Inside Out Movie Psychology

Inside Out Movie Psychology
When dissecting the movie Inside Out a variety of psychological concepts are discovered within the
story line of the children's animation. The concepts that come to mind after watching the film are
emotions, false memory, and long–term memory. In psychology, and emotion is often defined as a
complex state of feelings that result in psychological and even physical changes that can influence
your thoughts, actions, and behaviors. An example of emotion could be whenever you watch an
ASPCA animal rescue commercial you may feel sad and driven to help those animals. Secondly,
false memory is described as a fabricated and distorted memory of an event, memories are not
always an accurate recollection of event. In reality, memory is very prone to fallacy. ... Show more
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During the first half of the film, Joy was the boss of the headquarters and most of Riley's memories
were all happy. The concept of Riley's five emotions are borrowed from the concept of Paul Ekman,
a well–known scientist in the psychology of emotions. Ekman stated that there are seven basic
emotions, the five mentioned in the film, plus surprise and contempt, also explaining why the
control board was expanded at the end of the film. When Headquarters is left to only Anger, Fear
and Disgust Riley is left feeling solely those emotions to get her through this move and new
environment. While Joy and Sadness are lost inside the paths of Riley's mind she begins to lose
many important social aspects of her life like "Friendship Island" which causes her to become angry
and closed off from her hometown friends when they call to catch up with her or while she is trying
to fit in and make new friends at her new school. One of the most important isalnds that was lost
inside of Riley's mind was "Goofball Island" since she lost her since of happiness she wasn't able to
have fun and enjoy her new home. The second concept, false memory, is more prominent
throughout the movie. In the beginning of the film, it shows how the daily memories are kept in
headquarters and then are shipped down to long–term storage at the end of the day while riley is
sleeping. When sadness got curious to what would happen if she touched one of the memories she
immediately altered the memory from joyful to sad, causing false recollection of the actual memory.
While trying to reverse the emotion change, Joy and Sadness are swept down the tubes into memory
storage. Joy then gathers up the now sad memories and proceeds to try to make her way back to
headquarters to fix the issues. While strolling through long–term memory storage sadness begins to
run
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Flashbulb Memory Paper
The research article Tv or not Tv? Does the immediacy of viewing images of a momentous news
event affect the quality and stability of flashbulb memories? was authored by Evelyn G. Schaefer,
Micheal K. Halldorson, and Cheryl Dizon–Reynante at the University of Winnipeg in Canada.
These researchers sought to investigate if the time in which an individual these images of traumatic
events would affect the formation of flashbulb memories (Schaefer, 2011). A flashbulb memories as
defined by Brown & Kulik are, "an extremely vivid and detailed recollection of one's contextual
personal circumstances on first learning of an extraordinary, shocking event either public or personal
(Schaefer, 2011)". These vivid types of memories rely on "canonical categories" when being
recalled, such as the activity preformed when the event took place, who told them about the event,
and where they were when it happened (Schaefer, 2011). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The results of the studies vary tremendously some finding that visual images increase the
preservation of the story in memory or completely misrepresenting it (Schaefer, 2011). The
improvement in flashbulb memories in these studies has been credited to the vivid way in which
these event was covered. Yet, on the other hand researchers also credit the dispassionate way the
news anchors are trained to disassociate with the topics they are reporting on as negatively affecting
flashbulb memories (Schaefer, 2011). The majority of these findings in previous research find that
media such as the news has an undesirable effect on the construction of flash bulb memories. What
was not available in these studies were how many of the people who participated in these studies
were informed by media or other

The Importance Of Flashbulb Memories
How can a human forget to turn the lights off when they leave the house, but remember exactly
where they were when JFK was assassinated? The answer to this phenomenon has long been
researched and the answer is a term referred to as flashbulb memories, which can be defined as a
detailed and vivid memory that is stored on one occasion and retained for a lifetime (Schachter,
Gilbert, Wegner, & Nock, 2015). These memories can be composed of insignificant but vivid details
about the situation in which the news was received (Demiray & Freund, 2015). Flash bulb memories
are believed to encompass various memories including positive and negative events that have
affected entire nations or just one individual, and have correlation with age, proximity, and
importance. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, just as not all memories are positive not all flashbulb memories are positive. A
negative flash bulb memory may be an American remembering exactly where they were when JFK
was assassinated, while a positive memory for the same individual may be remembering exactly
where they were when they learned of Osama Bin Laden's assassination. The idea that one type of
flashbulb memory is more likely to be created than the other has long been debated. A recent study
by Demirav and Freund shows that neither of these memories appears to be more prevalent than the
other. There participants of various ages and ethnicities were asked two recall the death of both
Michael Jackson (negative flashbulb memory) and Osama Bin Laden (positive flashbulb memory),
while both memories had different effects emotionally on the participants the recollection of a flash
bulb memory was the same (Demirav and

The Human Computer : The Perception, Memories And Emotions...
The human computer The thoughts , perceptions, memories and emotions that make up human
consciousness. Cognition in widest definition encompasses all forms and understanding through
thought, experience, and the senses. Reductionism attempts to explain the processes of living
organism using physical laws usually applied to nonliving objects. David Hume argued that the
knowledge of cause and relationship based on the accumulation of subjective experiences, thus
science explain events in terms of cause and effect, is based on the weakness of subjectivity.
Subjective –a view point that is based on personal experience and opinion Cognitive psychologist
want to work with objective data and one of the commonly used measurements in cognitive studies
is reaction time. Attention provides us with the ability to concentrate on individual band of incoming
information. Cocktail party effect: at a crowded room background noise meaningless babble,
somebody says your name(something that grabs your attention) however, though it is background
noise you hear it distinctly, attention immediately redirected. The brains ability to consciously
process information limits out ability to pay attention, because it cannot cope with too much
information at the same time, but mind is capable in certain circumstances of attending more than
one source of data. The filter theory, sensory filter selects a message for further processing based on
physical characteristics. Such as pitch or

Movie Review : ' An 11 Year Old Girl Named Riley '
Have you ever wondered about the extent to which children's movies are scientifically true?
Children's movies, especially Disney movies, possess a lot of power in their ability to inadvertently,
or perhaps deliberately, teach young people about basic concepts. However, the preciseness at which
the movies portray these concepts has often been come into question. One recent example of a
Disney movie whose scientific accuracy is sometimes questioned is the film Inside Out. In the
movie, an 11–year old girl named Riley is guided through her life by her five emotions: joy, sadness,
anger, fear, and disgust (Lasseter, Stanton, and Docter, 2015). The movie also highlights the process
of memories and how they are made as well concepts pertaining to the topics of personality and
emotion. Overall, the movie is basically a story of how Riley moves away from her old home in
Minnesota to her new home in California. It shows how her emotions deal with this change and
displays many psychological concepts along the way. Whenever Riley is happy during the movie, it
is because her emotion 'Joy' is in control inside headquarters. When she is sad, it is because sadness
has done something inside headquarters. When Riley moves to California, both Joy and Sadness are
swept away from headquarters, leaving just anger, fear, and disgust as Riley's emotions. This
obviously causes her to be angry, scared, or disgusted most of the time since those are the only three
emotions that she has left.

Your Ability To Use Your Short Term Memory When Emotions
Your Ability to Use Your Short Term Memory When Emotions Cloud Judgement: Short Term
Memory and Emotions
When using short term memory a topic or a picture can be forgotten within minutes. Then when an
event that causes a positive or negative emotion occurs that creates dissonance. Short term memory
recall can be important in some situations that are out of our control. When piecing together what
the best emption to have when trying to recall information from our short term memory.
The memory according to the multistore model of memory suggest that the memory consist of the
three stores: a sensory register, short term memory and long term memory. Memory passes through
each of those ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Long term memory is defined like it sounds long term memory is intended for long term storage of
information over a long term period of time. Despite short term memory, long term memory seems
to decline very little in as time goes on. Your long term memory can store an unlimited amount of
information for an unlimited amount of time (Mastin,2010). Long term memory has three different
memories the procedural memory, semantic, and the episodic memory (McLeod,2010). The
procedural memory is the part of the long term memory where we remember how to do things. The
semantic memory is in charge of store information about the world and finally the episodic memory
store memories about an event. Short term memory can have relationships with negative and
positive emotions. Based on the study by Philipp Spachtholz; working memory can be affected by
emotions. Emotions can be defined using a variety of components such as physiologically and
cognitively. Physiologically, speaking emotions originate in the amygdala; which is located in the
limbic system. The limbic system is in the brain which is enables the brain to learn, house memories
and have emotions. The amygdala is almond shaped structure that helps trigger the physiological
reactions that is associated with emotions (Cherry, 2016). The amygdala is also in charge of
imprinting emotions onto each memory. This occurs by releasing the same neurochemicals that have
been produced when

Flashbulb Memories
On the other hand, Sharot et al carried out a study that supported this theory in 2007. The aim was to
determine the role of biological factors on flashbulb memories three years after the 911 attacks. It
included 24 participants who were in New York City on that day. Their brain activity was observed
using functional magnetic resonance imaging as they recalled the event, as well as other distinct,
autobiographical events from the summer of 2001. The latter served as baseline memories for
evaluating the nature of 9/11 memories. After the fmri, participants were asked to rate their
memories depending on how vivid, detailed, confident, and accurate they thought they were.
Participants were also asked to write down their personal memories. Only

The Role Of Emotion In The Movie Inside Out
Emotion plays an extremely important role in the memory process. Before you can fully understand
the role of emotion, you have to understand the memory process. There are three steps to the
memory process, encoding, storage, and retrieval. If you do not fully understand the memory
process, then it'll be difficult to comprehend the role emotions play and the movie Inside Out,
although it may be a kid's movie, is an excellent way to develop an improved understanding of the
memory process. The movie Inside Out is about a pre–teen girl's emotions; joy, sadness, anger, fear,
and disgust, and how they all work together to help create her memories and get through life. Before
I get ahead of myself, however, let's talk about the memory process. Memory process is a cycle your
memories go through in order to determine if they are long term or short term and attaches emotion
to those memories. The first step is called encoding, encoding is the translation of information into a
form in which it can be used. The next step is storage, storage is the maintenance of the encoded
information over a period of time, this is nearly identical to a computer system. This is where the
hippocampus comes in, the hippocampus is the part of the brain where the emotion's in Inside Out
were located. The hippocampus determines if memories are long term or short term and attaches
emotion to the memory, but if the hippocampus isn't paying attention, it may store that memory
incorrectly and make it more

Mistaken Eyewitness Testimony
An eyewitness testimony is a proceeding whereby the witness of a crime will stand in court and
recall the events which they perceived and is involved in the identification of the perpetrator (Laney
& Loftus, n.d.). Eyewitnesses testimonies have become a staple for many legal proceedings and is
often taken as hard evidence for a crime which someone has committed. However, there has been a
staggering number of innocent people who have been convicted of a crime based on eyewitness
testimonies. This is what led to the creation of the Innocence Project whose mission is to use DNA
evidence to free wrongly convicted individuals ("About – Innocence Project," n.d.). This essay will
explore some of the reasons behind mistaken eyewitness testimonies, ... Show more content on
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However, factors such as interactions with other witnesses and the influence of media outlets cannot
be accounted for. In addition, the small sample size of 13 participants means the results are not as
reliable and cannot be generalised to the population at large. One possible factor which may
influence the results is that witnesses were within close proximity to the events which transpired
which can influence memory as well as not being applicable to many crimes whereby the witnesses
only see part of the crime or a shadow of the perpetrator. An alternative explanation would be that
flashbulb memory was at work here.
A flashbulb memory is a detailed snapshot of an event which evoked feelings of shock or surprise or
were otherwise emotionally arousing (Brown and Kulik, 1977). Events which have negative
emotions attached to them seem to be processed in a detail–attentive and conservative manner
(Bless et al., 1996; Storbeck & Clore, 2005; Bohn and Bernsten, 2007). The age of a witness also
seems to influence the formation of flashbulb memories. In a study by Cohen, Conway and Maylor
(1993) most of the younger participants experienced flashbulb memory compared to less than half
the older participants. They concluded that the main factor which influenced the formation of
flashbulb memories for older participants was rehearsal of the events whereas in younger

Examine how one theory of emotion may affect one cognitive...
One theory of how emotion affects the cognitive process of memory is by a process known as a
Flashbulb Memory. The theory is that these Flashbulb Memories will not only enhance the memory
itself, but will make certain aspects of the memory more vivid and detailed. First, the Flashbulb
Memory should be defined. Flashbulb memories are emotional memories that are remembered with
great vivid detail and are almost photo like. For example, if someone were to experience a horrid
natural disaster, they would most likely remember the situation more vividly than people not
actually there. This instance is exactly what Brown and Kulik were trying to show in 1977, and what
Conway was trying to express in 1994. They were dealing with the concept of ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Like the experiment done by Conway et al, Neisser and Harsch investigated people's memory
accuracy of the incident 24 hours after the explosion and then again two years after. The results
were: one day after the disaster, 215 of the participants said that they heard about the disaster on
television. Two and a half years later 45% of the participants claimed to have heard of the event on
the television. Their memories of how they learned the news about the challenger disaster changed
over time and was a huge loophole in the studies in favor of flashbulb memory. Through this study it
can be concluded that flashbulb memories are not reliable and may in fact just be ordinary
memories.
From Brown and Kulik to Neisser and Harsch we arrive at completely different conclusions. There
are many strengths to these studies, as they were all with real events that would have affected people
emotionally, but some of the studies were lacking in validity. The studies that recorded before and
after seemed to be more compelling than the ones that just assumed a certain answer. However, the
longer the duration of time between the before and after results most likely produced more variables
being tested, rather than just one. Based on the studies outlined it only seems accurate that these
flashbulb memories actually exist and affect our memory. The real analysis of these findings are
how they actually influence behavior. Emotion can affect memory, and ultimately behavior in
someone's life.

Emotion and Memory of the Holocaust Essay
In the aftermath of the Jewish Holocaust, an outpouring of eyewitness accounts by both survivors
and perpetrators has surfaced as historical evidence. For many, this has determined what modern
popular culture remembers about this atrocious event. Emotion obviously plays a vital role in the
accounts of the survivors, yet can it be considered when discussing the historical significance of the
murder of six million European Jews by the Third Reich? Emotion is the expression of thoughts and
beliefs affected by feeling and sensibility of an individual regarding a certain event or individual. In
terms of the Holocaust, emotion is overwhelmingly prevalent in the survivors' tales of their
experiences, conveyed in terms of life, death, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She writes that "the 'distortion' related to memory...is not so much of facts or interpretations, but a
distortion from the lack of congruity between personal experience and expectation...and the
institutional representation of the past on the other" (Crane, 1). At some point, scholars must
interpret a filtered account of the survivor's tale, searching through the layers of important facts and
emotional embellishments, and find the most important knowledge buried deep within. Yet how may
one distinguish fact from emotion? Famed Holocaust historian James Young, in his 1997 work
"Toward a Received History of the Holocaust," asks:
Is it possible to write a history that includes some oblique reference to such deep memory, but which
leaves it essentially intact, untouched and thereby deep? In this section, I suggest, after Patrick
Hutton, that 'What is at issue here is not how history can recover memory, but, rather, what memory
will bequeath to history' (Young, 1)
Clearly, this is an issue with which scholars have struggled to deal for years, however this paper will
show that it is quite possible to distiniguish the two sides.
The methodological approach undertaken in this paper confronts each account as one in which
memory and fact have merged together, through which even

The Test Of Memory, Sensory, Human Emotion And Languages
Neuropsychological Test The brain has elegant control over many many functions of the body
including the control of movement, memory, sensory, human emotion and languages. As a result,
any investigation of conduct must be customized to the specific functions under scrutiny. Consider
the examination of memory. Individuals with harm to the transient projections regularly grumble of
memory unsettling influence. Anyhow memory is not a solitary capacity. We have memory for
occasions, hues, names, places, and engine aptitudes, among different classes, and every must be
measured independently. It would be uncommon to be sure for somebody to be impeded in just for
ms of memory. One of the neuropsychological test that is used is the Corsi block test. This test
requires the participant observe the researcher tap on a series of blocks, and repeat the sequence
from memory. In the text Kolb and Whishaw (2014) states: The Corsi block–tapping test requires
participants to observe an experimenter tap a sequence of blocks––blocks 4–6–1–8–3, for instance.
The task is to repeat the sequence correctly. Note that the subject does not see numbers on the
blocks but rather must remember the location of the blocks tapped. This test provides the researcher
with a measure of the participants short–term recall of position or block span. The test can be made
more difficult by deciding the greatest span of an individual and after that including one. By
definition, the member will fall flat on the

Emotion plays a very important role in memory process. Before you can fully understand the role of
emotion, you have to understand the memory process. There are three steps to the memory process,
encoding, storage, and retrieval. If you do not fully understand memory process then it'll be difficult
to comprehend the role emotions play and the movie Inside Out, although it may be a kid's movie, is
a great way to develop a better understanding on the memory process. The movie Inside Out is
about a pre–teen girl's emotions; joy, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust, and how they all work
together to help create her memories and get through life. Before I get ahead on myself however,
let's talk about the memory process. Memory process is a cycle your memories go through in order
to determine if they are long term or short term and attaches emotion to those memories. The first
step is called encoding, encoding is the translation of information into a form in which it can be
used. Next step is storage, storage is the maintenance on the encoded information over a period on
time, this is very similar to a computer. This is where the hippocampus comes in, the hippocampus
is the part of the brain where the emotions in Inside Out were located. The hippocampus determines
if memories are long term or short term and attaches emotion to the memory but if the hippocampus
isn't paying attention, it may store that memory incorrectly and make it more difficult to retrieve
from our memory which

Reasons And Emotions In Sophocles's Antigone
There is a common misconception that associates each area of knowledge exclusively with one way
of knowing. When people think about mathematics, they immediately link it with reason, or when
they think about the arts they instantly connect them with emotion. In reality, each area of
knowledge uses a network of ways of knowing in order to gain knowledge. Acquiring knowledge in
mathematics means learning mathematical language and formulae in order to solve problems or
apply them in real–life sectors, such as in architecture or economics. The more knowledge one
acquires in mathematics, the more complex are the problems that one is able to solve. Gaining
knowledge in the arts, on the other hand, involves understanding the medium through which the
artist communicates and the message behind a work, too. This affects not only the way in which we
perceive the work itself but also the way we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, in the tragedy Antigone by Sophocles, written before 441 BC, the ideal of the main
character Antigone to honour with a worthy funeral her deceased brother is a thought that is very
important and relatable to today's society. Emotion in the Greek theatre was strong, and the
technique used by the author to awaken emotions within the audience was called pathos.
When playwrights have to write a play they must use reason. They have to create a work that
conveys an important message and that is going to be appreciated by the audience. Nowadays,
theatre has largely evolved, the vast majority of works are written in prose and not in verses and
actors do not wear masks representing just one emotion anymore. Nevertheless, more than a single
way of knowing is used in drama in order for the audience to gain knowledge. Without language,
perception, reason, memory and emotion a person is not able to fully appreciate and learn from a

The Effects of Emotions on Memory and Forgetfulness Essay
The two main emotional factors that influence memory and forgetting are flashbulb and repression.
A flashbulb memory is a memory that has a high emotional significance they are accurate and long
lasting. It is almost a photographic memory of a particularly emotional event that is imprinted on
your mind. For example an event such as September the 11th, people can remember things such as
how they heard it happened, what clothes they were wearing and who they were with very clearly.
This is because it was such a sudden emotional impact when they heard it that it got imprinted in
their memory. Repression is an emotional factor in forgetting. It is that we forget because we have
great anxiety about certain memories. This is because certain ... Show more content on
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Brown and Kulik discovered that these flash bulb memories were consistent over time. They did
research on the death of Princess Diana and found that many people could remember a lot more than
usual such as what time it was, who was with them etc. Such emotional events as September the
11th are very large scale and so many people will have flashbulb memories of the event making it
easy to do a study and find proof of flashbulb memories. There is also evidence for forgetting as a
result of repression. The main sort of evidence for repressed memories is a victim of crime. Many
people who have been a victim of a crime can remember very little of it because emotion actually
caused the memory to be repressed and forgotten. Freud helped to prove that people have repressed
memories by using hypnosis that caused people to bring forgotten memories to light.
There is also evidence against Flashbulb memories such as firstly it cannot be proved whether the
participants are telling the truth or lying about an event since everyone's interpretation of where they
were etc will be different, so it cannot be proved whether it is a flashbulb memory or just a memory.
Secondly it is also difficult to prove how accurate flashbulb memories are since they all have
different degrees of significance to people too so certain people will remember less or more and
others will forget parts of the memory where as others will not. Thirdly with large events such as

Essay about Gender differences and autobiographical memories
Autobiographical memory is essentially a system that contains episodic memories from individuals'
lives, autobiographical memory is what makes each and every one of us different to another, and
essentially what forms the self, connecting us to others, history and the future.
"Autobiographical memories from the mundane to the profound, help form the self, they provide
personal historical context or personal biography for who we are now: they are in essence a
'database' of the self."(Conway, A and Holmes, E, 2005, p228)
There has been research conducted into gender differences within autobiographical memories and
although not fully understood it has become an apparent theme, that female participants provide
more detailed, richer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This like many other studies supports the idea that vivid memories are related to a higher level of
emotion or arousal within the participant and therefore more easily accessible, by showing a picture
rather than a verbal cue participants display a higher level of connection to the cue.
Research conducted by Popovski, M and Bates, G.W (2005) again concerned with the links between
gender differences and recall within autobiographical memory, the difference within this study is
that participants were scaled on the Depression and anxiety scale from a questionnaire completed
and then categorised into dysphoric or non–dysphoric groups to see if more detailed or general
responses were provided to a set of positive, neutral and negative cue words.
Research here was being conducted to see if particular genders, genetics or childhood experiences
are more susceptible to depression.
Hypothesis here being tested was to see if patients with depressive and dysphoric symptoms had
issues accessing autobiographical memories and whether it would be possible to determine between
the two groups. It was suggested that patients who scored high on the scale for depressive symptoms
would provide more general descriptions from autobiographical memory when relating to feelings.
Discussion of gender differences here suggested that women are more often diagnosed with
depression than men, and that men were more likely to engage

What Is A Flashbulb Memory Accurate
Memory: Flashbulb Memories
A flashbulb memory are memories that are detailed and vivid experiences stored in our minds, and
retained for a lifetime. We tend to remember exactly where we was, what we was doing, who we
were with, and what day and time the event occurred. We have these flashbulb memories of
emotionally stirring events, because it began when one person started to tell their remembrance of a
certain event that happened, then that person started retelling another person in their own
perspectives, and eventually it being retold over and over again. Flashbulb memories are not as
accurate as they seem when they become embedded into our brains after learning of traumatic
events happening around the world. Flashbulb memories are not necessarily 100% accurate, "the
accuracy reduces during the first three months and levels at about twelve months" (Flashbulb
Memory, n.d.). Flashbulb memories demonstrates the emotional content of an event, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dr. Courtney Fee, the principal, then began to speak these exact words on the intercom, "I need
everyone to pause with what they are doing, and let's have a moment of silence for the tragedy that
has happen to the people of Boston and the runners in Boston Marathon bombing this morning." The
first thing that came to my mind after hearing her say that was this was another 9/11 attack, and the
United States was in trouble. From there my mind, and the minds of other around me went into
panic mode. I then texted my parents to let them know what had happened, and my stepdad told me
if it looked like anything started to get worse to him he would come and get me and my younger
siblings from school. After hearing him say that, I began to wonder things on the lines of how far
was the bombing going to extend, what other states would be in jeopardy, was we going into war, or
what caused for this bombing to happen. We knew that we was far from the bombing, but for us to
hear a state has been bombed our minds made us

Emotion plays a very important role in the memory process. Before you can fully understand the
role of emotion, you have to understand the memory process. There are three steps to the memory
process, encoding, storage, and retrieval. If you do not fully understand the memory process, then
it'll be difficult to comprehend the role emotions play and the movie Inside Out, although it may be
a kid's movie, is a great way to develop a better understanding of the memory process. The movie
Inside Out is about a pre–teen girl's emotions; joy, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust, and how they all
work together to help create her memories and get through life. Before I get ahead of myself,
however, let's talk about the memory process. Memory process is a cycle your memories go through
in order to determine if they are long term or short term and attaches emotion to those memories.
The first step is called encoding, encoding is the translation of information into a form in which it
can be used. The next step is storage, storage is the maintenance of the encoded information over a
period of time, this is very similar to a computer. This is where the hippocampus comes in, the
hippocampus is the part of the brain where the emotions in Inside Out were located. The
hippocampus determines if memories are long term or short term and attaches emotion to the
memory, but if the hippocampus isn't paying attention, it may store that memory incorrectly and
make it more difficult to retrieve from

Does Emotion Affect False Memory
Does Emotion Affect False Memory:
Mood and Emotional Regulation Strategies in Children
Affect influences many areas of cognition and has a large impact on memory (Robinson, Watkins, &
Harmon–Jones, 2013; Packard, Cahill, & McGaugh, 1994). It has been shown that extreme
emotional stress can impair memory, while moderate levels of emotional stress can improve learning
and memory (Packard et al., 1994). In humans, emotional content is remembered better than non–
emotional content and is richer in details (Choi, Kensinger, & Rajaram, 2013). However, it is not
totally clear how emotion influences false memories. Past research has examined the effect of
emotion on false memories and has reported mixed findings where emotional intensity has increased
and decreased false memory (Choi et al., 2013). Storbeck and Clore (2005) found definite results
showing that negative emotional affect reduces false memories in adults. The goal of this research is
to investigate how positive and negative affective states influence false memory in children and the
effect of emotional regulation strategies on memory formation.
False Memory
There are two prominent distortions of the episodic memory system: forgetting and the false
memory effect. False memory is the propensity to report an event as part of an episodic experience
that was not actually present (Holliday, Brainerd, & Reyna, 2011). Several theories give an
explanation for this effect, but the most prominent one is the fuzzy trace theory,

Emotions And Memories That Cause Us Pain
Everyone has held a grudge against someone at some point in life. Whether it is over something
small or much more serious. The anger we feel can make us bitter in many ways for years. Learning
to let go of grudges/bitterness is something difficult for people to do, but it is necessary for us, for
our well–being, physically, emotionally, and spiritually. Why hold on to emotions and memories that
cause us pain? The reason we hold onto grudges is because we are unable to let go of that anger we
feel towards those who did us wrong in the past. All we really are doing is strengthening that
identity as the victim, the one who was wronged by someone. You will continue being that victim
but of yourself, because you are keeping yourself miserable with the memories. Truth is sometimes
it is an attempt for us to get comfort, compassion, or empathy. Something we didn't get in the past. It
is like we are letting those around know that we are in need of extra kindness. It is a cry to be cared
for and treated special because of what we endured. The only person that can truly change those
emotions is ourselves. Holding on to grudges is bad for our well–being. There are physical effects as
a result of the mental and emotional strain you place on yourself. When you think about the negative
you have greater stress response. Eventually, taking a toll on our bodies leading to mental and
physical illness, such as depression and even heart disease. Future problems such as, elevated heart
rate,

The Suppression Of Emotions And Memories Essay
When things hurt, or make life harder to live, people have a tendency to push them away and try to
not think about them. A memory is often shoved to the back of someone's brain so they don't have to
feel the pain, an emotion blotted out so we don't have to deal with it, an uncomfortable reality
shunned. Or even sometimes something that we simply don't have time to think about or remember
fades away until it doesn't cross our minds anymore. Until something happens that makes it cross
our minds again or makes it ease out of the corner we tucked it into like smoke around the edges of
a locked box. Through the chapter "How They Lived" and Darling's feelings toward her father and
her homeland, NoViolet Bulawayo uses her novel We Need New Names, to show how other people
help bring out suppressed emotions. To understand the suppression of emotions that Bulawayo
shows us, one first has to understand two things about the suppression of emotions and memories,
specifically in this case. The first is that suppression is practical. In "How They Lived" Bulawayo is
writing with a focus on immigrants to the United States. The lives of these immigrants don't have
time for them to miss their home countries. They had "begged, despaired, lied, groveled, promised,
charmed, bribed–anything to get [themselves] out of " their countries and into America and after all
that work they need to move forward from the memories of their old lives and work to make money
for their families (242).

Carl Jung 's Theories Dealing With Emotions, Memories, And...
Carl Jung is famous for his theories dealing with emotions, memories, and thoughts. Jung is a
psychologist that has research several categories. He's written approximately 700 papers discussing
his research, and how the mindset works. He researched concepts dealing with his childhood
memoires. Jung as always felt he had two personalities, introvert and extravert. He is the founder of
analytical psychology and a Swiss psychiatrist. Carl Gustav Jung was born on July 26, 1875 in
Kesswil, Switzerland. Carl was the middle of three children; oldest died after 3 days, and his sister
was 9 years old. A man he once worshipped sexually assaulted him; his parents were Paul Achilles
Jung and Emile Preiswerk. His father was a protestant pastor, at the age of 4 Jung and his family
moved to Basal. Carl was a lonely child who observed his parents and teachers behaviors. At the age
of 12, a boy pushed Jung, which left him unconscious. Jung was always interested in his father and
his belief in religion. Jung had several relatives that were clergymen, Jung was expected to follow
the family tradition, but instead attended a university. Jung attended the University of Basal from
1895–1900; he studied several subjects such as, biology, zoology, paleontology, and archaeology.
His researched continued as he looked into philosophy, mythology, early Christian literature and
religion. He was more interested in religion because of his family and their beliefs. Afterwards, Jung
left Basal University

Pros And Cons Of Rewriting A Memory
The Pros of Rewriting a Memory
Nearly everyone possesses a memory that they wish they could change, whether they make the
wrong decision, or just commit some embarrassing action. Although these memories typically hold
little significance on daily life, severe emotional recollections truly shape one's life, and impact
those around he/she. To rewrite a memory, one can either remove painful emotions, or increase the
amount of emotions, depending on which option creates a bigger and more beneficial effect. In "The
Glass House," "Partial Recall," and The Things They Carried, Chris Adrian, Michael Specter, and
Tim O'Brien argue that rewriting a memory improves the recollection and creates a more impactful
memory.
Chris Adrian in "The Glass House" ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In "The Glass House," Adrian uses Frenchy's photographs to illustrate how rewriting the deaths of
the soldiers improves their legacy. Through his pictures, Frenchy allows for the soldiers to receive
the recognition and appreciation that they deserve. Similarly, in "Partial Recall," Specter utilizes
both Schiller's and Foa's research to display how removing painful feelings from a memory can help
the person cope with their traumatic experience; this benefits the person's life, and gives he/she the
capability to recall that event without the paralyzing fear the comes with it. Likewise, O'Brien shows
how rewriting the truth in his memories increases their effect, creating a more intense and emotional
memory. He structures his whole novel around telling rewritten memories that better represent the
emotions of the war. All three texts demonstrate how a rewritten memory creates an improved
recollection that holds a more significant

Emotions In The Movie Inside Out
1. Emotions– What is the purpose of each emotion?
Throughout the movie "Inside Out" there are five main emotions that play inside Riley's head which
are: Joy, Sadness, Anger, Disgust, and Fear. Each of the emotions plays an important part of coping
with life problems. For instance, Joy's purpose is to keep Riley happy; Sadness purpose is to make
Riley feel sad and cry if she needs to; Anger's purpose is that he cares very deeply about things
being fair; Disgust purpose is to keep Riley from being poisoned physically and/or socially; and
lastly, Fear's purpose is to keep Riley safe.
2. Memory– What are some of the aspects of memory that you observed?
While watching the movie I have observed that each memory orb has one color presented by the
five emotions (Joy, Sadness, Anger, Disgust, and Fear): Joy is yellow; Sadness is blue; Anger, red;
Disgust is green and Fear is purple. However, throughout the movie each memory was only one ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Emotions control almost everything. For instance, memory; according to how strong one's emotions
is it can decide how important the memory will be. Next, depending on the strength of the memory
it can develop into a core memory, which core memories help define one's personality. Furthermore,
dreams and imagination work well together. Our dreams act on our feelings that each memory have.
If we feel one way about a certain memory our dreams would change the memory into how we felt
that memory was like. So we use our imagination to change how the memory in our dream looks
like based off of the emotion that was present during that memory. Lastly, our thoughts play a huge
role in our mind. Our thoughts control the feeling or the emotion that we would feel at any given
moment. Every part of our mind cooperates with each other to get the best outcome possible. These
components working together are what make us unique and different from each

The Importance Of Memory In Blade Runner
Within Ridley Scott's 1982 'Blade Runner' memories serve as the "cushion" ('Blade Runner' 1982)
for replicant emotion; subsequently making them easier to control. By this, memory lays a
foundation, with past experiences creating a bridge to feel and identify as more human. Through
past and present circumstances, mood, and relationships, memory serves as a lever to react with a
"readiness to respond" (HM Works) within both the present and the future. Scott explores the
function of memory in order to illustrate the human psychology in a complex light, using scientific
references as to highlight key debates in what makes humans more empathetic and how they use
memory in order to be a more emotive species; thus, evaluating the superiority of mankind. Memory
in 'Blade Runner' is used in order to create a platform to mould replicants into society as more
functioning humans as to be a more exact replica, rather than to serve as the initial function of a
"slave" ('Blade Runner' 1982).
Quintessentially, the function of memory in the film noir serves as a basis for emotion for creators to
construct a more accurate replicant to suit the hominal society. This is demonstrated mainly through
the portrayal of Tyrell as a godlike creator; exhibiting the authority to create life. He tells Deckard
that he intends to "give the past", ordaining himself as a power in having the ability to gift the
replicants with more human potential. He also tells of how replicants are "emotionally

The Role Of Emotions Of Memory And Learning
Role of Emotions in Memory and Learning
Name
Institution
Course
Date
Introduction
Think back to one of your earliest memories, perhaps a memory of being frightened as a young
child, or being delighted by a new experience or sensation. Why is it that we remember certain
events in our life that are triggered by a deep or intense emotion, but we cannot remember what we
had for lunch last Tuesday? The way in which we relate to the world is so heavily influenced by our
memories, and in part by the emotions in which we felt when we experienced said event. If once as
a teen you were nearly hit by a car when crossing a road, you future interactions with road crossings
is probably going to be a slightly more heightened event than if you had never experienced such an
event.
The same phenomenon is evident in the way in which we learn also. If you had to write an English
paper as a teen about the turbulent love story of Romeo and Juliet whilst experiencing a breakup
with your high school sweetheart, the story will probably be attached in your memory forever, even
more so because the emotions expressed in the story are very similar to what you yourself are
experiencing. We have all had the experience of hearing a certain song or smelling a certain perfume
whilst we are experiencing an intense, mind–rattling emotion– hearing said song in the future could
be like reliving the entire event, physiologically and mentally.
So why is it that we can recall events or

Neuroscience In Entertainment Essay
Neuroscience in the News: Dreams and Emotional Memories
Psych 375 Fall 2017 L01
Samina Javeed
30020790
University of Calgary
The concept of memory and emotions are often looked at as two separate phenomena's. However, a
recent article in CBC News discusses the research published in Nature Neuroscience that addresses
how rats' sleep is affected by an unpleasant experience. What this displays, is a possible connection
and an enhanced understanding about the link between dreaming and our emotions. This plays a
crucial role in understanding the human brain. This research provides ground–breaking insight that
we never had before on emotional memory.
CBC article by Torah Kachur discusses the immediate question of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The statements made in the CBC news article and the research paper published in Nature
Neuroscience align in their overarching message. The differences arise in the speech that is used for
the specific audience. Another difference that is crucial to note is that the correlations in neuronal
activity between neurons of the hippocampus and amygdala were observed during NREM sleep,
which was not mentioned in the CBC News article. Furthermore, the research paper in Nature
Neuroscience focuses on the result that rats learn the daily location of an aversive air puff on a linear
tract; which was not mentioned in the CBC News article. Another interesting note is that whereas
Girardeau, Inema and Buzsaki (2017) describe their findings in light of reactivations of emotional
memory in the hippocampus and amyglada during sleep; Kachur (2017) interprets this as a concept
of dreams helping cement emotional memories. The research seems to propose a thought, or
possibility – but the article portrays these findings as having direct effect of dreams and current
emotion. As one implores the concept it becomes clear that this is just the beginning of immense
research that is yet to come.
These findings relate to the ongoing discussion of brain and behaviour as they unfold a new realm of
information and insight that was not apparent

Factors Influencing Flashbulb Memories
Factors Affecting Flashbulb Memories
Flashbulb memories are the recollections of one's personal experiences upon learning about an
important, emotionally arousing event. Originally pioneered by Brown and Kulik looking at the
reactions to the assassination of President Kennedy, they found that people's memories were
particularly vivid (1977). They hypothesised that as well as being extremely vivid, flashbulb
memories are also characterised by long lasting accuracy. However, research has shown variation in
the evidence supporting this notion, implying that there are a number of factors that influence the
accuracy of flashbulb memories. It had also been argued that flashbulb memories cannot be
characterised by accuracy at all, a debate that will also be considered. This essay will explore a
number of factors that have been suggested by literature and evaluate its validity.
Before reviewing the accuracy of flashbulb memory, it is important to consider that not all research
supports Brown and Kulik's description of flashbulb memories as highly accurate (1977). For
instance, Talarico and Rubin compared the consistency of September 11 terrorist attacks' flashbulb
memories with everyday memories and found no difference – with equal amounts decay in both
cases (2003). However, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Namely, Tinti, Schmidt, Sotgiu, Testa and Curci (2009) found that in flashbulb memories concerning
the death of Pope John Paul II, consequentiality and religious involvement in the event were the
greatest predictors of consistency and vividness of the memory. Thus, Polish citizens had the highest
flashbulb memory accuracy because of Pope John Paul II's impact on Polish politics and the
Catholic majority population. A similar study of the same event by Lanciano, Curci and Soleti
(2013) found similar results, showing that Catholics had the highest flashbulb memory consistency
of the Pope's death, because it had the greatest consequence on their

Long-term Recall of Traumatic Experiences Essays
On the morning of September 11, 2001, exactly at 9:22 a.m., I woke up to start my day and turned
my television on. Instantly, Fox News had reported that a commercial plane had smashed into the
Twin Towers of New York City, just minutes earlier. While the story was certainly shocking, I
wanted to know more and watched the horrific aftermath unfold, as it continued to happen. I
remember an incredible feeling of sadness that I could do nothing to help the people in these
buildings, as well as a great concern that more attempts could be made to create further tragedy
elsewhere.
As time went on that morning, sketchy pieces of information about rescue plans and other efforts
came to light; screen shots of the downtown devastation permeated ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As mentioned earlier, for example, the images of the second plane flying into the building will
surely stay with me; however, smaller details of the incident, which have become generalized over
the years, are not nearly as clear or in order like they were on the day they happened. This is not at
all surprising, since according to Perina (2002), flashbulb memories "do, in fact, degrade over a
short period of time" (para. 1). The extent to which these events fade or change in our thoughts can
vary in degree, and is generally believed to be directly proportionate to a person's level of
involvement in the events that occurred.
How accurate is this memory now? Although, according to my recollections, much of that morning
seems to be more precisely recorded and recalled than other events I have experienced, further
indications are that this may not be so, for "research shows that... supposed flashbulb memories are
not necessarily any more accurate than other memories" (ScienCentral, 2007, para. 6). To easily
illustrate these findings, minor details, which were a part of my memory during or shortly after the
attacks, have since been forgotten. Examples of such information are: names of rescuers and firemen
mentioned during broadcasts, flight numbers of the planes used in the tragedy, and the identities of
the passengers aboard each plane. On the other hand, disasters do seem to affect a person's ability to
remember a number of significant details, which under

Emotion, Memory, And Decision Making
Emotional arousal appears to have a huge effect on processing, memory, and decision making. For
memories specifically, we tend to rehearse and review episodes of intense emotions frequently,
allowing them to be stronger and more relevant memories (Gluck, 2014). Flashbulb memories
suggest that emotion can greatly increase memory coding, though is still subject to misattribution
errors. Still, evidence suggests that emotion can boost memory encoding (Webbe slides). When
creating emotional experiences in a story against a non–emotional story, explicit memory was
strengthened by emotion (Webbe slides). These factors influence the way memory of stored, but an
effect known as mood congruency of memory effect how memory is retrieved. This effect states that
it is easier to retrieve memories based on our current mood. In this way, people who are depressed
and asked to recall memories will recall sad ones, and people asked to recall episodic memories
from neutral nouns would recall memories that match their current mood states (Webbe slides). Life
stressors can impact the development or retrieval of memory, resulting in distorted or false
memories. This could result from psychological stress or trauma, resulting in functional amnesia.
Additionally, guided imagery or hypnosis recovered memories can be distorted, resulting in false
memories and can make it difficult to distinguish false memories from recovered ones. Emotional
memory is processed by the amygdale, and damage to the

Cognitive Theory Of Flashbulb Memory
Cognitive level of analysis aimed to study how cognitive process guide behaviour, as such, emotion
has been concerned with its cognitive influence with this level of analysis. The theory of Flashbulb
Memory is one theory of how emotion may have impact on cognitive process of memory.
The theory of flashbulb memory was suggested by Brown and Kulik. Flashbulb memory is a special
kind of emotional memory, which refers to vivid and detailed memories of highly emotional events
that paper in the brain as though with the help of a camera's flash. Flashbulb memory can be defined
as a highly accurate and exceptionally vivid memory of a moment. The theory of flashbulb memory
therefore distinguished flashbulb memories from the normal memories, as the flashbulb memories
are more vivid, detailed, accurate, long–lasting and easily to remember, whereas the normal
memories are believed to be mostly unreliable and easily distorted. Brown and Kulik also suggested
that, there may be a special neural mechanism in the brain which triggers an emotional arousal
because that event is unexpected or extremely important.
This essay is aiming to evaluate the theory of flashbulb memory by using studies that support this
theory and studies that oppose this theory so that the validity of the theory can be revealed.
The flashbulb memory was firstly demonstrated in Brown and Kulik's study in 1977. Their study has
been a supporting evidence for the theory of flashbulb memory.
The aim of their study was to investigate flashbulb memory. Eighty Americans were interviewed,
forty of them were African Americans and the other forty of them were Caucasian American. They
had to answer ten questions about ten events and nine of the events were mostly on assassination of
well–known Americans, the last one question was self–selected of personal events that included
self–shock). Then they were asked how much they have rehearsed the events overtly and covertly.
Overt rehearse means discussing the event with others, covert rehearse means private rehearsal. The
result showed that J. F. Kennedy's assassination in 1963 was remembered most vividly among the
participants. It also showed that African Americans has more flashbulb memories of civil right

Study Analysis: 'Memory Associations Between Negative...
Accelerated Learning "Memory associations between negative emotions and alcohol on the lexical
decision task predict alcohol use in women" (Campos–Melady, 2012) is a report of new research
that studies the relationship of negative reinforcement and alcohol use in women. This study used
the Lexical Decision Task (LDT) to examine the relationship with 78 female participants using
alcohol and emotion words in a questionnaire. The introduction and abstracts examine previous
research, their methods, and other research literature, as well as their results relating to the negative
emotional associations and alcohol consumption. This was a quantitative study, questionnaire based,
using a sample population of 78 female participants over the age of 18, all native English speakers,
with no history of dyslexia. The sample was ethnically diverse with a mean age of 19.4 years and no
demographic variables found of any significant correlation with drinking outcomes. The measures
that were used were the demographic questionnaire, The Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM–
IV (used for diagnosing disorders), The Alcohol Expectancies Questionnaire–Revised, Inventory of
Drinking Situations, and a Timeline Follow Back (calendar of number and types of drinks consumed
each day). The primary focus of the study was to examine whether the lexical decision task could
predict reported drinking behavior after two months. The major findings were that it is possible that
the women did drink for

Personal Narrative Memories : A Phenomenon That Occur...
Flashbulb memories are a phenomenon that occur directly from the discovery of a shocking event.
People who witness tend to report that they remember very clear details about the situation
surrounding the event such as, the place they were at the time and what they where doing.
Some experiences are unique and distinctive such as 9/11 and this kind of an event has been
considered to be a main contributor to the accuracy of flashbulb memories (Brewer, 1988). The
study states that people who where close to the building on 9/11 had more vivid memories than
those who where in different parts of the city that day showing that there is a sense of personal
involvement that may be important in engaging the amygdala when recalling the 9/11 event. Results
have been found in studies regarding distinctiveness and flashbulb memories specifically for
terrorist attacks showing high correlation between personal importance, novelty and emotionally. If
a person had an experience during A significant event then their memory accuracy recall will
increase (Edery–Halpern & Nachson, 2004).
A study conducted by Sharot.et.al (2006) on the 9/11 terrorist attacks linked that proximity played a
fundamental part on how accurate the recollection a flashbulb memory is. the study took place three
years after the event and participants where asked to recall memories from that day on 9/11. They
recalled that some were in down town Manhattan close to the world trade centre while others where
a few miles away.

Relationship Between Emotions And Memory
For many years, there have been researches done on the relationship between emotions and memory.
The relationship between emotions and memory are proportional. The stronger the emotions
aroused, the greater the effect on memory. Pleasant emotions are remembered better than unpleasant
ones. The most common positive emotion that people express is happiness, and the most common
expressed negative emotions are anger and sadness. Researchers predict positive memories to
contain more peripheral details because of the individual being happy. Many studies have concluded
that positive emotions result from positive memories and vice versa. Therefore, the positive
emotions will recall information differently from the negative emotions.
In "Beyond General Arousal: Effects of Specific Emotions on Memory" (1997), Linda J. Levine and
Stewart L. Burgess declare that the different types of emotions have different effects on recalling
information. Levine and Burgess conducted a study of male and female students listening to a
narrative and asked the students to write down as much as they can remember. Before the students
listened to the narrative, they received their grades on the surprise quiz which was given a few days
ago and two–thirds of the students received "D's". Levine and Burgess held this study in order to
evoke anger and sadness from the students for a better analysis on the effects of memory. This
strategy is meant to change the students' emotions if they were in a positive

The Movie I Watched For My Paper
The movie I watched for my paper is called Inside Out. This movie presents the development of an
11–year–old girl named Riley and about how her memories were being formed prior to a life
change. Riley lived in Minnesota and loved playing on her hockey team with her best friends, and
she was growing up in what she saw as a perfect life. Little did she know that her life would be
turned upside down when Riley was forced to drop everything she loved in Minnesota and move to
San Francisco with her family. Although Riley isn't the main character of the movie, Pixar does a
good job of portraying the things that make Riley who she is; and that is her emotions. Happiness,
Sadness, Fear, Anger, and Disgust work together to help Riley act as ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The adaptive responses that our body experiences in certain situations that get us through them are
emotions. Emotions are made through a combination of bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, and
conscious experience. The ways that our heart pounds when nervous or scared, how we start to
quicken our pace when anxious, and our thinking process of getting out of issues are the parts of
emotions, and those rule our daily lives. Humans make decisions based on whether we are happy,
sad, angry, scared, or disgusted. Those feelings we have towards a certain situation can impact how
we think about the same or similar situation in the future based on what type of emotions that a
distinct activity might incite. A debate for emotion is whether or not the bodily arousal, behaviors, or
conscious experiences cause the emotional behaviors or if it's vice versa. Schachter and Singer
believed that "an emotional experience requires a conscious interpretation of arousal: Our physical
reactions and thoughts together create emotion." (p. 461). This is called the Two–Factor Theory and
it explains how physical arousal and cognitive appraisal weave together to create our emotions and
how we act upon them. This means that when humans are presented with any type of situation, our
body will react in a way that will trigger a memory of an identical situation or one similar to predict
an interpretation, and those two combine to create our emotion regarding that affair. This is

How Does Emotion Help Us Remember?
Introduction
Memories define who we truly are, as well as how we transition through life. Memory is a multi
stage process, as many factors contribute to the encoding and retrieving process in all human beings.
Numerous studies have been conducted, as psychologists strive to answer the question of exactly
what factors contribute to human memory. A very controversial topic within the study of memory is
the role of emotion in memory. This brings us to the question, does emotion help us remember? Due
to the many studies conducted throughout the years, it does seem clear that individuals remember
more emotionally charged events better than non emotional ones. The relationship between memory
and emotion, is one that psychologists have not yet ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Majority of studies have focused mainly on arousal, as this dimension of emotion is seen as the
essential element in order to captivate the amygdala. This can be displayed by a study conducted by
Schimmack in 2005. This study "compared negative bias, evolutionary threat and arousal as factors
in attentional interference and came to the finding that the most important factor tends to be how
arousing the stimuli are, rather than their valance" (Schimmack, 2005). This is due to Schimmack's
finding that it was the highly arousing stimuli that created the most interference.
"Recent neuroimaging and lesion evidence has suggested that arousal may be the key factor, as the
amygdala may respond to any arousing stimulus regardless of valance" (Adolphs, Russell, & Tranel,
1999). Research dedicated to emotional valance and its affect on memory disagree, as studies show
that emotional valance alone, can enhance memory without the need of emotional arousal. Garavan,
Pendergrass, Ross, Stein, & Risinger (2001), found that "when processing emotional pictures,
arousal modulated amygdala increases for negative stimuli, whereas the amygdala response
remained rather high for positive stimuli". Also, Bernsten, Bechara, Damasil, Tranel, & Cacioppo
(2007), found that individuals with lesions within their amygdala, did not display usual behavioural
incline in arousal ratings to negative pictures, while the incline in ratings for

Flashbulb Memory Research Paper
A flashbulb memory is an exceptionally clear reflection of an important event (openstax 8.2). In
most instances, people can recall the weather, what they were wearing, dialogue, etc.
A personal flashbulb memory I have is the day my grandpa died. That day ––July 10, 2012–– I
visited my grandparent's house. It was just a quick visit to drop off some dishes because we were
headed to vacation bible school. Every time I leave my grandparent's house, I give both of them a
hug, but I was in such a rush that I did not that day. Immediately after VBS, we got the call that my
grandpa was in the hospital. He had died of a heart attack. It was completely unexpected. We drove
straight to the hospital. When we arrived, my grandma, aunts, uncles, and cousins

Emotion and Procedural Memory
Do you remember how you learned how to ride a bike, read a book, or read a book? These and many
more activities you are allowed to do are all cause of procedural memory. Procedural memory are
the motor skills that you have developed from repeated times. These things, such as walking,
talking, eating, start when you are born. You do these motor skills and actions so much that they
become more of a habit and you do not notice that you are actually do them. People do not stop and
say to their selves "Remember to breath, in, then out" or "to walk, you put your right foot out first,
then your left". That would make life a little more difficult than it already is. Humans and animals
can learn with feedback. For example, when we start driving, we will learn the amount of pressure
we have to put on the peddle for the car not to go to fast or too slow. "Perceptual learning training
with feedback is not formally different from that experienced by a rat required to choose between a
triangle and circle, say, when one of these is followed by a given outcome (e.g., access to food) and
one is not. Contemporary associative theories of animal discrimination learning (e.g., that proposed
by Rescorla & Wagner, 1972) provide an explanation of such learning" (Mitchell & Hall, 2014).
Another habit we have as humans are is superstitious learning. Superstitious learning is "actions
performed even when there is no causal relationship between the action and its consequences"
(Eichenbaum, 2008). For

Eyewitness Testimony: Guilty Or Innocent
Having witnesses to resolve an issue is extremely beneficial, especially in court where evidence is
needed to prove whether the defendant is guilty or innocent. However, it is unfortunately not always
one hundred percent accurate due to the imperfection and complexity of human memory. This
dilemma occurred with two men, Ronald Cotton and Dwayne Allen Dail, whom were both falsely
convicted of a crime and sentenced to prison. These two men had to give up their freedom to spend
years imprisoned because of a crime they didn't commit and unreliable eyewitness testimony. While
eyewitness testimony can be very valuable in crime solving, it can also wrongly strip away the
freedom of innocent people.
Ronald Cotton was falsely accused of raping 22–year–old college student Jennifer Thompson in
1984, and had to spend eleven years in prison after the final court decision made in 1985 in the state
of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the article "Expert testimony: Does eyewitness memory research have probative value
for the courts?", "...eyewitness identifications are the single most common cause of wrongful
convictions" even though compared to actual confessions, "eyewitness testimony has been described
as the most incriminating evidence that can be introduced against the accused" (Yarmey, 2001).
While even though eyewitness testimony can lead to false accusations, it is still considered to be a
necessary source of evidence in a crime case. A statistic provided by Christine Mumma, Dwayne
Allen Dail's lawyer, supports the liability of eyewitness testimony, stating that "Misidentification is
the leading factor in wrongful conviction across the country...it's present in 75 percent of wrongful
convictions" (Mumma, 2009). Inaccurate eyewitness testimonies are not just simple memory slips of
the brain, as they can unfairly affect the lives of innocent

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