The document discusses diabetes mellitus as a metabolic disorder, highlighting its two major types: insulin-dependent (IDDM) and non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM). It explains the characteristics, symptoms, and treatment options for both types of diabetes, as well as the discovery and properties of insulin. Additionally, the document covers the pharmacological actions of insulin and associated adverse reactions.

1. INSULIN
Student Name:- Abhishek Borkar
Class- B- pharm 3rd year
Shraddha Institute of Pharmacy Kondala zambre ,
Washim-444505
Guide by : prof. Shubhada Bhopale (M. pharm)

2. Diabetes Mellitus
• Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by
hyperglycemia, glucosourea, hyperlipaemia, negative
nitrogen balance and sometimes ketonaemia.
• Two major types of diabetes mellitus:
• i) Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
(IDDM).
• ii) Non-Insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus (NIDDM). Various symptoms are:
Feeling very thirsty and tired, high level of
glucose in urine, constant hunger

3. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus : There is β cell destruction in
pancreatic islets; majority of cases are autoimmune antibodies that
destroy β cell are detectable in blood, but some are idiopathic, there
are no β cell antibody are found. In all cases circulating insulin
levels are low.
Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus : There is no loss or
moderate reduction in β cell mass, insulin in circulation is low,
normal or even high, no anti-β-cell antibody is demonstrable; has a
high degree of genetic predisposition, generally has a late onset.

4. Treatment
IDDM : Insulin must be injected or inhaled
NIDDM : Food control, exercise, medicines
i) Which increase insulin secretion
ii) Which increase the sensitivity of target organs to insulin
iii) Which decrease glucose absorption.

5.  it was isolated in 1921
 used in 1922
 insulin discovered by Banking and Best
 it is used as diabeties maliters.
 It contain 30 amino acid.
 insulin contain 2 chain chuin 1st 21-aminoamino acid 2nd
chain 30 amino acidl these Both are attached do each othee By
2 2-clisulphite Bond
 insulin secreated by pancreatic (Beta cell)
 insulin derivaced from animal species the pig insulin closely
Reacimble withHuman insulin
 it is an insoluble in pH 4 to 7
Insulin

6. Rouf Endoplasmic
Converted
Propralin insulin
Store into
It in golgo apparatus
In the from of
Pro-insulin (inactive)
Secrted into Blood
In that from of Insulin (active)

7. Storage
 It store in beta –cell
 Normal pancrease contain 200 unit of insulin
 Mainly Screated 50 unit daily
Release
 Release of insulin from beta –cell
 Involved food product hormone and gastroinststial
hormone

8. Pharmacological Action :-
carbo-Hydeate metabolism.
• peoduce to Fandamental defects
• Reduce entrey of glucose in cells.
• incress Release of glucose form livee into Circulation
• Both are produce hyperglycemiya glycourea
• in insulin defecancies High Rate of conversion of protein to
the glucose called as glycogenesis
fat-Metabolism
 insulin defancy peoduce Metabolism of fat into adipose
tissue.
 inthis concentration of tri-glyceride on ff-Rise
Penteln metabolism
 insulin defency peoduce glycose utilatization in protein
synthesis
 it peocluce peotein Becardown

9. Glycogen
Convert
Glycose -6-Phosphate
Glycophosphate or Fatty Acid
Pyruate
Amino acid (from citric acid cycle)
Usefull for Formulation of insulin
MOA

10. Factor modifing Insulin action
 Dite
 Excries
 Insulin Secrection

11. Adverse reactions:
1. Gastrointestinal disorders
2. Allergy
3. Hypoglycemia Chlorpropamide forbidden for ageds &
patients with functional disorder in liver or kidney.
4. Granulocytopenia, cholestasis & hepatic injury
Clinical use:
1. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
2. Diabetes insupidus, chlorpropamide