Annette Peters, Professor, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Health, at Europe That Protects - Safeguarding Our Planet, Safeguarding Our Health EU side event, 3-4 Dec 2019, THL, Helsinki
Archisman Nandy
The objective of this study is to make a comparison between five (5) most affected countries (USA, Brazil, U.K., Italy and India) of the world by Covid-19. The study is based on the secondary data. For conducting this study published data in online portal www.worldometers.info has been used. 4 months i.e. August 2020 to November 2020 has been chosen to carry out this study. For data analysis and interpretation Microsoft excel software (version 2019) has been used. Basic arithmetic technique and ratio analysis has been used in this study for data interpretation purpose. For measuring cyclical fluctuations in Covid-19 cases and its corresponding death cases, visual representation has been incorporated as bar diagram. Relevant images have been sourced from authentic sources and used in this study for satisfying the research objective. Finally the study has revealed that during the period of August 2020 to November 2020 Brazil is the most affected country and United States of America is the least affected country based on the mortality rate among the five countries taken as sample for this study
Dr Nisha Mehta: Public mental health priorities - investing in the evidenceQualityWatch
Dr Nisha Mehta, editor-in-chief of the Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer 2013 explains the report's findings and recommendations on the subject of mental health.
This presentation was delivered at the QualityWatch annual conference on 28 October 2014. For more information, see: www.qualitywatch.org.uk/QW2014. QualityWatch is a joint research programme from the Nuffield Trust and the Health Foundation.
We analyse the relationship between unemployment and self-assessed health using the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) for Finland over the period 1996–2001. Our results reveal that the event of becoming unemployed does not matter as such for self-assessed health. The health status of those that end up being unemployed is lower than that of the continually employed. Hence, persons who have poor health are being selected for the pool of the unemployed. This explains why, in a cross-section, unemployment is associated with poor selfassessed health. However, we are somewhat more likely to obtain the negative effects of unemployment on health when long-term unemployment is used as the measure of unemployment experience
Annette Peters, Professor, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Health, at Europe That Protects - Safeguarding Our Planet, Safeguarding Our Health EU side event, 3-4 Dec 2019, THL, Helsinki
Archisman Nandy
The objective of this study is to make a comparison between five (5) most affected countries (USA, Brazil, U.K., Italy and India) of the world by Covid-19. The study is based on the secondary data. For conducting this study published data in online portal www.worldometers.info has been used. 4 months i.e. August 2020 to November 2020 has been chosen to carry out this study. For data analysis and interpretation Microsoft excel software (version 2019) has been used. Basic arithmetic technique and ratio analysis has been used in this study for data interpretation purpose. For measuring cyclical fluctuations in Covid-19 cases and its corresponding death cases, visual representation has been incorporated as bar diagram. Relevant images have been sourced from authentic sources and used in this study for satisfying the research objective. Finally the study has revealed that during the period of August 2020 to November 2020 Brazil is the most affected country and United States of America is the least affected country based on the mortality rate among the five countries taken as sample for this study
Dr Nisha Mehta: Public mental health priorities - investing in the evidenceQualityWatch
Dr Nisha Mehta, editor-in-chief of the Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer 2013 explains the report's findings and recommendations on the subject of mental health.
This presentation was delivered at the QualityWatch annual conference on 28 October 2014. For more information, see: www.qualitywatch.org.uk/QW2014. QualityWatch is a joint research programme from the Nuffield Trust and the Health Foundation.
We analyse the relationship between unemployment and self-assessed health using the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) for Finland over the period 1996–2001. Our results reveal that the event of becoming unemployed does not matter as such for self-assessed health. The health status of those that end up being unemployed is lower than that of the continually employed. Hence, persons who have poor health are being selected for the pool of the unemployed. This explains why, in a cross-section, unemployment is associated with poor selfassessed health. However, we are somewhat more likely to obtain the negative effects of unemployment on health when long-term unemployment is used as the measure of unemployment experience
A Review on Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019ijtsrd
Introduction The rise of Covid 19 had acquired a noteworthy change the normal life of the common people. Largely individuals were limited within their home in a state of quarantine. The situation where people limited to stay in idle stage added with fear of Covid 19 induced major psychological effects in the population.Evidence Acquisition This paper intends to review the psychological impact of COVID 19 and its relationship with uneasiness, anxiety and depression were examined. For this paper more than 10different studies have been reviewed using electronic data base, i.e., Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, Elsevier, and Science Direct. Result Detailed review of studies pointed Covid 19 and other outbreak impacted the psychological health of population adversely. The psychological effects of anxiety, depression insomnia are found in diverse class of population along with mortalities of Covid 19.Conclusion Along with major morbidity and mortalities of the Covid 19 and other epidemic outbreak situations, psychological issues also need to be addressed with major concern through any proper psychological healing procedures including various traditional medicinal systems. Aamir Mohsin | Rakhi Ahuja | Sreekiran CV "A Review on Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31141.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/31141/a-review-on-psychological-impact-of-coronavirus-disease-2019/aamir-mohsin
Anxiety, Depression and Stress among General Population during Covid 19 Outbr...ijtsrd
On 11 Mar 2020, the WHO declared the outbreak a global pandemic. In times of an epidemic, people tend to experience fear of getting infected with the virus disease resulting in anxiety, stress, and depression, etc. The present study was a cross sectional survey with a convenience sampling technique. Data were collected through electronic means. Link to the survey was posted on various social media platforms and circulated through emails and instant messaging applications and data was collected by using Depression Anxiety Stress Scale DASS 21 . it was found that the overall DASS mean score of participants with positive history of corona virus disease was significantly higher than those with negative history. In depression subscale, anxiety subscale and stress subscale the mean score of depression subscale, anxiety subscale and stress subscale was significantly higher in participants with positive history of corona virus disease than those with negative history. Mrs. Pooja Dhasmana | Mr. Saurabh kumar "Anxiety, Depression and Stress among General Population during Covid-19 Outbreak: A Comparative Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42585.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/physiology/42585/anxiety-depression-and-stress-among-general-population-during-covid19-outbreak-a-comparative-study/mrs-pooja-dhasmana
Journal Club presentation in Nursing ResearchDhara Vyas
Journal presentation in Nursing Research,
Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic
Covid-19
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
samples
Analysis
Mental Well-being and Loneliness Among Residents of Karachi During the Second...Dr. Nasir Mustafa
Mental Well-being and Loneliness Among Residents of Karachi
During the Mental Well-being and Loneliness Among Residents of Karachi
During the Second Lockdown of COVID-19
A Study on the Effect of Covid 19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of College St...EditorIJTSRD1
The Covid 19 broke out as the coronavirus disease in 2019. No one had any intuition of the impact of the coronavirus disease on the youth who found themselves in the most difficult and uncomfortable environment of their lives. The present research paper represents the sudden surge in counselling cases reflecting in mental disorders viz a viz mood disorders and anxiety disorders. The authors are sharing their counselling cases of college going students, the mental health issues of the education sector impacted by Covid 19 the age group of 17 to 25 is focused upon. Since the paper is on mental health issues, the authors shall leave the analysis of causative factors for another time. Dr. Kirti Diddi | Dr. Antony Joseph Nirappel "A Study on the Effect of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of College Students of Madhya Pradesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd58604.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/medicine/other/58604/a-study-on-the-effect-of-covid19-pandemic-on-the-mental-health-of-college-students-of-madhya-pradesh/dr-kirti-diddi
PREVAILENCE OF MIGRIANE IN A LOW INCOME COMMUNITY OF KARACHIJing Zang
Migraine is the most common problem affecting large population, with prevalence frequency 10-12 %. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of migraine in a low income community in Karachi from June-Oct, 2013. Three hundred and seven participants were involved in this study. For this purpose cross-sectional community based questionnaire was designed in accordance with the diagnostic criteria given by International Headache Society. Data collection was carried out by personal visit to patients and through clinics. It was observed that females (65.5%) are more affected from migraine then male. 32.9% housewives reported that they are suffering from migraine. This medical problem is common among youngsters (38.1%) than old citizens. Employees working in different organizations (39.7%), were found to be mostly affected from migraine then self employed persons. Majority of the migraine patients (41%) reported that they are suffering from common symptoms including: photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, vomiting etc. Dietary habits of individuals were found to be closely associated with migraine such as use of caffeine, chocolate are prominent; and their use is common among 75% patients cumulatively. It was evaluated that certain disease conditions i.e. stress (33.6%), depression (22.1%) and anxiety (18.9%) are more common among sufferers of migraine.
Jurnal Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality du...Rindang Abas
China has been severely affected by COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) since December, 2019. This study aimed to assess the population mental health burden during the epidemic, and to explore the potential influence factors
Our study identified a major mental health burden of the public during 38 COVID-19 epidemic in China. Young people, people who spent too much time on the epidemic, and healthcare workers were at high risk for mental illness. Continuous surveillance and monitoring of the psychological consequences for outbreaks should become routine as part of preparedness efforts worldwide.
Introduction: Migraine is a chronic disease evolving through recurrent attack; it constitutes a frequent reason of consultation in
neurology. It has a signifi cant impact that can affect all spheres of life. Thus, it is one of the most disabling primary headaches.
Objective: To evaluate the impact of migraine in population of Brazzaville
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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Similar to Insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of North Macedonia
A Review on Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019ijtsrd
Introduction The rise of Covid 19 had acquired a noteworthy change the normal life of the common people. Largely individuals were limited within their home in a state of quarantine. The situation where people limited to stay in idle stage added with fear of Covid 19 induced major psychological effects in the population.Evidence Acquisition This paper intends to review the psychological impact of COVID 19 and its relationship with uneasiness, anxiety and depression were examined. For this paper more than 10different studies have been reviewed using electronic data base, i.e., Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, Elsevier, and Science Direct. Result Detailed review of studies pointed Covid 19 and other outbreak impacted the psychological health of population adversely. The psychological effects of anxiety, depression insomnia are found in diverse class of population along with mortalities of Covid 19.Conclusion Along with major morbidity and mortalities of the Covid 19 and other epidemic outbreak situations, psychological issues also need to be addressed with major concern through any proper psychological healing procedures including various traditional medicinal systems. Aamir Mohsin | Rakhi Ahuja | Sreekiran CV "A Review on Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31141.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/31141/a-review-on-psychological-impact-of-coronavirus-disease-2019/aamir-mohsin
Anxiety, Depression and Stress among General Population during Covid 19 Outbr...ijtsrd
On 11 Mar 2020, the WHO declared the outbreak a global pandemic. In times of an epidemic, people tend to experience fear of getting infected with the virus disease resulting in anxiety, stress, and depression, etc. The present study was a cross sectional survey with a convenience sampling technique. Data were collected through electronic means. Link to the survey was posted on various social media platforms and circulated through emails and instant messaging applications and data was collected by using Depression Anxiety Stress Scale DASS 21 . it was found that the overall DASS mean score of participants with positive history of corona virus disease was significantly higher than those with negative history. In depression subscale, anxiety subscale and stress subscale the mean score of depression subscale, anxiety subscale and stress subscale was significantly higher in participants with positive history of corona virus disease than those with negative history. Mrs. Pooja Dhasmana | Mr. Saurabh kumar "Anxiety, Depression and Stress among General Population during Covid-19 Outbreak: A Comparative Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42585.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/physiology/42585/anxiety-depression-and-stress-among-general-population-during-covid19-outbreak-a-comparative-study/mrs-pooja-dhasmana
Journal Club presentation in Nursing ResearchDhara Vyas
Journal presentation in Nursing Research,
Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic
Covid-19
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
samples
Analysis
Mental Well-being and Loneliness Among Residents of Karachi During the Second...Dr. Nasir Mustafa
Mental Well-being and Loneliness Among Residents of Karachi
During the Mental Well-being and Loneliness Among Residents of Karachi
During the Second Lockdown of COVID-19
A Study on the Effect of Covid 19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of College St...EditorIJTSRD1
The Covid 19 broke out as the coronavirus disease in 2019. No one had any intuition of the impact of the coronavirus disease on the youth who found themselves in the most difficult and uncomfortable environment of their lives. The present research paper represents the sudden surge in counselling cases reflecting in mental disorders viz a viz mood disorders and anxiety disorders. The authors are sharing their counselling cases of college going students, the mental health issues of the education sector impacted by Covid 19 the age group of 17 to 25 is focused upon. Since the paper is on mental health issues, the authors shall leave the analysis of causative factors for another time. Dr. Kirti Diddi | Dr. Antony Joseph Nirappel "A Study on the Effect of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of College Students of Madhya Pradesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd58604.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/medicine/other/58604/a-study-on-the-effect-of-covid19-pandemic-on-the-mental-health-of-college-students-of-madhya-pradesh/dr-kirti-diddi
PREVAILENCE OF MIGRIANE IN A LOW INCOME COMMUNITY OF KARACHIJing Zang
Migraine is the most common problem affecting large population, with prevalence frequency 10-12 %. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of migraine in a low income community in Karachi from June-Oct, 2013. Three hundred and seven participants were involved in this study. For this purpose cross-sectional community based questionnaire was designed in accordance with the diagnostic criteria given by International Headache Society. Data collection was carried out by personal visit to patients and through clinics. It was observed that females (65.5%) are more affected from migraine then male. 32.9% housewives reported that they are suffering from migraine. This medical problem is common among youngsters (38.1%) than old citizens. Employees working in different organizations (39.7%), were found to be mostly affected from migraine then self employed persons. Majority of the migraine patients (41%) reported that they are suffering from common symptoms including: photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, vomiting etc. Dietary habits of individuals were found to be closely associated with migraine such as use of caffeine, chocolate are prominent; and their use is common among 75% patients cumulatively. It was evaluated that certain disease conditions i.e. stress (33.6%), depression (22.1%) and anxiety (18.9%) are more common among sufferers of migraine.
Jurnal Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality du...Rindang Abas
China has been severely affected by COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019) since December, 2019. This study aimed to assess the population mental health burden during the epidemic, and to explore the potential influence factors
Our study identified a major mental health burden of the public during 38 COVID-19 epidemic in China. Young people, people who spent too much time on the epidemic, and healthcare workers were at high risk for mental illness. Continuous surveillance and monitoring of the psychological consequences for outbreaks should become routine as part of preparedness efforts worldwide.
Introduction: Migraine is a chronic disease evolving through recurrent attack; it constitutes a frequent reason of consultation in
neurology. It has a signifi cant impact that can affect all spheres of life. Thus, it is one of the most disabling primary headaches.
Objective: To evaluate the impact of migraine in population of Brazzaville
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of North Macedonia
1. INSOMNIA DURING THE
COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE
REPUBLIC OF NORTH
MACEDONIA
Igor Radenkov
Nina Gavrilova
Natasha Mladenoska
Medical faculty, University “ Ss. Cyril and Methodius”
- Skopje
2. Introduction
• The COVID-19 pandemic, since it’s beginning in late 2019 has
caused massive mortality and morbidity globally.
• The outbreak has had a massive effect on the global economy
with millions losing their jobs worldwide and suffering
financial losses.
• COVID-related news has become the leading subject in news
reporting, leading to a widespread state of fear.
3. Introduction
• Insomnia is defined an inability to fall and/or stay asleep.
• It can be acute(short-term),lasting from one night to a few
weeks or chronic(long-term) insomnia, lasting for at least 3
nights a week for 3 months or more.
Risk factors:
Stress
Chronic pain
Female gender
Advanced age
Night-shift work
Lifestyle factors
Anxiety and
depression
4. Aim of our study
Our aim in this study was
investigate the prevalence of
insomnia during the
COVID19
pandemic in our country and
it’s correlations with various
socioeconomic factors.
• Much research has been
conducted on the effect on
the COVID-19 outbreak and
it’s repercussions on
• the prevalence of insomnia,
depression and anxiety
disorders in the global
population
5. Study design
Timeline
27th of March to the 3rd of April 2021
Method
Google Forms questionnaire
Questions
- general information about the participant
-exposure to SARS-CoV-2
- past medical history
- effect of the virus on various aspects of the participants life
6. Study design
Distribution
Through the smartphone applications Viber
and Messenger
Sampling method
Snowball sampling
Inclusion criteria:
- literacy
- willing consent
- owning a smartphone with an Internet connection
-installed Viber and Messenger applications
8. Statistical analysis
• First, descriptive analysis
were performed.
• Then two groups were
created: an insomnia
group and a non-
insomnia(control) group.
• Lastly, multiple binary
logistic regression was
performed.
9. Results
• N= 195 participants
• Sixty-three participants(36.2%) met the criteria for
insomnia according to the Insomnia Severity Index(ISI).
Presence of insomnia n(%)
No clinically significant insomnia 132(67.7%)
All types of insomnia 63(32.3%)
Subthreshold insomnia 41(21%)
Clinical insomnia(moderately severe) 20(10.3%)
Clinical insomnia(severe) 2(1%)
15. Limitations
Lack of participants over the age of 65 years.
Self-reported study.
The ISI used as the only measuring tool for
presence of insomnia.
The majority of the participants being from
Skopje.
16. Discussion
Economic aspect
Loss of income during
the pandemic was
significantly correlated
with insomnia
prevalence.
In a relatively weak
economy like that of
North Macedonia, every
loss of income is
significant and it can
contribute to increase of
stress.
17. Discussion
Workplace aspect
Numerous studies have
linked increased
workload with higher
amounts of stress and
insomnia, especially in
acute increase of
workload over a short
period of time.
Especially prevalent
among manual labour
workers in North
Macedonia during the
pandemic.
18. Discussion
Social aspect
Consistency with other
studies which showed that
concern about family
members and friends
during the pandemic
showed correlation with
presence of insomnia.
Constant worry creates a
state of elevated stress
hormones which impacts
the normal sleep cycle.
19. Discussion
Social aspect
Significant correlation
between not having a
partner during the
pandemic and insomnia.
The COVID lockdowns
that were used to
contain the spread of the
virus, impacted normal
life immensely, leading
to more social isolation
and loneliness among
the population.
20. Conclusion
Our study found that almost one-third of the
population suffered insomnia symptoms since the
beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic
of North Macedonia.
The related risk factors included the loss of a job,
lowering of the total household income and exposure
to the virus of a friend or relative of the participant.
These results prompt effective interventions conducted
in a timely manner in the treatment of insomnia in the
high-risk groups identified- the individuals suffering
financial losses during the COVID-19 pandemic,
overworked individuals and individuals with little
social contact.