Report written for MSc Disaster Management & Sustainable Development (Northumbria University, 2010-11).
Co-authors: Katharine Timpson, Simon Steele, Adam Craggs
Micro insurance in Odisha has seen many initiatives and achievements in recent years:
1) Micro insurance provides affordable insurance products to help low-income and poor people cope with risks like illness, accident, or natural disaster which could otherwise plunge them deeper into poverty.
2) Odisha has one of the most exciting and dynamic micro insurance sectors in India, with various public and private organizations working to expand access to micro insurance for vulnerable populations.
3) However, there are still challenges to overcome like increasing awareness, customizing products to rural needs, improving documentation requirements, and ensuring the financial sustainability of micro insurance programs in Odisha.
Opportunities and Challenges to Develop Effective Strategies for Private Sect...HFG Project
This study undertakes a Political Economy Analysis (PEA) of the participation of private health care providers in TB care in four states (Bihar, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and West Bengal) in India to improve understanding of how their involvement in the national program could be enhanced. In doing so, the study will provide Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and USAID with strategy options to improve cross-sector partnerships.
This document proposes launching a Community of Practice (CoP) for practitioners in the Trans-Disciplinary and Therapy Support (TDTS) department of TEACH Me Services, which is a division of the Asian Women's Welfare Association (AWWA) in Singapore. AWWA aims to empower those with special needs. TEACH Me Services faces challenges with knowledge sharing and high employee turnover. The proposal outlines a 5-phase framework to implement the CoP: inquiry, design, prototype, launch, and grow/sustain. Each phase involves needs assessment, community design, testing a pilot program, broader launch, and ongoing activities to engage members and share knowledge. The goal is to help TEACH Me Services overcome challenges
This document provides an overview of the assistive technology assessment process used in Wisconsin school districts. It discusses laws requiring schools to consider and provide assistive technology. The assessment process involves gathering student information, observing environments and tasks, making decisions, and conducting trials. Forms are provided to guide these steps. Districts must assign responsibilities and provide training to ensure all IEP teams properly consider assistive technology needs. Having knowledgeable people at both building and district levels who can collaborate effectively is important for compliance.
Towards a Knowledge Economy in ThailandJimena Luna
This document discusses strategies for Thailand to transition towards a knowledge economy. It finds that while Thailand has experienced strong economic growth in recent decades, productivity growth has been modest. The report examines international models of knowledge economies and makes recommendations for Thailand. Key recommendations include:
- Increasing investment in education to improve skills and expand tertiary education.
- Strengthening university and industry partnerships to facilitate technology transfer and commercialization of research.
- Raising public and private spending on research and development to promote innovation.
- Developing strong linkages between universities, public research institutions, and private industry.
The report analyzes education trends in Thailand and compares its performance on indicators like scientific publications and university-
The International Finance Corporation, AXA and Accenture have produced a report on how much growth the women’s market represents for the insurance industry, and what women (particularly in emerging markets) want and need from insurance products and services. It also provides recommendations on how to attract and retain women as vital clients. This report identifies some of the major opportunities resulting from the increased presence of women in the global insurance marketplace. With increased income, women are enjoying greater spending and household bargaining power. Women represent an attractive customer base that can help insurers grow while improving their operational risks and lowering their operating costs.
The document discusses establishing a long-term Vulnerability and Shock Monitoring and Response System (VSMRS) in Indonesia based on lessons from the 2009 Crisis Monitoring and Response System (CMRS). It recommends that the VSMRS utilize existing national survey data (Sakernas and Susenas) which provide reliable socioeconomic data at the household level. Analysis would identify vulnerable regions and populations to help the government respond quickly to crises with targeted measures. Key decisions are needed regarding the institutional setup and funding of the VSMRS to ensure its effective long-term operation.
Micro insurance in Odisha has seen many initiatives and achievements in recent years:
1) Micro insurance provides affordable insurance products to help low-income and poor people cope with risks like illness, accident, or natural disaster which could otherwise plunge them deeper into poverty.
2) Odisha has one of the most exciting and dynamic micro insurance sectors in India, with various public and private organizations working to expand access to micro insurance for vulnerable populations.
3) However, there are still challenges to overcome like increasing awareness, customizing products to rural needs, improving documentation requirements, and ensuring the financial sustainability of micro insurance programs in Odisha.
Opportunities and Challenges to Develop Effective Strategies for Private Sect...HFG Project
This study undertakes a Political Economy Analysis (PEA) of the participation of private health care providers in TB care in four states (Bihar, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and West Bengal) in India to improve understanding of how their involvement in the national program could be enhanced. In doing so, the study will provide Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and USAID with strategy options to improve cross-sector partnerships.
This document proposes launching a Community of Practice (CoP) for practitioners in the Trans-Disciplinary and Therapy Support (TDTS) department of TEACH Me Services, which is a division of the Asian Women's Welfare Association (AWWA) in Singapore. AWWA aims to empower those with special needs. TEACH Me Services faces challenges with knowledge sharing and high employee turnover. The proposal outlines a 5-phase framework to implement the CoP: inquiry, design, prototype, launch, and grow/sustain. Each phase involves needs assessment, community design, testing a pilot program, broader launch, and ongoing activities to engage members and share knowledge. The goal is to help TEACH Me Services overcome challenges
This document provides an overview of the assistive technology assessment process used in Wisconsin school districts. It discusses laws requiring schools to consider and provide assistive technology. The assessment process involves gathering student information, observing environments and tasks, making decisions, and conducting trials. Forms are provided to guide these steps. Districts must assign responsibilities and provide training to ensure all IEP teams properly consider assistive technology needs. Having knowledgeable people at both building and district levels who can collaborate effectively is important for compliance.
Towards a Knowledge Economy in ThailandJimena Luna
This document discusses strategies for Thailand to transition towards a knowledge economy. It finds that while Thailand has experienced strong economic growth in recent decades, productivity growth has been modest. The report examines international models of knowledge economies and makes recommendations for Thailand. Key recommendations include:
- Increasing investment in education to improve skills and expand tertiary education.
- Strengthening university and industry partnerships to facilitate technology transfer and commercialization of research.
- Raising public and private spending on research and development to promote innovation.
- Developing strong linkages between universities, public research institutions, and private industry.
The report analyzes education trends in Thailand and compares its performance on indicators like scientific publications and university-
The International Finance Corporation, AXA and Accenture have produced a report on how much growth the women’s market represents for the insurance industry, and what women (particularly in emerging markets) want and need from insurance products and services. It also provides recommendations on how to attract and retain women as vital clients. This report identifies some of the major opportunities resulting from the increased presence of women in the global insurance marketplace. With increased income, women are enjoying greater spending and household bargaining power. Women represent an attractive customer base that can help insurers grow while improving their operational risks and lowering their operating costs.
The document discusses establishing a long-term Vulnerability and Shock Monitoring and Response System (VSMRS) in Indonesia based on lessons from the 2009 Crisis Monitoring and Response System (CMRS). It recommends that the VSMRS utilize existing national survey data (Sakernas and Susenas) which provide reliable socioeconomic data at the household level. Analysis would identify vulnerable regions and populations to help the government respond quickly to crises with targeted measures. Key decisions are needed regarding the institutional setup and funding of the VSMRS to ensure its effective long-term operation.
The document describes techniques for sealing the five senses through eight formulas of practice. The goal is to strengthen the senses, connect them inwardly, and seal them to conserve energy that is otherwise lost through the senses. This involves practices to draw energy from the elements associated with each sense (ears, eyes, mouth) and couple them at points like the nose, throat and lower abdomen. The whole body then begins to breathe naturally through stages of skin and bone breathing.
Este documento describe y analiza una experiencia de organización de un webinar realizada por el grupo de investigación EDULLAB de la Universidad de La Laguna. El webinar tuvo como tema "¿Está fracasando la escuela como institución sociocultural?" y contó con la participación de 8 ponentes. Se utilizó la plataforma Wordpress para crear un sitio web donde publicar materiales y realizar foros y videoconferencias de debate. La evaluación de los participantes a través de encuestas mostró que el webinar es una estrategia efectiva
El documento presenta la misión, visión, escudo, bandera, logotipo e himno del SENA. Su misión es ofrecer formación profesional para incorporar personas a actividades productivas que contribuyan al desarrollo de Colombia. Su visión es ser una entidad líder mundial en formación profesional e innovación para 2020. También describe los roles del aprendiz y tutor virtual, así como estrategias de bienestar y el uso de la plataforma Blackboard.
The document discusses the fit out of 622 bathrooms for 199 Knightsbridge, a luxury apartment development in London, England. Multiplex Constructions (UK) Ltd hired Squire & Partners as the architect and Mivan to complete the £18 million bathroom fit out project over 24 months from July 2003. The 199 Knightsbridge development went on to win the Residential Development of the Year award in 2006 for replacing a dull 1950s office block with luxury apartments near Knightsbridge, Harrods, and Hyde Park.
Este documento introduce el tema de la política criminal y la situación delictiva actual. Señala que la alta tasa de criminalidad evidencia el fracaso de las políticas criminales existentes y la necesidad de establecer nuevos modelos de intervención basados en la justicia social y los derechos humanos. El documento abordará estos temas relacionados con la política criminal para aclarar conceptos y familiarizarse con enfoques nuevos.
Be a part of a multinational direct selling brand Oriflame n get experience to use 100%organic chemical free products. Students who want to earn something extra etc Rs.3000 to Rs.5000. Ladies who want self grooming plus income in their spare time working ladies who want a side income 10k+ can message us...Feel free to ask for details....message us here. kindly send your CVs at oriflame.btown@gmail.com. FB page: https://www.facebook.com/oriflameBTown... Skype ID: oriflame.sk
El documento describe los diferentes campamentos de la isla penal de Coiba, Panamá. Había un campamento central con mejores instalaciones como la dirección, hospital y capilla, así como servicios básicos. Otros campamentos incluían El Juncal en áreas estratégicas, Los Establos donde 17 internos trabajaban en ganadería, y anteriormente El Río Amarillo y El Jiracón que fueron cerrados. Había varios otros campamentos pequeños con números variables de internos de 16 a 40 personas cada uno.
Global Warming Mitigation Practitioner’s HandbookZ3P
This document provides guidance on effective emergency interventions. It discusses how assistance can both help vulnerable populations in need while also avoiding creating long-term dependency. The key objectives of assistance are to preserve life, minimize suffering, and foster self-sufficiency and recovery. The document recommends targeting productive assets, strengthening existing coping strategies, and involving local groups. It also notes the problems with just delivering food, and argues for linking relief with longer-term development goals whenever possible. Effective interventions consider the local context and adapt as conditions change.
Ifc good practicehandbook_cumulativeimpactassessment(1)Dr Lendy Spires
This document provides guidance on conducting a rapid cumulative impact assessment (RCIA) for private sector projects in emerging markets. It outlines a six-step RCIA process involving scoping, determining environmental and social baselines, assessing cumulative impacts and their significance, and designing mitigation measures. The RCIA is intended as a preliminary screening that may evolve into a more comprehensive CIA. It recognizes that effectively managing cumulative impacts often requires coordination between multiple stakeholders, which can be challenging in emerging markets where data and governance capacity are limited.
Case Study on Community Based Livestock InsuranceCIRM
CIRM published a Case Study on An Exploration - Community Based Livestock Insurance Scheme, Vizianagaram demonstrating that community based models (CBM) can help reduce frauds, moral hazard, and transaction costs. This case study was presented at the 6th International Microinsurance Conference in Manila, Philippines.
The document presents a best practices model for multiagency assessment and planning for conflict prevention. The model outlines a process that aims to improve coordination between government agencies for early conflict prevention. It is intended to clarify understanding of necessary interactions between agencies and how they relate to shared goals. Key aspects of the model include identifying countries for investment, conducting multiagency assessments that consider various factors, and aligning conflict prevention planning with broader strategy. The model seeks to promote recognition of conflict prevention as a foreign policy priority and expand effective multiagency collaboration.
Innovation and Diversification Policies for Natural RLaticiaGrissomzz
Innovation and Diversification Policies
for Natural Resource Rich Countries
Mueid Al Raee
UNU MERIT, UM MGSoG
Supervisors
Professor Jo Ritzen
Dr. Denis de Crombrugghe
2
3
Contents
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 7
Appendix 1-A ................................................................................................................... 16
2. Productivity and Innovation Policy .............................................................................. 19
2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 20
2.2. Innovation policies and the path towards successful innovation ............................ 24
2.3. Identification Strategy ........................................................................................... 29
2.4. Data ...................................................................................................................... 32
2.5. Results ................................................................................................................... 36
2.5.1. Global ............................................................................................................. 36
2.5.2. Arabian Gulf countries - A special case? ........................................................ 42
2.6. Conclusions and Discussion ................................................................................... 45
Appendix 2-A ................................................................................................................... 49
Appendix 2-B ................................................................................................................... 50
3. Policy and Economy in the GCC .................................................................................. 53
3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 55
3.2. Perspectives on innovation .................................................................................... 59
3.2.1. General ........................................................................................................... 59
3.2.2. The literature on GCC countries .................................................................... 61
3.3. The Case of GCC – Policies and Enablers ............................................................ 68
3.3.1. Section Summary ............................................................................................ 68
3.3.2. Development of education systems ................................................................. 71
3.3.3. Literacy, primary education, secondary education, reforms and performance 72
3.3.4. Tertiary education and vocational education ......................... ...
LITHIUM
VALLEY
Establishing the Case for Energy Metals and
Battery Manufacturing in Western Australia
Source: https://www.rdaperth.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/RDA4491-LITHIUM-REPORT-2018_LOWRES.pdf
This document summarizes a study assessing India's Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) rural self-employment program. The study examines the initial progress implementing SGSY, the program's potential impact on microfinance sustainability in India, and suggestions to strengthen the environment for microfinance. Key findings include: SGSY aims to establish microenterprises and utilize self-help groups, but availability of appropriate business support services remains a constraint. Experts suggest SGSY subsidies would best support business development services to ensure enterprise viability. Subsidies could also help self-help groups form new member groups to expand the program's reach. The study identifies factors influencing SGSY's effectiveness and seeks views from stakeholders to
Ethiopia National Biodiversity Threat AssessmentAbraham Lebeza
This document presents the results of a national biodiversity threat assessment conducted in Ethiopia. It finds that the top threats to Ethiopia's biodiversity are livestock farming and ranching, annual and perennial non-timber crops, housing and urban areas, and logging and wood harvesting. These threats are putting pressure on Ethiopia's ecosystems and native species by destroying habitats and degrading the environment. The assessment utilized literature reviews, expert opinions, and analyses of threat data to identify the most significant threats across different ecosystems and taxonomic groups. It aims to inform conservation efforts and guide the mainstreaming of biodiversity protection into Ethiopia's economic development plans.
This report summarizes the results of a pilot program to replace inefficient tubewell pumps in Pakistan with more efficient pumps. It finds that the pilot was successful in improving energy efficiency but faced challenges in project organization, operations, marketing, and financing. It provides recommendations for an expanded program, including formalizing partnerships, improving farmer selection criteria, ensuring proper pump disposal, engaging multiple pump suppliers through a competitive bidding process, and addressing the full scope of supply needs. The recommendations aim to strengthen project design and implementation for a larger scale replacement of 11,000 tubewells across Pakistan.
This document discusses risk management, insurance, and environmental risk. It begins by outlining different approaches to risk management, including risk avoidance, reduction, transfer, and retention. It then examines environmental risk as a potential source of liability for companies. The document reviews how Australian environmental law addresses contaminated site liabilities and clean-up costs. It also explores the role of insurance in managing environmental risk, from standard casualty insurance to more specialized environmental insurance products available internationally and in Australia. Finally, it considers opportunities for insurers to promote environmentally sustainable practices among policyholders.
TRADE WINDS OF CHANGE - WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS ON THE RISE IN SOUTH ASIA
Background country study – Pakistan
Fayyaz Yaseen and Vaqar Ahmed, Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI)
The document describes techniques for sealing the five senses through eight formulas of practice. The goal is to strengthen the senses, connect them inwardly, and seal them to conserve energy that is otherwise lost through the senses. This involves practices to draw energy from the elements associated with each sense (ears, eyes, mouth) and couple them at points like the nose, throat and lower abdomen. The whole body then begins to breathe naturally through stages of skin and bone breathing.
Este documento describe y analiza una experiencia de organización de un webinar realizada por el grupo de investigación EDULLAB de la Universidad de La Laguna. El webinar tuvo como tema "¿Está fracasando la escuela como institución sociocultural?" y contó con la participación de 8 ponentes. Se utilizó la plataforma Wordpress para crear un sitio web donde publicar materiales y realizar foros y videoconferencias de debate. La evaluación de los participantes a través de encuestas mostró que el webinar es una estrategia efectiva
El documento presenta la misión, visión, escudo, bandera, logotipo e himno del SENA. Su misión es ofrecer formación profesional para incorporar personas a actividades productivas que contribuyan al desarrollo de Colombia. Su visión es ser una entidad líder mundial en formación profesional e innovación para 2020. También describe los roles del aprendiz y tutor virtual, así como estrategias de bienestar y el uso de la plataforma Blackboard.
The document discusses the fit out of 622 bathrooms for 199 Knightsbridge, a luxury apartment development in London, England. Multiplex Constructions (UK) Ltd hired Squire & Partners as the architect and Mivan to complete the £18 million bathroom fit out project over 24 months from July 2003. The 199 Knightsbridge development went on to win the Residential Development of the Year award in 2006 for replacing a dull 1950s office block with luxury apartments near Knightsbridge, Harrods, and Hyde Park.
Este documento introduce el tema de la política criminal y la situación delictiva actual. Señala que la alta tasa de criminalidad evidencia el fracaso de las políticas criminales existentes y la necesidad de establecer nuevos modelos de intervención basados en la justicia social y los derechos humanos. El documento abordará estos temas relacionados con la política criminal para aclarar conceptos y familiarizarse con enfoques nuevos.
Be a part of a multinational direct selling brand Oriflame n get experience to use 100%organic chemical free products. Students who want to earn something extra etc Rs.3000 to Rs.5000. Ladies who want self grooming plus income in their spare time working ladies who want a side income 10k+ can message us...Feel free to ask for details....message us here. kindly send your CVs at oriflame.btown@gmail.com. FB page: https://www.facebook.com/oriflameBTown... Skype ID: oriflame.sk
El documento describe los diferentes campamentos de la isla penal de Coiba, Panamá. Había un campamento central con mejores instalaciones como la dirección, hospital y capilla, así como servicios básicos. Otros campamentos incluían El Juncal en áreas estratégicas, Los Establos donde 17 internos trabajaban en ganadería, y anteriormente El Río Amarillo y El Jiracón que fueron cerrados. Había varios otros campamentos pequeños con números variables de internos de 16 a 40 personas cada uno.
Global Warming Mitigation Practitioner’s HandbookZ3P
This document provides guidance on effective emergency interventions. It discusses how assistance can both help vulnerable populations in need while also avoiding creating long-term dependency. The key objectives of assistance are to preserve life, minimize suffering, and foster self-sufficiency and recovery. The document recommends targeting productive assets, strengthening existing coping strategies, and involving local groups. It also notes the problems with just delivering food, and argues for linking relief with longer-term development goals whenever possible. Effective interventions consider the local context and adapt as conditions change.
Ifc good practicehandbook_cumulativeimpactassessment(1)Dr Lendy Spires
This document provides guidance on conducting a rapid cumulative impact assessment (RCIA) for private sector projects in emerging markets. It outlines a six-step RCIA process involving scoping, determining environmental and social baselines, assessing cumulative impacts and their significance, and designing mitigation measures. The RCIA is intended as a preliminary screening that may evolve into a more comprehensive CIA. It recognizes that effectively managing cumulative impacts often requires coordination between multiple stakeholders, which can be challenging in emerging markets where data and governance capacity are limited.
Case Study on Community Based Livestock InsuranceCIRM
CIRM published a Case Study on An Exploration - Community Based Livestock Insurance Scheme, Vizianagaram demonstrating that community based models (CBM) can help reduce frauds, moral hazard, and transaction costs. This case study was presented at the 6th International Microinsurance Conference in Manila, Philippines.
The document presents a best practices model for multiagency assessment and planning for conflict prevention. The model outlines a process that aims to improve coordination between government agencies for early conflict prevention. It is intended to clarify understanding of necessary interactions between agencies and how they relate to shared goals. Key aspects of the model include identifying countries for investment, conducting multiagency assessments that consider various factors, and aligning conflict prevention planning with broader strategy. The model seeks to promote recognition of conflict prevention as a foreign policy priority and expand effective multiagency collaboration.
Innovation and Diversification Policies for Natural RLaticiaGrissomzz
Innovation and Diversification Policies
for Natural Resource Rich Countries
Mueid Al Raee
UNU MERIT, UM MGSoG
Supervisors
Professor Jo Ritzen
Dr. Denis de Crombrugghe
2
3
Contents
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 7
Appendix 1-A ................................................................................................................... 16
2. Productivity and Innovation Policy .............................................................................. 19
2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 20
2.2. Innovation policies and the path towards successful innovation ............................ 24
2.3. Identification Strategy ........................................................................................... 29
2.4. Data ...................................................................................................................... 32
2.5. Results ................................................................................................................... 36
2.5.1. Global ............................................................................................................. 36
2.5.2. Arabian Gulf countries - A special case? ........................................................ 42
2.6. Conclusions and Discussion ................................................................................... 45
Appendix 2-A ................................................................................................................... 49
Appendix 2-B ................................................................................................................... 50
3. Policy and Economy in the GCC .................................................................................. 53
3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 55
3.2. Perspectives on innovation .................................................................................... 59
3.2.1. General ........................................................................................................... 59
3.2.2. The literature on GCC countries .................................................................... 61
3.3. The Case of GCC – Policies and Enablers ............................................................ 68
3.3.1. Section Summary ............................................................................................ 68
3.3.2. Development of education systems ................................................................. 71
3.3.3. Literacy, primary education, secondary education, reforms and performance 72
3.3.4. Tertiary education and vocational education ......................... ...
LITHIUM
VALLEY
Establishing the Case for Energy Metals and
Battery Manufacturing in Western Australia
Source: https://www.rdaperth.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/RDA4491-LITHIUM-REPORT-2018_LOWRES.pdf
This document summarizes a study assessing India's Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) rural self-employment program. The study examines the initial progress implementing SGSY, the program's potential impact on microfinance sustainability in India, and suggestions to strengthen the environment for microfinance. Key findings include: SGSY aims to establish microenterprises and utilize self-help groups, but availability of appropriate business support services remains a constraint. Experts suggest SGSY subsidies would best support business development services to ensure enterprise viability. Subsidies could also help self-help groups form new member groups to expand the program's reach. The study identifies factors influencing SGSY's effectiveness and seeks views from stakeholders to
Ethiopia National Biodiversity Threat AssessmentAbraham Lebeza
This document presents the results of a national biodiversity threat assessment conducted in Ethiopia. It finds that the top threats to Ethiopia's biodiversity are livestock farming and ranching, annual and perennial non-timber crops, housing and urban areas, and logging and wood harvesting. These threats are putting pressure on Ethiopia's ecosystems and native species by destroying habitats and degrading the environment. The assessment utilized literature reviews, expert opinions, and analyses of threat data to identify the most significant threats across different ecosystems and taxonomic groups. It aims to inform conservation efforts and guide the mainstreaming of biodiversity protection into Ethiopia's economic development plans.
This report summarizes the results of a pilot program to replace inefficient tubewell pumps in Pakistan with more efficient pumps. It finds that the pilot was successful in improving energy efficiency but faced challenges in project organization, operations, marketing, and financing. It provides recommendations for an expanded program, including formalizing partnerships, improving farmer selection criteria, ensuring proper pump disposal, engaging multiple pump suppliers through a competitive bidding process, and addressing the full scope of supply needs. The recommendations aim to strengthen project design and implementation for a larger scale replacement of 11,000 tubewells across Pakistan.
This document discusses risk management, insurance, and environmental risk. It begins by outlining different approaches to risk management, including risk avoidance, reduction, transfer, and retention. It then examines environmental risk as a potential source of liability for companies. The document reviews how Australian environmental law addresses contaminated site liabilities and clean-up costs. It also explores the role of insurance in managing environmental risk, from standard casualty insurance to more specialized environmental insurance products available internationally and in Australia. Finally, it considers opportunities for insurers to promote environmentally sustainable practices among policyholders.
TRADE WINDS OF CHANGE - WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS ON THE RISE IN SOUTH ASIA
Background country study – Pakistan
Fayyaz Yaseen and Vaqar Ahmed, Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI)
This policy analysis in relation to climate change adaptation, mitigation, agriculture and Reduced Emission in Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD) has been conducted within the framework of the project "climate change, agriculture and poverty alleviation: putting small- scale farmers at the heart of policy and practice". The project is implemented in Kilosa and Chamwino districts by ActionAid in collaboration with the Tanzanian Community Forest Conservation Network (MJUMITA), the Farmer's Network of Tanzania (MVIWATA), the Tanzania Forest Conservation Group (TFCG) and the Tanzania Organic Agriculture Movement (TOAM)
This document summarizes a report on financial stability and systemic risk. It discusses the need for improved understanding of broader systemic risks, better governance of financial markets and institutions, and clearer fiduciary responsibility. The report examines six areas of the financial system - over-the-counter markets, institutional investors, stock exchange listing requirements, banking regulations, rating agencies, and insurance solvency rules - and argues that principles of sustainable finance can inform policies to increase stability and resilience in each of these areas. It aims to foster discussion between policymakers and the sustainable finance community on building a financial system that supports long-term sustainable growth.
One of the basic issues faced by governments, planners and stakeholders is the choice between restoration to the status quo or enhancing development. While affected communities typically feel the urgency of returning to normalcy, planners and experts often perceive the disaster to have thrown open an opportunity to “build back better”. The assumption that disasters open a window of opportunity to move towards a planned future motivates stakeholders to address larger developmental issues, risk reduction, equity, and the safety of the built environment, social and economic changes and the betterment of communities. This is largely a normative discourse. This paper examines the existence of such a window,
the parameters to which it is sensitive (i.e. the type of hazard, its magnitude, the loss of life, the scope of physical destruction and economic loss, etc.) and the determinants which shape
or limit opportunity (social, economic, political, cultural etc.) through empirical studies. The author argues that it is equally important to understand the scope and characteristics of the activities that can be undertaken to enable full use of the opportunity. For example in order to effectively use the “window”, it is essential to grasp interrelatedness and the opportunities for developing mutually reinforcing preventive and mitigation measures that
help sustain a positive impact. Such an analysis has enormous implications for devising a catalogue of public policy-related measures aimed at not only strengthening mitigation and adaptation, but also forming larger developmental programs.
This document provides guidance on building resilience to natural hazards through ActionAid's programming frameworks. It includes an introduction to resilience and ActionAid's approach, which focuses on understanding vulnerability as driven by unequal power relations and lack of rights. Tools for participatory vulnerability analysis are described. Frameworks are provided for building resilience to floods, cyclones, earthquakes, droughts and promoting safe schools. Each framework section includes an overview of impacts, ActionAid's approach, case studies and programming recommendations. The document aims to help operationalize integrated resilience programming that addresses vulnerabilities at individual, community and policy levels.
1) Doubling the global share of renewable energy by 2030 could boost global GDP by up to 1.1%, improve global welfare by 3.7%, and create over 24 million new jobs in the renewable energy sector.
2) Increasing renewable energy deployment leads to positive macroeconomic impacts through increased investment, employment effects, and changes in trade balances.
3) A modeling analysis finds that doubling the renewable energy share reduces costs for fossil fuel imports and creates new opportunities for renewable energy equipment exports, shifting global trade patterns.
Doubling the global share of renewable energy by 2030 would have significant positive economic and social impacts according to a new study by IRENA:
1) It would increase global GDP by up to 1.1% and improve global welfare by 3.7% compared to a scenario without increased renewable energy deployment.
2) Over 24 million people would be employed in the renewable energy sector.
3) It would shift patterns of global trade as countries import and export more renewable energy technologies and components.
4) The study provides the first global quantification of the macroeconomic impacts of increased renewable energy deployment, finding widespread benefits.
This document provides an overview of international experiences managing risks and opportunities from non-renewable natural resource revenues. It discusses how some countries have struggled with the "resource curse" of poor economic performance and political instability due to overdependence on volatile commodity exports. Key lessons highlighted include the importance of forward planning, sequencing economic policies appropriately over time, establishing natural resource funds to stabilize revenues and budgets, and strengthening democratic governance through transparency, accountability and civil society participation. The document aims to help countries maximize development benefits and avoid pitfalls when experiencing increases in oil, gas and mineral revenues.
Similar to Integrated Emergency Management Report (20)
Northumbria University RAG 'How To' Guide for Associates 2010-11Francesca Hughes
As part of my role as RAG Associates' Coordinator, I created a step-by-step guide for students to set up their own RAG Associate, to raise money for a charity of their choice.
Adaptation for safer cities conference proceedings sep 2011Francesca Hughes
The document summarizes the proceedings of the North East Asia – UK International Conference and Study Tour on Adaptation for Safer Cities held from September 5-7, 2011 in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. The conference brought together academics and professionals from the UK, Japan, South Korea, and other parts of Asia to share knowledge on disaster risk reduction, safety, and resilience. Day 1 included opening remarks and presentations on approaches to disaster management in different countries. It also featured discussions on climate change adaptation, education for building resilient communities, and protecting cities from future risks. Days 2 and 3 consisted of study visits to emergency response facilities in the UK and meetings with government officials to discuss national crisis response strategies.
Project Management Report - Rehabilitation of Child SoldiersFrancesca Hughes
Report written for MSc Disaster Management & Sustainable Development (Northumbria University, 2010-11).
Co-authors: Alberta Filaferro, Edward Bridge, Aaron Jamison
The document discusses websites that could be linked to from Aid Workers Network (AWN) in order to increase awareness of AWN's existence. 20 websites are proposed and described briefly, including their URLs and reasons for being appropriate links. The proposed websites provide information, resources, jobs, training and opportunities related to aid work, international development, volunteering, and non-profits.
Adaptation for Safer Cities Conference Proceedings Sep 2011Francesca Hughes
The document provides an overview of the proceedings from a North East Asia – UK International Conference and Study Tour on adaptation for safer cities.
The three-day event included opening presentations on approaches to disaster management in Korea and risk management activities of the OECD. Day one also included discussions on building resilience in the UK, climate change adaptation, and safety education. Day two involved study visits to emergency response sites in Newcastle. Day three included a visit to the Cabinet Office in London to learn about the UK's national crisis response. The conference aimed to foster knowledge sharing between countries on improving disaster resilience and adaptation.
Project Management - Rehabilitation of Child SoldiersFrancesca Hughes
The document summarizes the armed conflict in Northern Uganda between the LRA rebels and government forces from 1986 to 2008. This caused over 2 million people to be displaced and more than 20,000 children to be abducted as child soldiers or slaves. While some internally displaced people and former child soldiers have returned home since 2008, their rehabilitation and reintegration presents complex challenges. One large IDP camp near Pajule hosted up to 24,000 residents for an average of 3 years but could not meet their basic needs, and addressing the social and economic issues is difficult.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Geography as a Discipline Chapter 1 __ Class 11 Geography NCERT _ Class Notes...
Integrated Emergency Management Report
1. RESILIENCE AND CASTE
IN ORISSA, INDIA
PROGRESS IN THE HYOGO
FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION
Adam Craggs
Francesca Hughes
Simon Steele
Katharine Timpson
May 2011
GE271: Integrated Emergency Management
2. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
1.0 Executive Summary
“A disaster occurs only if a community or population is exposed to the
natural hazard and cannot cope with its effects” (ISDR 2010)
At the World Disaster Reduction Conference in 2005, the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) was
adopted by 168 countries, aiming to reduce disaster losses by building the resilience of nations and
communities. Conceptually, it has many strengths, promoting self-reliance and cost-effectiveness;
citizen participation; and integrating disaster risk reduction (DRR) with climate change adaptation
(CCA). In practice, it must respond to complexity.
This report examines the situation in India generally and in the state of Orissa – one of the poorest
states, and heavily afflicted by natural disasters – more particularly, to gain an understanding of how
resilience planning is operating. Both the effectiveness of the priority actions and the building of
resilience are assessed in relation to the caste system in India.
The report first introduces the origins of resilience and the caste system, before turning to the state
of Orissa to analyse progress towards resilience in terms of the HFA priority actions. Progress is
assessed in relation to the overarching theme of caste, before presenting recommendations.
Steps are being taken towards resilience building and, while impact varies, there are some good
practices that should be strengthened and extended. There are many challenges facing resilience
building in India: the lack of resources coupled with high poverty rates has a major impact, which is
heightened by social divisions, such as those along caste lines.
This report presents the argument that the use of such globally formulated frameworks as HFA can
neglect important local contexts, and thus that India’s use of such documents must be backed up by
a commitment to actively confront the social issue of caste.
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3. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
CONTENTS
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. 2
2.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 6
3.0 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................ 7
3.1 DISASTER MANAGEMENT & RESILIENCE .............................................................................................. 7
3.2 CASTE ................................................................................................................................................. 10
4.0 FINDINGS ........................................................................................................................................ 12
4.1 ORISSA ................................................................................................................................................ 12
4.2 HYOGO FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION ..................................................................................................... 14
4.2.1 Ensure the Disaster Risk Reduction is a national and local priority with a strong
institutional basis for implementation ..................................................................................................... 14
4.2.2 Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning ......................... 14
4.2.3 Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and
resilience at all levels ................................................................................................................................ 15
4.2.4 Reduce the underlying risk factors ........................................................................................ 15
4.2.5 Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective disaster response at all levels ............. 17
4.3 OVERARCHING ISSUE OF CASTE ........................................................................................................ 18
5.0 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................... 19
6.0 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 21
7.0 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................. 23
7.1 APPENDIX A: RESILIENCE ................................................................................................................... 23
7.2 APPENDIX B: CASTE ........................................................................................................................... 24
Appendix B1: Caste and Community profile of ‘below poverty line’ population in India,
1999-2000 .................................................................................................................................................. 24
Appendix B2: Poverty levels of ‘forward castes’ in rural areas of India, by state ............................ 24
7.3 APPENDIX C: ORISSA.......................................................................................................................... 25
Appendix C1: India Natural Hazards Map ............................................................................................. 25
Appendix C2: India Cyclone Prone Areas Map .................................................................................... 26
Appendix C3: Trends in rural poverty in Orissa .................................................................................... 27
Appendix C4: Trends in urban poverty in Orissa .................................................................................. 27
Page 3
4. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1: DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE.......................................................................................................... 7
FIGURE 2: ISDR FRAME W ORK FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION ....................................................................... 8
FIGURE 3: CASTE SYSTEM ................................................................................................................................... 10
FIGURE 4: MAP OF INDIA SHOWING PER CAPITA INCOME BY STATE .................................................................... 12
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1: HYOGO FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION, PRIORITY ACTIONS........................................................................ 9
TABLE 2: POVERTY INCIDENCE IN RURAL ORISSA BY REGION AND SOCIAL GROUP, 1999-2000 ....................... 13
TABLE 3: TECHNICAL ORGANISATIONS ................................................................................................................ 14
TABLE 4: SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND ORGANISATIONS ....................................................................... 16
TABLE 5: GROWTH OF SLUMS IN BHUBANESWAR ................................................................................................ 17
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5. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
ACRONYMS
CCA Climate Change Adaptation
CBA Cost Benefit Analysis
DM Disaster Management
DRR Disaster Risk Reduction
EWS Early Warning System
HFA Hyogo Framework for Action
IIRS Indian Institute of Remote Sensing
INCOIS Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services
ISRO Indian Space Research Organisation
JNNURM Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
MGNREGA Mahatma Ghandi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
MFI Microfinance Institution
MDG Millennium Development Goal
NEOC National Emergency Operations Centre
NIDM National Institute of Disaster Management
NREGS National Rural Employment Guarantee
NRSA National Remote Sensing Agency
OSDMA Orissa State Disaster Management Authority
OBC Other Backward Caste
SAARC South Asia Association of Regional Cooperation
SC Scheduled Caste
SDMC SAARC Disaster Management Centre
ST Scheduled Tribe
SCP Special Component Plan for Scheduled Castes
UNISDR United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
Page 5
6. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
2.0 Introduction
Resilience has become the emphasis of disaster strategies worldwide. Conceptually, it has many
strengths: it takes a positive stance towards fighting disaster impacts; it promotes self-reliance and
cost-effective solutions; it advocates the involvement of citizens in decisions making and disaster
management. In practice, it must respond to complexity.
This report examines the situation in India generally and in the state of Orissa – one of the poorest
states, and heavily afflicted by natural disasters – more particularly, to gain an understanding of how
resilience planning is operating.
The report is structured thus: firstly the origins of resilience are considered, showing how it emerged
from previous disaster management (DM) paradigms. Then the caste system in India will be looked
at, which the authors consider to be a key – and often overlooked – context of resilience there. The
report then turns more specifically to the state of Orissa, providing information on levels of
resilience by working through the objectives stated in one of the key documents of the resilience
movement: the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA). Lastly, recommendations are offered for Orissa,
and the authors present the argument that the use of such globally formulated frameworks as HFA
can neglect important local contexts, and thus that India’s use of such documents must be backed
up by a commitment to actively confront the social issue of caste (as well as issues highlighted by the
Framework such as gender).
Page 6
7. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
3.0 Background
3.1 Disaster Management & Resilience
Disaster management theory and practice has evolved over time from being a reactive process –
focused on recovery and reconstruction – to a more proactive one, focusing on improving
preparedness. An early disaster management cycle (shown in Fig. 1) is concerned with actions taken
pre and post disaster (ASDRC 2005). Prevention and mitigation actions are taken before an event to
reduce impacts (e.g. building dams to stop flooding), whilst preparedness focuses on the population
being prepared and able to act in a disaster event. Response occurs immediately post-disaster,
followed by reconstruction and rehabilitation, where the cycle starts over as prevention and
mitigation are implemented in reconstruction.
Figure 1: Disaster Management Cycle
Source: ASDRC 2005
Wisner introduced the concept that in disasters, Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability; showing that risk was
intrinsically linked to underlying factors, such as poverty and social exclusion, which increase
vulnerability (2004:337). However, this simplified notion does not allow for feedback from
emergency planning that could reduce risks (such as Early Warning Systems). A fuller understanding
of risk can be gained by conceptualising it as the result of the hazard, vulnerability, and deficiencies
in preparedness (Vilagran de Leon 2004). Focus thus turned to disaster risk reduction (DRR).
The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction framework (see Fig. 2) provides an
overview of the different facets of DRR (UNISDR 2004). The framework places risk outside the
response framework, with the flows indicating that risk cannot be directly reduced: only that early
warning, preparedness and response could reduce disaster impact (Birkmann 2006:25).
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8. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
Figure 2: ISDR Frame Work for Disaster Risk Reduction
Source: UNISDR 2004
The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) (UNISDR 2007) was adopted in 2005, aiming to reduce
disaster losses by building the resilience of nations and communities. HFA contains priorities for
action and practical means for achieving disaster resilience. It promotes cross-cutting themes, such
as a multi-hazard approach, gender perspective, cultural diversity, community participation, and
capacity building. The framework has been widely implemented around the world with over 100
countries having implemented HFA by 2011 (UNISDR 2011)1.
Table 1 shows the HFA Priority Actions, which highlight a range of issues and call for DRR and
resilience building to be implemented at all levels of society. HFA also aims to build community
resilience to events, making communities stronger and able to cope or mitigate disaster impact
1
See Appedix A for the Hyogo Framework for Action summary diagram.
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9. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
more easily. Both the effectiveness of the priority actions and the building of resilience will be
assessed in relation to the caste system in India.
Table 1: Hyogo Framework for Action, Priority Actions
Priority Action 1: Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority with a
strong institutional basis for implementation
Countries that develop policy, legislative and institutional frameworks for disaster risk reduction
and that are able to develop and track progress through specific and measurable indicators have
greater capacity to manage risks and to achieve widespread consensus for, engagement in and
compliance with disaster risk reduction measures across all sectors of society.
Priority Action 2: Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning
The starting point for reducing disaster risk and for promoting a culture of disaster resilience lies in
the knowledge of the hazards and the physical, social, economic and environmental vulnerabilities
to disasters that most societies face, and of the ways in which hazards and vulnerabilities are
changing in the short and long term, followed by action taken on the basis of that knowledge.
Priority Action 3: Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and
resilience at all levels
Disasters can be substantially reduced if people are well informed and motivated towards a culture
of disaster prevention and resilience, which in turn requires the collection, compilation and
dissemination of relevant knowledge and information on hazards, vulnerabilities and capacities.
Priority Action 4: Reduce the underlying risk factors
Disaster risks related to changing social, economic, environmental conditions and land use, and the
impact of hazards associated with geological events, weather, water, climate variability and
climate change, are addressed in sector development planning and programmes as well as in post-
disaster situations.
Priority Action 5: Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels
At times of disaster, impacts and losses can be substantially reduced if authorities, individuals and
communities in hazard-prone areas are well prepared and ready to act and are equipped with the
knowledge and capacities for effective disaster management.
Source: UNISDR 2007
Page 9
10. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
3.2 Caste
Indian society has been dominated for the last 3,000 years by the caste system. Originally developed
by the Brahmins (Hindu Priests) it was designed to maintain their superiority over society through a
number of levels said to be divinely inspired. Over time these became formalised into four castes or
varnas (shown in Fig.3): the Brahmins or priests, the Kshatriyas or warriors and administrators, the
Vaishyas or commercial class and the Kshudras or peasants and farmers (Kethineni & Humiston
2010).
These castes are said to come from various parts of the god Brahma with the Brahmins originating
from the mouth and the other castes from the arm, thigh and feet respectively (Izzo 2005). This
structure has evolved into a number of complex, interlinking systems which vary spatially across
India, interacting with a variety of economic conditions (Gupta 2009).
Figure 3: Caste system
Source: http://www.annemariemink.nl/india-project/situation-of-women/
Underneath the distinct castes is another group called the Dalits, or broken people, often referred to
as the untouchables or scheduled caste (SC), reflecting their status in society. For centuries they
were excluded from mainstream society and assigned menial and degrading jobs. They also
experienced segregation such as being consigned to separate drinking wells and temples (Kethineni
& Humiston 2010). Despite protection in the new Indian constitution written in 1947 and the
concept of untouchability being made illegal, discrimination is reported in some areas to be at an all-
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11. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
time high with violence and social and economic boycotts by higher castes a frequent occurrence
(Kethineni & Humiston 2010). Doobay and Lyons (2003, in Ray-Bennett, 2009:.2) describe the caste
system saying:
“Centuries of this ‘hidden apartheid’ that has perpetuated discrimination and denial of their human
rights, has resulted not only in Dalits representing a disproportionate amount of the poor in India,
but also in the creation of numerous other obstacles that hinder Dalit’s ability to change their
situation’’.2
The caste system is a very resilient system despite its oppressive nature. One of the major reasons
for this is how intrinsically embedded it is into society. Over 3,000 years it has become a norm which
is supported by the institutional and religious elite of the country and this endures to various extents
today despite its illegality (Human Rights Watch 2007). This increases the vulnerability of those in
the caste system (Gupta 2009) and particularly but not exclusively the Dalit caste. Any failure to
recognise the caste system or any active caste discrimination obviously presents a challenge for
resilience building in India.
2
See Appendix B for further details on poverty in India, by caste and tribe.
Page 11
12. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
4.0 Findings
4.1 Orissa
Orissa, at 62,000 square miles, is the 9th largest state in India. It is located in north-eastern India, and
has a population just under 42 million (Census India 2011).
Figure 4: Map of India showing per capita income by state
Source: http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/percapitaincome.htm
Orissa experiences natural disasters and variable weather, with extremes of drought, wind and rain
in different years3. Natural disasters have a devastating impact: the supercyclone in 1999 killed
10,000 people, made 750,000 homeless and destroyed many livelihoods. There have also been
severe flooding incidences in 2001 and 2003 killing 150 people and affecting over 3 million.
3
See Appendix C1 and C2 for natural hazard and cyclone risk maps.
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13. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
Poverty is declining but remains high, and Orissa suffers extreme religious and caste-based violence
(Catholic Relief Services 2004). Table 2 shows the high level of poverty incidence, and inequality by
caste: average poverty incidence is 48% throughout the state, dropping to 33% for ‘others’ and
jumping to 73% for SCs4.
Table 2: Poverty incidence in rural Orissa by region and social group, 1999-2000
Social groups
Regions Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Others All
Coastal 66.63 42.18 24.32 31.74
Southern 92.42 88.9 77.65 87.05
Northern 61.69 57.22 34.67 49.81
Orissa 73.08 52.3 33.29 48.01
Source: Orissa HDI Report
The practice of segregating villages by caste and religion continues in many areas. Bonds of
cohesiveness predominantly exist between members of the same caste and there are many
examples of discrimination during natural disasters. During the supercyclone Ray-Bennett (2009)
describes how some Dalit families were refused access to a shelter and survived by hugging nearby
trees. The lack of community resilience as a result of the caste system increases the vulnerability of
everyone: Ray-Bennett also found an example of how some upper caste women would not enter a
shelter during the 2003 floods due to the presence of lower castes.
4
See Appendix C3 and C4 for further details of poverty in Orissa.
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14. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
4.2 Hyogo Framework for Action
This report will now examine progress in resilience-building in Orissa, in relation to the five HFA
priority actions. Caste is subsequently considered as an overarching issue, in section 4.3.
4.2.1 Ensure the Disaster Risk Reduction is a national and local priority with a
strong institutional basis for implementation
Plans have been formulated on the national level, but the size of the country requires that they are
implemented in a decentralized fashion by State Government. However the links between these are
not strong, so despite India’s National Disaster Management Act (AIDMI/Concern Worldwide 2010)
being established in 2005, no new DM authorities have appeared in states. Only Orissa and Gujarat
have authorities, both set up previously as a response to the 1999 supercyclone and the 2001
earthquake respectively (AIDMI/Concern Worldwide 2010). From the state level there is too much
focus on macro-level assessment, and despite local government having responsibility for “carrying
out relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction activities in a post-disaster situation” (Srivastava, 2011:
8), this level has neither the resources nor legislative capacity to achieve resilience (Swalheim &
Dodman 2008). There is also the problem of relationships between local governments – the mayor
of Bhubaneshwar has pointed out that his city’s resilience depends upon that of the rest of the
Orissa State (PreventionWeb 2011). Further to this we must consider the role of NGOs – another
type of institution which has the potential to improve governance in India. Their importance is
highlighted by the Disaster Management Act (Bhatt 2007).
4.2.2 Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning
Table 3 overleaf shows organisations utilised by the government for hazard information collection
and compilation. The government has also established a National Emergency Operations Centre
(NEOC) with equipment to sense and assess impending disasters, initiate EWS and begin response
activities, with plans to replicate this resource at state level. Furthermore, a Vulnerability Atlas,
intended to explain the differential effects of disasters, is being compiled, so risk assessment will
extend beyond the physical hazard (Goswami 2008). Information is being gathered, but access to
this information is complicated: much of it is online (e.g. information for schools and hospitals can
be found on http://www.safecommunities.info/index.php) which makes it easily accessible only to
internet users. It is on this level, of “last mile connectivity”, that more work is needed (Srivastava
2011:11).
Table 3: Technical organisations
Technical Organisation Hazards monitored
India Meteorological Department Cyclones, Earthquakes, Rainfall
Central Water Commission Floods
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15. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
Technical Organisation Hazards monitored
Geological Survey of India Landslides
Ministry of Agriculture Drought
National Spatial Data Infrastructure Various
Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Various
Services (INCOIS)
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (NRSA) Various
National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) Various
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Various
Source: Srivastava 2011
4.2.3 Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and
resilience at all levels
Education has two functions, often considered separate: firstly, to inform the entire population of
hazards; and secondly, to create a culture of disaster research which will foster expertise within
India. The first involves introducing DRR and climate change adaptation (CCA) issues into school
curricula and citizen education (Local Governance Network; SEEDS 2010). It links to issues in point
4.2.2 with EWS, where we see that distribution of information remains limited, in this case to those
in formal education of some kind. It needs to reach further. The second will take time but has begun,
with India Disaster Knowledge Network, training for teachers, university courses and planned Hazard
Specific Centres of Excellence (Goswami 2008; Srivastava 2011: 15). A Disaster Management Centre
(SDMC) was set up in 2006 in New Delhi’s National Institute of Disaster Management, mandated to
exchange research, information, advice and training on disasters with seven other countries in the
region, so clearly India is important to the international disaster research community already (the
South Asia Association of Regional Cooperation - see http://saarc-sdmc.nic.in/index.asp). However,
concerns exist that current study focuses too much on the technical aspects of risk and that more
could be done in the fields of cost benefit analysis (CBA) and of vulnerability, as showing the links
between poverty and risk is crucial to ensuring commitment to both (Global Assessment of Risk: Asia
2009).
4.2.4 Reduce the underlying risk factors
This report considers underlying risk factors of environmental, social and economic nature.
Environmental factors are difficult to combat but can be lessened through good practice such as the
use of building codes and regulations. Such things do exist in Orissa, with guidelines to “build back
better” after disasters, but in reality funds do not exist to enforce codes or assist re-building, and so
people will build where they can using the materials available to them, irrespective and often
unaware of risk (Goswami 2008, Srivastava 2011). Buildings already standing can be improved upon,
and although state government does not have the resources to retrofit all buildings in Orissa, it
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16. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
could begin with hospitals and schools – important to reducing social risk. SEEDS have produced
work on the prices of school retrofitting, which they calculate would cost $3200 million for the entire
country (SEEDS 2010). Economic underlying risks must also be combated and this can be a question
of attitude. Many still consider long-term development and poverty alleviation to be a separate issue
to DM, despite the clear links between the two. Reducing disaster risk will help reduce poverty but it
is also imperative to DRR that India combats its chronic problem of poverty. According to the Orissa
Human Development Report, “poverty in Orissa is overwhelmingly a rural phenomenon” (2004:21).
As we look at consumption patterns we see rapidly growing inequity between the poorer rural
population and the relatively more wealthy urban communities. This has led to much development
in the rural areas of the State, and Table 4 summarises some current policy practice.
Table 4: Social development policies and organisations
Policy/Organisation - Activity
National Rural Employment Guarantee - To ensure food security in rural
(NREGS) households
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban - City development to stimulate local
Renewal Mission (JNNURM) economies.
- Involving local communities
National Rural Health Mission - Rural public and primary health
care
Swarna Javanti Shahari Rojgar Yojana - Self employment through micro-
enterprise set up
- Development of women and
children in urban areas
National Social Assistance Programme - National old age pension scheme
- National family benefit scheme
Indira Awas Yojana - Housing for Scheduled Castes,
Scheduled Tribes, bonded
Labourers and others living in
poverty (rural focus)
Bharat Nirman - Rural irrigation, road connectivity,
housing, water supply,
electrification and telephony
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan - Elementary education (rural)
Rajiv Awas Yojana - Urban housing scheme for the poor
The National Institute of Social Work - Entrepreneurship work aimed at
and Social Sciences the emancipation of the
disadvantaged
Ruchika Social Service Organisation - Education of children living in
urban slums, emergency assistance
to families living in slums
Mahatma Ghandi National Rural - Environmentally sustainable,
Employment Guarantee Act “safety net” employment service
(MGNREGA) for rural poor
Source: Srivastava 2011
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17. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
However, variance also exists within the urban setting where slums house around 40% of the
population and are growing, as rural poverty pushes people into the city. Table 5 shows more detail
of the growth of slums in Bhubaneswar, the capital of Orissa (Rout 2008). Those living there are at
greatest risk of the effects of climate change (Swalheim & Dodman 2008), therefore urban work is
also crucial (shown in Table 4).
Table 5: Growth of slums in Bhubaneswar
Year Number of Households Annual Rate Population Annual Population
Pockets HH Growth Growth Rate
1971 7
1981 23
1989 70 17,175 86,901
1991 86 21,003 11.14 110,112 13.35
1993 101 24,318 7.89 117,000 3.13
1999 145 30,000 3.89 200,000 11.82
Source: Rout 2008, from Bhubaneswar Development Authority (Cited in Environmental
Management Plan Bhubaneswar; OSPCB; 2003)
The key point here is that people do not necessarily want disaster work that pushes development
forwards in the immediate aftermath, and are more likely to support longer term slower impact
poverty alleviation, and so the links between these two types of work must be stressed (Huairou
Commission 2010).
4.2.5 Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective disaster response at all levels
Planning exists from the national level (e.g. the National Emergency Communication Plan) (Goswami
2008). Policy is described as “well established”, but ultimately not fully adhered to (Srivastava 2011:
23). The states, with their limited resources, use financial assistance to meet people’s basic needs,
rather than compensate losses (Orissa Human Development Index 2004: 40), and tend to focus too
often on generic assessments, missing the details of disaster risk (Srivastava 2011: 26). At the
community level, once again, we see the work of NGOs like Gram Vikas who promote the combat of
chronic development problems: the issues that face people daily but will aid their disaster resilience
(Todd & Palakudiyil 2004). There is also evidence of state level objectives such as Orissa State
Disaster Managment Authority (OSDMA), working with the UN to try and promote community
contingency planning (OSDMA & UN).
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18. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
4.3 Overarching Issue of Caste
The Hyogo Framework is not limited to these objectives: it also allows overarching themes as
discussed in section 3.1. Bhatt (2007) considers recommendations around one of the cross-cutting
themes: that of gender. Gender is an important context to consider in disaster work, as is poverty
and the urban/rural divide (discussed above in 4.2.4). But it has been our objective to consider a
different perspective – the perspective of caste. The entrenched nature of caste makes it crucial to
understanding vulnerability in India. Many works have stressed its continued influence on people’s
lives (Gupta 2009; Kapoor 2007; Rew & Rew 2003: 216; Thorat & Gupta 2009) and the inequities
suffered because of caste are exacerbated by disasters. The Orissa Human Development Report
shows how SC and ST minorities are among the most vulnerable members of the population
throughout the state, looking at levels of poverty and nutrition, and claiming that the supercyclone
disproportionately affected the Dalit population (Orissa Human Development Report 2004). Thorat
and Gupta (2009) call for disaggregation of disaster data on caste bases to avoid the practice of
“caste blindness” - which intensifies such problems by dismissing them (Gill 2007).
This is where we are concerned that the Hyogo Framework and other global understandings of
resilience may not suffice in India, where this highly political issue remains under-researched and is
not always considered.
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19. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
5.0 Conclusion & Recommendations
Steps are being taken to address and build resilience by central, state and local government,
international and civil society organisations. Impact varies, but there are good practices that should
be strengthened and extended. There are many challenges facing resilience building in India, and
more specifically, Orissa. The state suffers multiple hazards which are increasing in frequency and
intensity. The lack of resources coupled with high poverty rates has a major impact, which is
heightened by social divisions, such as those along caste lines.
In light of the findings of this report, the following recommendations are proposed.
1. Financial resources must match the level of responsibility at state, district and local levels.
Cost effective solutions to DM must be sought as resources are scarce.
2. Governance must be improved. Officials must be educated to consider disasters an
impediment to development and the achievement of Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs). Proper cost-benefit analyses (CBAs) must be conducted in order to understand the
relationship between vulnerability and poverty. Land use planning and building codes must
be effective and enforced.
3. Both structural and non-structural steps must be taken to make existing buildings disaster-
resilient, with hospitals and schools – as key components of community capacity – made a
priority. In addition, furniture and equipment can be arranged in ways that prevent injury
and leave escape routes accessible. Flammable and toxic substances must be stored safely
(SEEDS 2010).
4. The mainstreaming of DRR and CCA in school curricula must be extended to all primary and
secondary schools, using analysis of experienced hazards as case study material. DM plans
should be updated inclusively, consulting teachers and students. Restoring rountine
education promptly after disasters can aid children’s psychological healing (SEEDS 2010).
5. Rural poverty must be addressed in order to slow rural-urban migration. The expanding
urban slums adversely affect DM: plans must constantly evolve to account for rapid
population growth. Job creation in areas of DRR and CCA in rural and urban communities can
address unemployment, poverty and be advantageous for resilience.
6. Community based adaptation should be adopted, utilising the community’s own knowledge
and perceptions to define their vulnerabilities and needs, and develop solutions. This is cost
effective and sustainable as it is community-managed (Swalheim & Dodman 2008).
Communities should be assisted in areas such as hazard and vulnerability mapping,
awareness of rights and entitlements, search and rescue and first aid training, etc.
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20. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
7. Locally embedded institutions are more likely to be accepted than imposed structures and
are therefore more effective. Programmes must fit the social and cultural context of
individual communities, and progress at an appropriate pace (AIDMI/Concern Worldwide
2010; Rew & Rew 2003). Organisations already working in communities may possess suitable
resources.
8. The weak insurance culture must be addressed. Compensation currently only covers basic
needs, not all lost assets. Financial risk sharing must be cost effective and inclusive, such as
community emergency funds. Microfinance institutions (MFIs) can help people protect
themselves and their assets in disasters, by offering risk-mitigating products such as savings
and micro-insurance. However, it is essential that MFIs prepare for the impact of disasters
on themselves as well as their clients (FDC 2007).
9. It is imperative that the excellent national level EWS reaches the state and local level.
Information must be accessible in medium and content.
Vulnerability is the “most important link between hazards and disaster risk in Orissa” (Global
Assessment of Risk 2009:29), and therefore sustainable DRR can only be achieved in conjunction
with long term poverty reduction.
The effect of caste on resilience must be recognised and acknowledged at all levels of DM and
resilience building. Twigg (2009) suggests that new thematic areas can be created in HFA, as
explored by Plan UK with regard to child rights. The authors advocate that caste should be a
thematic area that cuts across the HFA priority actions. There must be increased representation of
lower caste and vulnerable groups at all levels of DM, and advocacy in DM legislation. Data must be
disaggregated by caste in order to fully understand the unique vulnerabilities faced by different
groups. Preparedness and contingency exercises must include vulnerable groups. Training and
education must include all societal divisions. One Indian-based NGO, Gram Vikas, (Todd & Palakudiyil
2004) applies an all-inclusive, consensus building principle to projects. Development projects will
only take place when all community members are involved and agreed, therefore the onus is on the
community to get everyone ‘on board’ so they can benefit. The replication of this principle should be
sought, but it is recognised that it is a slow process.
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21. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
6.0 References
AIDMI/Concern Worldwide (2010) Building Resilient Communities through Disaster Recovery: Lessons
learned by Concern Worldwide India, Available online:
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ry.pdf [Accessed on 5/5/2011]
ASDRC (2005) Disaster risk management cycle, Available:
http://www.adrc.asia/publications/TDRM2005/TDRM_Good_Practices/PDF/PDF-2005e/Chapter2_2.2.pdf
[Accessed on 13/5/2011]
Bhatt, M. R. (2007) The Hyogo Framework for Action: reclaiming ownership? Humanitarian Exchange
Magazine, Issue 38, June 2007, Humanitarian Practice Network at ODI, Available online:
http://www.odihpn.org/report.asp?id=2886 [Accessed on 18/5/2011]
Birkman, J. Ed. (2006) Measuring Vulnerability to Natural Hazards: Towards Disaster Resilient Societies,
United Nations University Press: New York
Catholic Relief Service (2004) Development Relief in Action: CRS/India experiences with disaster
preparedness during development, CRS South Asia Team
Census India (2011) Provisional Population Totals, Orissa, Available: http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-
results/data_files/orissa/Provisional%20Population%20Total%20Orissa-Book.pdfb [Accessed on
26/5/2011]
Foundation for Development Cooperation (FDC) (2007) Capacity Building for Microfinance in Post-Tsunami
Reconstruction: Summary Report, Foundation for Development Cooperation: Australia
Gill, T. (2007) Making Things Worse: How ‘caste blindness’ in Indian post-tsunami disaster recovery has
exacerbated vulnerability and exclusion, Dalit Network Netherlands
Goswami, S. (2008) Progress in implementation of Hyogo Framework For Action, presentation by Deputy
Secretary, Ministry Of Home Affairs, Government of India in New Delhi, 13th November 2008, Available
online: http://www.adrc.asia/acdr/2008bali/documents/02-01-19.pdf [Accessed on 18/5/2011]
Government of Orissa (2004) Orissa Human Development Report 2004, Available at:
http://www.orissa.gov.in/p&c/humandevelopment/hdr/HDR_2004.pdf [Accessed on 16/5/11]
Todd, M. & Palakudiyil, T. (2004) Harnessing Local Capacities in Rural India, World Disasters Report 2004,
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Available online:
http://www.gramvikas.org/PDF/published/Harnessing%20Local%20Capacities.pdf [Accessed on
18/5/2011]
Gupta, P. (2009) Ethnicity, Caste and Community in a Disaster prone area of Orissa, Working paper 231,
The Institution for Social and Economic change, Bangalore
Huairou Commission (2010) Grassroots Women Define Resilience at Asian Academy in Delhi, India
September 13-15, 2010, Available at: http://www.disasterwatch.net/resources/asianconsultation-
cdrf2010.pdf [Accessed on 13/5/2011]
Human Rights Watch (2007) India: ‘Hidden Apartheid’ of Discrimination against Dalits, Available at:
http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2007/02/12/india-hidden-apartheid-discrimination-against-dalits [Accessed
on 13/5/11]
Izzo, J.F. (2005) Dalit Means Broken, America 5, 192, pp.11-15
Kapoor, D. (2007) Gendered-Caste Discrimination, Human Rights Education, and the Enforcement of the
Prevention of Atrocities Act in India, The Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 53.3, pp.273-286
Kethineni. S. & Humiston, G.D. (2010) Dalits: the ‘oppressed people’ of India: How are their social,
economic, and human rights addressed? War crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity, 4, pp. 99-140
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Local Governance Network (no date) Urban Disaster Risk Reduction: A case of Indian State Orissa
(Bhubaneswar), Available online:
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[Accessed on 13/5/2011]
Maps of India (2010) Map of India: per capita income by state, Available online:
http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/percapitaincome.htm [Accessed on 18/5/2011]
OSDMA & UN (no date) Community Contingency Plan for Floods & Cyclones – Orissa, Available online:
http://data.undp.org.in/dmweb/plans/MANUAL~1.pdf [Accessed on 5/5/2011]
PreventionWeb (2011) India: Over one hundred municipal leaders in Orissa pledge to strengthen
environmental sustainability, 21 Jan 2011, Available online:
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Ray-Bennett, N.S. (2009) The influence of caste, class and gender in surviving multiple disasters: a case
study from Orissa, India, Environmental hazard, human and policy dimensions
Rew, A. & Rew, M. (2003) Development models ‘out-of-place’: Social research on methods to improve
livelihoods in eastern India, Community Development Journal, 38.3, pp.213-224
Rout, N. R. (2008) Slum Growth In Bhubaneswar: A Problem Or Solution? ITPI Journal, 5.4, 2008, pp.59-64
SEEDS (2010) Building Resilience through Community Lifelines, SEEDS, New Delhi, Available online:
http://www.seedsindia.org/pdf/Building%20Resiliance%20Report.pdf [Accessed on 5/5/2011]
Srivastava, R. K. (2011) India: National progress report on the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for
Action (2009-2011) – interim, Available online:
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_2009-11.pdf [Accessed on 13/5/2011]
Swalheim, S. & Dodman, D. (2008) Building resilience: how the urban poor can drive climate adaptation,
International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), November 2008
Thorat, S. & Gupta, P. D. (2009) Will India’s Attainment of MDGs Be An Inclusive Process? Working Paper
Series, 3.2, 2009, Indian Institute of Dalit Studies, New Delhi
Twigg, J. (2009) Characteristics of a Disaster-Resilient Community: A Guidance Note, Version 2, November
2009, on behalf of the Interagency Group (ActionAid, British Red Cross, Christian Aid, Plan UK, Practical
Action and Tearfund)
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Natural Hazards: Towards disaster resilient societies, United Nations University Press: New York
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23. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
7.0 Appendices
7.1 Appendix A: Resilience
Source: UNISDR 2011
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24. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
7.2 Appendix B: Caste
Appendix B1: Caste and Community profile of ‘below poverty line’ population in India,
1999-2000
Source: http://wapedia.mobi/en/Reservation_in_India
Appendix B2: Poverty levels of ‘forward castes’ in rural areas of India, by state
Note: ‘forward castes’ include all except scheduled and backward castes
Source: http://uk.ask.com/wiki/Forward_Castes
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25. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
7.3 Appendix C: Orissa
Appendix C1: India Natural Hazards Map
Source: http://mapsofindia.com/maps/india/natural-hazard.htm
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26. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
Appendix C2: India Cyclone Prone Areas Map
Source: http://mapsofindia.com/maps/india/cyclone-prone-areas.html
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27. Resilience and Caste in Orissa, India
Appendix C3: Trends in rural poverty in Orissa
Source: Orissa HDI Report 2004
Appendix C4: Trends in urban poverty in Orissa
Source: Orissa HDI Report 2004
Page 27