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Intentional Changes by Allen Tough
- 1. INTENTIONAL CHANGES A FRESH APPROACH TO HELPING PEOPLE CHANGE Sonya Jacobs ADE 6966 – Master’s Seminar 2013 Allen Tough
- 2. Allen Tough 1936-2012 Canadian Adult Educator, Futurist, Researcher, Author Prof Emeritus University of Toronto Self Directed Learning Informal Learning SETI(search for extraterrestrial intelligence) Books 1967: Learning Without a Teacher 1971: The Adult's Learning Projects 1982: Intentional Changes 1991: Crucial Questions About the Future 1995: A Message from Future Generations 2000: When SETI Succeeds: The Impact of HighInformation Contact
- 3. Chapters 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Focusing on Intentional Changes Areas of Change The Size and Importance of Intentional Changes Who Chooses, Plans, and Implements the Changes Implications for Improving Professional Practice and Policy An Optimum Amount of Professional Control Significant Directions for Research An Optimistic Future for Intentional Changes
- 4. Intentional Changes Study A comprehensive study focusing on intentional changes among adults. Different approaches to the way adults implement change Conducted personal interviews with 150 individuals (Canada, the United States, and England) Each person was asked to asked to recall their largest, most important intentional change during the past two years Almost all of the 150 respondents reported significant changes, and 31 percent were able to describe “a huge or enormous change” within the two year period. Change contains two key elements Choice (conscious choice, with intention, not coerced, voluntary) Striving or action (The person took steps to achieve change)
- 5. Table 1- Areas of Change Area Percentage Career, job, and training 33 Human relationships, emotions, and self-perception 21 Enjoyable activities 11 Residence location 10 Maintenance of home and finances 7 Physical health 7 Volunteer helping activities3 3 Religion 3 Basic competence (in reading, driving, etc.) 3 Each figure indicates the percentage of adults whose largest, most important intentional change in the past two years falls primarily within the given area. N = 144. Source: Allen Tough. Intentional Changes: A Fresh Approach to Helping People Change. Chicago: Follett.,1982, p. 26.
- 6. Table 2 – Extent to Which Various Resources Contributed to Choosing, Planning, and Implementing the Changes Resource Choosing Planning Implementing The person himself/herself 68 69 73 Non-professionals in individual one to one interaction 23 19 16 In a group 2 2 1 Professionals in individual one to one interaction 3 7 6 0.3 1 2 4 4 2 In a group Books/other resources For each of the three tasks in turn, each interviewee distributed 100 percentage points among the various resources. This table presents the means of those percentages. Source: Allen Tough. Intentional Changes: A Fresh Approach to Helping People Change. New York: Chicago: Follett.,1982, p. 53.
- 7. Implications for Improving Professional Practice and Policy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Improve individual competence and managing change Develop better help with goals and planning Increase information about opportunities and resources Reduce undue restriction on freedom of choice Widen the range of opportunities and resources Improve ongoing support from nonprofessionals Improve the effectiveness of professional helpers
- 8. An Optimum Amount of Professional Control Continuum of Control 0 100% _________________________________________ __ Person has zero control because the help has complete control Person retains 100% of control Who controls the Choice of the Change, Strategy Decisions, Implementation Activities? Source: Allen Tough. Intentional Changes: A Fresh Approach to Helping People Change. New York: Chicago: Follett.,1982, p. 105.
- 9. Chapters 7 & 8 An Optimistic Future for Intentional Changes Significant Directions for Research Place of Intentional Changes within all changes Basic surveys of Intentional changes Causes of over control Needs for Additional help Significant Directions for Policy and Practice Implications for Research Achieving the full potential
- 10. Reference: Tough, A. (1982) Intentional Changes: A fresh approach to helping people change. Chicago: Follett.
Editor's Notes
- Learning Projects book was chosen as one of the ten classical books in adult education3 goals of self directed learningAbility to direct his/her own learning Ability to foster transformational learning Ability to promote independent learninghow most adult learning takes place outside of institutional frameworks-informal learning
- Introductory notes.
- 31 percent were able to describe “a huge or enormous change” within the two year period. Only 3 percent labeled their changes as “trivial,” and only 4 percent were unable to cite any change. The most common area of change (33%) related to people’s jobs. (changing jobs, learning new responsibilities, changing operations within one’s own small business, or gaining competency for certain aspects of jobs)The second highest area of change related to relationships, emotion and self awareness (improvement of primary relationship through development of their own feelings, marriage, parent, child relationships)
- People took credit for their changes; they assigned themselves about 70 percent of the credit for choosing, planning, and implementing changes. Although they sought help from others, they generally gave credit to nonprofessionals rather than to professionals. Also, they gave more credit to “one-to-one interaction” than to group interaction. One of the most interesting findings was that professionals in group settings received little credit for choosing, planning, or implementing changeThe dominant role chosen was their own change but obtained some help from friends and other non professionals and less help from professionals and books.
- According to Tough, the most significant directions for fostering and facilitating beneficial changes in the future will be Help people become more knowledgeable about intentional changes and planning their own changeTo develop a variety of effective help with chosen goals and directions for change with strategies and pathsFull and accurate information to be available and communicated about courses, workshops, seminars conferences, therapy groups, etc.Free to seek or not seek help from anyoneBroaden scope of mission or services to facilitate a wide range of changeProfessionals, organizations, or human services agencies could partner in change by finding suitable non professional helpersHelpers can choose from a variety of paths for improvement
- Largest chapter in the bookSpends a lot of time going over the implications of the dataFocuses on the interaction that occurs between the changing person and the helperAnswers questions does the professional helper have an appropriate amount of control or too much or too little?
- An opportunity for questions and discussions.