Crime prevention initiatives in Lagos, Nigeria include communication and emergency response programs, community dialogue, urban renewal, job creation, and transportation system improvements. Official statistics show declines in homicide and robbery rates from 2007 to 2009. However, adversarial relationships between police and doctors have contributed to delays in emergency treatment for gun violence victims. Draconian anti-gun laws may also be counterproductive by not differentiating between armed robbery and actual use of lethal force, potentially increasing the use of guns in robberies. Reforms are needed to balance effective crime reduction with civil rights.
This document discusses the differences between male and female serial killers. It defines a serial killer and provides typical profiles for male and female serial killers. Male serial killers tend to be younger, use more violent methods like stabbing or shooting, and are often sexually motivated. Female serial killers prefer discrete methods like poisoning and tend to be motivated by money. The document also includes charts showing gender differences in methods and motives over time, with females becoming more discrete killers and increasingly motivated by finances.
This document analyzes group buying data from 2010 to early 2011 in China. It finds that the majority (94%) of items purchased were 0 RMB items, and the majority (71%) of buyers made 0 RMB purchases. It also contains charts analyzing trends in purchases and users over time for major group buying platforms like QQ, Meituan, Nuomi, Dianping and Manzuo.
This document analyzes crime trends in Western Europe using data from police statistics, victimization surveys, and conviction statistics from 1990-2007. It finds that while there is no general crime drop, some types of non-lethal violence like assault have increased. The increases may be due to higher reporting rates of offenses or a real rise in non-lethal violence. Homicide rates in most countries have remained stable or decreased, while assault rates have risen. The role of femicides, firearms, and routine activities in influencing these trends is discussed.
This document contains charts showing the top distributors in different spending categories for various product types based on a 2012 study. For distributors spending under $100,000, connectors and interconnects had the highest percentage for most distributors. Semiconductors saw the highest percentages for most distributors spending $100,000-$999,999. For distributors spending over $1 million, semiconductors and passives had the highest percentages for many distributors. A second document shows the sales growth of a company from 2003-2011, with sales peaking at $523 million in 2011.
M2 roadshow europe aloistair hill on device researchmobilesquared Ltd
Mobile internet penetration in Russia is almost equal to desktop internet penetration, with 27% of Russians using mobile internet. Of mobile internet users, 20% either never or infrequently use desktop internet, showing young Russians' preference for mobile. Search is the top activity on mobile internet, followed by communication apps and maps. Nokia is the leading mobile device brand for internet use. There is significant opportunity for mobile commerce in Russia as over 40% of mobile internet users lack bank accounts but 81% express willingness to make purchases via mobile.
This document discusses the differences between male and female serial killers. It defines a serial killer and provides typical profiles for male and female serial killers. Male serial killers tend to be younger, use more violent methods like stabbing or shooting, and are often sexually motivated. Female serial killers prefer discrete methods like poisoning and tend to be motivated by money. The document also includes charts showing gender differences in methods and motives over time, with females becoming more discrete killers and increasingly motivated by finances.
This document analyzes group buying data from 2010 to early 2011 in China. It finds that the majority (94%) of items purchased were 0 RMB items, and the majority (71%) of buyers made 0 RMB purchases. It also contains charts analyzing trends in purchases and users over time for major group buying platforms like QQ, Meituan, Nuomi, Dianping and Manzuo.
This document analyzes crime trends in Western Europe using data from police statistics, victimization surveys, and conviction statistics from 1990-2007. It finds that while there is no general crime drop, some types of non-lethal violence like assault have increased. The increases may be due to higher reporting rates of offenses or a real rise in non-lethal violence. Homicide rates in most countries have remained stable or decreased, while assault rates have risen. The role of femicides, firearms, and routine activities in influencing these trends is discussed.
This document contains charts showing the top distributors in different spending categories for various product types based on a 2012 study. For distributors spending under $100,000, connectors and interconnects had the highest percentage for most distributors. Semiconductors saw the highest percentages for most distributors spending $100,000-$999,999. For distributors spending over $1 million, semiconductors and passives had the highest percentages for many distributors. A second document shows the sales growth of a company from 2003-2011, with sales peaking at $523 million in 2011.
M2 roadshow europe aloistair hill on device researchmobilesquared Ltd
Mobile internet penetration in Russia is almost equal to desktop internet penetration, with 27% of Russians using mobile internet. Of mobile internet users, 20% either never or infrequently use desktop internet, showing young Russians' preference for mobile. Search is the top activity on mobile internet, followed by communication apps and maps. Nokia is the leading mobile device brand for internet use. There is significant opportunity for mobile commerce in Russia as over 40% of mobile internet users lack bank accounts but 81% express willingness to make purchases via mobile.
City of Austin - Volunteerism Benchmarking StudyDavid J. Neff
I'm serving on the City of Austin Volunteerism Strategy committee. This enviromental benchmarking study was one of the first project we reviewed to help shape the future landscape of volunteering in Austin, TX.
Hn & Hcm Market Presentation Q4 2009 Final Ensavillsvietnam
The Ha Noi office market saw a significant increase in activity in Q4 2009. Grade A office space rents are about double those of Grade C space. Occupancy rates remain high across all grades, though Grade A space commands the highest rents at around $40-50 per square meter per month. Overall supply consists of 83 buildings, with 14 considered Grade A and the rest Grade B or C. New supply entering the market includes the Capital Tower and CEO Tower projects.
China's e-commerce sector has grown rapidly, with 513 million internet users and 194 million online shoppers in 2011. The numbers continue rising. B2C e-commerce represents the future direction, as the B2C market grows each year while the C2C market shrinks. Milioone is an Italian company that provides e-business services to help European companies enter the large Chinese e-commerce market and help Chinese companies enter the European market. It has partnerships to handle various aspects of e-commerce including web development, marketing, and payments. Working with Milioone's experts and local presence in Shanghai can help clients succeed in China.
This document contains statistics about ICT (information and communications technology) adoption in Armenia from 2002 to 2011. It shows that the percentage of Armenian internet users increased from 19% in 2009 to 37% in 2011. Mobile phone adoption increased dramatically over this period as well, reaching 125% in 2011. Home computer ownership rose from 3% in 2002 to 39.5% in 2011, while home internet adoption increased from 4% to 35% over the same period. The top reasons cited for not going online included lack of a computer, lack of interest, and not needing to use the internet.
The document discusses changes in humanitarian action over the last 10 years and trends to expect in the next 10 years. It notes that humanitarian assistance funding has increased while attacks on aid workers have also risen. Three major trends are identified: (1) humanitarian assistance is increasing but trust in humanitarianism is decreasing; (2) respect for universal principles is declining while nationalism and sovereignty are rising; (3) conflict-related crises are declining relatively while natural disasters are increasing. The importance of humanitarian principles is emphasized amid these challenges facing humanitarian action.
The document lists grocery items and their prices from different retailers. It shows that Metro has the highest percentage of total sales value (SoV M2) at 45.2%, followed by Tempo at 13.7%. An analysis of sales values across different retailers is also provided.
The document provides an overview of viewership for morning shows across various channels from January 2010 to March 2011. Some key findings include:
1) The morning time slot (9:00-12:00) had significantly higher viewership than other time bands and remained in the third or fourth position each quarter.
2) Geo Entertainment gained the highest average viewership for morning shows, followed by ARY Digital and TV One in 2011.
3) Special theme weeks, like wedding celebrations, saw a significant jump in viewership for channels compared to regular weeks.
Librarians at three different types of academic libraries will provide perspectives on their patron-driven ebook acquisitions programs. The shared collection development of ebooks at the CTW Consortium (Connecticut College, Trinity College, Wesleyan University) will be discussed as well. In their remarks, panelists will discuss the virtues and shortcomings of patron-driven selection, the vendors/systems offering this acquisitions option, and key issues surrounding ebook acquisitions generally.
The survey was conducted from March 18th to March 24th, 2011 with 872 respondents from iPhone and Android users. It found that the majority of users for both iPhone (68.9%) and Android (69.5%) were male aged in their 20s and 30s. Most users had full-time employment (iPhone 70.1%, Android 70.7%) and lived with their families (iPhone 43.9%, Android 40.1%). Annual personal income was mostly reported as under 10 million yen for both (iPhone 49.7%, Android 55.3%). The most used tools were found to be news (iPhone 93.5%, Android 92.9%).
This document discusses ICT development in Laos. It provides background on Laos' population, GDP, and telecommunication infrastructure. The National Authority of Posts and Telecommunications is responsible for ICT policy and regulation. ICT contributes significantly to GDP growth and is seen as important for achieving development goals. However, Laos still lags behind in telecommunication access compared to other countries.
Gerard Wandera, Deputy Director, Kenya School of Government (KSG)Geneva Declaration
"Policing Contemporary Kenya- KPR and Private Security"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Nairobi, Kenya | 26-27 November 2014
http://www.genevadeclaration.org/2014rrc/rrckenya/programme.html
While the Asia-Pacific region is home to over half the world's population, it accounts for less than a quarter of global lethal violence. Nine out of ten countries in the region have low violence rates, except for Southern Asia which exceeds the global average. Approximately one-third of all conflict deaths worldwide occur in the Asia-Pacific, driven largely by Afghanistan, India, Pakistan and Myanmar. Firearm violence and deaths from unplanned munitions explosions are also relatively high in parts of the region.
Introduction to the Global Alliance on Armed Violence (GAAV)
Information meeting on the 2014 Regional Review Conferences on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Geneva, 19 February 2014
Jasmin Nario-Galace, Center for Peace Education-Miriam College | PhilippinesGeneva Declaration
Session on "The Role of National Action Plans on Women, Peace and Security in Preventing and Reducing Armed Violence"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Manila, Philippines | 8-9 October 2014
http://www.genevadeclaration.org/en/2014rrc/rrcphilippines/programme.html
James Ngului, Deputy Director, Kenya National Focal Point on Small Arms and L...Geneva Declaration
This presentation addresses the challenges of armed violence in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Kenya, which has faced security issues due to the proliferation of illicit small arms and light weapons. Kenya has implemented initiatives to address both the supply and demand of these weapons, including arms collection, destruction, record keeping, and legal/policy reforms. However, external factors like weapons trafficking from conflict areas, terrorism, and regional instability still pose challenges. A comprehensive, integrated approach is needed that combines security and development efforts to address the root causes of armed violence in a sustainable manner.
Karen Tañada, Gaston Z. Ortigas Peace Institute | PhilippinesGeneva Declaration
"Ideas and Lessons on Women and Peace Processes based on experiences in the Philippines"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Manila, Philippines | 8-9 October 2014
http://www.genevadeclaration.org/en/2014rrc/rrcphilippines/programme.html
Philip Alpers, GunPolicy.org & Sydney School of Public Health | AustraliaGeneva Declaration
"Is a Polite Society a Less Armed Society? – The Pacific Experiment"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Manila, Philippines | 8-9 October 2014
Kapil Kafle, Institute of Human Rights Communication Nepal (IHIRCON) | Nepal Geneva Declaration
Session on "The role of media in armed violence reduction and prevention (AVRP) and development"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Manila, Philippines | 8-9 October 2014
Philip Alpers, GunPolicy.org & Sydney School of Public Health | AustraliaGeneva Declaration
"Misuse of Small Arms in Asia and the Pacific"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Manila, Philippines | 8-9 October 2014
Nicola Williams, Global Alliance on Armed Violence (GAAV)Geneva Declaration
"The Role of National Action Plans on Women, Peace and Security in Preventing and Reducing Armed Violence"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Manila, Philippines | 8-9 October 2014
Frank Boateng Asomani, National Commission on Small Arms & Light Weapons | ...Geneva Declaration
Session on "Controlling the tools of violence"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Nairobi, Kenya | 26-27 November 2014
City of Austin - Volunteerism Benchmarking StudyDavid J. Neff
I'm serving on the City of Austin Volunteerism Strategy committee. This enviromental benchmarking study was one of the first project we reviewed to help shape the future landscape of volunteering in Austin, TX.
Hn & Hcm Market Presentation Q4 2009 Final Ensavillsvietnam
The Ha Noi office market saw a significant increase in activity in Q4 2009. Grade A office space rents are about double those of Grade C space. Occupancy rates remain high across all grades, though Grade A space commands the highest rents at around $40-50 per square meter per month. Overall supply consists of 83 buildings, with 14 considered Grade A and the rest Grade B or C. New supply entering the market includes the Capital Tower and CEO Tower projects.
China's e-commerce sector has grown rapidly, with 513 million internet users and 194 million online shoppers in 2011. The numbers continue rising. B2C e-commerce represents the future direction, as the B2C market grows each year while the C2C market shrinks. Milioone is an Italian company that provides e-business services to help European companies enter the large Chinese e-commerce market and help Chinese companies enter the European market. It has partnerships to handle various aspects of e-commerce including web development, marketing, and payments. Working with Milioone's experts and local presence in Shanghai can help clients succeed in China.
This document contains statistics about ICT (information and communications technology) adoption in Armenia from 2002 to 2011. It shows that the percentage of Armenian internet users increased from 19% in 2009 to 37% in 2011. Mobile phone adoption increased dramatically over this period as well, reaching 125% in 2011. Home computer ownership rose from 3% in 2002 to 39.5% in 2011, while home internet adoption increased from 4% to 35% over the same period. The top reasons cited for not going online included lack of a computer, lack of interest, and not needing to use the internet.
The document discusses changes in humanitarian action over the last 10 years and trends to expect in the next 10 years. It notes that humanitarian assistance funding has increased while attacks on aid workers have also risen. Three major trends are identified: (1) humanitarian assistance is increasing but trust in humanitarianism is decreasing; (2) respect for universal principles is declining while nationalism and sovereignty are rising; (3) conflict-related crises are declining relatively while natural disasters are increasing. The importance of humanitarian principles is emphasized amid these challenges facing humanitarian action.
The document lists grocery items and their prices from different retailers. It shows that Metro has the highest percentage of total sales value (SoV M2) at 45.2%, followed by Tempo at 13.7%. An analysis of sales values across different retailers is also provided.
The document provides an overview of viewership for morning shows across various channels from January 2010 to March 2011. Some key findings include:
1) The morning time slot (9:00-12:00) had significantly higher viewership than other time bands and remained in the third or fourth position each quarter.
2) Geo Entertainment gained the highest average viewership for morning shows, followed by ARY Digital and TV One in 2011.
3) Special theme weeks, like wedding celebrations, saw a significant jump in viewership for channels compared to regular weeks.
Librarians at three different types of academic libraries will provide perspectives on their patron-driven ebook acquisitions programs. The shared collection development of ebooks at the CTW Consortium (Connecticut College, Trinity College, Wesleyan University) will be discussed as well. In their remarks, panelists will discuss the virtues and shortcomings of patron-driven selection, the vendors/systems offering this acquisitions option, and key issues surrounding ebook acquisitions generally.
The survey was conducted from March 18th to March 24th, 2011 with 872 respondents from iPhone and Android users. It found that the majority of users for both iPhone (68.9%) and Android (69.5%) were male aged in their 20s and 30s. Most users had full-time employment (iPhone 70.1%, Android 70.7%) and lived with their families (iPhone 43.9%, Android 40.1%). Annual personal income was mostly reported as under 10 million yen for both (iPhone 49.7%, Android 55.3%). The most used tools were found to be news (iPhone 93.5%, Android 92.9%).
This document discusses ICT development in Laos. It provides background on Laos' population, GDP, and telecommunication infrastructure. The National Authority of Posts and Telecommunications is responsible for ICT policy and regulation. ICT contributes significantly to GDP growth and is seen as important for achieving development goals. However, Laos still lags behind in telecommunication access compared to other countries.
Gerard Wandera, Deputy Director, Kenya School of Government (KSG)Geneva Declaration
"Policing Contemporary Kenya- KPR and Private Security"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Nairobi, Kenya | 26-27 November 2014
http://www.genevadeclaration.org/2014rrc/rrckenya/programme.html
While the Asia-Pacific region is home to over half the world's population, it accounts for less than a quarter of global lethal violence. Nine out of ten countries in the region have low violence rates, except for Southern Asia which exceeds the global average. Approximately one-third of all conflict deaths worldwide occur in the Asia-Pacific, driven largely by Afghanistan, India, Pakistan and Myanmar. Firearm violence and deaths from unplanned munitions explosions are also relatively high in parts of the region.
Introduction to the Global Alliance on Armed Violence (GAAV)
Information meeting on the 2014 Regional Review Conferences on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Geneva, 19 February 2014
Jasmin Nario-Galace, Center for Peace Education-Miriam College | PhilippinesGeneva Declaration
Session on "The Role of National Action Plans on Women, Peace and Security in Preventing and Reducing Armed Violence"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Manila, Philippines | 8-9 October 2014
http://www.genevadeclaration.org/en/2014rrc/rrcphilippines/programme.html
James Ngului, Deputy Director, Kenya National Focal Point on Small Arms and L...Geneva Declaration
This presentation addresses the challenges of armed violence in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Kenya, which has faced security issues due to the proliferation of illicit small arms and light weapons. Kenya has implemented initiatives to address both the supply and demand of these weapons, including arms collection, destruction, record keeping, and legal/policy reforms. However, external factors like weapons trafficking from conflict areas, terrorism, and regional instability still pose challenges. A comprehensive, integrated approach is needed that combines security and development efforts to address the root causes of armed violence in a sustainable manner.
Karen Tañada, Gaston Z. Ortigas Peace Institute | PhilippinesGeneva Declaration
"Ideas and Lessons on Women and Peace Processes based on experiences in the Philippines"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Manila, Philippines | 8-9 October 2014
http://www.genevadeclaration.org/en/2014rrc/rrcphilippines/programme.html
Philip Alpers, GunPolicy.org & Sydney School of Public Health | AustraliaGeneva Declaration
"Is a Polite Society a Less Armed Society? – The Pacific Experiment"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Manila, Philippines | 8-9 October 2014
Kapil Kafle, Institute of Human Rights Communication Nepal (IHIRCON) | Nepal Geneva Declaration
Session on "The role of media in armed violence reduction and prevention (AVRP) and development"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Manila, Philippines | 8-9 October 2014
Philip Alpers, GunPolicy.org & Sydney School of Public Health | AustraliaGeneva Declaration
"Misuse of Small Arms in Asia and the Pacific"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Manila, Philippines | 8-9 October 2014
Nicola Williams, Global Alliance on Armed Violence (GAAV)Geneva Declaration
"The Role of National Action Plans on Women, Peace and Security in Preventing and Reducing Armed Violence"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Manila, Philippines | 8-9 October 2014
Frank Boateng Asomani, National Commission on Small Arms & Light Weapons | ...Geneva Declaration
Session on "Controlling the tools of violence"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Nairobi, Kenya | 26-27 November 2014
This document discusses the importance of including peace as a goal in the post-2015 development agenda. It argues that peace is necessary for sustainable development and poverty eradication. While some may be concerned that including peace could securitize development or violate sovereignty, the document responds that peace targets could focus on preventing conflict, be implemented locally, and do not require external intervention. It recommends improving the language and reducing the number of targets for the proposed Goal 16 on peace and governance to make it more measurable and manageable.
Robert Buluma, Manager, Population & Social Statistics, Kenya National Burea...Geneva Declaration
"Inclusion of Peace & Violence Reduction in Post 2015 Development Agenda"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Nairobi, Kenya | 26-27 November 2014
François Amichia, Mayor of Treichville-Abidjan | Côte d'Ivoire Geneva Declaration
"la violence urbaine et le rôle des villes dans la réduction et la prévention de la violence armée"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Nairobi, Kenya | 26-27 November 2014
"Women, disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Nairobi, Kenya | 26-27 November 2014
"Guideline for the session on 'community- based strategies and approaches"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Nairobi, Kenya | 26-27 November 2014
"Alternative approaches to Education: Talent Academies Pilot In Kenya"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Nairobi, Kenya | 26-27 November 2014
CEDAC is a nationwide organization in Burundi that has helped over 25,000 victims of war over the past 10 years, including widows, ex-combatants, child soldiers, and people with disabilities. CEDAC works at the national, provincial, and communal levels to reduce armed violence and assist victims of war while facing challenges like high illiteracy, a weak economy, and lack of financial support.
"Problems of small arms and light weapons in the ECOWAS region"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Nairobi, Kenya | 26-27 November 2014
1. Crime Prevention and Justice Reform
for Effective Armed Violence Reduction:
Balancing the Role of Civil Society
Presentation by Innocent Chukwuma
At the second Ministerial Conference on Geneva Declaration on
Armed Violence and Development, October 31 – November 1, 2011
1
2. Crime Prevention Initiatives undertaken in Lagos
Communica Trust Fund
tion and for safety
emergency and
response security
Community
dialogue Urban
and renewal
partnership
City
Job
transport
Creation
system
2
3. Official Statistics and Surveys Reports on Violent Crime
in Lagos
Homicide recorded by police Robbery recorded by police
230 235
250 250
200 175 165 200
150 150
100 100 66
50
50 50
0 0
Mar '07 - Feb '08 March '08 - Feb '09 March '09 - Feb '10 March '07 - Feb '08 March '08 - Feb' 09 March '09 - Feb' 10
Homicide Robbery
0.70% 3%
0.60% 3% 3%
0.50% 0.60%
2%
0.40% 2%
2%
0.30%
1%
0.20% 0.30%
1%
0.10%
0%
0.00%
2007 2009
2007 2009
3
4. Adversarial Relationship Between Police and
Doctors
Contest
• Section 4(2) of Nigerian Robbery and Firearms Act, 1990, obliges any person, hospital or
clinic that admits, treats, or administers any drug to any person suspected of having
bullet wounds to immediately report the matter to the police. Failure to do so is an
offense punishable by 5 years imprisonment and closure of affected hospital or clinic.
Impact
• Police harassment of doctors in private hospitals that provide emergency care to victims
of gun violence.
• Delays and refusal of hospitals (especially private ones) to provide emergency
treatment and care to victims of gun violence until police report is obtained by family
members/friends, which is a major contributor to high mortality rate in gun violence in
Nigeria.
Intervention by CLEEN Foundation
• Facilitation of meeting between Nigeria medical association and the Police in
Lagos, which led to a joint declaration against the practice and establishment of
hotlines for reporting infractions.
• Bill in parliament to oblige doctors to provide emergency treatment to provide
emergency care to trauma victims without police interference.
4
5. Draconian laws against Gun violence may be
counter productive
Contest
• Section 2(2) of Robbery and Firearms Act, 1990, states that if any offender is armed
with any firearms or any offensive weapon or is in company with any other person so
armed ... the offender shall upon conviction .. Be sentenced to life imprisonment.
• Section 7(1) empowers police officers to arrest without warrant any person reasonably
suspected of having committed robbery or about to commit robbery to use such
force, including the use of firearms, as may be reasonably necessary to effect the arrest
or prevent an escape.
Impact
• Anecdotal evidence suggest that the use of lethal force in robbery is becoming a
permanent feature of Nigerian society partly arguable as a result the fact that the
Robbery and Firearms Act does not give room for robbery suspects to negotiate the
severity of punishment they would get if caught because mere possession of firearms in
robbery operation is as capital an offense as using it under the Act.
Intervention
• It is necessary to conduct research in Nigeria and other developing countries with
similar laws to determine the correlation between such draconian anti-robbery laws
and increasing use of lethal force in robberies.
5