The advent of the motor vehicle nearly one century ago has greatly altered modern life. While modern industry and technology continue to develop, it is easy to enjoy the benefits of these improvements rather than consider their consequences. Motor vehicles, the most commonly used form of transportation, are highly regarded for their convenience. However, motor vehicles produce whole body vibration (WBV).
Though motor vehicles have been greatly improved in recent years, WBV does still exist and its potentially devastating aftermath must be understood
1) Rats received a traumatic brain injury or sham injury and were then housed in either standard or abbreviated environmental enrichment conditions for varying time periods (2, 4, or 6 hours per day).
2) Rats housed in abbreviated environmental enrichment for 6 hours per day showed significantly better motor and cognitive recovery compared to standard housed rats, and performed similarly to rats in continuous environmental enrichment.
3) Abbreviated environmental enrichment for 6 hours per day may be a relevant rehabilitation model for traumatic brain injury, as it produces benefits similar to continuous enrichment but with a duration more comparable to clinical rehabilitation timeframes.
Data Collection & Analysis in Human Autonomic Research: How to Guide to Succe...InsideScientific
This document discusses data collection and analysis in human autonomic research. It begins by outlining key learning objectives such as selecting appropriate equipment for research questions and creating a research setting conducive to reliable data collection. Several tests for measuring basal versus reflex autonomic control are described, including measures of sympathetic activity like plasma norepinephrine levels and neural recordings, and parasympathetic activity measured via cardiac vagal recordings and heart rate variability. Guidelines for optimizing heart rate variability analysis and potential issues to consider are also reviewed.
Reduced Short- and Long-Latency Afferent Inhibition Following Acute Muscle Pa...Antonio Martinez
Corticomotor output is reduced in re-
sponse to acute muscle pain, yet the mechanisms
that underpin this effect remain unclear. Here the au-
thors investigate the effect of acute muscle pain on
short-latency afferent inhibition, long-latency afferent
inhibition, and long-interval intra-cortical inhibition to
determine whether these mechanisms could plausibly
contribute to reduced motor output in pain.
This study investigated the effects of resveratrol on noise-induced hearing loss in rats. [1] Ten rats were divided into two groups, with one group receiving resveratrol treatment and the other receiving a control treatment. [2] Both groups were exposed to loud noise, and auditory brainstem response tests were conducted over time to measure hearing thresholds. [3] The resveratrol group showed significantly less threshold shifts compared to the control group, indicating resveratrol protected against noise-induced hearing loss.
Pulsed radio frequency electromagnetic field (PRFE) therapy has been shown to accelerate wound healing through several mechanisms. PRFE increases nitric oxide production, which promotes cell proliferation, vascularization and collagen deposition. It also up-regulates growth factors involved in tissue repair such as FGF-2. While early uses of RF therapy involved tissue heating, recent evidence indicates PRFE provides therapeutic benefits through non-thermal mechanisms as well as a small thermal component. PRFE has been demonstrated to reduce inflammation and enhance each phase of wound healing in both animal and clinical studies.
ZMPCZM017000.11.11 Home based EMG Triggered stimulation in chronic strokepainezeeman
This study investigated the feasibility and efficacy of home-based electromyography-triggered neuromuscular stimulation (ETMS) for chronic stroke patients with limited wrist extension. Twelve chronic stroke patients were randomly assigned to receive either 8 weeks of ETMS followed by 8 weeks of home exercises, or vice versa. Outcome measures assessed wrist extension range of motion and impairment scales. Results showed that both groups increased active wrist extension by 21 degrees after ETMS, but no significant changes on impairment scales. The study concluded that home-based ETMS is feasible and can increase wrist extension, but does not significantly impact impairment scales.
Voluntary activation and decreased force production of the qs after total kne...FUAD HAZIME
1) Patients who had undergone total knee arthroplasty (TKA) 3-4 weeks prior had significantly lower quadriceps force (64% lower) and greater voluntary activation deficits (26% vs 6%) compared to older adults without knee pathology.
2) Age did not correlate with quadriceps activation for TKA patients, and knee pain only explained a small amount of variability in force production.
3) Voluntary activation deficits in TKA patients accounted for a large portion (r^2=0.65) of the variability in their knee extension force production.
Meta analysis of clinical efficacy of pulsed radio frequencyPainezee Specialist
This meta-analysis reviewed 25 controlled clinical trials involving 1332 patients to evaluate the efficacy of pulsed radio frequency energy (PRFE) therapy for postoperative pain and edema, nonpostoperative pain and edema, and wound healing. A vote-counting method found more positive outcomes than neutral or negative outcomes for each clinical application. A statistical combination of P-values also found statistically significant improvements in pain, edema reduction, and wound healing outcomes. The analysis provides strong statistical evidence that PRFE therapy is an effective treatment for postoperative and nonpostoperative pain and edema as well as for wound healing applications.
1) Rats received a traumatic brain injury or sham injury and were then housed in either standard or abbreviated environmental enrichment conditions for varying time periods (2, 4, or 6 hours per day).
2) Rats housed in abbreviated environmental enrichment for 6 hours per day showed significantly better motor and cognitive recovery compared to standard housed rats, and performed similarly to rats in continuous environmental enrichment.
3) Abbreviated environmental enrichment for 6 hours per day may be a relevant rehabilitation model for traumatic brain injury, as it produces benefits similar to continuous enrichment but with a duration more comparable to clinical rehabilitation timeframes.
Data Collection & Analysis in Human Autonomic Research: How to Guide to Succe...InsideScientific
This document discusses data collection and analysis in human autonomic research. It begins by outlining key learning objectives such as selecting appropriate equipment for research questions and creating a research setting conducive to reliable data collection. Several tests for measuring basal versus reflex autonomic control are described, including measures of sympathetic activity like plasma norepinephrine levels and neural recordings, and parasympathetic activity measured via cardiac vagal recordings and heart rate variability. Guidelines for optimizing heart rate variability analysis and potential issues to consider are also reviewed.
Reduced Short- and Long-Latency Afferent Inhibition Following Acute Muscle Pa...Antonio Martinez
Corticomotor output is reduced in re-
sponse to acute muscle pain, yet the mechanisms
that underpin this effect remain unclear. Here the au-
thors investigate the effect of acute muscle pain on
short-latency afferent inhibition, long-latency afferent
inhibition, and long-interval intra-cortical inhibition to
determine whether these mechanisms could plausibly
contribute to reduced motor output in pain.
This study investigated the effects of resveratrol on noise-induced hearing loss in rats. [1] Ten rats were divided into two groups, with one group receiving resveratrol treatment and the other receiving a control treatment. [2] Both groups were exposed to loud noise, and auditory brainstem response tests were conducted over time to measure hearing thresholds. [3] The resveratrol group showed significantly less threshold shifts compared to the control group, indicating resveratrol protected against noise-induced hearing loss.
Pulsed radio frequency electromagnetic field (PRFE) therapy has been shown to accelerate wound healing through several mechanisms. PRFE increases nitric oxide production, which promotes cell proliferation, vascularization and collagen deposition. It also up-regulates growth factors involved in tissue repair such as FGF-2. While early uses of RF therapy involved tissue heating, recent evidence indicates PRFE provides therapeutic benefits through non-thermal mechanisms as well as a small thermal component. PRFE has been demonstrated to reduce inflammation and enhance each phase of wound healing in both animal and clinical studies.
ZMPCZM017000.11.11 Home based EMG Triggered stimulation in chronic strokepainezeeman
This study investigated the feasibility and efficacy of home-based electromyography-triggered neuromuscular stimulation (ETMS) for chronic stroke patients with limited wrist extension. Twelve chronic stroke patients were randomly assigned to receive either 8 weeks of ETMS followed by 8 weeks of home exercises, or vice versa. Outcome measures assessed wrist extension range of motion and impairment scales. Results showed that both groups increased active wrist extension by 21 degrees after ETMS, but no significant changes on impairment scales. The study concluded that home-based ETMS is feasible and can increase wrist extension, but does not significantly impact impairment scales.
Voluntary activation and decreased force production of the qs after total kne...FUAD HAZIME
1) Patients who had undergone total knee arthroplasty (TKA) 3-4 weeks prior had significantly lower quadriceps force (64% lower) and greater voluntary activation deficits (26% vs 6%) compared to older adults without knee pathology.
2) Age did not correlate with quadriceps activation for TKA patients, and knee pain only explained a small amount of variability in force production.
3) Voluntary activation deficits in TKA patients accounted for a large portion (r^2=0.65) of the variability in their knee extension force production.
Meta analysis of clinical efficacy of pulsed radio frequencyPainezee Specialist
This meta-analysis reviewed 25 controlled clinical trials involving 1332 patients to evaluate the efficacy of pulsed radio frequency energy (PRFE) therapy for postoperative pain and edema, nonpostoperative pain and edema, and wound healing. A vote-counting method found more positive outcomes than neutral or negative outcomes for each clinical application. A statistical combination of P-values also found statistically significant improvements in pain, edema reduction, and wound healing outcomes. The analysis provides strong statistical evidence that PRFE therapy is an effective treatment for postoperative and nonpostoperative pain and edema as well as for wound healing applications.
Multimodal Behavioral Assessment After Experimental Brain TraumaInsideScientific
Corina Bondi, PhD discusses her research on experimental traumatic brain injury and the resulting cognitive deficits.
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) affect 2.8 million individuals in the United States each year. Moreover, 500,000 yearly emergency room visits are attributed to childhood-acquired brain trauma, while the elderly also constitute another high-risk population segment due to falls, with patients enduring long-lasting cognitive, physical, or behavioral effects. Impaired attention is central to the cognitive deficits associated with long-term sequelae for many TBI survivors. Considering that cognitive deficits are often assessed using multi-domain neuropsychological cognitive battery tests, Dr. Bondi’s group employed, for the first time, multimodal approaches to determine higher-order attentional capabilities after experimental TBI in rats. Their studies aimed to investigate complex cognitive deficits in adolescent and adult male and female rats subjected to frontal or parietal lobe injuries. Higher-order attentional testing will advance the understanding of long-term cognitive impairments in survivors of brain trauma and may provide reliable avenues towards developing more suitable therapeutic approaches.
Key Topics Include:
Cognitive functioning can be assessed via multiple test modalities in rodents, similar to the clinical setting.
Multiple domains of complex, higher-order cognitive functioning (sustained attention, behavioral flexibility, goal-directed behavior) are mediated by the frontal lobe in rodents in a similar fashion to the human brain, with long-lasting alterations after brain trauma occurring regardless of sex.
Differences between multiple classes of pharmacotherapies employed to restore neurobehavioral and cognitive performance after traumatic brain injury, such as antidepressants and cholinergic drugs.
Measuring and Quantifying Sympathetic Control of the Cutaneous MicrovasculatureInsideScientific
Climate change is the biggest global health threat of the 21st century and will continue to result in more intense, more frequent, and longer lasting extreme heat events, all of which have dire implications for nearly every aspect of human life. Older adults are particularly vulnerable to heat exposure, and excessive heat-related mortality in aged adults can be partly attributed to the cardiovascular consequences of age-related impairments in thermoregulatory reflex function. In a series of studies, Dr. Jody Greaney’s laboratory has used microneurography to directly record skin sympathetic nervous system activity in conscious aged humans during environmental provocations as a means to examine the efferent arc of the thermoregulatory reflex axis.
This presentation will provide a brief overview of the development of the technique of microneurography, with a focus on the unique issues related to its analysis, quantification and interpretation. It will also discuss how this approach, coupled with laser Doppler flowmetry-derived estimates of skin blood flow, has helped to advance our understanding of age-related alterations in thermoregulatory reflex function.
Key Topics Include:
- Understand the utility of microneurography as a means to measure and quantify skin sympathetic nervous system activity during thermal perturbations in humans
- Understand the considerations related to the analysis, quantification, and interpretation of microneurographic recordings of skin sympathetic nervous system activity
- Understand the application of these methodological approaches for assessing sympathetic control of microvascular function during whole-body environmental stressors
Age related atrophy & sarcopenia Original Hypothesis Abstract - 2015Kenneth Craig
1. The document discusses using medical shockwave therapy to potentially reverse age-related skeletal muscle atrophy and sarcopenia. It suggests shockwave therapy could restore regenerative pathways in aging muscle tissue and optimize muscle health, strength, and function in older adults.
2. Age-related muscle loss negatively impacts quality of life and is a growing healthcare burden. Progressive motor neuron degeneration and decreases in lean muscle and cellular aberrances are seen with aging.
3. While many interventions have been studied, clinical options to retard or ameliorate age-related muscle loss remain limited. The authors hypothesize that shockwave therapy could be a viable treatment option given its known mechanisms of action on tissue.
Zmpczm0170001003 ZMPCZM017000.10.03 Neuromove clinical presentation from Pain...Painezee Specialist
The NeuroMove is an EMG-triggered neuromuscular relearning device that uses electrical stimulation to reinforce attempted movements in patients with stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and other neurological conditions. It detects muscle activity through electrodes and provides electrical stimulation as a reward when activity surpasses a threshold, helping to retrain motor control through neuroplasticity. Clinical studies have found the NeuroMove effective in regaining function for chronic stroke patients by improving proprioceptive feedback through activity time-locked to movement attempts.
The document discusses varying the frequency and intensity of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for treating acute and chronic pain. It summarizes several studies that investigated:
1) The effectiveness of high vs low frequency TENS for reducing hyperalgesia and whether activation of cutaneous or deep tissue afferents is responsible for TENS analgesia.
2) The impact of varying TENS frequency, intensity, and pulse duration on primary and secondary hyperalgesia in an animal model of inflammation.
3) The short and long-term effects of high frequency TENS on motor cortex excitability in humans.
4) The effectiveness of high vs low frequency TENS for reversing hyper
Psycho-socio factors affecting over reaction timeSports Journal
The purpose of the study to assess the factors determinants to reaction ability of sports persons. A
player’s ability to respond quickly, properly, and precisely to the information being sent is of utmost
importance in determining success in the chosen sport. It has been a favorite subject of experimental
psychologists since and middle of the nineteenth century. However, most studies ask questions about the
organization of the brain, so the authors spend a lot of time trying to determine of the results conform to
some mathematical model of brain activity. A descriptive assessment of research data through journal,
books, and internet the study found the conclusion that, there are several factors psychological or
physiological, responsible for reaction time ability of the player.
ZMPCZM017000.11.03 Carey Experimentation on brain researchPainezee Specialist
This study investigated the effects of intensive neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) treatment at home over 3 weeks on functional improvements and cortical changes in subjects with chronic stroke. 16 subjects were randomly assigned to either a true NMES treatment group or a sham treatment group. Both groups underwent testing before and after treatment, and the sham group was also tested after crossing over to the true treatment. The true NMES group showed improvements in measures of hand function and strength, while the sham group did not improve initially but did improve after crossing over. Functional MRI revealed increased cortical activation in the ipsilateral somatosensory cortex following true NMES treatment. The findings suggest NMES may stimulate cortical sensory areas to enable improved motor function in subjects
This document provides an overview of pulsed radio frequency energy (PRFE) therapy, which uses pulsed radio frequency in the 13-27.12 MHz range for medical applications without substantial tissue heating. The document summarizes the technology, intended uses for postoperative and non-postoperative pain/edema and wound healing, proposed mechanisms of action through electric field interactions with cell membranes, and clinical efficacy studies showing benefits for pain/edema and wound healing. Key PRFE devices and parameters used in clinical studies are also outlined.
The document discusses challenges with delivering drugs to chondrocytes within joints for treating chronic conditions like osteoarthritis. Direct injection of drugs is ineffective as materials diffuse out of joints quickly. Avidin shows promise as a delivery system as it can penetrate and bind within cartilage, slowly releasing attached drugs over long periods. A recent study conjugated the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone to avidin, finding it protected cartilage better than direct dexamethasone in tests, indicating avidin may help drugs effectively target chondrocytes. This research could lead to new treatment approaches for joint diseases if validated in animal models and clinical trials.
Case Studies in Home Cage Monitoring: Rodent Behavior, Circadian Biology and ...InsideScientific
Automated home cage behavioral monitoring is receiving increasing attention from the scientific community because of its benefits with regards to translational research, data replicability and animal welfare. In this webinar, Kenneth Dyar (Helmholtz Diabetes Center) and Joanna Moore (GSK) discuss how home cage monitoring can be used to reduce animal stress, optimize methodology and guide physiology and animal behavior research.
Dr. Kenneth Dyar
Passive locomotor activity monitoring for real-time circadian study design
Circadian clocks are fundamental determinants of physiology, behavior and health. For skeletal muscle, the circadian clock promotes insulin sensitivity and orchestrates rhythms of glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. Physical activity synchronizes circadian clocks by altering body temperature and through distribution of various hormones and metabolites. Research suggests that misalignment of the ‘muscle clock’ plays an important pathophysiological role in metabolic disease. In this webinar, Dr. Kenneth Dyar highlights some examples of how the DVC system can be used for locomotor activity monitoring in order to evaluate circadian alignment before, during or after various dietary and pharmacological interventions.
Dr. Joanna Moore
Using home-cage monitoring to determine the impact of timed mating on male mouse welfare
The use of sterile male mice to induce pseudopregnancy in female mice assigned for the implantation of embryos is a vital component in the production of Genetically Altered Animals (GAA). This process involves swapping a genetically sterile male’s female companion for a new female. In this presentation, Dr. Joanna Moore discusses the use of home cage activity monitoring to evaluate the potential impact of this procedure on the welfare of male mice and how the impact of this intervention may be reduced. All animal studies were ethically reviewed and carried out in accordance with the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 and the GSK Policy on the Care, Welfare and Treatment of Animals.
Key topics will include…
- Using home cage activity as a readout for animal welfare
- Using locomotor activity to optimize methodology and validate study design in real-time
- Pre-study screening of cohorts for outliers
Postoperative pain is a major concern for patients and doctors. This preliminary study investigated the use of a wearable pulsed radiofrequency energy (PRFE) device to control postoperative pain in 18 women undergoing breast augmentation surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either an active or placebo PRFE device. Those receiving the active device experienced significantly lower pain scores over 7 days as measured by a visual analog scale. They also took fewer narcotic pain medications than those receiving the placebo. The findings suggest PRFE therapy is an effective non-drug method for controlling postoperative pain.
This document discusses the relationship between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and physical activity. It finds that regular exercise is associated with increased levels of BDNF and protects against cognitive decline. A study is summarized that measured serum BDNF levels in humans and found higher levels were associated with greater cardio-respiratory fitness and more physical activity. BDNF is synthesized in multiple tissues and stored in platelets, and may be released into the bloodstream during exercise in a dose-dependent manner influenced by fitness levels. Increased BDNF then influences learning, memory, and neuroplasticity through binding to receptors in the brain. More research is still needed to fully understand the acute effects of exercise on BDNF release and gene transcription.
This document summarizes a study examining the regeneration of brainstem axons after complete spinal cord transection and transplantation of a Schwann cell bridge. The study found that:
1) Transplanting Schwann cells in an initially fluid Matrigel bridge, which gelled after implantation, promoted more regeneration of brainstem axons across the interface compared to pre-gelled bridges.
2) Regenerating brainstem axons formed synaptophysin+ terminals and contacted dendrites at the caudal interface.
3) Brainstem axon regeneration was associated with astrocyte processes that elongated into the Schwann cell bridge. Electron microscopy revealed axons, Schwann cells, and astrocytes
This study investigated the efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF) in reducing delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in marathon runners. A double-blind randomized controlled trial assigned 133 marathon runners to either an active PEMF device or placebo device to use for 20 minutes, 4 times per day for 5 days after a marathon. The primary outcome was thigh pain assessed using a visual analog scale during squats. Subjects using the active PEMF device had significantly lower pain scores compared to the placebo group, indicating PEMF reduced DOMS in marathon runners.
The Topic is Radioprotective Efficacy of RK-IP-006 in mammalian system. Experiments performed were Antioxidant assay, SDS-PAGE, Western Blot to check the effect against radiation of 9Gy.
The document summarizes recent discoveries in spinal cord injury pathophysiology and treatment from The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis. It discusses promising neuroprotective and regenerative treatments currently being studied, including hypothermia, stem cells, and Schwann cell transplantation. It also outlines ongoing clinical trials, such as the ARCTIC trial evaluating hypothermia and a proposed phase 1 trial of autologous Schwann cell transplantation in humans with spinal cord injuries. The overall goal is to translate bench research into new clinical applications and improve outcomes for spinal cord injury patients.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of different doses of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil on motor and cognitive outcomes in male rats after a controlled cortical impact traumatic brain injury. The study found that none of the five doses of donepezil tested improved motor or cognitive function compared to vehicle-treated controls. Furthermore, the two highest doses of donepezil significantly impaired beam balance, beam walking, and cognitive performance compared to vehicle controls. The results indicate that chronic donepezil administration is not effective and may be detrimental to recovery after moderate traumatic brain injury in rats.
This study investigated the use of noninvasive neuromodulation strategies to reactivate motor control in individuals with complete paralysis. Specifically, it used transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord combined with passive limb movements and pharmacological intervention to facilitate voluntary locomotor-like movements. Over 18 weeks of weekly training, all 5 subjects showed improvements in their ability to generate stepping movements, both with and without stimulation. Electrophysiological data provided evidence that connectivity between the brain and spinal cord was reestablished. The combined noninvasive strategies were able to transform dormant neural networks into functional systems capable of voluntary movement recovery after complete paralysis.
This presentation discusses current management of spinal cord injuries and includes the following: It defines spinal cord injuries and discusses epidemiology, types, and potential outcomes. It then covers causes, importance of awareness and immediate management, physiotherapy goals and techniques. New developments are also summarized, including electrical stimulation, restoring respiratory function, epidural stimulation, stem cells, brain-computer interfaces, and robotic assisted therapy.
This study examined the feasibility and efficacy of home-based electromyography-triggered neuromuscular stimulation (ETMS) for chronic stroke patients with limited wrist extension ability. Twelve chronic stroke patients were randomly assigned to receive either 8 weeks of ETMS followed by 8 weeks of home exercises, or vice versa. Outcome measures included the Fugl-Meyer assessment, Action Research Arm Test, and goniometry. After ETMS, patients showed modest improvements on the Fugl-Meyer but no changes on the Action Research Arm Test. Both groups increased active wrist extension by 21 degrees after ETMS. The study demonstrated ETMS can be feasibly administered at home and can increase active wrist movement, though it did
ISMST 2015 Abstract 2 - The influence of medical shockwaves on muscle activat...Kenneth Craig
This study investigated the effects of medical shockwave therapy on muscle activation patterns and performance in healthy athletes. Golfers and weightlifters underwent shockwave therapy targeting specific muscles. Post-treatment, golfers showed increased swing speed, ball distance, and faster muscle activation. Weightlifters showed faster muscle activation but lower energy output during squats, though they were able to lift more weight. The study suggests shockwave therapy may induce favorable biological responses in healthy muscles, reducing fatigue and potential for overuse injuries over time. Further research is warranted.
Multimodal Behavioral Assessment After Experimental Brain TraumaInsideScientific
Corina Bondi, PhD discusses her research on experimental traumatic brain injury and the resulting cognitive deficits.
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) affect 2.8 million individuals in the United States each year. Moreover, 500,000 yearly emergency room visits are attributed to childhood-acquired brain trauma, while the elderly also constitute another high-risk population segment due to falls, with patients enduring long-lasting cognitive, physical, or behavioral effects. Impaired attention is central to the cognitive deficits associated with long-term sequelae for many TBI survivors. Considering that cognitive deficits are often assessed using multi-domain neuropsychological cognitive battery tests, Dr. Bondi’s group employed, for the first time, multimodal approaches to determine higher-order attentional capabilities after experimental TBI in rats. Their studies aimed to investigate complex cognitive deficits in adolescent and adult male and female rats subjected to frontal or parietal lobe injuries. Higher-order attentional testing will advance the understanding of long-term cognitive impairments in survivors of brain trauma and may provide reliable avenues towards developing more suitable therapeutic approaches.
Key Topics Include:
Cognitive functioning can be assessed via multiple test modalities in rodents, similar to the clinical setting.
Multiple domains of complex, higher-order cognitive functioning (sustained attention, behavioral flexibility, goal-directed behavior) are mediated by the frontal lobe in rodents in a similar fashion to the human brain, with long-lasting alterations after brain trauma occurring regardless of sex.
Differences between multiple classes of pharmacotherapies employed to restore neurobehavioral and cognitive performance after traumatic brain injury, such as antidepressants and cholinergic drugs.
Measuring and Quantifying Sympathetic Control of the Cutaneous MicrovasculatureInsideScientific
Climate change is the biggest global health threat of the 21st century and will continue to result in more intense, more frequent, and longer lasting extreme heat events, all of which have dire implications for nearly every aspect of human life. Older adults are particularly vulnerable to heat exposure, and excessive heat-related mortality in aged adults can be partly attributed to the cardiovascular consequences of age-related impairments in thermoregulatory reflex function. In a series of studies, Dr. Jody Greaney’s laboratory has used microneurography to directly record skin sympathetic nervous system activity in conscious aged humans during environmental provocations as a means to examine the efferent arc of the thermoregulatory reflex axis.
This presentation will provide a brief overview of the development of the technique of microneurography, with a focus on the unique issues related to its analysis, quantification and interpretation. It will also discuss how this approach, coupled with laser Doppler flowmetry-derived estimates of skin blood flow, has helped to advance our understanding of age-related alterations in thermoregulatory reflex function.
Key Topics Include:
- Understand the utility of microneurography as a means to measure and quantify skin sympathetic nervous system activity during thermal perturbations in humans
- Understand the considerations related to the analysis, quantification, and interpretation of microneurographic recordings of skin sympathetic nervous system activity
- Understand the application of these methodological approaches for assessing sympathetic control of microvascular function during whole-body environmental stressors
Age related atrophy & sarcopenia Original Hypothesis Abstract - 2015Kenneth Craig
1. The document discusses using medical shockwave therapy to potentially reverse age-related skeletal muscle atrophy and sarcopenia. It suggests shockwave therapy could restore regenerative pathways in aging muscle tissue and optimize muscle health, strength, and function in older adults.
2. Age-related muscle loss negatively impacts quality of life and is a growing healthcare burden. Progressive motor neuron degeneration and decreases in lean muscle and cellular aberrances are seen with aging.
3. While many interventions have been studied, clinical options to retard or ameliorate age-related muscle loss remain limited. The authors hypothesize that shockwave therapy could be a viable treatment option given its known mechanisms of action on tissue.
Zmpczm0170001003 ZMPCZM017000.10.03 Neuromove clinical presentation from Pain...Painezee Specialist
The NeuroMove is an EMG-triggered neuromuscular relearning device that uses electrical stimulation to reinforce attempted movements in patients with stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and other neurological conditions. It detects muscle activity through electrodes and provides electrical stimulation as a reward when activity surpasses a threshold, helping to retrain motor control through neuroplasticity. Clinical studies have found the NeuroMove effective in regaining function for chronic stroke patients by improving proprioceptive feedback through activity time-locked to movement attempts.
The document discusses varying the frequency and intensity of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for treating acute and chronic pain. It summarizes several studies that investigated:
1) The effectiveness of high vs low frequency TENS for reducing hyperalgesia and whether activation of cutaneous or deep tissue afferents is responsible for TENS analgesia.
2) The impact of varying TENS frequency, intensity, and pulse duration on primary and secondary hyperalgesia in an animal model of inflammation.
3) The short and long-term effects of high frequency TENS on motor cortex excitability in humans.
4) The effectiveness of high vs low frequency TENS for reversing hyper
Psycho-socio factors affecting over reaction timeSports Journal
The purpose of the study to assess the factors determinants to reaction ability of sports persons. A
player’s ability to respond quickly, properly, and precisely to the information being sent is of utmost
importance in determining success in the chosen sport. It has been a favorite subject of experimental
psychologists since and middle of the nineteenth century. However, most studies ask questions about the
organization of the brain, so the authors spend a lot of time trying to determine of the results conform to
some mathematical model of brain activity. A descriptive assessment of research data through journal,
books, and internet the study found the conclusion that, there are several factors psychological or
physiological, responsible for reaction time ability of the player.
ZMPCZM017000.11.03 Carey Experimentation on brain researchPainezee Specialist
This study investigated the effects of intensive neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) treatment at home over 3 weeks on functional improvements and cortical changes in subjects with chronic stroke. 16 subjects were randomly assigned to either a true NMES treatment group or a sham treatment group. Both groups underwent testing before and after treatment, and the sham group was also tested after crossing over to the true treatment. The true NMES group showed improvements in measures of hand function and strength, while the sham group did not improve initially but did improve after crossing over. Functional MRI revealed increased cortical activation in the ipsilateral somatosensory cortex following true NMES treatment. The findings suggest NMES may stimulate cortical sensory areas to enable improved motor function in subjects
This document provides an overview of pulsed radio frequency energy (PRFE) therapy, which uses pulsed radio frequency in the 13-27.12 MHz range for medical applications without substantial tissue heating. The document summarizes the technology, intended uses for postoperative and non-postoperative pain/edema and wound healing, proposed mechanisms of action through electric field interactions with cell membranes, and clinical efficacy studies showing benefits for pain/edema and wound healing. Key PRFE devices and parameters used in clinical studies are also outlined.
The document discusses challenges with delivering drugs to chondrocytes within joints for treating chronic conditions like osteoarthritis. Direct injection of drugs is ineffective as materials diffuse out of joints quickly. Avidin shows promise as a delivery system as it can penetrate and bind within cartilage, slowly releasing attached drugs over long periods. A recent study conjugated the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone to avidin, finding it protected cartilage better than direct dexamethasone in tests, indicating avidin may help drugs effectively target chondrocytes. This research could lead to new treatment approaches for joint diseases if validated in animal models and clinical trials.
Case Studies in Home Cage Monitoring: Rodent Behavior, Circadian Biology and ...InsideScientific
Automated home cage behavioral monitoring is receiving increasing attention from the scientific community because of its benefits with regards to translational research, data replicability and animal welfare. In this webinar, Kenneth Dyar (Helmholtz Diabetes Center) and Joanna Moore (GSK) discuss how home cage monitoring can be used to reduce animal stress, optimize methodology and guide physiology and animal behavior research.
Dr. Kenneth Dyar
Passive locomotor activity monitoring for real-time circadian study design
Circadian clocks are fundamental determinants of physiology, behavior and health. For skeletal muscle, the circadian clock promotes insulin sensitivity and orchestrates rhythms of glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. Physical activity synchronizes circadian clocks by altering body temperature and through distribution of various hormones and metabolites. Research suggests that misalignment of the ‘muscle clock’ plays an important pathophysiological role in metabolic disease. In this webinar, Dr. Kenneth Dyar highlights some examples of how the DVC system can be used for locomotor activity monitoring in order to evaluate circadian alignment before, during or after various dietary and pharmacological interventions.
Dr. Joanna Moore
Using home-cage monitoring to determine the impact of timed mating on male mouse welfare
The use of sterile male mice to induce pseudopregnancy in female mice assigned for the implantation of embryos is a vital component in the production of Genetically Altered Animals (GAA). This process involves swapping a genetically sterile male’s female companion for a new female. In this presentation, Dr. Joanna Moore discusses the use of home cage activity monitoring to evaluate the potential impact of this procedure on the welfare of male mice and how the impact of this intervention may be reduced. All animal studies were ethically reviewed and carried out in accordance with the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 and the GSK Policy on the Care, Welfare and Treatment of Animals.
Key topics will include…
- Using home cage activity as a readout for animal welfare
- Using locomotor activity to optimize methodology and validate study design in real-time
- Pre-study screening of cohorts for outliers
Postoperative pain is a major concern for patients and doctors. This preliminary study investigated the use of a wearable pulsed radiofrequency energy (PRFE) device to control postoperative pain in 18 women undergoing breast augmentation surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either an active or placebo PRFE device. Those receiving the active device experienced significantly lower pain scores over 7 days as measured by a visual analog scale. They also took fewer narcotic pain medications than those receiving the placebo. The findings suggest PRFE therapy is an effective non-drug method for controlling postoperative pain.
This document discusses the relationship between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and physical activity. It finds that regular exercise is associated with increased levels of BDNF and protects against cognitive decline. A study is summarized that measured serum BDNF levels in humans and found higher levels were associated with greater cardio-respiratory fitness and more physical activity. BDNF is synthesized in multiple tissues and stored in platelets, and may be released into the bloodstream during exercise in a dose-dependent manner influenced by fitness levels. Increased BDNF then influences learning, memory, and neuroplasticity through binding to receptors in the brain. More research is still needed to fully understand the acute effects of exercise on BDNF release and gene transcription.
This document summarizes a study examining the regeneration of brainstem axons after complete spinal cord transection and transplantation of a Schwann cell bridge. The study found that:
1) Transplanting Schwann cells in an initially fluid Matrigel bridge, which gelled after implantation, promoted more regeneration of brainstem axons across the interface compared to pre-gelled bridges.
2) Regenerating brainstem axons formed synaptophysin+ terminals and contacted dendrites at the caudal interface.
3) Brainstem axon regeneration was associated with astrocyte processes that elongated into the Schwann cell bridge. Electron microscopy revealed axons, Schwann cells, and astrocytes
This study investigated the efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF) in reducing delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in marathon runners. A double-blind randomized controlled trial assigned 133 marathon runners to either an active PEMF device or placebo device to use for 20 minutes, 4 times per day for 5 days after a marathon. The primary outcome was thigh pain assessed using a visual analog scale during squats. Subjects using the active PEMF device had significantly lower pain scores compared to the placebo group, indicating PEMF reduced DOMS in marathon runners.
The Topic is Radioprotective Efficacy of RK-IP-006 in mammalian system. Experiments performed were Antioxidant assay, SDS-PAGE, Western Blot to check the effect against radiation of 9Gy.
The document summarizes recent discoveries in spinal cord injury pathophysiology and treatment from The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis. It discusses promising neuroprotective and regenerative treatments currently being studied, including hypothermia, stem cells, and Schwann cell transplantation. It also outlines ongoing clinical trials, such as the ARCTIC trial evaluating hypothermia and a proposed phase 1 trial of autologous Schwann cell transplantation in humans with spinal cord injuries. The overall goal is to translate bench research into new clinical applications and improve outcomes for spinal cord injury patients.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of different doses of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil on motor and cognitive outcomes in male rats after a controlled cortical impact traumatic brain injury. The study found that none of the five doses of donepezil tested improved motor or cognitive function compared to vehicle-treated controls. Furthermore, the two highest doses of donepezil significantly impaired beam balance, beam walking, and cognitive performance compared to vehicle controls. The results indicate that chronic donepezil administration is not effective and may be detrimental to recovery after moderate traumatic brain injury in rats.
This study investigated the use of noninvasive neuromodulation strategies to reactivate motor control in individuals with complete paralysis. Specifically, it used transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord combined with passive limb movements and pharmacological intervention to facilitate voluntary locomotor-like movements. Over 18 weeks of weekly training, all 5 subjects showed improvements in their ability to generate stepping movements, both with and without stimulation. Electrophysiological data provided evidence that connectivity between the brain and spinal cord was reestablished. The combined noninvasive strategies were able to transform dormant neural networks into functional systems capable of voluntary movement recovery after complete paralysis.
This presentation discusses current management of spinal cord injuries and includes the following: It defines spinal cord injuries and discusses epidemiology, types, and potential outcomes. It then covers causes, importance of awareness and immediate management, physiotherapy goals and techniques. New developments are also summarized, including electrical stimulation, restoring respiratory function, epidural stimulation, stem cells, brain-computer interfaces, and robotic assisted therapy.
This study examined the feasibility and efficacy of home-based electromyography-triggered neuromuscular stimulation (ETMS) for chronic stroke patients with limited wrist extension ability. Twelve chronic stroke patients were randomly assigned to receive either 8 weeks of ETMS followed by 8 weeks of home exercises, or vice versa. Outcome measures included the Fugl-Meyer assessment, Action Research Arm Test, and goniometry. After ETMS, patients showed modest improvements on the Fugl-Meyer but no changes on the Action Research Arm Test. Both groups increased active wrist extension by 21 degrees after ETMS. The study demonstrated ETMS can be feasibly administered at home and can increase active wrist movement, though it did
ISMST 2015 Abstract 2 - The influence of medical shockwaves on muscle activat...Kenneth Craig
This study investigated the effects of medical shockwave therapy on muscle activation patterns and performance in healthy athletes. Golfers and weightlifters underwent shockwave therapy targeting specific muscles. Post-treatment, golfers showed increased swing speed, ball distance, and faster muscle activation. Weightlifters showed faster muscle activation but lower energy output during squats, though they were able to lift more weight. The study suggests shockwave therapy may induce favorable biological responses in healthy muscles, reducing fatigue and potential for overuse injuries over time. Further research is warranted.
Does a standard outpatient physiotherapy regime improve the range of knee mot...FUAD HAZIME
This study investigated whether a standard outpatient physiotherapy regime improved range of knee motion after primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). 150 patients were randomly assigned to either receive 6 weeks of outpatient physiotherapy after TKA (Group A) or no outpatient physiotherapy (Group B). Range of motion measurements found that while Group A achieved greater flexion than Group B, the difference was not statistically significant. The study concluded that outpatient physiotherapy does not improve range of knee motion after primary TKA.
The document discusses approaches to promoting regeneration after spinal cord injury. It describes how secondary injury mechanisms can cause additional damage after the initial injury. Research strategies aim to minimize secondary damage, promote axon regeneration through the injury site, and exploit intact fibers. Potential treatments include neuroprotection, stimulating axon growth by blocking myelin inhibitors, bridging the injury site with cellular grafts, and rehabilitation. Large clinical trials are needed to evaluate safety and efficacy.
Comparison between Effectiveness of Hand Arm Bimanual Intensive Training and ...ijtsrd
Background and Objective: According to world Health Organization (WHO) stroke is defined as œrapidly developing clinical sign of focal (or global) disturbance of cerebral function lasting more than 24 hours or leading to death, with no apparent cause other than vascular origin.1 Focal neurological deficits must persists for at least 24 hours, motor deficits are characterized by paralysis (hemiplegia) or weakness (hemiparesis), typically on the side of the body opposite site of lesion.Materials and Methods: The study was performed among 30 patients of both genders, aged 45-60 years. Subjects were selected on the basis of inclusion criteria and randomly divided into two groups by convenience sampling and allocating alternate patient group A and group B, 15 in each group. Group A was treated with Repetitive Facilitation Exercises (RFE), Group B was treated with Hand Arm Bimanual Intensive Training (HABIT). Baseline assessments were taken using WMFT and FMA and data was analyzed.Results: The groups showed significant differences in WMFT and FMA variables. But on comparing the mean of both the groups: there was no significant difference between both the groups. Conclusion: This study concluded that RFE and HABIT both are effective in treatment of patients with hemiparesis. Dr. Shilpy Jetly | Sukhwinder Kaur | Dr. Jaspinder Kaur"Comparison between Effectiveness of Hand Arm Bimanual Intensive Training and Repetitive Facilitation Exercises on Upper Limb Functions In Post Stroke Hemiparetic Patients" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2375.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/2375/comparison-between-effectiveness-of-hand-arm-bimanual-intensive-training-and-repetitive-facilitation-exercises-on-upper-limb-functions-in-post-stroke-hemiparetic-patients/dr-shilpy-jetly
Recent advances in recovery after spinal cord injuryMaroofAli26
This document summarizes recent advances in the treatment of spinal cord injuries. It discusses how spinal cord injuries occur and their effects, including paralysis. It then describes efforts to bypass the injured area by directly stimulating the spinal cord or limbs using brain-machine interfaces. Recent experiments have shown success using brain signals to directly stimulate the limb and restore some motor functions. The document also reviews various pharmacological treatments and their levels of evidence, as well as research using stem cells to treat spinal cord injuries.
Union Rate of Tibiotalocalcaneal Nail with Internal or External Bone Stimulat...skisnfeet
This study compared the union rates of tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) arthrodesis using an intramedullary nail with either internal or external bone stimulation. The study found that the union rates were similar between internal (53%) and external (57%) bone stimulation. Additionally, the rates of successful fusion capable of independent ambulation were similar between internal (81%) and external (83%) groups. While time to partial weight bearing was slightly faster with internal stimulation, there were no other significant differences in outcomes between the two bone stimulation methods.
The Acute Effects Of Vibroacoustically-Induced Microvibrations On EEG Activit...researchinventy
A 7-13 c/s mechanographic signal (amplitude 1-5μV) is detectable over relaxed limbs, phenomenon termed microvibration (MV). Exposure to mechanographic signals, low frequency noise, on other side, results in vibroacoustic disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of vibroacoustically-induced MV in regio nuchae (vibroacoustic device Vitafon, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation) using four different modes of MV of specific amplitude (2.8 μm - 12.3 μm) and frequency (30 Hz – 18 kHz) on native undulating electrical CNS activity (EEG registration) in the adult rats. The experiments were performed on Wistar male rats and were divided into control and experimental groups. Rats subjected to the same experimental protocol, but with vibroacoustic treatment switched off, served as controls. EEG activity was registered during application of vibroacoustic MV and following was observed regardless of working regime: none of the graphoelements indicating hyperexcitability; there were no reduction in vigilance; beta rhythm and moderate transition alpha in beta rhythm were observed. Slightly override the beta waves in relation to alpha EEG band, under the stimulus of vibroacoustically-induced microvibration by Vitafon, suggests that mental alertness increased as well as focused attention, with no signs of hyperexcitability in rats
"Ultrasound- or Nerve Stimulation-Guided Wrist Blocks for Carpal Tunnel Relea...Lucie Beylacq
This study compared ultrasound-guided wrist blocks to nerve stimulation-guided wrist blocks for carpal tunnel release. Sixty patients were randomly assigned to receive blocks using either ultrasound or nerve stimulation guidance. The time to perform the blocks and the onset time of sensory block were measured. Ultrasound guidance took less time to perform the median and ulnar nerve blocks but nerve stimulation had a faster onset of sensory block. However, the success rate of achieving a complete sensory block was the same at 93% for both techniques. This study demonstrates that ultrasound guidance is as effective as nerve stimulation for wrist blocks for carpal tunnel release.
Effect of Intravenous Dexmedetomidine on Prolongation of Intrathecal Spinal A...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This document discusses female urinary incontinence and the use of surgical mesh. It notes that several governments and regulatory agencies have placed restrictions on transvaginal mesh due to inadequate evidence of long-term safety and efficacy. Alternatives to mesh for treating incontinence mentioned include pelvic floor exercises, retropubic suspensions, and laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy. The document also discusses a non-surgical treatment called BTL Emsella that uses electromagnetic therapy to stimulate pelvic floor muscles. Pilot studies on Emsella show improvements in incontinence based on pad tests and questionnaires. An ongoing study is further evaluating its efficacy and safety.
EFFECT OF MIRROR THERAPY ON UPPER EXTREMITY MOTOR FUNCTION IN STROKE PATIENTSismailabinji
EFFECT OF MIRROR THERAPY ON UPPER EXTREMITY MOTOR FUNCTION IN STROKE PATIENTS
Stroke is one of the main causes of disability around the globe. plegia (complete paralysis) or paresis (partial weakness ) are common following a stroke. According to the Journal of Physical Therapy Science, about 85 percent of stroke survivors will suffer from hemiplegia, and at least 69 percent will experience a loss of motor function in the upper limb.
Although these changes may not be permanent, some people regain partial or full limb function, the road to recovery can be long. But did you know that it is possible to trick the brain into believing what it sees? Mirror therapy is being used more and more in stroke rehabilitation to dupe the brain and restore limb function.
STROKE: is defined as the rapidly developed clinical signs of global or focal disturbance of cerebral function, lasting more than 24 hours or leading to death, with no apparent cause other than of vascular origin. (WHO, 2017)
MOTOR FUNCTION motor function is the ability to learn or to demonstrate the skillful and efficient assumption, maintenance, modification, and control of voluntary postures and movement patterns.
In mirror therapy, a mirror is placed beside the unaffected limb, blocking the view of the affected limb. This creates the illusion that both limbs are functioning properly.
Mirror theory is based on evidence that action observation activates the same motor areas of the brain as action execution. Observed actions lead to the generation of intended actions, engaging motor planning and execution.
Mirror neurons are type of brain cell that respond equally when we perform an action and when we witness someone else perform the same action. They were first discovered in the early 1990s, when a team of Italian researchers found individual neurons in the brains of macaque monkeys that fired both when the monkeys grabbed an object and also when the monkeys watched another primate grab the same object.
Patient characteristics
Motor abilities
Vision
Trunk control
Non affected limb
Cognitive abilities (Wade DT et al., 2011)
Informing the patient
Possible Negative effect
Environment and required materials
Surrounding
Jewellery and other marks
Mirror
1) The study investigated the role of sensory feedback from working muscles on central motor drive and the development of peripheral muscle fatigue during high-intensity cycling.
2) Eight competitive cyclists performed three 5 km cycling time trials under different conditions: control, placebo injection, and intrathecal fentanyl injection to impair sensory feedback.
3) Impairing sensory feedback with fentanyl increased central motor drive and power output early in exercise but led to greater peripheral muscle fatigue and poorer performance later in exercise, emphasizing the role of sensory feedback in regulating central motor drive and limiting fatigue development.
Artigo - Acupuncture on oxygen consumptionRenato Almeida
1) Auricular acupuncture had a significant effect on improving the oxygen consumption and recovery ability of boxing athletes.
2) The study found that VO2max, a key indicator of cardiovascular endurance, was significantly higher after auricular acupuncture stimulation compared to a control group.
3) Auricular acupuncture stimulation may enhance athletic performance by improving aerobic ability as shown by increased VO2max and VEmax, and faster recovery of heart rate and body temperature after exercise.
Similar to Insidious cerebral-capillary-trauma-motor-vehicle-induced-vibration-npr-16-103 (20)
Prostate cancer is the most prevalent and second cause of death from cancer in
men worldwide. Immunotherapy is a new method for the treatment of several cancers
that fights cancer cells by strengthening the immune system through some medications.
While immunotherapy is a useful method for cancer treatment; its’ side effects still are
not totally clarified. Numbers of prostate cancer patients which take immunotherapy are
experiencing prostate inflammation and prostatitis after treatment period.
Enterococcus faecalis is Gram-positive and catalase-negative cocci that are common
in the intestines of humans and other animals and cause most enterococcal infections such as intestinal
infections, prostatitis, gastroenteritis and endocarditic. Present study aimed to evaluate the mRNA level of virulence genes which are involved in Enterococcus faecalis pathogenesis in prostate cancer patients that treated by immunotherapy. Expression level of gelatinase E (gelE) and Enterococcal surface protein (
esp genes were examined by Real time PCR in three groups of 68 male subjects. Group A normal subjects, group B prostate cancer patients before start treatment and group C prostate cancer patients after six months immunotherapy period.
This study examined the feasibility of conducting a multi-site study to assess chemotherapy-related cognitive changes in colorectal cancer patients. A feasibility trial was conducted at three London-based hospitals over 8 months. It found that recruiting sufficient participants was challenging due to limited researcher resources and restrictive eligibility criteria. However, attrition rates were low, and participants found the assessment procedures acceptable. The results suggest that a larger multi-site study is feasible if additional researchers are involved and eligibility criteria are expanded.
The advent of the motor vehicle nearly one century ago has greatly altered modern life. While modern industry and technology continue to develop, it is easy to enjoy the benefits of these improvements rather than consider their consequences. Motor vehicles, the most commonly used form of transportation, are highly regarded for their convenience. However, motor vehicles produce whole body vibration (WBV). Though motor vehicles have been greatly improved in recent years, WBV does still exist and its potentially devastating aftermath must be understood. In 2011, there was an estimated 5,338,000 police-reported motor vehicle traffic crashes. According to a recent study by Charlie Klauer of the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute Center for Vulnerable Road User Safety, fatigue is the cause of 20 percent of all U.S. automobile crashes. Our study on motor vehicle-induced-whole body vibration (MVWBV) challenges the previous notion of driver fatigue. These results suggest that “driver fatigue” is actually brain impairment and dysfunction caused by MV-WBV. To further this study, we hypothesize that MV-WBV can produce accumulated brain injuries that compromise drivers’ cerebral function, such as judgment and reactive capabilities, and can be the cause of motor vehicle accidents. Long term MV-WBV is an important risk factor of cerebrovascular diseases and stroke. On wide literature review, it is evident that truck drivers have a higher incidence rate of hypertension, cerebrovascular diseases and stroke
http://edelweisspublications.com/edelweiss/article/Insidious-Cerebral-Capillary-Trauma-Motor-Vehicle-Induced-Vibration-NPR-16-103.pdf
The utility-visual-inspection-with-acetic-acid-cervical-cancer-screening-ecoa...Amarlasreeja
Cervical cancer is potentially preventable but still remains a leading cause of cancer mortality in in developing countries like Nigeria. Cytology-based screening programmers are difficult to maintain in these countries.
The advent of the motor vehicle nearly one century ago has greatly altered modern life. While modern industry and technology continue to develop, it is easy to enjoy the benefits of these improvements rather than consider their consequences. Motor vehicles, the most commonly used form of transportation, are highly regarded for their convenience. However, motor vehicles produce whole body vibration (WBV). Though motor vehicles have been greatly improved in recent years, WBV does still exist and its potentially devastating aftermath must be understood. In 2011, there was an estimated 5,338,000 police-reported motor vehicle traffic crashes. According to a recent study by Charlie Klauer of the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute Center for Vulnerable Road User Safety, fatigue is the cause of 20 percent of all U.S. automobile crashes. Our study on motor vehicle-induced-whole body vibration (MVWBV) challenges the previous notion of driver fatigue
Current therapeutic for the treatment of anxiety is associated with a wild variety of prominent side effects. The traditional use of plant extract to health care can indicate an important source of new pharmaceuticals. In Morocco traditional medicine, the use of Mercurialis annua is commonly recommended for relief of anxiety. Nevertheless, despite its popular use there are no studies related to its possible neuropharmacological effect. Here, we investigated the possible anxiolytic effect of the extract of M.annua after acute treatment in mice.The methanolic extract from the aerial parts of M.annua (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg) was orally administered, and its anxiolytic effect was evaluated in hole board test, the light–dark box test, and motor coordination with the rota rod test. Diazepam was employed as standard drug 1mg/kg.The methanolic extract of Ma 100 mg/kg increased the time spent in the brightly-lit chamber of the light/dark box, as well as in the number of times the animal crossed from one compartment to the other. Performance on the rota rod was unaffected. In the hole board test, the extract significantly increased head-dip counts.These results provides support for anxiolytic activity of Mercurialis annua, in line with its medicinal traditional use, and may also suggest a better side-effect profile of Mercurialis annua relative to diazepam.
Neurophysiology is a branch of neuroscience and physiology concerned with the study and functioning of the nervous system it is also related to neuroanatomy, psychology, electrophysiology, and its applications in clinical neurophysiology. There are a few tools which are elementary to neurophysiological research, such as electrophysiological recordings which includes extracellular single-unit recording, patch clamps, and voltage clamps. Calcium imaging, molecular biology, ontogenetic, and also play a key role into neurophysiology
Cumulative cerebral injury from motor vehicle-induced whole body vibration has not been demonstrated thus far. Our lab has demonstrated isolated cerebral injury from whole body vibration and we believe that repetitive vibration can cause cumulative insults, impairing cerebral function. A simulated motor vehicle-induced whole body vibration study was conducted with fifty-six Sprague-Dawley rats divided into seven groups (N=8): (1) 8-week control group; (2) 8-week vibration group (exposed to whole body vibration at 30 Hz and 0.5g acceleration for 4 hours/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks); 3) 8-week vibration group with preconditioning human apolipoprotein A-I molecule mimetic (4F); (4) 8-week vibration group with post conditioning 4F peptide; (5) 8-week vibration group with pre and post conditioning 4F peptide; (6) 12-week control group; and (7) 12-week vibration group (exposed to the same vibration, 5 days/week for 12 weeks). At the end point, all rats were evaluated by brain histo-pathological studies. The pathology demonstrated capillary constriction with surrounding edema as well as thickened, uneven and damaged capillary walls. Capillary constriction reduces the oxygen supply to cerebral neurons, leading to neuronal damage. In the 12-week vibration group, each effect was more pronounced as compared to the 8-week vibration group. There was no prominent cerebral capillary damage in the 4F-peptide conditioning groups. This study showed cumulative cerebral injury from motor vehicle-induced whole body vibration and demonstrated the preventative effect of 4F-peptide conditioning.
Neurophysiology is a branch of neuroscience and physiology concerned with the study and functioning of the nervous system it is also related to neuroanatomy, psychology, electrophysiology, and its applications in clinical neurophysiology. There are a few tools which are elementary to neurophysiological research, such as electrophysiological recordings which includes extracellular single-unit recording, patch clamps, and voltage clamps. Calcium imaging, molecular biology, ontogenetic, and also play a key role into neurophysiology.
The advent of the motor vehicle nearly one century ago has greatly altered modern life. While modern industry andtechnology continue to develop, it is easy to enjoy
the benefits of these improvements rather than consider their consequences. Motor vehicles, the most commonly used form of transportation, are highly regarded for their convenience. However, motor vehicles produce whole body vibration (WBV).
Though motor vehicles have been greatly improved in recent years, WBV does still exist and its potentially devastating aftermath must be understood. In 2011, there was an estimated 5,338,000 police-reported motor vehicle trafficcrashes.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Volume 1 • Issue 1 | Page 2 of 7
Yan JG. Neurophy Rehab 2017, 1:1
Citation: Grewal P, Goyal S, Matloub M, Shen F, Zhang L, et al. (2017) Insidious Cerebral Capillary Trauma from Motor Vehicle-Induced Vibration.
NPR 103: 1-7
biological features, which has been demonstrated quite effectively
in the past [7-9].
Materials and Methods
Ethics statement
For the care and use of laboratory animals, all protocols in
this study conformed to the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
guidelines and received approval from the Biomedical Resource
Center (BRC) and the Institutional Animal Care and Use
Committee (IACUC) at the Medical College of Wisconsin (AUA-
2363). After the animals arrived, they were allowed to acclimate for
7 days prior to exposure. Animals were housed in a central animal
care facility with 12-h light cycles and given food and water ad
libitum.
Animal groups
56 Sprague-Dawley male rats (weight 250-300g) were
divided into seven groups (N=8): (1) 8-week normal control:
had no treatment; (2) 8-week vibration group (exposed to
whole body vibration at 30 Hz and 0.5g acceleration for 4 hours/
day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks); (3) 8-week vibration group with
preconditioning 4F peptide; (4) 8-week vibration group with post
conditioning 4F peptide; (5) 8-week vibration group with pre and
post conditioning 4F peptide; (6) 12-week normal control group;
and (7) 12-week vibration group (exposed to the same vibration, 5
days/week for 12 weeks). At the end point, all rats were evaluated
by brain histo-pathological studies.
Vibration set-up
The rats in all control and vibration groups were placed
individually in poly vinyl chloride (PVC) tubes. Rats voluntarily
entered the tubes. The rats did not exhibit stress at all as seen in
our previous rat experiments. The tubes were taped to a vibrating
platformandthetailsweretapedalongsidethetubeontheplatform
(Figure 1). Vibrations were performed without any sedative or
anesthesia. The electromagnetic vibration motor (Bruel and Kjaer
(B&K),type4809,Denmark)wasdrivenbyasinewavesignalfrom
a function generator (Simpson 420, Elgin, IL). The acceleration
was set with a power amplifier (B&K type 2706). Frequency
and acceleration were calibrated prior to beginning the study
using an HP 1201 B oscilloscope and a B&K 4384 accelerometer
connected to a B&K Integrating Vibration Meter, type 2513, with
linear vertical oscillations of 30 Hz and 0.5g acceleration (4.9 m/s2
r.m.s. acceleration). These vibration parameters were selected after
wide literature review and consultations with US and international
human-WBV associations; therefore the vibration parameters
chosen simulated the most common motor vehicle driving
situations[10-17].Thereliabilityofthisanimalmodelforvibration
studies has been identified and compared to other vibration animal
models demonstrating that this model is psychologically stress-
free by our systematic and continued studies described in our
published paper [10].
Conditioning rats with 4F (human apolipoprotein A-I
molecule mimetic)
The4F(Aminoacidsequence:Ac-DWFKAFYDKVAEKFKEAF-
NH2) was synthesized by the Blood Center of Wisconsin.
The peptide was reconstituted in normal sterile saline. The
preconditioning group received subcutaneous injections of 4F
(3mg/kg) every day approximately 30 minutes prior to the daily
exposure. Rats were weighed daily to adjust the dosage of 4F as
required. The rationale for the administering paradigm of 4F to
the rats was as follows: oral dosing in the food or water would
not provide enough accuracy; therefore, we administered 4F as a
subcutaneous injection to verify the exact amount given to each rat
every time. The dosing concentration of 3mg/kg has been shown
to be quite effective in reducing the effects of vibration injury as
found by our previous study. It is similar to the concentration
used in human studies and is at the lower end of other published
in vivo studies 4F [6]. The published 4F half-life times vary
from 6 to 12 hours. Our hypothesis for the timing of injections
is that preconditioning might be most important because the
initial WBV effect is vasospasm and 4F is a strong vasodilator
and neural protector, which prevents myelin damage as shown
in our previous published work on vibration [6]. Having a high
circulating concentration of 4F at the onset of vibration might
prove to be the best prevention approach. In addition, a recently
completed clinical trial titled: “4-EVER: a Trial Investigating the
Safety of 4F Endovascular Treatment of Infra-Inguinal Arterial
Vibration Platform
Figure 1: WBV setup. Rat enters a PVC tube voluntarily. The tail is then taped alongside the tube on the platform.
3. Volume 1 • Issue 1 | Page 3 of 7
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Citation: Grewal P, Goyal S, Matloub M, Shen F, Zhang L, et al. (2017) Insidious Cerebral Capillary Trauma from Motor Vehicle-Induced Vibration.
NPR 103: 1-7
Stenotic Disease” (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01413139)
has shown positive results.
Tissue processing for Histo-pathological study
Light microscopic (LM) and transmission electron
microscopic (TEM) studies on the brain cortices were performed
after vibration had completed. At the end time point, the rats
were anesthetized using isoflurane gas inhalation. The rat skull
was carefully opened using a microsurgical saw under a surgical
microscope. On the right side, the right brain cortex (1 mm
thickness) was carefully harvested using a #11 blade without any
traumatic intervention. Specimens were immediately immersed
into a 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution in phosphate-buffered saline.
After fixation, they were processed routinely and plastically
embedded. Semi-thin 0.5µm transverse sections were cut and
stained with toluidine blue for the LM study. Ultra-thin (50-70
nm) sections of the brain cortex, including capillaries, stained with
salts of uranyl acetate and lead citrate were prepared for the TEM
study. The left cortex tissue was harvested in the same way for H
& E (hematoxylin and eosin) stain. The brain membrane was kept
intact to avoid artifact neuronal injury and immediately immersed
in the 10% formalin in 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline at pH 7.4.
The tissues were then processed for routine paraffin embedding.
Blocks were stored at 4°C until H & E staining for cortex neuron
injury analysis.
Measurement of capillary dilation degree
In the semi-thin sections, the capillary dilation degree was
calculated as a ratio. The inner endothelial circumference (EC)
and the outer pericyte circumference (OC) were measured using
Meta Vue Software (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Ca). Each
circumference was manually traced in Meta Vue, and the length
of each parameter was then calculated by the program. The
capillary dilation ratio was calculated by dividing EC/OC for each
capillary. A lumen size change is indicated by the squeezing of the
endothelium with an unchanged OC. This is a proven accurate
measurement [18,19]. A lower mean EC/OC Ratio indicates a
constricted lumen, and the capillary spasm in the acute WBV stage
may become structural constriction in the chronic WBV stage.
Neuronal pathological analysis
There were two types of histo-pathologically prepared sections
for study: 1) semi-thin sections were observed for cerebral
microvascular changes and 2) H & E stained sections were
observed and analyzed for neuron changes.
Results
General observation
General behavior and welfare of all animals were monitored
daily. No animal showed abnormal behaviors of stress such as
shaking, clenching, biting, postural arching, or clawing. Health
inspections included checking for secretions of eyes/nose, porphyrin
discharge(chromodacryorrhea),andhematuria.Noanimalpresented
any of these ill appearances nor exhibited symptoms of persistent
diarrhea, weight loss, light avoidance, lethargy, head waving (inner
ear infection), or congested breathing. The vital signs, such as heart
rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation of all rats remained
stable. Their eating and drinking habits did not change. The
growth rate of all rats was within the normal range. This intense
observation has shown that this animal model is stress-free, which
was further confirmed by our previously published work [6,10,19].
In our subsequent studies, only the WBV factor was tested.
Pathological features in different vibration terms
In both the 8- and 12-week controls (Figure 2A and 2C),
the capillaries displayed well-opened oval-shaped lumens with
clearly intact basement membranes (BM) of the endothelial cells
and cell membranes of the pericytes. The endothelium cell layer
of the capillary also maintained a uniform thickness. All of these
pathological features suggest no brain impairment or dysfunction.
With WBV, noticeable damage was sustained by cerebral
capillaries. In the 8-week vibration group the brain capillaries
had significant characteristic changes in all the rats compared to
a normal control: the endothelium layer of the capillary walls was
not of uniform thickness and was partially damaged and broken,
the lumens were severely constricted, and edema was present
around the capillaries and all neuropils. The capillary walls were
also thicker (Figure 2B and 2D). All these features indicated that
capillary sclerosis had occurred, and the blood perfusion of the
whole brain was dramatically compromised. Each of these effects
was more pronounced in the 12-week vibration group (Figure
2D) as compared to the 8-week vibration group (Figure 2B). The
nueropil backgrounds of both the 8- and 12-week vibration groups
are less intense than in the normal controls and vacuoles can be
seen; all of these changes are more prominent in the 12-week
vibration group, as many vacuoles can be seen in the neuropils
(Figure 2D). These characteristic changes indicate extensive
chronic edema occurred in the 12-week vibration group.
The capillary dilation ratio of the 8-week vibration group was
0.595, and this was smaller than the 8-week control group (0.690);
this comparison was statistically significant (p=0.003). A similar
comparison pattern was also visible in the vasodilation ratios of the
12-weekcontrolvs.vibrationgroups(0.721vs.0.572,respectively)
and this was also statistically significant (p<0.0001).
The capillary dilation ratio of the 12-week vibration group
was 0.572, which was less than the capillary dilation ratio of the
8-week vibration group (0.595), suggesting that longer periods of
WBV cause more damage to brain capillaries and lead to increased
cerebral impairment by thickening capillary walls and shrinking
lumen size to a greater extent. Compared to the 8 week vibration
group (Figure2B), the 12-week vibration capillary (Figure2D) has
a more uneven endothelium layer of the capillary wall. Therefore,
more damage occurs to cerebral capillaries and brain impairment
occurs to a greater extent with longer periods of WBV.
The rats that were conditioned with the 4F peptide before and/
or after vibration had a larger degree of capillary dilation than the
8-week control and 8-week vibration groups. The endothelium
layer of these capillaries was also of a uniform thickness and was
not damaged or broken. Compared to the 8-week control capillary
4. Volume 1 • Issue 1 | Page 4 of 7
Yan JG. Neurophy Rehab 2017, 1:1
Citation: Grewal P, Goyal S, Matloub M, Shen F, Zhang L, et al. (2017) Insidious Cerebral Capillary Trauma from Motor Vehicle-Induced Vibration.
NPR 103: 1-7
dilation ratio (0.690), the dilation ratio of each 4F-peptide group
was larger (each 4F > 0.715). Moreover, the pre- and post-
conditioning group had the highest vasodilation ratio compared to
the other 4F peptide conditioning treatments, and the difference
between the capillary dilation ratio of this group compared to
the 8-week control was statistically significant (p=0.0108).
Therefore preconditioning, post conditioning, and pre and post
conditioning with the 4F-peptide are all effective means to dilate
capillaries and prevent MV-WBV damage. As seen in Figures 3A
and 3B, the capillary walls maintain an even thickness and the
lumen is not constricted. The neuropil background in both the
8-week preconditioning 4F peptide and post-conditioning 4F
peptide groups was of the same intensity as the normal controls,
and there is no visible edema in the brain tissues. There are no
pathological signs that would indicate brain impairment and
dysfunction with 4F peptide conditioning. Table 1 and Figure 4
summarizetheseresults.
Discussion
To ensure that the model was stress-free and a close simulation
of real human MV-WBV, we allowed the rats to acclimate for 1
week after arrival. This consisted of familiarizing the rats with the
PVC tubes by placing the tubes into their cages, simulating a rat
housing tube. We found that the rats would show preference to
these tubes, which provided them with access to hidden spaces,
and they were willing to place themselves into the tubes without
any sedation or anesthesia.
As capillaries are of many different sizes, it is hard to definitively
measure the area of the lumen. The capillary dilation degree was
therefore used as a more accurate measurement of the lumen. Using
Meta Vue Software, measuring the inner endothelial circumference
(EC) and the outer pericyte circumference (OM) was relatively
simple. Dividing these two numbers (EC/OM) gives the capillary
dilation degree, which can then be easily compared among test
subjects.
The mammalian brain has a firm skull that protects it from any
outside striking force. However, the injury to the brain induced by
WBV is transferred to the brain substance from the vibrated whole
body, which includes the entire human skeleton. In other words,
the injury force is internal, making WBV-induced brain injury very
insidious. Damage sustained by cerebral capillaries from MV-WBV
is very consequential, as these capillaries directly provide oxygen
and nourishment to cerebral neurons. Therefore, once the capillaries
sustain damage, neural function becomes compromised. With MV-
WBV, capillary walls thicken and become uneven, endothelial cells
begin to peel off, the lumen is reduced in size, and areas of edema are
visiblearoundthecapillaries.Allofthesepathologicalcerebralchanges
are therefore associated with brain impairment and dysfunction.
As drivers are subject to WBV for long periods of time, they will
experience this decrease in neural function as their capillaries become
less dilated during longer drives; what was previously believed to be
driver fatigue can now be understood as inhibition of neural function
causedbycapillarydamagefromMV-WBV.
A B
C D
Figure 2: Cross-section of cerebral capillaries. The solid arrow points to the red blood cells; the dashed arrow is pointing to the lumen
in all the pictures. A: 8-week control. Its lumen is well-opened and oval-shaped. B: 8-week vibration. The black arrowhead is pointing
to a part of the capillary wall which is very thick and the white arrowhead is pointing to a part of the capillary wall which is very thin, and
this indicates the wall is irregular from constriction. The thick solid arrow indicates an area of edema around the capillary; the asterisk
indicates a vacuole in the neuropil. C: 12-week control. This capillary lumen is not constricted; its wall is of an even thickness. D: 12-week
vibration. This capillary lumen has almost disappeared. Its wall is irregular. The black arrowhead is pointing to a part of the capillary wall
which is very thick and the white arrowhead is pointing to a part of the capillary wall which is very thin. The thick solid arrow indicates
an area of edema around the capillary. The asterisks indicate many vacuoles present in the neuropil. Both the 8- and 12-week vibrated
neuropil backgrounds are less intense than those of the normal controls. Bar = 50 µm.
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Citation: Grewal P, Goyal S, Matloub M, Shen F, Zhang L, et al. (2017) Insidious Cerebral Capillary Trauma from Motor Vehicle-Induced Vibration.
NPR 103: 1-7
A B
Figure 3: Cross-section of cerebral capillaries. A: 8-week vibration with pre-conditioning 4F peptide. B: 8-week vibration with post-
conditioning 4F peptide. In both pictures, the solid arrow points to red blood cells. The dashed arrow is pointing to the lumen, which is
not constricted in these capillaries. The solid arrowhead is pointing to the capillary wall; in these capillaries, the endothelial layer is of a
uniform thickness around the entire capillary. Bar = 50 µm.
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Capillary Dilation Degree
DILATIONRATIO
ANIMAL GROUPS
8WC 8WV 8WPr4 8WP4 8WPrP4 12WC 12WV
Figure 4: Capillary Dilation Ratio of each animal group. 8WC: 8-week control; 8WV: 8-week vibration; 8WPr4: 8-week pre-conditioning 4F
peptide; 8WP4: 8-week post-conditioning 4F peptide; 8WPrP4: 8-week pre- and post-conditioning 4F peptide; 12WC: 12-week control; 12WV:
12-week vibration.
Animal Group
8-Week Control
(8WC)
8-Week
Vibration (8WV)
8-Week
pre-4F (8WPr4)
8-Week
post-4F (8WP4)
8-Week pre &
post 4F
(8WPrP4)
12-Week
Control (12WC)
12-Week
Vibration (12WV)
EC/OM 0.69 0.595 0.716 0.715 0.747 0.721 0.572
Standard
Deviation
0.122 0.148 0.113 0.101 0.115 0.105 0.149
Statistical
analysis
---
8WC vs.
8WV**
P<0.003
8WV vs.
8WPr4**
P<0.0001
8WV vs. 8WP4**
P<0.0001
8WV vs.
8WPrP4**
P<0.0001
8WC vs.
8WPrP4**
P=0.0108
12WC vs. 12WV**
P<0.0001
EC = inner endothelial circumference
OM = outer pericyte circumference
All comparisons between capillary dilation ratios of different animal groups were very statistically significant (all p<0.0108).
**very statistically significant
Table 1: Capillary dilation ratio (EC/OM).
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NPR 103: 1-7
A B
Figure 5: TEM section of cerebral capillary. P = pericyte cell, E = endothelial cell, R = red cell, L= lumen. A was from 4-week control group: Arrows
indicate basement membrane (BM) that was a clear intense black line; B was from 4-week vibration group: Its BM was invisible or disappeared.
The arrowheads indicate cell membrane of pericyte cells that was also clear and intense black structure in A, while in B this became a coarse,
thicker gray structure. The whole capillary wall apparently presented as thicker and more fibrotic in B than in A. Bar = 1 µm
Capillaries, as vascular end units, are directly relevant to tissue
perfusion, providing oxygen to meet the body’s needs. This study
focused on the capillary changes that result from WBV. From our
previous study, we found that in shorter periods of vibration (one
to two weeks), there is no obvious capillary damage. However,
significant damage does occur to capillaries when vibration periods
equal or exceed four weeks [20]. As seen in figure 5A (from our
previous study), the basement membrane of the 4-week control
group is clearly defined. However, in the 4-week vibration group
(figure 5B) the basement membrane has nearly disappeared, the
cell membranes of the pericyte cells have become coarse and
thick, and the entire capillary wall is now thicker and more fibrotic.
Therefore, noticeable cerebral damage is sustained after the 4-week
vibration period.
The insidious nature of the WBV injury coupled with its
discretely identifiable sequelae should be seriously regarded.
Acute WBV causes cerebral vascular spasm, leading to constriction
and ultimately to decreased cerebral blood flow. Neurons begin
to sustain impairment. Drivers usually feel fatigued and drowsy
during long hours of driving. We believe this brain dysfunction
(impairment) is from WBV, which decreases judgment and
reactive capability suggesting that it is an important contribution
to “driver fatigue.” The exact biological mechanism of WBV-
induced vascular and neuronal damage is still unknown. Locally,
vibration force both stimulates sympathetic nerve fibers to release
norepinephrine and increases the smooth muscle sensitivity to
norepinephrine, a twofold amplification of norepinephrine efficacy
[21]. The smooth muscle spasm may also be caused by direct
stimulation from the vibration shearing force: endothelial cells
are physically injured during vasoconstriction by tight pinching
between the folds of the internal elastic membrane, which causes
bulging into the lumen [22].
The damage to neurons and peripheral nerves is from direct
shearing force and ischemia. Relative to the average rat lifespan of
3 years, the average human lifespan in the US is 78 years, which is
about 26 times that of the rat lifespan. 8- and 12-week vibration
periods in the rats are equivalent to approximately 4.5 and 6 years
of vibration to the human respectively. Four and a half years for
most occupational drivers is not a very long period, rendering
a significant comparable timeline in our 8-week rat models.
Furthermore, our pathological study has shown this injury is a
gradually cumulative process, as our measured changes at 12 weeks
were significantly greater than 8 weeks. These morphological
lesions such as thickening and destruction of capillary walls may
permanent brain lesions and other secondary diseases, such as
chronic hypertension, cerebrovascular diseases, and stroke in the
human model. This may suggest that damaging processes such
as WBV may play a role in other cerebral diseases and pathologic
processes much more extreme than mere driver’s fatigue, such as
dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, or even Parkinson’s disease. Early
preventative approaches, such as the use of protective peptide
4F, could be utilized and potentially stymie these destructive
processes. Such future studies, perhaps in human models, would
be greatly beneficial to understanding the pathophysiology of
these mysterious cerebral disorders.
Acknowledgment
U.S. Army Medical Research & Materiel Command (USAMRMC)
and the Telemedicine & Advanced Technology Research Center
(TATRC), Fort Detrick, MD, [Grant number W81XWH111069].
Author Disclosure Statement
No competing financial interests exist for all authors.
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NPR 103: 1-7
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