Insulina e cérebro
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The document discusses two studies related to the role of insulin signaling in the brain and its effects on hepatic glucose metabolism. The first study found that arterial infusion of insulin into dog brains modestly reduced hepatic glucose output without changing endogenous production. The second study reports the successful generation of a human pancreatic beta cell line called EndoC-βH1 that secretes insulin in response to glucose, achieving a long sought goal.
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Abstract for SHPE Conference
There are over 25 million people in the United States suffering from diabetes. For those with type 1 diabetes, extreme fluctuations in blood glucose levels can cause health issues. The researchers aimed to create a closed-loop system to automatically administer the correct insulin dose by accurately modeling blood glucose concentration (BGC) based on food intake, activity, and stress levels. The researchers modeled type 1 diabetes cases using carbohydrate intake, bolus insulin, and basal insulin as inputs. They tested modified Wiener block modeling on data collected over 3-5 days from several subjects. While some cases produced good results, the researchers concluded that more than three days of data is generally needed to develop an accurate glucose model.
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This study examines whether eating oat bran reduces cholesterol levels. It involves 100 American males aged 30-70, split into groups of 50 with high cholesterol and 50 with healthy levels. The men are randomly assigned to eat either meals with 3 servings of oat bran per day or meals with 0 servings for two weeks. Their cholesterol is measured after two weeks and two months later after switching diets. The study uses blocking by separating the groups and blinding by not informing subjects about the oat bran to reduce bias in results. A concern is other lifestyle factors may affect cholesterol without the researchers' knowledge.
Zucker Rat Thesis Poster
This study aims to explore the mechanism behind pulmonary artery contraction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). Ten male obese Zucker rats will be used, with PAH induced in one group through a sedentary lifestyle. The rats' weights, blood glucose, and pulmonary artery rings will be observed. The rings will be exposed to phenylephrine to induce contraction and acetylcholine to induce relaxation, with and without the iNOS inhibitor L-NAME. The goal is to determine if there are differences in contractile and relaxant properties between normal and PAH-induced obese Zucker rats when exposed to L-NAME.
Does too much sleep increase diabetes risk (1)
A study found that men who slept less than 7 hours or more than 7 hours were more likely to have impaired blood sugar regulation compared to men who slept 7 hours, increasing their risk of developing diabetes. However, women's blood sugar regulation and diabetes risk were not affected by sleep duration. The researchers believe differences in sleep apnea prevalence and sleep composition between men and women may explain the results. Further research is needed to understand the gender differences and confirm the findings.
SIC-2012-03-13-1
El documento habla sobre tres temas principales:
1) Candidatos presidenciales en México visitan al Papa y buscan apoyo de figuras políticas como Bartlett.
2) Científicos planean clonar un mamut usando tejido de mamut y óvulos de elefante.
3) La agencia antidrogas DEA de EE.UU. recibió millones de dólares del cártel de Sinaloa a través de un agente encubierto.
Drug discovery
The document discusses the major challenges facing the drug industry, including making genomic discoveries into new therapeutics, increasing generic competition eroding revenue, and payers demanding evidence of economic benefits of new drugs. It then introduces a Nature Reprint Collection sponsored by Eli Lilly that provides analyses and perspectives on factors underlying challenges in drug innovation and potential scientific and strategic solutions. The collection includes articles on improving R&D productivity, network pharmacology, how new medicines are discovered, monoclonal antibody therapeutics, addressing variability in drug response, innovative R&D in China, impacts of mergers on R&D, crowd-sourcing in drug discovery, advancing clinical trial design, entrepreneurship in pharmaceutical R&D, and more.
MACROPHAGE AND BROWN FAT
1) Macrophages, immune cells that infiltrate tissues, play a crucial role in regulating body temperature through thermogenesis in brown fat tissue and by controlling the release of lipids from white fat tissue.
2) A study found that when mice were exposed to cold temperatures, their macrophages in brown and white fat tissues shifted to an anti-inflammatory form that is important for the thermogenic response. Disrupting genes related to this process impaired the mice's ability to generate and maintain body heat.
3) The findings suggest that the central nervous system relies on macrophages to mediate appropriate physiological responses to thermal demands, so studies manipulating macrophages may need re-evaluation, as effects could be due to changes in nervous system activity rather
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Abstract for SHPE Conference
There are over 25 million people in the United States suffering from diabetes. For those with type 1 diabetes, extreme fluctuations in blood glucose levels can cause health issues. The researchers aimed to create a closed-loop system to automatically administer the correct insulin dose by accurately modeling blood glucose concentration (BGC) based on food intake, activity, and stress levels. The researchers modeled type 1 diabetes cases using carbohydrate intake, bolus insulin, and basal insulin as inputs. They tested modified Wiener block modeling on data collected over 3-5 days from several subjects. While some cases produced good results, the researchers concluded that more than three days of data is generally needed to develop an accurate glucose model.
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This study examines whether eating oat bran reduces cholesterol levels. It involves 100 American males aged 30-70, split into groups of 50 with high cholesterol and 50 with healthy levels. The men are randomly assigned to eat either meals with 3 servings of oat bran per day or meals with 0 servings for two weeks. Their cholesterol is measured after two weeks and two months later after switching diets. The study uses blocking by separating the groups and blinding by not informing subjects about the oat bran to reduce bias in results. A concern is other lifestyle factors may affect cholesterol without the researchers' knowledge.
Zucker Rat Thesis Poster
This study aims to explore the mechanism behind pulmonary artery contraction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). Ten male obese Zucker rats will be used, with PAH induced in one group through a sedentary lifestyle. The rats' weights, blood glucose, and pulmonary artery rings will be observed. The rings will be exposed to phenylephrine to induce contraction and acetylcholine to induce relaxation, with and without the iNOS inhibitor L-NAME. The goal is to determine if there are differences in contractile and relaxant properties between normal and PAH-induced obese Zucker rats when exposed to L-NAME.
Does too much sleep increase diabetes risk (1)
A study found that men who slept less than 7 hours or more than 7 hours were more likely to have impaired blood sugar regulation compared to men who slept 7 hours, increasing their risk of developing diabetes. However, women's blood sugar regulation and diabetes risk were not affected by sleep duration. The researchers believe differences in sleep apnea prevalence and sleep composition between men and women may explain the results. Further research is needed to understand the gender differences and confirm the findings.
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El documento habla sobre tres temas principales:
1) Candidatos presidenciales en México visitan al Papa y buscan apoyo de figuras políticas como Bartlett.
2) Científicos planean clonar un mamut usando tejido de mamut y óvulos de elefante.
3) La agencia antidrogas DEA de EE.UU. recibió millones de dólares del cártel de Sinaloa a través de un agente encubierto.
Drug discovery
The document discusses the major challenges facing the drug industry, including making genomic discoveries into new therapeutics, increasing generic competition eroding revenue, and payers demanding evidence of economic benefits of new drugs. It then introduces a Nature Reprint Collection sponsored by Eli Lilly that provides analyses and perspectives on factors underlying challenges in drug innovation and potential scientific and strategic solutions. The collection includes articles on improving R&D productivity, network pharmacology, how new medicines are discovered, monoclonal antibody therapeutics, addressing variability in drug response, innovative R&D in China, impacts of mergers on R&D, crowd-sourcing in drug discovery, advancing clinical trial design, entrepreneurship in pharmaceutical R&D, and more.
MACROPHAGE AND BROWN FAT
1) Macrophages, immune cells that infiltrate tissues, play a crucial role in regulating body temperature through thermogenesis in brown fat tissue and by controlling the release of lipids from white fat tissue.
2) A study found that when mice were exposed to cold temperatures, their macrophages in brown and white fat tissues shifted to an anti-inflammatory form that is important for the thermogenic response. Disrupting genes related to this process impaired the mice's ability to generate and maintain body heat.
3) The findings suggest that the central nervous system relies on macrophages to mediate appropriate physiological responses to thermal demands, so studies manipulating macrophages may need re-evaluation, as effects could be due to changes in nervous system activity rather
Szabat et al Cell Metabolism 2015
This document describes a study examining the effects of reducing insulin production in adult pancreatic beta cells. The key findings are:
1) Mice with acute deletion of the insulin 2 gene on an insulin 1 knockout background had a 50% reduction in insulin production but normal fasting blood glucose and insulin levels initially.
2) At 6 days after insulin gene deletion, beta cells had half the insulin mRNA and protein content but remained differentiated with normal calcium responses and expression of maturity markers.
3) Remarkably, beta cell proliferation was increased 2-fold after reduced insulin production independently of hyperglycemia.
4) Eventually, as hyperglycemia developed, some beta cells with the insulin gene knockout mis-expressed glucagon
lifestyle disorders:diabetes
Diabetes is caused by the body's inability to produce or effectively use insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas that helps glucose enter cells to produce energy. In diabetes, beta cells in the pancreas do not produce enough insulin or cells do not respond properly to insulin, causing glucose to build up in the bloodstream instead of being used for energy. The main types of diabetes are type 1, an autoimmune disease where the immune system destroys beta cells, and type 2 where the body can no longer produce sufficient insulin to regulate blood glucose levels. Genetic and environmental factors both contribute to diabetes risk.
Insulin (1)
1. Frederick Banting and Charles Best discovered insulin in the 1920s while experimenting with pancreatic extracts from dogs at the University of Toronto.
2. Their early experiments showed that extracts from the pancreatic islets of Langerhans could lower blood sugar levels in diabetic dogs.
3. The first successful use of insulin on a human, a 14-year-old boy dying of diabetes, helped establish insulin as an effective treatment for diabetes. Banting and Best were later awarded the Nobel Prize for their discovery.
Yang{JMCC_2009]
This study investigated how insulin deficiency affects mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the hearts of diabetic mice. The key findings were:
1) Activity of oxidative phosphorylation complex V (ATP synthase) was significantly reduced in the hearts of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.
2) Normalizing blood glucose with phlorizin treatment did not improve complex V activity, but insulin treatment did normalize it, indicating the reduction was caused by insulin deficiency rather than hyperglycemia.
3) Acute insulin stimulation induced phosphorylation and translocation of Akt to mitochondria in heart muscle. This translocation was enhanced in diabetic mice and blocked inhibition of Akt, blunting the activation of complex V by insulin.
Insulin Hormone.pdf
Insulin is protein hormone with 51 amino acids. It is very important hormone in the human body that regulates blood sugar level. Excess and deficiency of insulin leads to many long lasting abnormalities. Diabetes is one of biggest problem of this era. According to latest survey Pakistan rank first in the Diabetes Mellitus. Insulin also play many other functions other than regulating blood sugar. It affects on the whole physiology of the body.
diabetes mellitus
This document summarizes information about diabetes, including its definition, classification, effects of insulin, and treatments. It begins with an overview of diabetes, defining it as a group of metabolic disorders involving hyperglycemia. It then discusses the two main types of diabetes - type 1 characterized by insulin deficiency and type 2 characterized by insulin resistance - and their causes. Subsequent sections provide details on insulin biosynthesis and secretion, its counter-regulation, effects in different tissues, and role in glucose homeostasis. The document concludes by outlining several classes of medications used to treat diabetes, including sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and newer drugs that target incretin hormones.
GENE THERAPY
1) Incretins are gut hormones that stimulate insulin secretion after eating. The two main incretins are GIP and GLP-1.
2) GIP loses its ability to stimulate insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes, but GLP-1 remains effective.
3) This led to the development of two new classes of diabetes drugs that mimic or enhance the effects of incretins: GLP-1 receptor agonists like exenatide, and DPP-4 inhibitors like sitagliptin.
Insulina intranasal e cognição
This document summarizes research on the effects of intranasal administration of insulin to the brain. It discusses how intranasal insulin impacts both cognitive function and peripheral metabolism in the following ways:
1) Intranasal insulin improves memory function in studies with healthy subjects and memory-impaired patients by enhancing synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and possibly increasing cerebral glucose metabolism.
2) It enhances neurobehavioral measures of brain activity and reduces activity in brain regions involved in food reward processing.
3) It reduces food intake and body fat content while increasing thermogenesis and fat oxidation, indicating effects on energy homeostasis.
4) It may regulate hepatic glucose production and insulin secretion from the pancreas through brain
Diabetes [2019]
Diabetes [2019]
There is little research into pae and diabetes. What there is indicates that further research should be done.
The attached research has been done from the perspective of prenatal alcohol consumption.
A search of diabetes research failed to find any mention of prenatal alcohol.
Ionic liquids for Oral Insulin Delivery!
A new oral insulin drug delivery system has been developed using an ionic liquid to help improve compliance for diabetes patients. The system circumvents gastrointestinal barriers and significantly enhances oral absorption of insulin. In vivo testing of the insulin-ionic liquid formulation in animal studies demonstrated exceptional pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic results, reduced blood glucose levels over a sustained period, and promising potential as an oral delivery method for insulin to improve treatment of diabetes.
Ipoglicemia da iperinsulinemia
This document describes 5 patients who developed infantile spasms after experiencing neonatal-onset hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HH). All 5 patients initially presented with HH in the neonatal period, which was treated with diazoxide. After a variable latent period, all 5 patients then developed infantile spasms between 5 months and 1.2 years of age. The spasms responded variably to treatment with antiepileptic drugs. All patients showed developmental delays, and brain imaging found abnormalities in only 1 of the 4 patients who received MRIs. The authors conclude that hypoglycemic brain injury from neonatal HH, even if treated, can later manifest as infantile spasms after a latent period.
Brain as an endocrine organ
The document discusses the brain's role in glucose homeostasis. It begins with a historical perspective on the discovery of the brain's endocrine functions in glucose regulation in the 19th century. It then outlines the brain's control of glucose homeostasis through various hypothalamic centers that regulate peripheral organs like the liver. Specifically, it describes the brain-centered glucoregulatory system (BCGS) that maintains glucose levels through direct and indirect control of hepatic glucose production. The document also discusses the concept of glucose effectiveness and potential dysfunctions in the BCGS that can lead to diabetes.
Brain as an endocrine organ
The document discusses the brain's role in glucose homeostasis. It begins with a historical perspective on the discovery of the brain's endocrine functions in glucose regulation in the 19th century. It then outlines the brain centers involved in glucose regulation, including glucose excited and inhibited neurons. The brain centered glucoregulatory system controls glucose homeostasis through direct and indirect regulation of hepatic glucose production. Dysfunctions in this system can lead to impaired glucose handling and diabetes. The document concludes by framing diabetes as a failure of both the brain centered and pancreatic centered glucoregulatory systems.
Food Coma or Postprandial Hypersomnolence
The document discusses postprandial hypersomnolence, also known as "food coma". It provides the physiological mechanisms that cause food-induced sleepiness, including increased levels of adenosine, parasympathetic activation, insulin and tryptophan levels, and insulin-induced hypokalemia. It then discusses an audit conducted at Barts-MS that found people with multiple sclerosis experience food coma more severely than others, with severity correlated to MS severity. People with MS reported making dietary changes and using caffeine to reduce symptoms.
Industrial Production of Insulin
Contents
1. Insulin Molecule
2. Effect of Insulin in Body
3. History of Insulin
4. Recent Trends in Insulin Productions and Types
4.1 Animal Insulins
4.2 Long-Acting Insulins
4.3 Human Insulins
4.4 Insulin Analogues
4.5 Biosimilar Insulins
5. Insulin Production (Chain A and Chain B Method)
5.1 Upstream Processing
5.2 Downstream Processing
6. The Proinsulin Process
7. Insulin Available in Market with Different Brand Names
8. References
Glicemia e fat food ingestion
This research article investigates how circulating glucose levels modulate neural control of the desire for high-calorie foods in humans. The study found that:
1) Mild hypoglycemia preferentially activated brain regions involved in reward and motivation (e.g. striatum, insula) and increased reported desire for high-calorie foods, compared to a state of euglycemia.
2) Euglycemia preferentially activated brain regions involved in inhibitory control (e.g. prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex) and resulted in less interest in food stimuli.
3) Higher circulating glucose levels predicted greater activation of the medial prefrontal cortex, and this response was absent in obese
Resent researches about diabetes
This is shard by scientists from BOC Sciences about resent researches about diabetes. Find more at https://www.bocsci.com/
Resent researches about diabetes
This document summarizes eight recent research articles on progress in diabetes treatment and understanding. Article 1 finds that enhanced natriuretic peptide signaling protects against obesity and insulin resistance. Article 2 investigates using stem cells to engineer pancreatic islets outside the body. Article 3 examines if obesity/diabetes drugs can reduce brain pressure. Article 4 links less sleep to higher diabetes risk factors in children. Article 5 describes a tissue engineering approach for under-skin transplants to treat type 1 diabetes. Article 6 shows immunotherapy may help treat type 1 diabetes. Article 7 finds a drug relieves diabetes but causes heart issues. Article 8 reviews the relationship between oxidative metabolism and systemic F2-isoprostane levels as linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes
Insulin 1
Before the discovery of insulin in 1921, people with type 1 diabetes died within weeks to years of disease onset. In the early 1900s, attempts were made to treat diabetes with pancreatic extracts with temporary success. In 1921-1922, Banting, Best, Macleod, and Collip discovered insulin by extracting it from pancreatic islets, and tested it successfully on the first patient Leonard Thompson. Insulin production began commercially in 1922 and significantly increased life expectancy for people with diabetes from average ages of 11-34 years before insulin to 45-65 years by the 1940s.
Presentación plegable molecular
The document discusses two studies: 1) A study that discovered a protein called Nova 1 that modulates gene expression involved in nervous system formation and structure, providing new insights into vertebrate brain evolution. 2) A study that found a link between obesity and insulin resistance, discovering that RNA splicing proteins are decreased in obese individuals, altering gene expression and predisposing them to insulin resistance and potential diabetes. The studies advance understanding of gene regulation and splicing in health and disease.
Dm e efeitos da canela
This document discusses controversies surrounding the use of cinnamon for managing diabetes. It reviews studies showing cinnamon has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that could improve insulin resistance. However, human clinical trials have found varying results, with some showing no benefit and others finding improvements in factors like blood glucose, cholesterol, and blood pressure. While cinnamon may help lower fasting glucose levels, more research is still needed to determine its full effects and appropriate use for diabetes.
Dieta hiperproteica para obeso com resistência à insulina
This article discusses the potential benefits of low-carbohydrate diets for overweight patients with insulin resistance. It defines insulin resistance and its associated health risks like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The article reviews studies that found individuals with insulin resistance tended to lose more weight and see greater reductions in insulin levels and other risk factors on low-carbohydrate diets compared to low-fat diets over short-term periods. It suggests low-carbohydrate diets may be particularly suitable for managing insulin resistance.
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Szabat et al Cell Metabolism 2015
This document describes a study examining the effects of reducing insulin production in adult pancreatic beta cells. The key findings are:
1) Mice with acute deletion of the insulin 2 gene on an insulin 1 knockout background had a 50% reduction in insulin production but normal fasting blood glucose and insulin levels initially.
2) At 6 days after insulin gene deletion, beta cells had half the insulin mRNA and protein content but remained differentiated with normal calcium responses and expression of maturity markers.
3) Remarkably, beta cell proliferation was increased 2-fold after reduced insulin production independently of hyperglycemia.
4) Eventually, as hyperglycemia developed, some beta cells with the insulin gene knockout mis-expressed glucagon
lifestyle disorders:diabetes
Diabetes is caused by the body's inability to produce or effectively use insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas that helps glucose enter cells to produce energy. In diabetes, beta cells in the pancreas do not produce enough insulin or cells do not respond properly to insulin, causing glucose to build up in the bloodstream instead of being used for energy. The main types of diabetes are type 1, an autoimmune disease where the immune system destroys beta cells, and type 2 where the body can no longer produce sufficient insulin to regulate blood glucose levels. Genetic and environmental factors both contribute to diabetes risk.
Insulin (1)
1. Frederick Banting and Charles Best discovered insulin in the 1920s while experimenting with pancreatic extracts from dogs at the University of Toronto.
2. Their early experiments showed that extracts from the pancreatic islets of Langerhans could lower blood sugar levels in diabetic dogs.
3. The first successful use of insulin on a human, a 14-year-old boy dying of diabetes, helped establish insulin as an effective treatment for diabetes. Banting and Best were later awarded the Nobel Prize for their discovery.
Yang{JMCC_2009]
This study investigated how insulin deficiency affects mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the hearts of diabetic mice. The key findings were:
1) Activity of oxidative phosphorylation complex V (ATP synthase) was significantly reduced in the hearts of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.
2) Normalizing blood glucose with phlorizin treatment did not improve complex V activity, but insulin treatment did normalize it, indicating the reduction was caused by insulin deficiency rather than hyperglycemia.
3) Acute insulin stimulation induced phosphorylation and translocation of Akt to mitochondria in heart muscle. This translocation was enhanced in diabetic mice and blocked inhibition of Akt, blunting the activation of complex V by insulin.
Insulin Hormone.pdf
Insulin is protein hormone with 51 amino acids. It is very important hormone in the human body that regulates blood sugar level. Excess and deficiency of insulin leads to many long lasting abnormalities. Diabetes is one of biggest problem of this era. According to latest survey Pakistan rank first in the Diabetes Mellitus. Insulin also play many other functions other than regulating blood sugar. It affects on the whole physiology of the body.
diabetes mellitus
This document summarizes information about diabetes, including its definition, classification, effects of insulin, and treatments. It begins with an overview of diabetes, defining it as a group of metabolic disorders involving hyperglycemia. It then discusses the two main types of diabetes - type 1 characterized by insulin deficiency and type 2 characterized by insulin resistance - and their causes. Subsequent sections provide details on insulin biosynthesis and secretion, its counter-regulation, effects in different tissues, and role in glucose homeostasis. The document concludes by outlining several classes of medications used to treat diabetes, including sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and newer drugs that target incretin hormones.
GENE THERAPY
1) Incretins are gut hormones that stimulate insulin secretion after eating. The two main incretins are GIP and GLP-1.
2) GIP loses its ability to stimulate insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes, but GLP-1 remains effective.
3) This led to the development of two new classes of diabetes drugs that mimic or enhance the effects of incretins: GLP-1 receptor agonists like exenatide, and DPP-4 inhibitors like sitagliptin.
Insulina intranasal e cognição
This document summarizes research on the effects of intranasal administration of insulin to the brain. It discusses how intranasal insulin impacts both cognitive function and peripheral metabolism in the following ways:
1) Intranasal insulin improves memory function in studies with healthy subjects and memory-impaired patients by enhancing synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and possibly increasing cerebral glucose metabolism.
2) It enhances neurobehavioral measures of brain activity and reduces activity in brain regions involved in food reward processing.
3) It reduces food intake and body fat content while increasing thermogenesis and fat oxidation, indicating effects on energy homeostasis.
4) It may regulate hepatic glucose production and insulin secretion from the pancreas through brain
Diabetes [2019]
Diabetes [2019]
There is little research into pae and diabetes. What there is indicates that further research should be done.
The attached research has been done from the perspective of prenatal alcohol consumption.
A search of diabetes research failed to find any mention of prenatal alcohol.
Ionic liquids for Oral Insulin Delivery!
A new oral insulin drug delivery system has been developed using an ionic liquid to help improve compliance for diabetes patients. The system circumvents gastrointestinal barriers and significantly enhances oral absorption of insulin. In vivo testing of the insulin-ionic liquid formulation in animal studies demonstrated exceptional pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic results, reduced blood glucose levels over a sustained period, and promising potential as an oral delivery method for insulin to improve treatment of diabetes.
Ipoglicemia da iperinsulinemia
This document describes 5 patients who developed infantile spasms after experiencing neonatal-onset hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HH). All 5 patients initially presented with HH in the neonatal period, which was treated with diazoxide. After a variable latent period, all 5 patients then developed infantile spasms between 5 months and 1.2 years of age. The spasms responded variably to treatment with antiepileptic drugs. All patients showed developmental delays, and brain imaging found abnormalities in only 1 of the 4 patients who received MRIs. The authors conclude that hypoglycemic brain injury from neonatal HH, even if treated, can later manifest as infantile spasms after a latent period.
Brain as an endocrine organ
The document discusses the brain's role in glucose homeostasis. It begins with a historical perspective on the discovery of the brain's endocrine functions in glucose regulation in the 19th century. It then outlines the brain's control of glucose homeostasis through various hypothalamic centers that regulate peripheral organs like the liver. Specifically, it describes the brain-centered glucoregulatory system (BCGS) that maintains glucose levels through direct and indirect control of hepatic glucose production. The document also discusses the concept of glucose effectiveness and potential dysfunctions in the BCGS that can lead to diabetes.
Brain as an endocrine organ
The document discusses the brain's role in glucose homeostasis. It begins with a historical perspective on the discovery of the brain's endocrine functions in glucose regulation in the 19th century. It then outlines the brain centers involved in glucose regulation, including glucose excited and inhibited neurons. The brain centered glucoregulatory system controls glucose homeostasis through direct and indirect regulation of hepatic glucose production. Dysfunctions in this system can lead to impaired glucose handling and diabetes. The document concludes by framing diabetes as a failure of both the brain centered and pancreatic centered glucoregulatory systems.
Food Coma or Postprandial Hypersomnolence
The document discusses postprandial hypersomnolence, also known as "food coma". It provides the physiological mechanisms that cause food-induced sleepiness, including increased levels of adenosine, parasympathetic activation, insulin and tryptophan levels, and insulin-induced hypokalemia. It then discusses an audit conducted at Barts-MS that found people with multiple sclerosis experience food coma more severely than others, with severity correlated to MS severity. People with MS reported making dietary changes and using caffeine to reduce symptoms.
Industrial Production of Insulin
Contents
1. Insulin Molecule
2. Effect of Insulin in Body
3. History of Insulin
4. Recent Trends in Insulin Productions and Types
4.1 Animal Insulins
4.2 Long-Acting Insulins
4.3 Human Insulins
4.4 Insulin Analogues
4.5 Biosimilar Insulins
5. Insulin Production (Chain A and Chain B Method)
5.1 Upstream Processing
5.2 Downstream Processing
6. The Proinsulin Process
7. Insulin Available in Market with Different Brand Names
8. References
Glicemia e fat food ingestion
This research article investigates how circulating glucose levels modulate neural control of the desire for high-calorie foods in humans. The study found that:
1) Mild hypoglycemia preferentially activated brain regions involved in reward and motivation (e.g. striatum, insula) and increased reported desire for high-calorie foods, compared to a state of euglycemia.
2) Euglycemia preferentially activated brain regions involved in inhibitory control (e.g. prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex) and resulted in less interest in food stimuli.
3) Higher circulating glucose levels predicted greater activation of the medial prefrontal cortex, and this response was absent in obese
Resent researches about diabetes
This is shard by scientists from BOC Sciences about resent researches about diabetes. Find more at https://www.bocsci.com/
Resent researches about diabetes
This document summarizes eight recent research articles on progress in diabetes treatment and understanding. Article 1 finds that enhanced natriuretic peptide signaling protects against obesity and insulin resistance. Article 2 investigates using stem cells to engineer pancreatic islets outside the body. Article 3 examines if obesity/diabetes drugs can reduce brain pressure. Article 4 links less sleep to higher diabetes risk factors in children. Article 5 describes a tissue engineering approach for under-skin transplants to treat type 1 diabetes. Article 6 shows immunotherapy may help treat type 1 diabetes. Article 7 finds a drug relieves diabetes but causes heart issues. Article 8 reviews the relationship between oxidative metabolism and systemic F2-isoprostane levels as linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes
Insulin 1
Before the discovery of insulin in 1921, people with type 1 diabetes died within weeks to years of disease onset. In the early 1900s, attempts were made to treat diabetes with pancreatic extracts with temporary success. In 1921-1922, Banting, Best, Macleod, and Collip discovered insulin by extracting it from pancreatic islets, and tested it successfully on the first patient Leonard Thompson. Insulin production began commercially in 1922 and significantly increased life expectancy for people with diabetes from average ages of 11-34 years before insulin to 45-65 years by the 1940s.
Presentación plegable molecular
The document discusses two studies: 1) A study that discovered a protein called Nova 1 that modulates gene expression involved in nervous system formation and structure, providing new insights into vertebrate brain evolution. 2) A study that found a link between obesity and insulin resistance, discovering that RNA splicing proteins are decreased in obese individuals, altering gene expression and predisposing them to insulin resistance and potential diabetes. The studies advance understanding of gene regulation and splicing in health and disease.
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Dm e efeitos da canela
This document discusses controversies surrounding the use of cinnamon for managing diabetes. It reviews studies showing cinnamon has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that could improve insulin resistance. However, human clinical trials have found varying results, with some showing no benefit and others finding improvements in factors like blood glucose, cholesterol, and blood pressure. While cinnamon may help lower fasting glucose levels, more research is still needed to determine its full effects and appropriate use for diabetes.
Dieta hiperproteica para obeso com resistência à insulina
This article discusses the potential benefits of low-carbohydrate diets for overweight patients with insulin resistance. It defines insulin resistance and its associated health risks like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The article reviews studies that found individuals with insulin resistance tended to lose more weight and see greater reductions in insulin levels and other risk factors on low-carbohydrate diets compared to low-fat diets over short-term periods. It suggests low-carbohydrate diets may be particularly suitable for managing insulin resistance.
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Beta cell failure, stress and dm2
Variant CDKAL1 is associated with type 2 diabetes. Two recent studies link CDKAL1 to the modification of a transfer RNA (tRNA) involved in protein translation. CDKAL1 adds a chemical group to tRNA that incorporates the amino acid lysine during protein synthesis. Mice deficient in CDKAL1 have reduced lysine in proinsulin, impairing its processing into insulin. This provides insight into how CDKAL1 variants may increase susceptibility to type 2 diabetes by disrupting insulin production.
Dpp4 e angiogênese
1) DPP-IV is an enzyme that is increased in diabetes and cleaves proteins. The study found that DPP-IV cleaves HMGB1, an angiogenic protein involved in wound healing.
2) DPP-IV cleavage of HMGB1 inhibited its ability to induce endothelial cell migration and tube formation in vitro and vascular network formation in vivo.
3) The truncated form of HMGB1 was detected in diabetic patients, and treatment with DPP-IV inhibitors increased levels of full-length HMGB1. The study suggests DPP-IV inhibition may enhance HMGB1 activity and angiogenesis in diabetes.
DIABETES AND CANCER
AMAZON'S ENDOCRINOLOGY MEETING :
"ENDOAMAZON" ends tomorrow. These slides were part of my talk on DIABETES and CANCER.
Sitagliptina e proteção em ca diferenciado da tireóide.x
This document discusses whether anti-diabetic medications play a specific role in differentiated thyroid cancer compared to other cancer types. It reviews the prevalence of thyroid carcinoma in obese individuals, people with intermediate hyperglycemia, and diabetic patients compared to other cancers. It suggests that the over-expression of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) in thyroid tumors, which is not seen in other cancer types, may be a potential reason for the unique relationship between thyroid cancer and diabetes.
Exetimibe melhora dm diminuindo nafld.x
This study examined the effects of ezetimibe treatment for 3 months on glucose metabolism in 96 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. Ezetimibe treatment significantly lowered LDL-cholesterol levels. HbA1c levels decreased in approximately 50% of patients after treatment. Univariate analysis found that changes in HbA1c were associated with serum alanine aminotransferase levels, aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase ratio, and age. Higher baseline ALT levels and an AST/ALT ratio below 1.0 were significantly associated with decreases in HbA1c following ezetimibe administration, suggesting ezetimibe may improve glucose control through effects on
Dpp4 i for the treatment of ACNE
This document discusses inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV) and aminopeptidase N (APN) and their potential role in treating acne. It finds:
1) DP IV and APN are expressed in human sebocytes, keratinocytes, and immune cells involved in acne pathogenesis.
2) Inhibitors of DP IV and APN suppressed sebocyte proliferation, enhanced differentiation, and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines in cell lines.
3) The inhibitors also suppressed immune cell proliferation and cytokine production ex vivo, suggesting anti-inflammatory effects.
4) Based on these findings, the study provides first evidence that DP IV and APN inhibitors
GLP 1 E GIP: DIFERENÇAS E SEMELHANÇAS
This document summarizes the similarities and differences between the two incretin hormones GIP and GLP-1. Both are secreted by the intestine in response to food intake and stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. They act through specific receptors and increase cyclic AMP levels. While they share this insulin-stimulating effect, they have different impacts on tissues like fat, bone, and brain. The document also discusses their secretion levels and metabolism, noting they are both degraded by DPP-4. It aims to provide an overview of these two important incretin hormones.
To my colleagues from many parts of the world
Ruy Pantoja, a 62-year-old endocrinologist from Brazil, thanks colleagues from around the world for participating in an online forum to discuss metabolism. While he did not author any of the papers himself, he looks forward to receiving information from others on topics like BDNF, leptin, insulin, and glucagon and their interaction with the brain to control blood sugar. He finds it rewarding to upload scientific papers and see how many people download them. He will be in Lisbon for a conference and hopes some attendees can meet in person.
FENTERMIN DOENSNT INCREASE HYPERTENSION
This letter discusses the safety of using the drug phentermine for long-term obesity treatment. It argues that contrary to common assumptions, phentermine does not typically elevate blood pressure and may even reduce it. The letter cites clinical trials and observational studies showing blood pressure declines in phentermine-treated patients, especially those with preexisting hypertension who lost weight. The authors conclude that long-term phentermine use is safer than assumed and should be the first-line pharmacotherapy considered for many obese patients. They call for additional long-term clinical trials of over 1 year to further evaluate phentermine's efficacy and safety profile.
Doença cardiovascular
Os fatores de risco para aterosclerose dependem da situação anatômica das artérias. Estes slides são parte de uma bela aula do professor anotado, proferida no ADA de San Diego.
Cancer cell metabolism
1) Cancer cells exhibit altered metabolism compared to normal cells in order to support their high rates of proliferation. This altered metabolism represents an attractive therapeutic target, but selectively targeting cancer cell metabolism while sparing normal cells is challenging.
2) Some of the earliest effective cancer therapies, such as antifolate drugs, target the specific metabolic needs of cancer cells. Targeting cancer cell metabolism remains a promising strategy.
3) Research into how changes in cell metabolism promote tumor growth has accelerated in recent years, refocusing efforts on targeting the metabolic dependencies of cancer cells as a selective anticancer approach.
Dpp4 beta cell preservation
This document summarizes a review article about the effects of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors on pancreatic islet cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes. DPP-4 inhibitors work by blocking the enzyme DPP-4, which degrades the incretin hormones GLP-1 and GIP. This allows GLP-1 and GIP levels to increase after meals and stimulate insulin secretion while decreasing glucagon secretion. Studies in rodents and humans suggest that DPP-4 inhibitors may improve beta cell and alpha cell function. However, there is currently no evidence that DPP-4 inhibitors can durably preserve islet cell function after treatment is stopped in humans. Large
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