This document discusses approaches for integrating accessible multimedia documents into digital libraries. It describes two approaches - one based on extending the DAISY format and one based on transforming MultiReader documents into a client/server distribution model. Both approaches aim to provide synchronized multimedia content and personalization for users with different abilities. The document also discusses collaborative production of accessible documents and the roles of authors and librarians in ensuring high quality resources.
This document outlines a syllabus for a course on internetworking multimedia. The course covers five units: (1) an introduction to digital sound, video, graphics and multimedia networking requirements; (2) subnetwork technologies like ATM and IP for broadband services; (3) multicast transport protocols and routing; (4) media-on-demand applications; and (5) multimedia applications like video conferencing and virtual reality. The course totals 45 periods and provides references for further reading on the topic.
The National Library of Australia developed an application called Prometheus to help preserve digital content stored on physical media like floppy disks, CDs, and DVDs. Prometheus provides a semi-automated process to transfer digital content from these aging carriers to preservation storage. This helps mitigate risks from carrier deterioration and technological obsolescence. Prometheus uses open source tools to image carriers, verify content integrity, identify file formats, and extract metadata. It was designed to handle the Library's diverse carrier collections and can be adapted as needs and technologies change.
HP India Sales Pvt Ltd has proposed a Digital Repository Solution for an institution using the Dspace open source digital library system. The proposal outlines the benefits of digital repositories for preservation, access and discovery of digital materials. It describes key aspects of implementing Dspace such as its architecture with separate tiers for presentation, application processing and data storage. HP would deliver the installation, configuration and population of Dspace to create a digital repository for the institution's intellectual assets and research outputs.
The document discusses Mediapedia, a web-based resource created by the National Library of Australia to help manage the identification and documentation of different media carrier types and their technical requirements. Mediapedia allows users to identify carriers through various search methods and classifications. It provides descriptive information, images, and technical specifications for each carrier type. The goal is for specialists to collaborate and build a sustainable body of knowledge on carriers to help address the risks of lost access to digital content stored on aging or obsolete media over time.
Multimedia system, Architecture & DatabasesHarshita Ved
The document discusses multimedia databases and multimedia database management systems. It defines multimedia databases as collections of related multimedia data types including text, images, audio, and video. It also describes the additional metadata that must be managed along with the actual multimedia data. Multimedia database management systems provide support for different data formats and facilitate creation, storage, retrieval, querying, and control of multimedia data.
This is the subject slides for the module MMS2401 - Multimedia System and Communication taught in Shepherd College of Media Technology, Affiliated with Purbanchal University.
Multimedia is defined as the integration of various digital media types, including text, graphics, audio, video and animation. A multimedia application uses a collection of multiple media sources that can be interactively controlled by the viewer. Key characteristics of multimedia systems include being computer controlled, integrated, with information represented digitally and often featuring interactive interfaces. Common uses of multimedia include education, training, entertainment, advertising and business communication. Authoring tools are used to compose multimedia elements into projects by linking various media objects. Hypermedia expanded on earlier hypertext concepts by incorporating multimedia elements and allowing nonlinear access between linked media components.
AGGREGATING AND ENRICHING AUDIO-VISUAL METADATA USING EBUCORE | Athanasios DR...FIAT/IFTA
This document summarizes an academic paper presented at the World Conference 2013 in Dubai, UAE. The paper discusses how the EUscreen project aggregated and enriched audiovisual metadata from various European content providers using the EBUcore standard. It describes the three main phases of the project: ingesting metadata using the MINT tool, transforming metadata into a common EBUcore format, and publishing the aggregated metadata as Linked Open Data. The goal was to provide harmonized access to television content and resources for students, scholars and the public.
This document outlines a syllabus for a course on internetworking multimedia. The course covers five units: (1) an introduction to digital sound, video, graphics and multimedia networking requirements; (2) subnetwork technologies like ATM and IP for broadband services; (3) multicast transport protocols and routing; (4) media-on-demand applications; and (5) multimedia applications like video conferencing and virtual reality. The course totals 45 periods and provides references for further reading on the topic.
The National Library of Australia developed an application called Prometheus to help preserve digital content stored on physical media like floppy disks, CDs, and DVDs. Prometheus provides a semi-automated process to transfer digital content from these aging carriers to preservation storage. This helps mitigate risks from carrier deterioration and technological obsolescence. Prometheus uses open source tools to image carriers, verify content integrity, identify file formats, and extract metadata. It was designed to handle the Library's diverse carrier collections and can be adapted as needs and technologies change.
HP India Sales Pvt Ltd has proposed a Digital Repository Solution for an institution using the Dspace open source digital library system. The proposal outlines the benefits of digital repositories for preservation, access and discovery of digital materials. It describes key aspects of implementing Dspace such as its architecture with separate tiers for presentation, application processing and data storage. HP would deliver the installation, configuration and population of Dspace to create a digital repository for the institution's intellectual assets and research outputs.
The document discusses Mediapedia, a web-based resource created by the National Library of Australia to help manage the identification and documentation of different media carrier types and their technical requirements. Mediapedia allows users to identify carriers through various search methods and classifications. It provides descriptive information, images, and technical specifications for each carrier type. The goal is for specialists to collaborate and build a sustainable body of knowledge on carriers to help address the risks of lost access to digital content stored on aging or obsolete media over time.
Multimedia system, Architecture & DatabasesHarshita Ved
The document discusses multimedia databases and multimedia database management systems. It defines multimedia databases as collections of related multimedia data types including text, images, audio, and video. It also describes the additional metadata that must be managed along with the actual multimedia data. Multimedia database management systems provide support for different data formats and facilitate creation, storage, retrieval, querying, and control of multimedia data.
This is the subject slides for the module MMS2401 - Multimedia System and Communication taught in Shepherd College of Media Technology, Affiliated with Purbanchal University.
Multimedia is defined as the integration of various digital media types, including text, graphics, audio, video and animation. A multimedia application uses a collection of multiple media sources that can be interactively controlled by the viewer. Key characteristics of multimedia systems include being computer controlled, integrated, with information represented digitally and often featuring interactive interfaces. Common uses of multimedia include education, training, entertainment, advertising and business communication. Authoring tools are used to compose multimedia elements into projects by linking various media objects. Hypermedia expanded on earlier hypertext concepts by incorporating multimedia elements and allowing nonlinear access between linked media components.
AGGREGATING AND ENRICHING AUDIO-VISUAL METADATA USING EBUCORE | Athanasios DR...FIAT/IFTA
This document summarizes an academic paper presented at the World Conference 2013 in Dubai, UAE. The paper discusses how the EUscreen project aggregated and enriched audiovisual metadata from various European content providers using the EBUcore standard. It describes the three main phases of the project: ingesting metadata using the MINT tool, transforming metadata into a common EBUcore format, and publishing the aggregated metadata as Linked Open Data. The goal was to provide harmonized access to television content and resources for students, scholars and the public.
The document provides an overview of a syllabus for a multimedia course. It includes 7 topics: 1) Introduction to Multimedia, 2) Multimedia Elements, 3) Sound, Audio and Video, 4) Multimedia Authoring Tools, 5) Designing and Producing, 6) Planning and Costing, and 7) Coding and Compression. Each topic provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to that topic, such as defining multimedia, describing common multimedia elements like images and text, explaining tools for authoring multimedia, and processes for designing, planning, and coding multimedia projects.
The document defines key terms related to how the internet works and web design. It provides definitions for search engines, browsers, routers, DNS, packets, servers, IP addresses, acceptable use policies, copyright, and the public domain. It also defines important elements of web pages like tags, elements, nesting, navigation, external style sheets, CSS rules, classes, attributes and values, relative and absolute links, lists, citations, tables, cells, merging cells, columns, rows, cell padding, cell spacing, borders, float, images, contrast, repetition, alignment, proximity, web safe colors, hexadecimal colors, optimize files, file types like JPG, GIF and PNG, pixels, ellipses, text effects like
This document provides an overview of principles of multimedia including definitions of multimedia, its characteristics, applications, building blocks, and relationship with the internet. It also discusses topics like multimedia architecture, user interfaces, hardware support, distributed multimedia applications, streaming technologies, multimedia databases, authoring tools, and multimedia document standards.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Multimedia is the presentation of information using multiple forms of media like text, audio, graphics, animation and video. It has various applications in fields like education, entertainment, business, medicine and more. Some key points about multimedia include different file formats, hardware and software used for production, authoring tools, and the phases of multimedia production like analysis, design, implementation, testing and publishing.
(a) Text: notes, captions, subtitles, contents, indexes.
(b) Data: tables, charts, graphs, spreadsheets.
(c) Graphics: drawings, prints, maps, etc.
(d) Photographic images : negatives, slides, prints .
(e) Animation: including both computer generated, video, etc.
(f) Audio: speech and music digitized from cassettes, tapes, CDs, etc.
(g) Video (digital): either converted from analogue film or entirely created within a computer.
This document discusses multimedia and provides an overview of key topics. It defines multimedia as content that uses a combination of different media types like text, audio, images, video and interactive content. The history of multimedia is explored, noting how newspapers were early adopters of multiple media elements. Multimedia is then categorized as either linear or non-linear, with linear following a set sequence and non-linear allowing free movement. Features of multimedia like text, audio, images, video and animation are described. The document also outlines applications of multimedia in areas like commercial, entertainment, education and engineering. It concludes by discussing the future potential of multimedia.
Multimedia system(OPEN DOCUMENT ARCHITECTURE AND INTERCHANGING FORMAT)pavishkumarsingh
The document discusses multimedia documents and hypermedia. It describes how multimedia documents contain both continuous and discrete media and require models for content, structure, manipulation, and representation. Standards for describing multimedia documents include SGML, HTML, and MHEG. Hypertext links discrete chunks of text, while hypermedia generalizes this to include additional media types and synchronization. The World Wide Web uses HTTP, URLs, and HTML to access and display hypermedia documents over the internet. Forms and CGI scripts allow for user interaction, while Java applets enable interactive content to run in web browsers.
Vortrag im Rahmen des Workshops "KIM-Workshop: Vom Datensilo ins Semantic Web - Interoperabilität von Metadaten" auf dem 4. Leipziger Kongress für Information und Bibliothek
This document provides information and resources for integrating project-based learning, Common Core standards, and technology. It discusses how project-based learning allows students to connect their work to the real world. Various grade level Common Core standards are presented, followed by examples of projects incorporating technology tools. Suggestions are given for starting projects and managing student work. The document concludes with lists of additional resources and ideas for using blogs, digital storytelling, interactive presentations, and global projects.
The document discusses the German National Library's efforts to publish authority data as linked open data. It provides an overview of the types of authority data that have been modeled and published as linked data so far, including numbers of authority records. It also discusses future goals, such as reducing redundancies and cataloging efforts through linking data. Limitations of the current linked data approach are noted, such as how to represent aggregation of information and meta-metadata. The conclusion emphasizes the benefits of linked open data for libraries and the web community.
This document discusses incorporating STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) into the Common Core curriculum. It defines the components of STEM and explains how STEM relates to and can be integrated with the Common Core standards. It provides examples of cross-curricular STEM lessons and activities that incorporate subjects like art, reading, writing, and more. It also discusses the use of technology, resources for a STEM lab, and how STEM education prepares students for the future.
Enabling Accessible Resource Access via Service ProvidersAlexander Haffner
Libraries have become digitized and are using information technology for storing and managing their
resource inventory. Additional metadata are used for describing properties of non-digital assets as well
as of purely digital resources. In particular, as the amount of digital resources increases, there is
demand for centralized services for searching and distribution of content.
Stakeholders of libraries and publishing industry already have made progress in areas of archival
strategies and standardization of preservation strategies. A variety of metadata standards and
exchange protocols enable service providers to offer a single access point to resources. However,
there is still an increased demand for improvement of resource organization and enhanced quality
particularly in terms of accessibility. This paper presents strategies to increase accessibility of
resources as a valuable step towards access-for-all. For consideration of accessibility within the
publishing chain we analyse the whole processing chain and identify stakeholders such as national
libraries and their corresponding responsibilities for ingest, archival storage and dissemination of
digital resources.
The document provides an overview of a syllabus for a multimedia course. It includes 7 topics: 1) Introduction to Multimedia, 2) Multimedia Elements, 3) Sound, Audio and Video, 4) Multimedia Authoring Tools, 5) Designing and Producing, 6) Planning and Costing, and 7) Coding and Compression. Each topic provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to that topic, such as defining multimedia, describing common multimedia elements like images and text, explaining tools for authoring multimedia, and processes for designing, planning, and coding multimedia projects.
The document defines key terms related to how the internet works and web design. It provides definitions for search engines, browsers, routers, DNS, packets, servers, IP addresses, acceptable use policies, copyright, and the public domain. It also defines important elements of web pages like tags, elements, nesting, navigation, external style sheets, CSS rules, classes, attributes and values, relative and absolute links, lists, citations, tables, cells, merging cells, columns, rows, cell padding, cell spacing, borders, float, images, contrast, repetition, alignment, proximity, web safe colors, hexadecimal colors, optimize files, file types like JPG, GIF and PNG, pixels, ellipses, text effects like
This document provides an overview of principles of multimedia including definitions of multimedia, its characteristics, applications, building blocks, and relationship with the internet. It also discusses topics like multimedia architecture, user interfaces, hardware support, distributed multimedia applications, streaming technologies, multimedia databases, authoring tools, and multimedia document standards.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) ijceronline
nternational Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Multimedia is the presentation of information using multiple forms of media like text, audio, graphics, animation and video. It has various applications in fields like education, entertainment, business, medicine and more. Some key points about multimedia include different file formats, hardware and software used for production, authoring tools, and the phases of multimedia production like analysis, design, implementation, testing and publishing.
(a) Text: notes, captions, subtitles, contents, indexes.
(b) Data: tables, charts, graphs, spreadsheets.
(c) Graphics: drawings, prints, maps, etc.
(d) Photographic images : negatives, slides, prints .
(e) Animation: including both computer generated, video, etc.
(f) Audio: speech and music digitized from cassettes, tapes, CDs, etc.
(g) Video (digital): either converted from analogue film or entirely created within a computer.
This document discusses multimedia and provides an overview of key topics. It defines multimedia as content that uses a combination of different media types like text, audio, images, video and interactive content. The history of multimedia is explored, noting how newspapers were early adopters of multiple media elements. Multimedia is then categorized as either linear or non-linear, with linear following a set sequence and non-linear allowing free movement. Features of multimedia like text, audio, images, video and animation are described. The document also outlines applications of multimedia in areas like commercial, entertainment, education and engineering. It concludes by discussing the future potential of multimedia.
Multimedia system(OPEN DOCUMENT ARCHITECTURE AND INTERCHANGING FORMAT)pavishkumarsingh
The document discusses multimedia documents and hypermedia. It describes how multimedia documents contain both continuous and discrete media and require models for content, structure, manipulation, and representation. Standards for describing multimedia documents include SGML, HTML, and MHEG. Hypertext links discrete chunks of text, while hypermedia generalizes this to include additional media types and synchronization. The World Wide Web uses HTTP, URLs, and HTML to access and display hypermedia documents over the internet. Forms and CGI scripts allow for user interaction, while Java applets enable interactive content to run in web browsers.
Vortrag im Rahmen des Workshops "KIM-Workshop: Vom Datensilo ins Semantic Web - Interoperabilität von Metadaten" auf dem 4. Leipziger Kongress für Information und Bibliothek
This document provides information and resources for integrating project-based learning, Common Core standards, and technology. It discusses how project-based learning allows students to connect their work to the real world. Various grade level Common Core standards are presented, followed by examples of projects incorporating technology tools. Suggestions are given for starting projects and managing student work. The document concludes with lists of additional resources and ideas for using blogs, digital storytelling, interactive presentations, and global projects.
The document discusses the German National Library's efforts to publish authority data as linked open data. It provides an overview of the types of authority data that have been modeled and published as linked data so far, including numbers of authority records. It also discusses future goals, such as reducing redundancies and cataloging efforts through linking data. Limitations of the current linked data approach are noted, such as how to represent aggregation of information and meta-metadata. The conclusion emphasizes the benefits of linked open data for libraries and the web community.
This document discusses incorporating STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) into the Common Core curriculum. It defines the components of STEM and explains how STEM relates to and can be integrated with the Common Core standards. It provides examples of cross-curricular STEM lessons and activities that incorporate subjects like art, reading, writing, and more. It also discusses the use of technology, resources for a STEM lab, and how STEM education prepares students for the future.
Enabling Accessible Resource Access via Service ProvidersAlexander Haffner
Libraries have become digitized and are using information technology for storing and managing their
resource inventory. Additional metadata are used for describing properties of non-digital assets as well
as of purely digital resources. In particular, as the amount of digital resources increases, there is
demand for centralized services for searching and distribution of content.
Stakeholders of libraries and publishing industry already have made progress in areas of archival
strategies and standardization of preservation strategies. A variety of metadata standards and
exchange protocols enable service providers to offer a single access point to resources. However,
there is still an increased demand for improvement of resource organization and enhanced quality
particularly in terms of accessibility. This paper presents strategies to increase accessibility of
resources as a valuable step towards access-for-all. For consideration of accessibility within the
publishing chain we analyse the whole processing chain and identify stakeholders such as national
libraries and their corresponding responsibilities for ingest, archival storage and dissemination of
digital resources.
Collaborative Maintenance of Semantic Networks - Present or Future?Alexander Haffner
1. The document discusses collaborative maintenance of semantic networks between libraries and other organizations.
2. It describes current authority collaboration in German libraries through the Integrated Authority File, which contains over 10 million entries.
3. However, the data exchange is based on harvesting and the data model is very library-specific, excluding non-library organizations.
The paper describes the work being conducted in the Cross-institutional Authority Collaboration (Institutionenübergreifende Integration von Normdaten, IN2N) project. This pilot project, executed in cooperation with the German National Library and the German Film Institute, aims to establish new collaboration models to improve cross-domain authority maintenance. The paper outlines applied strategies for providing a shared infrastructure as well as workflows for exchanging data about persons; interface enhancements permitting the exploitation of innovative web approaches; and cross-institutional data search and representation solutions. Furthermore, we discuss specific boundary conditions, such as disparities in the level of data granularity, for an interoperable cataloguing environment.
Durch den neuen Erschließungsstandard „Resource Description and Access“ (RDA) lassen sich bibliografische Daten sowie Normdaten Semantic-Web-konform repräsentieren. Der Vortrag soll aufzeigen, welche Auswirkungen RDA auf die Katalogisierung in Bibliotheken und den Zugang zu den erschlossenen Ressourcen im Semantic Web hat. Anhand erster Erfahrungen aus praktischen Umsetzungen wird erläutert, wie bibliografische Daten durch RDA und Linked-Data-Technologien besser zugänglich gemacht und vor allem nachgenutzt werden können.
The document discusses Resource Description and Access (RDA), a new cataloging standard that aims to improve findability, identification, and interoperability of library resources. RDA is based on FRBR (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records) and FRAD (Functional Requirements for Authority Data) models. It defines cataloging entities and relationships using Semantic Web technologies like URIs, RDF, and SKOS to make metadata more reusable and linkable on the global scale. The document outlines how RDA entities, elements, and vocabularies are being registered in the NSDL Metadata Registry to enable their representation and sharing using Semantic Web formats.
Chapter 1-Introduction to Media-Past, Present and Future.pptVasanthiMuniasamy2
This document provides an overview of multimedia, including:
1) It defines multimedia as the combined use of different media types like text, audio, video and graphics.
2) The history of multimedia is traced from early CD-ROMs to advances enabling digital distribution over networks.
3) The key components of multimedia are described as content creation, storage/compression, and distribution.
This paper presents an audio personalization framework for mobile devices. The multimedia
models MPEG-21 and MPEG-7 are used to describe metadata information. The metadata which support personalization are stored into each device. The Web Ontology Language (OWL) language is used to produce and manipulate the relative ontological descriptions. The process is distributed according to the MapReduce framework and implemented over the Android platform. It determines a hierarchical system structure consisted of Master and Worker devices. The Master retrieves a list of audio tracks matching specific criteria using SPARQL queries.
- The document discusses requirements for distributed multimedia systems, including supporting continuous media streams, quality of service management, synchronization, and multiparty communications.
- It introduces two framework models for meeting these requirements: 1) A middleware platform that uses "binding objects" to establish and control quality of service for streaming multimedia between applications. 2) A framework providing different services and satisfying application requirements through service selection and integration in an IPv6 differentiated services environment.
- The key requirements discussed are the need to support continuous media streaming over long periods, sophisticated static and dynamic quality of service management, synchronization of multiple media streams, and programming/system support for multiparty communications.
This document provides an overview of digital libraries, including definitions, benefits, limitations, components, standards, and challenges. It defines a digital library as a collection of information stored and accessed electronically, extending the functions of a traditional library digitally. Benefits include improved access and searchability, easier information sharing and preservation. Emerging technologies discussed include metadata standards, XML, and protocols like OAI-PMH for metadata harvesting. Common digital library software includes DSpace, Greenstone, and EPrints. Challenges involve digitization, description, legal issues, presentation of heterogeneous resources, and economic sustainability.
This document provides an overview of digital libraries, including definitions, benefits, limitations, components, standards, and challenges. It defines a digital library as a collection of information stored and accessed electronically, extending the functions of a traditional library digitally. Benefits include improved access, information sharing, and preservation, while limitations include technological obsolescence and rights management. Key components discussed include digital objects, metadata, and tools like DSpace and Greenstone for developing digital libraries. Emerging standards around identifiers, encoding, and metadata are also summarized.
Current trends in database management systems include multimedia databases that store various media formats along with descriptive metadata, distributed databases that allow data to be shared across networked sites, document-oriented databases where records can have varying formats and fields rather than fixed tables, and mobile and embedded databases increasingly used in devices and sensors to configure settings and store operational data. These trends reflect demands for managing diverse data types, enabling data sharing, flexible document structures, and data capture in everyday objects.
Access to electronic information resources in librariesavid
Recent advances in the field of Information Technology have already influenced the life in more than one direction. Its impact on the field of Library and Information Science is also quite significant, more so in advanced countries. Most obviously the situation is a resultant of the growth of electronic publishing and of networks that facilitate scholarly communication. Technological advances, especially the Information Technology are facilitating a fascinating change in libraries with a vision and are trying to accommodate all types of media for providing electronic information services to the users in a more convenient and effective way. The article describes various types of eminent Electronic resources used in libraries. It briefly touches their advantages, disadvantages and usage in libraries.
The document discusses electronic resources (e-resources) and e-content development in education. It defines e-resources as materials that are accessible electronically in digital format, such as e-journals, e-books, online databases, and webpages. E-resources provide easy and quick access to stored information from remote locations and help solve storage issues. Popular e-resources in India include the UGC-INFONET digital library consortium, ERNET, DELNET, and various e-journal consortiums that allow libraries to pool resources and share access to databases.
The document discusses emerging trends in library networks in the new millennium, including the growth of digital resources and collections, developments in digital library technologies, and the future of networked digital resources. Some key points discussed are the exponential growth of information, transition from physical to digital media, consortium approaches for accessing content, developing digital collections and repositories, and emerging technologies like semantic retrieval and knowledge sharing platforms. The future of library networks is envisioned to include fluid and transient multimedia resources, free and flexible virtual information spaces, global and personalized access, and more emphasis on informal knowledge exchange and social relationships.
Properly designed information systems can make information accessible to all people. The DAISY Consortium has worked consistently and effectively to push evolving standards and technologies in that direction.
The National Library of Australia developed an application called Prometheus to help with the increasing challenge of preserving digital content stored on physical carriers like floppy disks, CDs, and DVDs. Prometheus provides a semi-automated process to transfer digital content from these carriers to secure digital storage. It incorporates open source tools to image carriers, verify integrity, extract metadata and more. While designed for the Library's needs, Prometheus and its components were released publicly in hopes it could help other institutions address the growing problem of preserving "at-risk" digital content before it becomes inaccessible.
Personalized Multimedia Web Services in Peer to Peer Networks Using MPEG-7 an...University of Piraeus
Multimedia information has been increased in the recent years while new content delivery services enhanced with personalization functionalities are provided to users. Several standards are proposed for the representation and retrieval of multimedia content. This paper makes an overview of the available standards and technologies. Furthermore a prototype semantic P2P architecture is presented which delivers personalized audio information. The metadata which support personalization are separated in two categories: the metadata describing user preferences stored at each user and the resource adaptation metadata stored at the P2P network’s web services. The multimedia models MPEG-21 and MPEG-7 are used to describe metadata information and the Web Ontology Language (OWL) to produce and manipulate ontological descriptions. SPARQL is used for querying the OWL ontologies. The MPEG Query Format (MPQF) is also used, providing a well-known framework for applying queries to the metadata and to the ontologies.
My portion of a presentation to the Special Libraries Association\'s annual conference. June 15th, 2009, Washington, DC.
http://slablogger.typepad.com/sla_blog/2009/06/mahd-collaboration-for-digital-preservation.html
This document provides an introduction to multimedia. It defines multimedia as any combination of digitally manipulated text, art, sound, animation and video. Multimedia can be classified based on its storage, information exchange, transmission, representation, perception, and presentation. Common multimedia applications include instruction, business, entertainment, enabling technology, and fine arts/humanities. Authoring tools allow the creation of complete multimedia presentations by linking different media objects.
This document provides an introduction to multimedia and hypermedia. It defines multimedia as computer information represented through audio, video, animation, and traditional media like text and graphics. Multimedia uses multiple forms of information and processing. The basic elements are described as text, graphics, animation, video, and audio. Hypermedia extends multimedia by adding links between different multimedia elements to allow nonlinear access to information.
This document discusses the increasing use of multimedia in electronic journals (e-journals) as the capabilities of digital technologies have advanced. It notes that while early e-journals were limited to text and basic images, the development of technologies like PDF, HTML, and the World Wide Web enabled incorporation of multimedia like audio, video, animations and more. The document reviews common types of multimedia being used in e-journals, such as animated GIFs, MIDI files, MPEG videos, and VRML. It also provides examples of e-journals across various academic fields that employ multimedia.
This paper presents a semantic model which delivers personalized audio information. The personalization process is automated and decentralized. The metadata which support personalization are separated in two categories: the metadata describing user preferences stored at each user and the resource adaptation metadata stored at the server. The multimedia models MPEG-21 and MPEG-7 are used to describe metadata information. The Web Ontology Language (OWL) language is used to produce and manipulate the relative ontological descriptions.
Trekk Cross-Media Series: Using XML to Create Once - Distribute EverywhereJeffrey Stewart
This ebook is based on a blog series leading up to the IDEAlliance XML 2010; eMedia Revolution conference. In each chapter, I present one of the ideas that provide the foundation of my presentation at that conference.
As eMedia devices and delivery systems proliferate, publishers, agencies and traditional media service providers are challenged with keeping up with demand for content conversion. Content distributors can reduce costs and complexity with a strategy that includes adoption of XML standards, a component architecture for structured content creation and a workflow that adheres to a digital-first orientation.
LSDigital is an “Add-on” item to LibSys software and thus is fully compatible with LibSys. The entire process is fully automated thereby requiring minimum effort by the user and integration with LibSys database is implicit. It provides great benefits to the users who would be able to search both digitized and non-digitized library collection through a common library OPAC
Digital libraries provide users with organized access to large repositories of digital information and knowledge from around the world. They extend physical libraries by allowing remote access to more resources and enabling new ways of accessing and sharing information. Digital libraries integrate multiple information sources, support various media formats, and provide advanced search capabilities while preserving traditional library functions of collection, organization, access, and preservation. Several major projects in the United States and Europe are working to develop technologies to build large-scale digital libraries in various subject domains.
Similar to Integration of Accessible Documents into Digital Libraries of Tomorrow (20)
Verlage bieten ihren Autoren eine Unterstützung bei der Aufnahme ihrer Veröffentlichungen in nationalen und internationalen Bibliothekskatalogen sowie dem Nachweis in Buchhandels- und Internetverzeichnissen. Der Vortrag zeigt auf, wie Verlage sicherstellen können, dass ihre Veröffentlichungsnachweise in der Fülle von Informationen des Internets tatsächlich eine hohe Sichtbarkeit erhalten und vor allem dem Autor sowie dem Verlag eindeutig zuordenbar sind. Hierfür gibt der Vortragende einen Exkurs in den Umgang mit Normdaten und verdeutlicht welche Möglichkeiten durch die Etablierung des Semantic Webs hinsichtlich einer verbesserten Datennachnutzbarkeit und –vernetzung erwachsen. Über das Wirken der Verlage hinaus, wird auch die Rolle von sozialen Netzwerken wie Wikipedia oder MusicBrainz für die Bereitstellung bzw. Nachnutzung von bibliografischen Daten und Normdaten innerhalb des semantischen Netzes diskutiert.
Die konsistente Ansetzung und Verwendung von Normdaten im deutschsprachigen Raum soll ab Frühjahr 2012 durch die Gemeinsame Normdatei (GND) gewährleistet sein. In der GND werden die bislang im Bibliotheks- und Archivwesen sowie die in Museen eingesetzten Normdateien - Gemeinsame Körperschaftsdatei (GKD), Schlagwortnormdatei (SWD) und die Personennamendatei (PND) - sowie die Einheitssachtitel-Datei des Deutschen Musikarchivs (EST-Datei) zusammengeführt. Die GND wird somit normierte Beschreibungen für Personen, Körperschaften, Kongresse, Geografika, Schlagwörter und Einheitssachtitel der Musik enthalten.
Der Vortrag wird neben einer Vorstellung der GND den klassischen Ansatz der kooperativen Erschließung im Bibliothekswesen diskutieren. Darüberhinaus sollen die aufkommenden Potentiale durch die semantische Vernetzung von Normdaten hervorgehoben werden. In diesem Kontext sollen Aspekte der Verlinkung mit bibliotheks- und nicht-bibliotheksspezifischen Daten und Möglichkeiten zur Effizienzsteigerung bei der Erschließung und Nachnutzung betrachtet werden. Interessante Beispiele für die Verknüpfung von GND-Daten mit nicht-bibliothekarischen Wissensorganisationssystemen sind die Web 2.0 Plattformen Wikipedia, GeoNames oder auch MusicBrainz. Darüberhinaus soll der Vortrag auch die Verknüpfungsstrategien mit dem VIAF, der DDC, den LCSH sowie dem STW näher beleuchten.
Außerdem soll diskutiert werden, wie die GND perspektivisch auch im Semantic Web eine zentrale Rolle im und außerhalb des Bibliothekswesen einnehmen kann. Anhand von Erfahrungen aus dem Linked-Data-Service-Projekt der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek werden Ansätze für die Modellierung und Bereitstellung von Normdaten als Linked-Data-Repräsentationen vorgestellt.
Der Vortrag diskutiert die Bedeutung von Normdaten und verdeutlicht den zukünftigen Umgang mit Normdaten unter Anwendung des Katalogisierungsstandards Resource Description and Access (RDA). Es werden Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede der zugrundeliegenden Modelle von RDA und der Gemeinsamen Normdatei (GND) betrachtet. Als Ausblick werden Implementierungsszenarien und Potentiale für die internationale Vernetzung von Normdaten vorgestellt.
Durch den neuen Erschließungsstandard „Resource Description and Access“ (RDA) lassen sich bibliografische Daten sowie Normdaten Semantic-Web-konform repräsentieren. Der Vortrag soll aufzeigen, welche Auswirkungen RDA auf die Katalogisierung in Bibliotheken und den Zugang zu den erschlossenen Ressourcen im Semantic Web hat. Anhand erster Erfahrungen aus praktischen Umsetzungen wird erläutert, wie bibliografische Daten durch RDA und Linked-Data-Technologien besser zugänglich gemacht und vor allem nachgenutzt werden können.
Integration of Accessible Documents into Digital Libraries of Tomorrow
1. Integration of Accessible Documents into Digital Librar-
ies of Tomorrow
Alexander Haffner Gerhard Weber
Technische Universität Dres- Technische Universität Dres-
den den
01062 Dresden 01062 Dresden
Germany Germany
alexander.haffner@inf.tu- gerhard.weber@inf.tu-
dresden.de dresden.de
Digital libraries are processing mainly digital text resources and intend to en-
sure long-tem preservation. Future systems additionally have to focus on ac-
cessible multimedia dissemination and overcome traditional channels for dis-
tribution. We have developed two different approaches towards a client/server
distribution model for an accessible digital library based either on an exten-
sion of DAISY or by transforming MultiReader documents. These approaches
rely on ingest of comprehensive contents covering enhanced semantic rich-
ness. We consider role changes of authors and their corresponding responsi-
bilities for actual resource quality increase. Furthermore, we discuss resulting
end user benefits by multimedia and related modalities of use.
1. Introduction
Recently, the term “digital library” has been extremely expanded in its meaning,
the development turned from simple online catalogues to archival information
systems. Archival information systems are archives, consisting of an organization
of people and systems that have accepted the responsibility to preserve informa-
tion and make it available for a designated community [OAIS02].
Each reader community is affected by the availability of digital resources. Accord-
ing to the European Disability Forum (EDF), approx. 50 million people of the
population in the European Union suffer from disabilities [EDF08]. For example,
people dependent on a wheelchair can avoid lack of mobility when visiting digital
libraries instead of conventional libraries. In contrast, print-disabled people get
only access to contents available if it is available as digital asset explicitly. For
the majority of people with a disability digital resources offer a diversity of van-
tages for comfortable document use. Instead of delivery by mail, digital libraries
support near to instant access. Issues of reengineering ingest, archival and dis-
semination processes challenge a modern library-for-all.
This paper discusses access strategies to rich multimedia contents. Multimedia
solutions may include synchronized equivalent media streams that already match
user needs or are adaptable to their needs. Production and ingest responsibilities
2. by authors and librarians may be based on a distributed system to support ar-
chiving and become applicable for high quality resource distribution.
2. Access by consumers
Consumers perform an online document search, if they benefit from the biblio-
graphic metadata. Often they intend immediately to read or at least browse a
document that suits their interest. Digital library search functionality is mostly of-
fered by a web based user interface, whereby forms assist users in a purposeful
search. Therefore techniques and guidelines for web accessibility may already
cover accessibility aspects. In contrast, access to actual resources is not neces-
sarily covered by such guidelines.
[PET05] determined requirements of print disabled users (blind, partial sighted,
dyslexic, and hearing impaired users) in document handling. Results show each
group has problems using standard print but has as well specific requirements for
the use of digital documents. For example, blind users are not able to use graph-
ics whereas graphics support understanding of all the other readers, partial
sighted readers need scalable text and adjustable contrasts, audio without any
capturing is useless for deaf, and too small line distances let dyslexics get lost in
text. In particular, video and audio demand different accessibility approaches to
serve each single target groups.
The use of multimedia documents by mainstream readers as well as by print-
disabled readers requires contents which matches the constrained modalities of
use and offer personalization of document presentation.
2.1 Digital Talking Books in DAISY format
A Digital Talking Book (DTB) is a multimedia document developed also for dis-
abled users. DTBs use Digital Accessible Information System (DAISY) as a
smart format to integrate and synchronize text, audio and images. ANSI/NISO
Z39.86-2005 standard [DTB05] defines the format and content of the electronic
file set that comprises a Digital Talking Book.
The XML based specification provides producers with the ability to structure a
book in great detail. Compared to HTML mark-up, XML increases mark-up op-
tions and makes more detailed structure and some nesting possible. The corre-
sponding structure allows readers both global navigation (through pages, chap-
ters, headings etc.), and local navigation within a document at a very fine granu-
larity (on a paragraph, sentence or word level as well as within a table).
DAISY players offer readers personalization of text display, as well as adjustment
of audio playback speed within some bandwidth. Additionally a player can con-
tinuously highlight text phrases. Typically DTBs contain synthetic or human nar-
rated voice.
An exemplary synchronized media playback processing is shown in Figure 1.
The illustration demonstrates dependencies of permitted DTB items. A maximum
of three media objects (one is time-dependent) may be applicable in parallel at
every moment of reading.
3. m
dtb:audio
<audio> <audio> <audio>
dtb:text
<dtbook>
dtb:image dtb:image
<image> <image>
t
Figure 1: example for synchronized multimedia in DAISY
The deficit in DAISY is the lack of video integration. In particular people with a
loss of hearing suffer from this fact. For deaf people sign language is the native
language. Consequently, navigable sign language videos are produced by spe-
cialized publishers to make documents more readable utilizing a variety of tech-
nical approaches and typically without XML-based markup.
The MultiReader project noticed already in 2005 the demand for corresponding
media alternatives and developed its own format-for-all utilizing the same indus-
try standard file formats as DAISY.
Recently, the DAISY Consortium likewise observed missing provision of several
media streams particularly matching hearing-impaired needs.
Accompanying to the design of SMIL 3.0 a SMIL 3.0 DAISY profile was devel-
oped. The profile meets a variety of additional requirements. Consequently,
DAISY Consortium announced a revision of ANSI/NISO Z39.86. The revised
Standard will address both authoring (master creation) and distribution require-
ments [DAYNL08].
2.2 MultiReader Project
The MultiReader document model is based on enriched media documents and
the separation of content from presentation. A MultiReader document consists of
a main file and several source files which are rich media documents containing
both XHTML and a kind of SMIL mark-up to identify single media objects.
XHTML+TIME is a development combining the well known Hypertext Mark-up
Language (HTML) with the timing and synchronization mechanisms of SMIL. By
using these XML languages further document processing with easily available
XML parsers and XSLT engines is possible. Further, XHTML+TIME documents
can be displayed by industry standard web browsers. MultiReader documents
are read through a reading program with novel user interface elements.
Identification of media objects is using a mechanism in XHTML for linking de-
scription of contents with a description of presentation (Cascading Stylesheet,
CSS). In XHTML each stylesheet is identified through a name, which also serves
as a microformat. In addition, MultiReader specifies classes of media objects to
describe some contents which will be transformed according to user needs. Hier-
archical nesting of MultiReader classes is possible through nested mark-up
4. (<span>-tags). Figure 2 shows such a nesting for some video played together
with background, followed by music. Narration to the video is enriched by audio
description by blind users. Captions and subtitles may be offered to deaf users
instead.
m
cvideo ctsynth
<video> <audio>
cvbgsound cvmusic cthigh
<audio> <audio> <set> <set> <set>
cvaudiodesc cvnarration cvaudiodesc
<audio> <audio> <audio>
cvcaption cvsubtitle
text text t
Figure 2: example for synchronized multimedia in MultiReader documents [SPI08]
In essence, the formats for accessible multimedia documents do exist. But a digi-
tal library of tomorrow does not only support search and download mechanisms,
it should also support platform independent web based playback of multimedia
resources. Neither MultiReader nor DAISY have been developed with this inten-
tion.
3. Web based playback solutions
This section introduces two enhancements for an improved access to multimedia
documents-for-all ensuring independent player technologies. An important role in
both approaches plays the support of a multimodal usage concept regarding
support for handicapped users.
3.1 Timesheet based MultiReader solution
In contrast to the traditional MultiReader concept [SPI08] replaces use of
HTML+TIME technologies by a different approach towards multimedia synchro-
nisation in a browser independent broadcast. The redeveloped system more
strictly is based on SMIL, but implements SMIL through SMIL-Timesheets
[STS08] and allows validation as XHTML file. Timesheet provide absolute, rela-
tive and event based time controlling of multimedia items in a web page. The ad-
vantage of Timesheet is in the external and modular specification similar to CSS.
All the timing specification can be hold in one file and will be attached to embed-
ded page elements at runtime. Timesheet are based on JavaScript, a technology
which screenreaders may utilize successfully if used carefully. A Timesheet en-
gine supports client side events and corresponding media handling. It is dynami-
cally integrated into a distributed MultiReader solution by relying on AJAX.
The distributed MultiReader system consists of an application server maintaining
a user profile. The implementation is based on Cocoon. Corresponding to the
5. user profile, the application server composes mandatory media objects into a
MultiReader document. Those documents are located in a separate archival
storage system which supports streaming functionality. The Cocoon application
server transforms media containers by XSLT and arranges all necessary compo-
nents in an accessible webpage. This means personalization is completed on the
server. As a result users read in web pages which meet their needs more ade-
quately. Adjustment of visual media is provided by utilizing individual CSS. The
multimedia items are just embedded as link objects. Streaming of multimedia
data is handled by an accessible Flash player, controlled with respect to temporal
requirements by the timesheet as well as with respect to user intervention for ex-
tra reading time by mouse or keyboard operated buttons.
Furthermore documents contain besides standard browser navigation, functional-
ities of navigation support by table of contents and indices to explore the hierar-
chical document structures. A variety of assistance features offer quick help. The
enhanced MultiReader system has been tested for AA WCAG 1.0 conformance
successfully as well as for usability in a pilot test by a blind user.
3.2 Enhanced DAISY web player
The enhanced DAISY format of [EBE08] contains, besides the traditional dtbook
textual content file and the recorded audio files, a variety of specific audio tracks,
an additional video stream, a sign language stream and different subtitles and
captions for videos as primary media. Combinations of single media objects aim
to the needs of different user groups.
Each user has a client-side user profile which causes a first arrangement of nec-
essary media for synchronization. Therefore the client requests the original
DAISY-DOM from an archival storage system and undertakes a rebuilding into
an adapted personalized document. Afterwards every user has the opportunity to
undertake further unassisted personalization in the player.
The client side player application is completely embedded in a Flex [FLEX08]
based Flash environment to support heterogeneous systems by proper media
stream playing. The actual text of the dtbook file is displayed in an HTML area.
This approach allows the reuse of standard web accessibility features, so it is
also possible to read text by screenreader if equivalent audio files are missing.
Furthermore display adaptation is adjustable by CSS. The major advantage of
Flash is its comfortable and accessible audio and video file playback similar to
timesheet based MultiReader.
3.3 Comparison
Unlike static web pages support both approaches optional placement and plastic-
ity for all media objects included. Primarily plasticity of the user interface is ensur-
ing resizing but also aspects of overlaying and free positioning (i.e. subtitles on
the display) are addressed through a client/server system.
On system side every media object is selectable individually and streamed. Con-
sequently, a client just selects the necessary media from the streaming server.
Users will experience a better degree of controllability also with respect to addi-
tional time for reading. The streaming approach of both [SPI08] and [EBE08] en-
6. ables partial playback of large files with almost no delays, in particular requires
streamed Flash only little buffering before playback can start. In contrast, ap-
proaches to download videos or audio files would cause undesired pauses.
The main difference arises from support for screenreaders. The MultiReader-
based approach is based on HTML and JavaScript. Many screenreader support
HTML sufficiently well and reliably follow techniques for accessible web pages. In
contrast Flex, is supporting screenreaders only within the Windows operating
system by addressing MSAA. The following Table 1 summarizes this compari-
son.
Client/Server Enhanced DAISY
MultiReader
Web-based distribution personalised by server personalized by client
W3C standards XHTML incl. JavaScript requires standard update
readers blind, partial sighted, blind, partial sighted,
dyslexic, deaf and hear- dyslexic, deaf and hear-
ing impaired users ing impaired users
streamed time- Flash Flash
dependend media
screenreader support Independent independent
pipeline Cocoon DAISY pipeline applica-
ble
operating systems Independent MS Windows family
4. Collaborative accessible multimedia production
Accessible multimedia document production either in DAISY or MultiReader for-
mat demands well skilled experts in accessible document processing but can be
assisted by automatically processing technologies.
4.1 Textual source generation
The usual book author mainly produces text results including several images for
print or electronic publication. However, a generated source document should
always be the starting point for a fully accessible multimedia publication, no mat-
ter if textual content, audio or video is used as primary media.
Our considerations concentrate on textual content as primary media.
Structured information is the first big step towards high-quality accessible infor-
mation. A document whose internal structure can be defined and its elements
isolated and classified, without losing sight of the overall structure of the docu-
ment, is a document that can be navigated [DPA08]. Formats providing the po-
tential to create those structured content should base at optimal case on XML.
So how can an author without any particular knowledge in the field of accessibil-
ity reach these objectives?
7. Many office applications like Microsoft Office 2007 or OpenOffice use internally
XML based formats. The author’s responsibilities are just in qualified content
marking by specifying adequate style templates. For example, if an author uses
headings instead of big, bold fonts the authoring tool can perform semantic rea-
soning for internal document structuring. Of course it is not only the styling, addi-
tional tasks like alternative image descriptions allow the verbalisation of graphical
content by words of the actual author. Accessible textual content production in
specific authoring environments is already discussed in a variety of publications,
so authors will always get help in their particular environment by mutually agreed
guidelines.
Our interest is more in the resulting, ‘digital born’ XML document and its opportu-
nities for reuse in a library-for-all and its document processing.
4.2 Automatic vs. manual accessible document preparation
The preparation of generated source documents shouldn’t be part of authors
specific authoring tool work. To achieve identical high-quality results authors or
their publishers as representatives have to ingest the XML based source docu-
ments for common processing in an adapted environment. This environment is
our archival information system. Different import filters allow consistent transfor-
mation of source documents in specific resources for adequate archiving in a
simple and economic manner. For instance, does a qualified OpenDocument to
PDF filter ensure overtake of all document structures and tagging, whereas most
free market solutions cannot offer.
What about filters for the generation of accessible multimedia documents? Re-
sulting first step is as well a transformation of produced source documents to cor-
responding mark-up-based textual content files and related exports of multimedia
items. Of course in our considered context multimedia primarily refers to graphi-
cal contents.
In the past DTBs only contained human narrated voice and no related textual
content. Today textual content is automatically convertible into synthetic voice by
text-to-speech solutions. Synthetic speech is accepted by users in some do-
mains, for example timely production of a TV guide or items that do not have in-
creased demand by handicapped users.
The DAISY Pipeline offes a variety of filters and additional validation components
to safeguard high-quality transformation. Consequently, generated source docu-
ments get transcribed into DAISY master documents which may need to be
transformed to a specific delivery format (e.g. electronic or printed Braille, E-text,
Daisy Text-Only DTB) [DAPI08].
For audio production, a narrator component realises a text-to-speech transforma-
tion and corresponding mark-up in a DTB for synchronisation of textual content
and audio. Furthermore, DAISY Pipeline converts DTBs between different DAISY
Standards. This approach can ensure aspects of long-term preservation in archi-
val information systems.
Much more difficult is a union of text based sources and human narrated voice.
Studio recording is based on well skilled narrators. Then the synchronisation
mostly takes place in a lot of handcraft. As a seminal development a speech–to-
8. text transformation could detour the troublesome synchronisation work to step
towards an almost automatic production. Currently no application is providing
such functionality for accessible multimedia production.
Most difficult and probably most expensive in accessible multimedia production is
the generation of sign language videos. Deaf people do not yet accept artificial
sign language by avatars. Recording effort is similar to human narrators of text
but it is related to a much higher expense for synchronisation because of missing
recognition and transformation tools. The only applicable approach including sus-
tainable costs is the use of a lexicon to describe written words in sign language.
We also want to mention the issue in subtitling videos or audio as primary media.
In the library of tomorrow video and audio productions will be substantial assets.
The actual spoken text is as well extractable by speech recognition approaches.
But the breakup of single audio tracks without creators support is almost impos-
sible. Furthermore, blind and hearing impaired users need additional descriptions
that definitely have to be extended by well skilled accessibility staff.
4.3 Ingest strategies
It is obviously that current full accessible multimedia production still relate to a lot
of handcraft and time intensive efforts. Additionally we have illustrated the de-
mand of a vast number of contributors in resource (resp. resource part) produc-
tion.
Therefore distributed specialists have to be provided by a single access point for
common authoring. The MultiReader project introduced the MultiWriter as a web
based authoring tool for a progressive and collaborative document generation
[SZC04]. Unfortunately this approach is not starting at document production by
usual authors with little respect to accessibility.
A more advanced approach is in an Iterative ingest of distributed produced items
in combination with filter techniques. Consequently, automatic resource produc-
tion can take place on generated source documents as well as additional proc-
essing steps. Accessibility experts just extend the resource by additionally pro-
duced media items and ensure their synchronisation.
Similar to MultiWriter archival information system should achieve distributed and
iterative ingest processes by the provision of a web based interface supporting
collaborative work by contributors.
Another innovative approach for the increase of document quality is in actual
reader contribution. Web 2.0 experiences evidence the success caused by role
changes of end users to authors. The probably most famous example is Wikipe-
dia. It is conceivably that disabled users know best what fits requirements of fel-
lows in miseries. If those users are able to supply further information, give them a
chance to!
4.4 Metadata enrichment
Digital libraries already cover a variety of metadata in fields of descriptive, struc-
tural, administrative, and long-term preservation metadata. Currently metadata
enrichment is almost exclusively provided by librarians. Only little metadata gets
attached by authors or publishers during ingest phase.
9. In context of accessible multimedia production and dissemination digital library
face also new challenges in distributed metadata enrichment on single item level
as well as item dependency level.
But what particular metadata appears by archiving accessible multimedia re-
sources? In first row it is necessary to group resources into two possible catego-
ries: primary resources and equivalent alternative resources. The primary re-
source is the initial or default resource. An equivalent alternative resource pro-
vides equivalent semantic and behavioural functionality [ACCMD04]. Equivalent
alternative resource can cover the whole primary resource or only parts of.
Primary resources have to declare global access modalities (sight, sound, and
touch, with an additional special content property of 'text' to denote the need for
text literacy [ACCMD04]) and a local modality of use for included sub-items. Ad-
ditionally, a primary resource needs metadata about adaptability regarding dis-
play transformability and control flexibility. Furthermore this metadata must cover
information about existence of equivalent alternative resources.
Equivalent alternative resources can supplement (i.e. captions for a video) or
substitute (i.e. DTB substitutes a PDF) a primary resource. Corresponding meta-
data declares the nature of the resource equivalence. Metadata refers the actual
primary media and specifies the kind of alternative equivalent and its modality of
use. For example, video equivalents are captions (visual) and audio descriptions
(auditory).
Consequently an archival information system is able to match equivalent alterna-
tives to needs or preferences of a user. Needs and preferences can be set by
users before searching. Resulting from, the system pre-manufactures accessible
items to an accessible multimedia document. If users do not specify preferred
modalities they get a list of all available media sources and choose best fitting.
The interesting issue in distributed metadata enrichment is: Who specifies which
metadata at what time?
1. Authors or representative publishers of generated textual source docu-
ments have to declare main descriptive metadata and additionally i.e. ver-
balization of included graphical contents as most simple alternative.
2. Afterwards a librarian does his usual job by enriching conventional meta-
data to ingested resources. In respect to accessibility librarians have to
specify missing access modalities on resource and sub-item level and pay
special attention to structural metadata for primary resources.
3. For accessible resource publishing the contribution in metadata enrich-
ment by accessibility experts as resource producers is inevitably. They
have to declare the alternative access modalities and the relation to a pri-
mary resource. Furthermore, it is important to specify information about
resource retrieval. For example, a tactile graphic is not online available.
Following steps require collaborative work of the librarians and the accessibility
experts to ensure the needs for archiving in long-term and best suitable resource
distribution. Particularly enhanced structural and administrative metadata opti-
mize corresponding workflows.
10. 5. Conclusions
Digital libraries will be able to deliver personalized books if the authors, narrators
and transcribers work together with librarians. Such a workflow requires a distrib-
uted and asynchronous approach while preserving the author’s intention through
quality assurance methods and tools. Readers will benefit from improved read-
ability of these books but authors may find it difficult to write ‘for’ their readers.
Both, mainstream users and print-disabled people enjoy more comfortable
document dealing. We are not proposing a new Kindle, but focus on the plasticity
of the reading experience in order to ensure accessibility. We have described
reading programs for similar types of rich multimedia documents. Key to their ac-
cessibility is the use of industry formats such as XHTML and Flash. Both pre-
serve the user’s identity by storing a reader profile locally with the reading pro-
gram.
The main difference arises from the support of existing quality assurance tools
such as manual and automatic tools for checking web accessibility. Future work
will have to show how a digital library benefits from such tools in order to address
more readers.
6. References
[ACCMD04] IMS AccessForAll Meta-data
(http://www.imsglobal.org/accessibility/accmdv1p0/imsaccmd_oviewv1p0.html).
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[DPA08] Document Processing for Accessibility. CEN WORKSHOP AGREE-
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8, 2008.
[DAYNL08] DAISY Planet Newsletter August 2008
(http://www.daisy.org/news/newsletters/planet-2008-08.shtml). retrieved Sept 8,
2008.
[DTB05] Specifications for the Digital Talking Book. ANSI/NISO Z39.86-2005,
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[FLEX08] http://www.adobe.com/products/flex/, retrieved Sept 8, 2008.
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[SPI08] Spindler, M.: Verteilte barrierearme multimediale Dokumente. Diploma
Thesis, Dept. Computer Science,TU Dresden, 2008.
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(http://www.w3.org/TR/timesheets/). January 2008.
[SZC04] Szczepaniak, A.: Authoring System for a XML-based Multimedia eBook.
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[WTT08] Timed Text (TT) Authoring Format 1.0 – Distribution Format Exchange
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