This document provides an introduction to interior design. It defines interior design as "the art or process of designing the interior decoration of a room or building." An interior designer coordinates and manages interior design projects. The document outlines several principles of interior design including scale, proportion, balance, rhythm, emphasis, and harmony. It also discusses various elements of interior design such as space, shape, form, mass, line, texture, pattern, light, and color. Interior design is important for enhancing functionality, aesthetics, and reflecting lifestyle.

1. Interior Design
LECT. AR. PRADIP POKHAREL
CHAPTER: 1 INTRODUCTION

3. Interior Design
Interior design is "the art or
process of designing the
interior decoration of a room
or building
An interior designer is
someone who coordinates and
manages such projects.
Interior design is an exciting
career, and it is also a
fascinating avocation,
providing a lifetime of personal,
aesthetic, and intellectual
fulfillment.

4. Need of Interior Design
• New homes and buildings require complete designs.
New architecture should be completely planned from the
arrangement and allocation of space to the selection of new
materials and furnishings.
• Interiors need refurbishing.
With time, materials and furnishings become worn and are
no longer suitable.
• The program changes.
As the composition of a household or business changes, the
interior may need remodeling or refurnishing
• Fashions change.
In a well-designed interior, updating with a new paint color,
fabric, piece of furniture accordingly to fashion

5. Importance of Interior Design
• Enhance functionality by improving space usage and
efficiency.
• Increases aesthetic values by providing visually
comfort spaces with the help of proper furniture
layout, lighting, colors, textures, patterns, fixtures and
finishes.
• Helps to reflect the lifestyle of users who is living inside
it. It is necessary to maintain clean interiors, with nice
colors to good impressions on the other users.
• A good interior design helps to increase the value of
any architectural buildings
• A good interior design increases the quality of spaces
and affect the mood and phycology of people living in
the space
• Re modelling and changing of existing layout and space
can be easier with the help of interior design

6. Interior Space
Space to refer to an area that
is empty or available. The area can be any size.
For example, you can refer to a large area outside
as a large open space or to a small area between
two objects as a small space.
Space exists as a diffuse, endless entity until it is
defined. The definition of space occurs with
building construction, resulting in exterior and
interior spatial allotments.
Interior Space are the restricting devices within
the building like walls, floors, ceilings, and
furnishings, which creates a series of spaces with
individual dimensions and qualities.

7. Interior Display
Interior displays is how the interior space is shown to viewer.
Interior displays are the picturesque of how the finished
interior works look likes and how the viewer perceive it.
Mostly every elements is used at its fullest to achieve the best
interior display for example furniture and their layout, colors,
lights and their uses incorporating Signs and Signage
Interior Displays can enhance the visual impact of any rooms.
Showrooms, sales center or storefront through the
incorporation of vibrant colors and eye-catching graphics.

9. Process of Interior Design
 Letter of Agreement (Contract)
 Problem Statement
 Research and Programming
 Writing the Program
• Analysis of research data
• Organizing the data into a written program
 Design Development
The program is implemented through:
• Concept development
• Working drawings and specifications
• Execution
 Post occupancy Evaluation

10. Identifies and seeks to
understand:
• Users
• Lifestyle and function
• Relationships
• Space requirements
• Environmental factors
• Mechanical considerations
• Psychological and
sociological considerations
• Economic factors
• Design preferences
• Codes and restrictions
Research and Programming

11. Principle of Interior Design
The Principles of interior Design are the ways that
designers use the Elements of interior design to create good
Compositions (decoration/arrangements).
Design principles are ways of arranging or organizing
design elements.
These principles evaluate each element in a design
(magnificent vs. mediocre right vs. wrong).
The way the elements are arranged to create a feeling of
stability in a work.
The Principles are Scale, Proportion, Balance, Rhythm,
Emphasis, Harmony

12. Scale
Relates to the actual and relative size and visual weight of the
design and its components.
Furniture and accessories must be in scale to the room
Placement of objects determine the size when compared to
each other or in other words we evaluate the size from the
objects surrounded by objects.

13. Scale
Overall size, such as the largeness or smallness of a room,
object, or pattern.
Scale relates to the size of a design in relation to the height
and width of the area in which it is placed
GOOD SCALE
BAD
SCALE

14.  This chairs
massive scale
diminishes
everything
around it.
 The chairs light
palate
accentuates its
skinny scale.
 This club
chair
matches the
scale of the
sofa.

15.  Center table is
over scaled for
the sofa.
 Table not only
looks out of
scale, it
functions
poorly as well.
 The table is
substantial
enough to anchor
the furniture
grouping, yet it
leaves room for
traffic flow
around both ends.

16. Proportion
 Proportion is closely related to scale and is
usually expressed in terms of the size relationship of
parts to one another and to the whole.
 Proportion also deals with shapes and forms and their
dimensions.
 It is, for example, the relationship of a chair seat or back
to its base or arms or that of the size and scale
of the tabletop to its legs.

17. Balance
 Balance is equilibrium, or the arrangement of objects
physically or visually to reach a state of stability and
poise is important because of the human need
for balance in our lives.

18. Symmetrical balance can be described as having equal
"weight" on equal sides of a centrally placed fulcrum. It may
also be referred to as formal balance.

19. symmetrical
custom
cabinetry
allows the
tufted head
of the bed to
act as the
focal point in
this
bedroom,
since it
serves as the
cabinetry's
center axis.
Objects
repeated on
the shelving
bring an
additional
calmness.

20. Asymmetrical balance is also known as informal, active,
optical, or occult balance. Asymmetrical balance can be
accomplished in two ways:
1. Dissimilar objects can be placed at varying distances
from the center point.
2. Objects of similar visual weight or form may be balanced at
equal distance from an imaginary central dividing line

21. 1
3
In this living room
the left side of the
fireplace serves as
the central line.
The height and
weight of the sofa
and cushions on
the right balance
the console on the
left. The height of
the fireplace
surround also
balances out the
tall bookshelves

22. When there is a central
focal point with other
elements radiating from
it or around it, this is
radial balance.
Radial balance is almost
circular distributed
arrangement of items
around a central point
either extending outward
or inward.
The chairs, sculpture and
print all radiate out from
this central point.

23. Rhythm
The design principle that
suggests connected
movement between different
parts of a design by using
colors, lines, forms, or
textures; also referred to as
continuity
In interior design, rhythm
carries the eye along a path
at a pace determined by the
elements that illustrate it.
Regular repetition of lines,
shapes, or colors that create
a movement.

24. Rhythm can be achieved
from
1. Repetition and alternation
2. Progression or gradation
3. Transition
4. Opposition or contrast
5. Radiation

25. Emphasis
Emphasis is the creation of a focal point an area visually
important enough to draw and hold attention.
Examples of dramatic, demanding focal points include a
beautiful fireplace, a view from a window (or even an art
glass window), a wall of dramatic art, or an impressive piece
or grouping of furniture

27. Harmony
Harmony is the combination of design elements, architecture,
and furnishings into a pleasing or orderly whole a state of
agreement or a feeling of rightness.

28. Harmony (Unity and Variety)
Unity suggests a oneness and uniformity—an identity that
establishes a master plan. Unity is the goal that is being
sought and, hopefully, achieved when all the various
elements and furnishings are brought together
Variety is the absence of monotony or sameness, yet it is
much more. Variety is a healthy, positive influence that
brings about vitality, interest, and diversity.

31. Elements of Interior Design
The concrete, quantifiable components of any design. They
embody the principles of design and transform theory into
reality.
Space. Open and closed areas; space may be positive (filled)
or negative (open).
Shape. Two-dimensional outline, often seen as a geometric
figure such as a rectangle or triangle.
Form. Three-dimensional shape, such as a cube, cone, or
sphere.
Mass. Weight, density, or relative solidity of a form; mass
may be actual or visual.
Line. Connection between two points; line may be vertical,
horizontal, angular, or curved.
Texture. Smoothness or roughness of a surface; texture may
be read visually or through touch.

32. Elements of Interior Design
Pattern. Arrangement of motifs in a repetitive or varied
order; a small pattern may be read visually as texture.
Light. Natural, artificial, or a combination of both; light
affects the appearance of all other elements of design.
Color. Hues that vary from light to dark and from intense to
dull and can be mixed with one another and combined in
color schemes; color is the most personal and emotional
of the elements of design

33. Space
Too little
space can
create a
feeling of
being
exposed.

34. Very large rooms designed for
many people can produce a lonely
feeling when a person is alone

35. Space is affected by the
number and size of
objects in it.
Many objects scattered throughout
a room will most likely destroy the
design effect because the space will
have no apparent organization or
unity.

36. Objects
grouped into
large units
will create a
more ordered
space.

37. Shape
Shapes can be
Square,
Rectangular
Circular or
Triangular
Color can create
Shape

38. • Shiny and reflect images- mirrors
• Transparent and create visual effects
• Window glass
• Textured and absorb light and sound -
window treatments and carpeting
• Hard or Soft
• Plain or patterned
• Colored light or dark

40. Form

41. A room is more pleasing if the form of the dominate piece is
repeated in minor pieces and accessories in a room.

42. Other examples of forms are found in furniture and architecture
Thin, delicate forms appear
fragile, even when built of
sturdy materials
Large, heavy forms provide
stability to a design scheme.

43. Mass
Mass is the solidity, matter, or density that is defined by shape
or form. In furniture, mass is actual density when the material
is filled in, such as a solid block of wood.

44. Lines
Line is the connection of two
or more points. The eye also
perceives line when two
planes meet and when shape
is seen in silhouette as an
outline.
Lines may be straight
(horizontal curved (circular,
flowing, or tightly curved).
vertical), angular (diagonal or
zigzag), and curved (circular,
flowing, or tightly curved).

45. The back wall, glass window, furniture etc. give rise to
verticality

46. Vertical lines can make rooms seem more spacious than
they actually are and ceilings appear higher.

47. Horizontal lines can make buildings, rooms, and furniture
seem wider and shorter.

48. Diagonal lines can be overpowering and tiring, so they should
be used sparingly in design

49. Curved lines create natural flow and freedom. The dynamic
nature of diagonal lines creates drama and movement in
room with a staircase

51. Texture
Texture is the surface
characteristics and
appearance inherent in
every element and
component of interior
design.

52. Most well-designed
rooms have a
dominate texture
with accents of
contrasting textures.

53. Smooth surfaces reflect more
light than rough surfaces,
making them look lighter and
brighter.
Rough surfaces absorb more
light, making them look darker
and less intense.

55. Pattern
Pattern is the
arrangement of forms or
designs to create an
orderly whole. Pattern
often consists of several
motifs, or single design
units, arranged into a
larger design composition

56. Light
Light in interior design has two sources: natural light and
artificial light. Although natural light admitted in a large
quantity through expanses of glass windows may need some
means of screening to prevent glare (too much bright light) or
heat buildup, natural light is a desirable and an appreciated
element of design.

57. Colors
Color is the key element of interior design. It is used to create
aesthetically pleasing combinations and also works on a
psychological level. Each color has three characteristics: hue,
value, and intensity. It can give emphasis to create a hierarchy
and the piece of art

58. The Red Prime Steak
restaurant takes advantage of
colour psychology by using the
colour red to increase
appetites.
The offices of Octavian Advisors
utilizes a monochromatic colour
scheme, except for the bright
green elevator entrances. This
is an effective way of using
colour for way finding.

59. Tints and tones add interests and breaks monotony.

60. Thank You