Insects play important roles in ecosystems through pollination, decomposition, and as a food source. They can be beneficial or harmful depending on the situation. Insects are classified scientifically with a two-part Latin name at the genus and species levels. Their bodies have three main regions - head, thorax, and abdomen - and they undergo different life cycles ranging from incomplete to complete metamorphosis. Internally, insects have organ systems adapted for digestion, circulation, nerves, and respiration via tracheae, though these differ significantly from human and other mammal systems.

1. Insects
Inside and Out

2. Wheel Bug
More than 100,000 species of insects are found almost
everywhere in North America, but very few are harmful.
Insects are important to the food chain, pollination, honey, wax,
shellac, silk, food, scavenging, and decomposing.

3. Lady beetle adult and larva -
good or bad?
Let's examine which insects are "good" and which ones are
"bad". Are lady beetles good or bad? Well, they are good when
they eat aphids, but bad when hundreds collect inside your
house.

4. Honey bees - good or bad?
Jim Kalish Dept. of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Are honey bees good or bad? They are good when
they pollinate and produce honey, but bad when they sting.

5. Termites - good or bad?
© 1998-2003 Troy Bartlett
They are bad when they eat the wood in your house, but
good when they break down dead and fallen trees.

6. • Kingdom In school we learned that
animals are divided into
• Phylum smaller and smaller
groups. Let's look where
• Class insects fit in the animal
kingdom. From top to
• Order bottom, each category has
fewer species, and the
• Family groups of animals within
each category are
• Genus increasingly similar.
• species

7. Using the house fly as
an example. Notice the
• Kingdom- animal genus and species is
the official scientific
• Phylum - arthropod name of the animal.
This name is valid in
• Class - insect any country of the
world and is an
• Order - diptera important way to
avoid confusion. This
two-word Latin
• Family - muscidae naming system was
developed in 1758 and
• Genus - Musca has hardly changed
since then. There are
• species - domestica some important things
to know about it.

8. House Fly
Musca = fly
domestica = home
Scientific names are always two words. The first part of the name
(Genus) is always capitalized. This lets us know that it is the genus.
The second name is always in lower case and is usually descriptive of
the insect in some manner. Because these words are in Latin, they are
always italicized (or underlined which substitutes for italics).

9. Interesting Scientific Names
Eubetia bigaulae Brown (tortricid moth)

10. Interesting Scientific Names
Eubetia bigaulae Brown (tortricid moth)
Heerz lukenatcha Marsh (braconid wasp)

11. Interesting Scientific Names
Eubetia bigaulae Brown (tortricid moth)
Heerz lukenatcha Marsh (braconid wasp)
Pieza rhea Evenhuis (mythicomyiid fly)

12. Interesting Scientific Names
Eubetia bigaulae Brown (tortricid moth)
Heerz lukenatcha Marsh (braconid wasp)
Pieza rhea Evenhuis (mythicomyiid fly)
Verae peculya Marsh (braconid wasp)

13. Insects also have common names.
One problem with common names is that there may be more
than one common name for the same insect. Common
names often differ between geographical regions. Do you
know what a skeeter hawk is? Or a cow killer? Did you
know a velvet ant really is not an ant, but a wingless
wasp? ...and locusts are really a type of grasshopper - not a
cicada.

14. Skeeter Hawk Cow Killer Velvet ant
Cicada Locust Locust

15. Important rules govern the use of common names. If the insect truly
belongs to the group that the name denotes, then the common name should
be two words. For example, a honey bee is a true member of the bees, so
honey bee (or bumble bee) is always spelled as two words despite what
your common dictionary may print.
honey bee bumble bee
honeybee

16. Which of the following should be
two words?
• butterfly • whitefly
• dragonfly • damselfly
• horsefly • fruitfly
• housefly • mayfly

17. Only these insects are true flies
• butterfly • whitefly
• dragonfly • damselfly
• horse fly • fruit fly
• house fly • mayfly

18. External
Anatomy
Adult insects are known for having three major body regions,
six legs, one pair of antennae and usually two pair of wings as
adults.
head thorax abdomen

19. Adult insects develop as a composite of fused segments
with specific body part associations.
from the 1995 Physiology or Medicine Nobel Poster

20. antennae
compound
eyes
The first body
region is the head.
HEAD
head
Insect heads can be
highly variable, but
most possess eyes,
antennae and
mouthparts. mouthparts

21. Antennae
beetle
butterfly
fly
ant
termite
June beetle
Antennae are used by insects as major sensory
devices, especially for smell, and can be adaptive for the
insect in many ways.

22. Two Examples of Mouthparts
chewing piercing/sucking
Insect mouthparts are also highly modified for the
insect. Chewing, biting, or sucking, are a few examples.
Mouthparts of an immature insect may differ from those of
the same insect in its adult stage.

23. Picture of bodyparts
The middle body region is
called the thorax and is
composed of three fused Thorax
segments. All legs and
wings are located on the
thorax.

24. digging swimming
suction grasping
Like the mouthparts and
Legs antennae, insect legs are quite
variable in form and function
and reflect the insect's lifestyle.

25. The last body region is
called the abdomen. It is
composed of many segments
connected by flexible
Abdomen
sections allowing it great
movement.

26. Insects possess an exterior covering called the
exoskeleton. They do not have internal bones. This
segmented "shell" is what gives insects shape and can
be very hard in some insects. It is often covered with a
waxy layer and may have "hairs" called setae.

27. seta ( hair)
hair
waxy layer
cuticle
Exoskeleton x-sec

28. Internal
Anatomy
Inside the insect we find the systems for respiration,
circulation, nerves, and digestion, but there is little
resemblance to the same systems found in man or other
mammals.

29. Digestive System
foregut hindgut
Digestive sys
midgut
The digestive system is a tube that opens at the mouth and empties at
the tail end of the insect. It is divided into three parts called the
foregut, midgut, and hind gut. In some insects such as the honey bee,
the foregut acts as a crop to carry or hold liquids which can be
regurgitated later.

30. Circulatory System
“ heart ” aortic pumps
Circ system
The circulatory system is not composed of a central heart, veins and
arteries which circulate blood cells and transport oxygen. The insect
circulatory system is a simple tube down the back which is open at both
ends and slowly pulses body fluids and nutrients from the rear of the
insect to the head.

31. Insects have a less centralized nervous system than humans. The nerve
chord runs along the ventral or bottom aspect of an insect. The brain is
divided into two main parts. The largest lobes control important areas
such as the eyes, antennae, and mouthparts. Other major concentrations
of nerve bundles called ganglia occur along the nerve chord and usually
control those body functions closest to it.
two lobed brain
Nervous system
nerve bundles (ganglia)
Nervous System

32. The respiratory system is composed of air sacs and tubes
called tracheae. Air enters the tubes through a series of
openings called spiracles found along the sides of the body.
The largest spiracles are usually found on the thorax where
greater musculature from wings and legs require more
oxygen. There are no spiracles on the head.

33. spiracles tracheal
tubes
Respiratory
System

34. Life
Cycles
The many diverse orders of insects have four different types of life cycles.
These life cycles are called "metamorphosis" because of the changes of
shape that the insects undergo during development.

35. Without Metamorphosis
egg nymphs adult
Without meta
The first type is "without" metamorphosis which the
wingless primitive orders such as silverfish (Thysanura)
and springtails (Collembola) possess. The young resemble
adults except for size.

36. Incomplete Metamorphosis
egg naiads adult
Incomplete meta
The second type is "incomplete" metamorphosis
which is found among the aquatic insect orders such as
mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and dragonflies (Odonata).

37. Gradual Metamorphosis
The third type is "gradual" metamorphosis seen in such orders as the
grasshoppers (Orthoptera), termites (Isoptera), thrips (Thysanoptera),
and true bugs (Hemiptera). This life cycle starts as an egg, but each
growth, or nymphal stage looks similar, except it lacks wings and the
reproductive capacity that the adult possesses.
Gradual meta
egg nymphs adult

38. Complete Metamorphosis
The fourth type is "complete" metamorphosis found in butterflies
(Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), flies (Diptera), and bees, wasps, and
ants (Hymenoptera). This life cycle has the four stages of egg, larva,
pupa, and adult. Each stage is quite distinct.
egg larvae pupa adult

39. It should be noted that because insects are hard-bodied,
they cannot grow larger gradually. Instead they grow
larger in steps by shedding the hard exoskeleton for a
brief period of expansion. The brief periods between or
within stages are called molts. Insects are soft-bodied
and vulnerable during this time.
recently molted roach

40. Today we've discussed what makes an animal an
insect and the main characteristics of an insect.
Hopefully you will have a better understanding
of how insects fit into our environment and whyClark
Jack Kelly
they do some of the things they do.

41. Prepared by
Stephen B. Bambara
Extension Entomologist
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
Copyright 2001