techniques on the intermediate code.
If we generate machine code directly from source code then for n target machine we will have n optimisers and n code generators but if we will have a machine independent intermediate code, we will have only one optimiser. Intermediate code can be either language specific (e.g., Bytecode for Java) or language. independent (three-address code).
High Level IR - High-level intermediate code representation is very close to the source language itself. They can be easily generated from the source code and we can easily apply code modifications to enhance performance. But for target machine optimization, it is less preferred.
Low Level IR - This one is close to the target machine, which makes it suitable for register and memory allocation, instruction set selection, etc. It is good for machine-dependent optimizations.
Intermediate code can be either language specific (e.g., Byte Code for Java) or language independent (three-address code).
The ordinary (infix) way of writing the sum of a and b is with operator in the middle : a + b The postfix notation for the same expression places the operator at the right end as ab +. In general, if e1 and e2 are any postfix expressions, and + is any binary operator, the result of applying + to the values denoted by e1 and e2 is postfix notation by e1e2 +. No parentheses are needed in postfix notation because the position and arity (number of arguments) of the operators permit only one way to decode a postfix expression. In postfix notation the operator follows the operand.
Example – The postfix representation of the expression (a – b) * (c + d) + (a – b) is : ab – cd + *ab -+.
A statement involving no more than three references(two for operands and one for result) is known as three address statement. A sequence of three address statements is known as three address code. Three address statement is of the form x = y op z , here x, y, z will have address (memory location). Sometimes a statement might contain less than three references but it is still called three address statement.
Example – The three address code for the expression a = b + c * d:
r1 = c * d;
r2 = b + r1;
a = r2
r1,r2 are temporary variables.
Can be represented in 3 forms : Quadruples, Triples, Indirect type.
Syntax tree is nothing more than condensed form of a parse tree.
The operator and keyword nodes of the parse tree are moved to their parents and a chain of single productions is replaced by single link in syntax tree the internal nodes are operators and child nodes are operands.
To form syntax tree put parentheses in the expression, this way it's easy to recognize which operand should come first.
Syntax tree is nothing more than condensed form of a parse tree.
The operator and keyword nodes of the parse tree are moved to their parents and a chain of single productions is replaced by single link in syntax tree the internal nodes are operators and child nodes are operands.
To form syntax tree put parentheses in the expression, this way it's easy to recognize which operand should come first.
