Injury In Football Injuries

Injury In Football Injuries
Football is a champion among the most pervasive amusements played by young contenders, and it drives each other diversion in the amount of injuries
oversaw. In 2007, more than 920,000 contenders more youthful than 18 were managed in emergency rooms, professional work environments, and
communities for football–related injuries, as demonstrated by the U.S. Buyer Product Safety Commission (American Orthopaedic Society for Sports
Medicine). Injuries occur during football games and practice in view of the blend of high speeds and full contact. While manhandle injuries can happen,
knee injuries are for the most part generally normal. MCL tendon (the second most normal knee damage) is a tear to the medial tendon within the knee
that ought to be stabilized at all times that can heal on its own depending on the severity of the injury.
The medial collateral ligament is the stabilizer of the knee joint. It is the most common injury seen in athletes and has been the most torn ligament
reported at 7.9% of knee injuries ( Andrews). The MCL is a complex ligament where multiple layers of anatomy consisting of insertions and capacities.
Minor injury can cause tearing of the shallow segment though higher vitality components can disturb both the profound and shallow layers. Lesser
wounds to the MCL can frequently be dealt with minimalistically with early recovery, however more critical tears regularly require surgery. Depending
on the injury the MCL injuries are classified as grade 1, 2, and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Muscles Analysis
All of these muscles are vital to execute a correct push–up. Each one sounds complicated, but they amazingly work well together.
Lowering Phase
Once the push–up is completed, the person must precisely lower themselves back down to
a prone position. In this phase, the same muscles are used as discussed in the pushing up
phase, except in the opposite direction.
Stabilizers
The muscles being discussed are needed to help stabilize the body and keep it straight while doing a push–up. The primary muscles being examined are
the abdominal muscles. These muscles are called the rectus abdominis. They are located in the anterior trunk of the midline. This muscle is divided into
two sides and is separated by the linea alba. They start at the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is the only muscle that is on the lateral thigh. It lies next to one of the hamstrings and the biceps femoris. Even though it is deep, you can easily
feel the fibers. The action is extension of the knee. The origin is the lateral lip of the linea aspera, gluteal tuberosity, and greater trochanter. The
insertion is the tibial tuberosity (via the patella and patellar ligament)(Andrew Biel, 2014).
The last in the group is the vastus intermedius. It is deep to the rectus femoris. It can be accessed if the rectus femoris is shifted to the side. The action is
to extend the knee. The origin is the anterior and lateral shaft of the femur. The insertion is tibial tuberosity (via the patella and patellar ligament)
(Andrew Biel, 2014).
The last muscle needed for a push–up is the tibialis anterior, an antagonist. This muscle helps to keep the feet in dorsiflexion, thus preventing the feet
from moving apart. This muscle makes up the lateral leg bulk. The action is to invert the foot and dorsiflex the ankle. The origin is the lateral condyle
of the tibia, the proximal, lateral surface of tibia, and the interosseous membrane. The insertion is deep peroneal at the L4,5,S1 levels (Andrew Biel,

4 Cranial Nerves Lab
Introduction:
The purpose of this experiment is to evaluate the 4 cranial nerves that are used for vision and eye movement based on their functions by performing
several tests. With that being said, there are 12 cranial nerves in the body. The first cranial nerve is known as Olfactory Nerve I. This nerve is used for
smell. Next, is the nerve that is used for vision and that is Optic Nerve II. The third cranial nerve is the Oculomotor Nerve III, which allows movement
of the eye in several directions including up, down, up and inward. In addition, this nerve controls the pupil. Next, is the Trochlear Nerve IV. This nerve
moves the eyes in a down and inward movement. The next nerve is responsible for the sensory impulses to different parts of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The patient is instructed to tell the doctor when he/she can see the pen light while looking forward.
–The opthmalogist will then record the data and ask the patient to remain covering their right eye. The doctor will then place the penlight about the
patients head and ask them to tell him/her when he/she sees the penlight.
–The doctor will do the same thing and place the penlight in the lower quadrant of the patients body and ask him/her to state when the light is seen.
–The doctor will go through the same steps, but with the left eye is covered now.
–Results will be recorded.
The Oculomotor Nerve III is tested. This nerve allows the eyes to have certain movements as well as controls the pupils.
1.Following the H letter:
–The doctor will stand directly in front of the patient.
–The doctor will instruct the patient to stare straight ahead and follow the letter H as he/she draws the letter.
–The doctor will see if the patients eyes follow the letter and see if the eyes move smoothly during the procedure.
–Results are recorded.
2.Eyelid position:
–The patient will stare directly ahead, and the doctor will look at the patients eye lids to see if they are normal or droop.
–Results are recorded.
3.Pupil size and

Knocking A Volleyball: A Team Sport
Volleyball is a team sport that is played by two teams consisting of 6 players each on the court. Every player on the court is given a different job. A
game lasts about 90 minutes. Volleyball is a sport that requires proper nutrition, physiology, biomechanics, and the knowledge of anatomy.
A volleyball bump is also known as a pass. It is the first contact with the ball following a serve from the other team. The first bump is hit close to the
net, so that it can be set up for a spike.
1)There are three different types of muscles used while bumping a volleyball such as the shoulder, elbow, and knee muscles. The joint used in the
shoulder muscle is the shoulder girdle and the action you can do is elevation. When bumping a volleyball, the agonist muscles used are the upper
trapezius, rhomboids, and levator scapulae. While the antagonist muscles are latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior, and
trapezius. The bones used are the humerus, scapula, and clavicle. The deep muscle group that moves the shoulder are the rotator cuff muscles and
tendons. They control our ability to raise our arm from our side (abduction). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The agonist muscles are triceps brachii (long, lateral, and medial heads), supinator, and anconeus. The antagonist muscles are the brachialis, biceps
brachii, deltoid (anterior part), pectoralis major, and supraspinatus. It is composed of three bones: humerus, radius and ulna. The primary tendons are
the biceps tendons (attaches biceps to radius) and triceps tendon (attaches the triceps to the ulna). The two main ligaments are the ulnar–collateral
ligament (inside of the elbow) and lateral collateral ligament (outside of the

Muscle Functions Of Muscle Function
Muscle Function
Masseter helps chew food by raising the mandible up and down
Latissimus dorsi extension of the arm, the adduction of the arm, and the rotation of the arm towards the center of the body
Triceps brachii extension of the arm and forearm
Deltoids rotation of the arm towards and away from the body, and the extension, flexion, and abduction of the arm
Trapezius extension of the cranium, adduction and elevation, and depression of the scapula
Extensor carpi radialis abduction and extension of the hand
Extensor carpi ulnaris extension and adduction of the hand
Serratus ventralis abduction of the scapula and rotation in an upward direction
Rectus abdominus enables the vertebral column to be flexed and the compression of the abdomen
Pectoralis minor enables the 3rd, 4th, and 5th ribs to be raised for inhalation of air and allows the abduction of the scapula and its inferior movement
Pectoralis major arm to rotate towards the body and the flexion and extension of the arm
Sternohyoid pushes the hyoid bone down
Biceps femoris flexion of the leg and extension of the thigh
Gluteus maximus extension of the thigh and the rotation of the thigh away from the body
Gluteus medius enables the thigh to be abducted and to be rotated towards the center of the body
External oblique flexion of the vertebral column with a forward movement of the abdomen and chest, and allows for the lateral flexion of the vertebral
column and trunk rotation
Senitendinous enables leg to be flexed and

Maxillary Sinus Case Study
Pathologic processes seen; Depressed Nasal Bone fracture seen. Mucous or infection within the maxillary sinus. Anatomical Structures that were seen;
Orbital floor fracture, Frontal Bone, Frontal Sinuses, Frontal lobe, Sphenoid bone, Ethmoid Sinuses, Sella Turcica, Clivus, Anterior arch of C–1,
Alantooccipital joint. Cervical Spine #1, 2, and 3, Tongue, Soft Tissues, Vomer, Mental Mandible, Hard Palate, Maxillary, Odontoid Process Epiglottis,
Alveolar process of Mandible, Esophagus, maybe an earring. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pediatric Bilateral Mandibular Condyle Fracture Pathologic process. The first conclusion I came to was that it was an image of a pediatric skull. The
second to come to process was an abnormality that I saw within the mandible condyles shown. Also the spine of a small child. These fractures usually
are a cause of trauma and mainly affect the Condylar Neck. They are classified by their location. Around the condyle are capsules of ligaments that hold
the condyle to the Temporomandibular Joint. Mandibular Condyle Pediatric fractures have special protocols for management. . This is done with either
an open technique, where an incision is made, the fracture is found and is physically manipulated into place, or closed technique where no incision is
made. Anatomical structures that were seen; Mandible Condyle, Mandible Ramus, Sphenoid Bone, Body, Lesser Wing, Greater Wing, Pterygoid Plate,
Supra Orbital Fissure, Foramen Ovale, and Spinosum, Occipital Bone, Foramen Magnum, Temporal Bone, Optic Canal, Clavicle, Neck of Mandible
Coronoid. Symptoms; Deviation of mandible to the opposite side of fracture, Pre–auricular depression. Shortening of height of mandibular ramus. Bite
is misaligned. Pain. Vascular injury can result with particular attention to the internal carotid and jugular

Partial Accommodative Esotropia
Partial accommodative esotropia is a common type of strabismus which is frequently seen in ophthalmic clinic. The definitive treatment is surgery after
full refractive and amblyopic therapy.
There are multiple studies that has been conducted to demonstrate the result of one muscle surgery on other types of strabismus. One muscle surgery
has the advantage of less operative time, less anaesthetic and surgical complications, and leave the other horizontal muscle reserve for a second step if it
is required
Our study, has shown that the mean age is greater than what has been mentioned in other references (2–7 years) (3) which may be related to the late
seeking of medical care, or late referring to a specialty center.
The study has demonstrated good success rate which was 84.6%, which is seemed to be comparable with other studies ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
96% had an alignment within 10 PD, with a follow–up ranging from 3 to 7 years. (10)
Luisa M. And her colleagues reported a success rate of 75% in esotropic sensory strabismus following unilateral medial rectus recession. (11)
In our study it has been shown that 1 mm medial rectus recession result in 2.8 prism diopter change in the angle of deviation while, Luisa M. And her
colleagues found that medial rectus recession dose response rate was 3.0 prism diopter per 1 mm but, that was on sensory esotropia. (11)
Regarding linear regression, it has been shown that there is no statistical correlation between dose response rate and age (R2 0.032 and p–value of
<0.001) and pre–operative deviation (R2 0.026 and p–value of <0.001), and in the esotropia group of Luisa M. and her colleagues there was also no
statistically significant correlation between age (R2=0.05; P–value=0.923) or preoperative deviation (R2 =0.1; P–value= 0.162) and the dose response.

Is Bicycling A Low Impact Exercise
Bicycling is a low–impact exercise that mainly utilizes the lower extremeties that can be beneficial to people ranging from a youthful child to an elderly
individual. Using a pedal to ride a bike on a regular basis can increase muscle strength and flexibility (Better Health Channel, 2015). There are two
different stages, the Power phase and the Recovery phase. To better understand these phases imagine a clock, most of the power happens between the
12 and 5 o'clock position of the pedal stroke. This is when a majority of the primary muscles are activated. Hip flexion, along with hip and knee
extension are the primary movements of a pedal stroke. The recovery stage begins between the 6 and 12 o'clock position in the pedal revolution. There
is some knee flexion to help bring the pedal back to the top but helping that flexion is the greater downward force being placed on the opposite pedal,
by the opposite leg. The muscles that help return the foot to the top range from the hamstrings and calves at the bottom of the stroke, pulling the foot
backwards, to the quadriceps at the top, lifting the foot and knee back to the 12 o'clock position. There are several muscle groups that are used in the
lower extremities to pedal a bicycle, which are the Quadriceps Femoris, Hamstrings, Gluteals, Gastrocnemius, Soleus and hip flexors. The upper
extremities along with the transverse abdominus, oblique abdominal muscles, torso, and the lower back are the stabilizers for pedaling a bike (Lee &

The area below the belly button is often hard to tone,...
The area below the belly button is often hard to tone, because stubborn fat tends to settle here and hide your muscle definition. A healthy diet, cardio
and full–body strength training can reduce body fat, and by including targeted exercises, you can add definition to your lower abs. Although abdominals
exercise can sometimes be hard on your neck, the best lower ab exercises require your lower body to do most of the work.
Hang and Raise Your Legs
A study by the American Council on Exercise showed that knee raises in a captain's chair can effectively target your abs. (See References 1) During this
exercise your hold your body up by your forearms and raise your knees toward your chest, which effectively targets the lower part of your ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It's essential to draw your belly button toward your spine to engage your abs, and to prevent raising your hips, or sagging your rib cage to the floor.
Push back into your heels and breathe as you attempt to hold the pose for up to one to two minutes. For extra lower ab involvement, raise one foot a
few inches off the floor. Do the exercise up to three times. (See References 3)
Scissor Your Legs
During leg scissors, there's no strain on your neck, because only your lower body moves, while your head is resting on the floor. Pull your belly button
toward your spine as if to eliminate the space between your lower back and the floor. Then raise your legs to a 45–degree angle, separate them as far
apart as you can, and then move them back together, crossing one leg over the other. Do this 20 times and finish one to three sets. For variety, scissor
your legs up and down, and for an added challenge, wear ankle weights. (See References 2)
Key Concepts
lower ab workout lower ab exercises abdominal exercises routine
References
American Council on Exercise: New Study Puts the Crunch on Ineffective Ab Exercises
[http://www.acefitness.org/getfit/studies/BestWorstAbExercises.pdf] Ask the Trainer: Best Lower Ab Workout Tips & Key Exercises
[http://www.askthetrainer.com/best–lower–ab–workout/] FitWatch: The Top 3 Lower Ab Exercises [http://www.fitwatch.com/weight–loss/top–3–
lower–ab–exercises–560.html] Harvard Health

Trapezius: Clavicular Pectoralis Major
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE (7) – Trapezius (middle)
Smallest of the true vertebrae, cervical vertebrae are found just below the skull. Trapezius is a large muscles, spanning the neck, shoulders and back.
CLAVICLE – Clavicular Pectoralis Major
Also commonly known as the collar bone, the clavicle is the only long bone in the body that is horizontal, connecting scapula to sternum. Because of its
position, the clavicular pectoralis major is commonly referred to as the "upper chest".
CRANIUM – Trapezius (upper)
Made of flat bones, along with the mandible it forms the skull. The upper trapezius helps stabilize the head and neck.
FEMUR – Rectus Femoris
The thigh bone, the largest and generally strongest bone in the human body. Rectus femoris is one of four ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The longus is middle of three adductor muscles connected to the hip.
RADIUS – Brachioradialis
A long bone on the lateral side of the forearm, it is the second largest bone there.
Brachioradialis is a forearm muscle that flexes from the elbow.
RIB – Serratus Anterior
The curved, long bones that form the rib cage and protect the organs within. Serratus anterior originates at the side of the chest on the surface of the
upper ribs and inserts along the medial border of the scapula.
SACRUM – Gluteus Maximus
Located at the base of the spine, the sacrum is a large triangular bone connecting to the tailbone. SCAPULA – Teres Major
The shoulder blade, formed by the scapula's shape, is the bone that connects the collar bone to the humerus. Teres major is a thick, flattened muscle of
the upper limb.
STERNUM – Sternal Pectoralis Major
A flat bone also known as the breastbone. The sternal head of the pectoralis major serves as a shoulder flexor.
THORACIC VERTEBRAE (12) – Rhomboids (underlying)
The middle segment of the vertebral column, connected with the ribs. Rhomboids,

Anatomy Of The Big Toe Analysis
It all starts with the big toe.
In order to go en pointe, the hallux must remain strong and straight. The extensor hallucis brevis and flexor hallucis brevis must stay firm en pointe and
show extraordinary control during the plié. Any sign of weakness through relevé in those phalanx bones can cause the whole system above it to
collapse. Just above at the ankle, the junction must be able to perform dorsal flexion for a strong plié that will allow the body to keep turning. Higher
up, the quadriceps femoris muscles provide the strength to perform continuous grands ronds des jambes en l'airs. A developpé devant is held up only
with the flexion of this muscle. As the leg carries to à la secondé, followed by a sturdy passé, the quadricep holds strong. This allows the body to turn ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What gets you from one to three? Even William Shakespeare recognized its significance as he wondered what the true question was. Now, I understand
that this toe, along with the remaining anatomy of a body, especially as it explains ballet, is, to many, boring. However, to me, the importance of this toe
is fascinating. Learning about each part of the body that, when functioning in a specific way, allows the body to create beautiful movements and lines,
is captivating to my mind. Without my understanding of the power of the big toe, and all of the other connected parts, I would become that pile of
bones and a tutu on stage in front of hundreds or thousands. This can explain, and legitimize, my love of dance and anatomy, two subjects I have been
able to combine to put me on the path towards my life's goal, becoming a physical therapist and lifetime dancer. These dreams would allow me to share
this love. I wish to help as many others who aspire to dance or to reach their full health potential, to not become that pile of bones and a tutu. For I have
been fascinated by ballet and our body's anatomy since I first put on a pair of pointe

Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerves The human body is a unique and fascinating entity. There is not much notice taken of the features the human body is capable of. The
brain is necessary to perform day–to–day actions, such as the ability to speak, and see amongst us. This brain is made up of simple mater (Pia mater,
Arachnoid mater, Dura mater) and the cranial surface to protect the brain. We live our daily lives without acknowledging the importance of this organ,
the brain, unless you're a medical student of course! Despite that people go on with their daily activities using the human natural senses. Looking at the
world through the eyes, watching for any danger around us; ears for hearing the sounds detecting something that may call for danger, the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second cranial nerve is optic nerve. Optic nerves main function is vision, one of the important senses of the human body. Allowing oneself to see
around them. The cell bodies of the optic nerve are located in the Retina (ganglion cells). Optic nerve begins with unmyelinated axons of the rentinal
ganglion cells, which later become myelinated in the optic disc. CN II enters the cranium via the optic canal. The retina has bipolar cells that are
connected to the special sensory fibers (rods and cone cells). When light hits the rod and cone cells, electrical impulse are relayed and transmitted to the
bipolar cells. That is when the bipolar cells transmit electrical activity to the CNS through the optic nerve. Loosing the sense of vision can be very
detrimental. Some of the dysfunctions that occur with CN II are immediate monocular blindness (partial or complete), visual field deficits, blurring,
scotomata, and monocular diplopia. There can be many possible causes for these dysfunctions to name a few, immediate loss of vision is due to injury
to optic nerve due to ischemia or death, delayed vision loss is due to infarction of the optic nerve or less frequently by hematoma surrounding the nerve.
Complete monocular blindness is usually due to non–organic disorders. Blurring and scotomata are due to trauma to the cornea, vitreous tears,
traumatically induced

600 Muscles Fungus Movement
There are about 600 muscles in the body working together to create movement. Muscle contractions pull both ends of the muscle towards one another.
One bone attached to each muscle is always more stabilized than the other. The less stabilized bone moves during muscle contraction due to the weaker
stability. The points of attachment determine which bone will move. The least movable part is called the origin; it is the part that attaches closer to the
midline of the body. This leaves the most movable part called the insertion. Each of these points can be identified in individual muscles to assist trainers
in understanding how the muscles and joints work together to create motion.
Beginning with an example from the shoulder girdle, the trapezius ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Next is the semitendiosus muscle with the point of origin at the ischial tuberorsity and insertion at the upper anterior medial surface of the tibia. The
action of this muscle is extension of the hip, flexion of the knee, and internal rotation of the hip and knee. The soleus is a muscle located near the ankle
and foot. This muscle's origin is the posterior surface of the proximal fibula and proximal 2/3 of the posterior tibial surface. The point of insertion is the
posterior surface of the Achilles tendon. The intended action of this muscle is plantar flexion of the ankle. The final muscles come from the trunk and
spinal column. Rectus abdominus has a point of origin at the superior surface of the pubis around syphysis and an insertion at the inferior surfaces of
costal cartilages (ribs 5–7) and the xiphoid process of the sternum. The intended action of this muscle is to depress the ribs and flex the vertebral
column. Transverse abdominus is the next example. Its origin is the cartliges of the lower ribs, iliac crest, and lumbodorsal fascia. The point of insertion
is the linea alba and pubis, and the intended

The Five Functions Of The Muscular System
Functions of the muscular system:
The muscular system has many functions. There are 5 main functions. Firstly, it allows us to balance via proprio receptors. In terms of balance, not only
do you rely on the two sensory organs in your inner ear but also receptors in your muscles and tendons help your body to balance. The receptors in your
muscles and tendons are called proprio receptors, these proprio receptors detect how stretched your joints, tendons and muscles are.
Secondly it allows movement as muscles cross joints and attach bone to bone. Muscles work in pairs and skeletal muscles can pull in one direction and
for this reason they always come in pairs. Due to the fact that two muscles work together, as one muscle in the pair contracts the other muscle relaxes
for example as the bicep contracts the triceps relaxes to once again straighten the joint out.
Thirdly our muscular system also allows blood circulation which is controlled by the heart. The muscular pump is a skeletal muscle group that help to
assist the heart in the circulation of blood to all the muscles around the body.
The muscular system also helps to keep us warm and keep us at the correct temperature. Thermoregulation is a process that allows your body to
maintain its correct temperature of 37 degrees c. Muscles contribute to your bodies temperature because they receive messages from the brain when
you are cold. Our bodies response to being cold is shivering which warms you up on the other hand if you are

Biomechanics Assignment
Biomechanics Assignment
Lower Extremity
All answers came from Basic Biomechanics – 6th Edition.
Hall, Susan J. (Susan Jean), 1953– Basic biomechanics/ Susan J. Hall–6th ed. p. cm.
1. Name the ligaments that surround the hip joint
Ligament 1 Iliofemoral Ligament
Ligament 2 Pubofemoral Ligament
Ligament 3 Ischiofemoral Ligament
1b. Based on the name of the ligament determine where each ligament attaches on the Os Coxae
Ligament 1 – connects the pelvis to the femur at the front of the joint.
Ligament 2 – attaches the most forward part of the pelvis to the femur
Ligament 3– attaches to the ischium and between the two trochanters of the femur.
2. What are the bones that make up the pelvic girdle It is the pair of hipbones which is made up ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It inserts on the tibia and goes through the lateral condyle of the femur.
7. Movement of the knee joint
Action of the Knee Muscles responsible for it
Knee flexion Gastrocnemius, Plantaris
Knee Extension Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, intermedius, medialis
8. Where is plantar fascia located, and what is the role of plantar fascia?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. List all the muscles responsible for Plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, Inversion and Eversion
Plantarflexion Dorsiflexion Inversion Eversion
Gastrocnemius Tibalis anterior Tibalis anterior Extensor digitorum longus
Plantaris Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucius longus Peroneus tertius
Soleus Peroneus tertius Flexor digitorum longus Peroneus–longus,brevis
Peroneus–longus,brevis, Extensor hallucius longus Flexor hallcius longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallcius longus
Tibialis posterior Tibialis posterior
10. Describe the articulations of the following joints
a.Subtalar – allows inversion and eversion of the feet.
b. Tibiotalar – dorsiflexion and plantar

The Pathophysiology Of Deltoid Muscles
Lowering Phase Once the push–up is completed, the person must precisely lower themselves back down to a prone position. In this phase, the same
muscles are used as discussed in the pushing up phase, except in the opposite direction. Stabilizers The muscles being discussed are needed to help
stabilize the body and keep it straight while doing a push–up. The primary muscles being examined are the abdominal muscles. These muscles are
called the rectus abdominis. They are located in the anterior trunk of the midline. This muscle is divided into two sides and is separated by the linea
alba. They start at the crest of the pubis and insert in the costal cartilages of the fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs. There are six smaller sections that ... Show
This muscle is the only muscle that is on the posterior side of the arm. It is the agonist to the deltoids during some movements. According to Lippert,
"the triceps has three heads: long, lateral and medial." That is why it is commonly called the triceps muscle, tri meaning three. The long head starts at
the inferior rim of the glenoid fossa of the scapula and goes between the teres minor and major. The lateral head attaches to the lateral side on the
posterior surface of the humerus, just below the greater tubercle. The medial head of the triceps lies deep to the long and lateral heads. It is attached on
the posterior surface below the lateral head. The body of the triceps are formed when all three heads come together (Lippert, 2011). The action of the
triceps brachii is to extend the elbow and the shoulder, and create shoulder adduction. The origin of this muscle is in three different places, due to the
three heads. The long head origin is the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula. The lateral head origin is the posterior surface of the proximal half of the
humerus. Lastly, the medial head origin is in the posterior surface of distal half of the humerus. The insertion is at the olecranon process of the ulna
(Andrew Biel,

CHN1 Case Study
Pathology As stated previously, the proteins, a1–chimaerin and a2–chimaerin, are important in the facilitation of neural growth. The a2–chimaerin
protein regulates the movement between the different neurons, so that neural structures can develop properly. When a mutation takes place in the CHN1
gene, it causes the a2–chimaerin to not work properly. This mutation causes some of the nerves that are created by the CHN1 proteins to either be
underdeveloped or missing altogether. Jeon–Min Hwang and associates found that the absence of the CHN1 caused the subsequent absence of cranial
nerves IV and VI (18). Cranial nerve four, also known as the trochlear nerves, serves to lower the eye as it is adducted by the superior oblique muscles;
in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All three of these types can trace their origins to the limitation that the mutation in the CHN1 creates. Once the mutation causes the a2–chimaerin
protein to not function as it should, it causes the cranial nerves to either go missing or become so unstable that the nerves that they control will not be
responsive.
Prevention and Therapies Currently, there are no actual preventative measures that can help against Duane Retraction Syndrome; however, many of the
symptoms that develop as a result of DRS can be modified or corrected in an effort to ascertain that the individual's personal comfort is attended to.
Surgeries, such as a medial rectus recession, are available in order to tighten or loosen the eye muscles that control the eye muscles (23). According to
Pradeep Sharma and collagues, another option for ways to correct an exotropic strabismus are procedures known as periosteal fixation or extirpation of
the lateral rectus. Both of these procedures were shown to correct the atypical head posture as well as the exodeviation by dissecting the lateral rectus
from the other eye muscles. Patients who had experiencd tbe periosteal fixation reported an improvement of globe retraction for up to three consecutive
years (24).
Summary
The disorder known as Duane Retraction Syndrome, or simply Duane Syndrome, is a syndome that impacts millions of people's eye movement and
coordination. This condition is a weakness within the muscles in the

Patellofemoral Syndrome Essay
Patellofemoral syndrome, often called "runner's knee", is deep pain anterior to the patella usually caused by excessive running, especially downhill.
This may be due to a multitude of abnormal biomechanics or tendencies. Although running is a common and popular exercise, the knee joint is an
extremely mobile and unstable joint. And those who initially develop patellofemoral pain usually end up with chronic knee pain (Willy et al., 2012).
The patella, only being held in place by ligaments and tendons, is easily manipulated by the pull of muscles attached to these ligaments and tendons.
However, there are gender differences between males and females in how they each develop patellofemoral tracking and pain. The patella is held to the
knee joint, connecting to the tibia and femur by the quadriceps tendon as the proximal attachment, and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has been observed that females are more likely to develop genu valgum than men. This genu valgum is a direct cause of lateral patella tracking,
which is the major cause of patellofemoral pain. This explains why females are more predominantly affected by patellofemoral syndrome than men
(Willy et al., 2012). It was also found that women have "decreased relative hip abduction strength in comparison with males", which also explains
female patellofemoral pain (Wolf et al., 2014). It was found that males actually have a decrease in the Q–angle, which causes genu varum. This causes
medial patella tracking and patellofemoral pain. Although it is much more rare for males to experience patella tracking, medial patella tracking was
found to have a greater decrease in contact to the patellofemoral joint than lateral patella tracking. Therefore, "decreasing the quadriceps angle can have
an even larger effect on patellofemoral joint stresses than increasing quadriceps angle an equal amount" (Willy et al.,

The Anatomy and Actions of the Knee Essay
The knee joint is formed by the articulation of the distal end of the femur and the proximal end of the tibia. The fibula is only involved to the extent that
it serves as an attachment site for connective tissue. In this paper, the anatomy of the joint will be discussed.
The knee is a hinge–type, diarthrotic, or freely moveable joint. Also referred to as a synovial joint, the 2 articulating ends of bone are encased in a
capsule that lubricates the joint with synovial fluid to reduce friction.
Each bone in a synovial joint has articular cartilage at the articulating surface. The C–shaped medial and lateral menisci serve to deepen the articulation
at the superior surface of the tibia, thus enhancing the bony stability of the joint.
Also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The quads include the rectus femoris, and the vastus lateralis, intermedius, and medialis. This muscle group shares a common tendon at insertion. The
patellar tendon inserts at the tibial tuberosity, and within this tendon lies the patella. The patella is anterior to the femur–tibia articulation, and this
sesmoid bone increases the leverage of the quads by acting as a pulley. The major contributor to the stability of the knee joint is the strength of the
quads. The only muscle that assists in extension is the tensor fascia lata.
Rotation at the knee can only occur when the joint is in flexion. Medial, or internal, rotation is a slight "turning in" of the tibia, and the muscles that
accomplish this are the semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and popliteus with assistance from the gracilis and sartorius. To slightly turn the tibia
outward is called lateral (external) rotation, and the muscle that is solely responsible for this is the biceps femoris.
MUSCLES INVOLVED IN THE ACTIONS OF THE KNEE
(While some of the following muscles act upon more than one joint, the only actions that will be listed are those pertaining to the knee.)
BICEPS FEMORIS
Orig Long head: ischial tuberosity
Short Head: linea aspera
Insert Head of fibula
Action Both heads: flexion of

Anterior Cruciate Ligamentous Injury Analysis
Introduction
The most common ligamentous injury to the knee is injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) (Teske 2010), and it is the second most common
injury in the lower extremity. It has become so common of an injury that 1 in 3000 individuals in the United States will be affected with an ACL tear
(Micheo 2010) and there are 200,000 new cases per year (Wilk 2012). It is most commonly seen in people 15–30 years of age (Teske 2010). It is also
more common in females than males (Fayad 2003, Teske 2010, Bowerman 2006). This is due to increased joint laxity in post–pubescent females
compared to post–pubescent males (Bowerman 2006) and differences in muscle activation. Males tend to have a more balanced quadriceps to
hamstrings ratio ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If a knee is hit from the outside, especially while the foot is planted, it will be forced into genu valgus. This puts several structures at risk, namely the
ACL, MCL and joint capsule. These structures specifically prevent valgus forces and are expected to be damaged when subjected to excessive genu
valgus. The nature of the force can also damage the bones because valgus will cause the lateral condyles of the femur and tibia to be compressed while
the medial condyles will be distracted. This can result in bruising of the bone or damage to articular cartilage of the compressed side. In addition, the
menisci can be involved depending on the direction of the force, especially if rotation occurs. The lateral meniscus can be damaged without rotation if it
is compressed between the condyles or with rotation by getting torqued between the condyles. The medial meniscus is at a lesser risk of being damaged
due to compression because the medial condyles are being distracted from one another. However, because it has attachments to both the ACL and MCL,
if one or both of those are damaged, the medial meniscus is at risk. Therefore, a 20 year–old male rugby player who was side tackled may very well
present with a torn ACL, MCL, and medial

Describe The Process Of Doing Squats
The process of doing squats involves a process of using muscles in bottom half of the torso. There are primary muscles in doing squats which are the
gluteus maximus, quadriceps, and hamstrings. The gluteus maximus is the largest muscle in the body and covers each buttock. The origin of this muscle
is the sacrum, coccyx, and ilium. The insertion is the posterior surface of femur and fascia of the thigh which helps to extend the thigh at the hip. The
gluteus maximus helps to straighten the limb at the hip when a person walks, runs, climbs, or squats. In the quadriceps femoris group there are four
muscles called the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius. The rectus femoris muscle occupies the middle of the thigh
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The next quadriceps muscle is vastus lateralis which is the largest part of the quadriceps on the lateral side of the femur and the origin is the greater
trochanter and posterior surface of the femur. Another, muscle is the vastus medialis which is on the medial side of the femur. Lastly, the vastus
intermedius is on the anterior and lateral surfaces of femur. The insertion of these muscles is the patella. All these muscles helps extends leg at the knee.
The last primary muscles are the hamstring group which contain the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and sartorius. The biceps
femoris has two heads, one attached to the ischium and the other attached to the femur. This muscle's origin is the ischial tuberosity and linea aspera of
femur, while the insertion is the head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia. This muscle flexes and rotates the leg laterally and extends the thigh. The
semitendinosus is another muscle in the hamstring, it's a long, bandlike muscle on the back and medial side of the thigh, connecting ischium to the tibia.
It flexes and rotates the leg medially and extends the thigh. The semimembranosus is the third hamstring muscle and is medially located in the back of
the

The Knee Joint And Its Components Essay
The knee is a complex joint consisting of a capsule, ligaments, cartilage, tendons, and bony surfaces that keep the femur aligned with the tibia (Fig .1). (
6 ) Figure (1) : A schematic view of the knee joint and its components in the coronal plane ( 7 )
OSSEOUS ANATOMY
The knee is composed by femur, tibia, fibula and patella bones. ( 8 ) The knee can be conceptualized as 2 joints–a tibiofemoral and a patellofemoral
joint. ( 9 )
TIBIOFEMORAL ARTICULATION
The articulation of the tibiofemoral joint is maintained in part by the bony anatomy of the femoral condyles and the tibial plateau. ( 9 )
PATELLOFEMORAL ARTICULATION The patellofemoral joint provides an integral articulating component of the extensor mechanism of the knee
joint. ( 10 )
THE EXTENSOR MECHANISM :
The extensor mechanism consists of the quadriceps muscle group and tendon, patella, patellar tendon, Hoffa's fat pad, medial and lateral patellar
retinacula, patellofemoral and patellotibial ligaments. ( 2 )
The patella is a large, flat, triangular sesamoid bone located anterior to the knee joint . It provides a central of attachment for the quadriceps tendon and
patellar ligament . ( 10 )
PATELLAR TENDON:
The patellar tendon originates at the inferior pole of the patella and inserts onto the tibial tuberosity. ( 2 )
QUADRICEPS:
The knee extensor mechanism consists of the quadriceps muscle with its 4

Essay On Igg4-Related Disease
IgG4–related disease (IgG4–RD) is a newly recognized, multiorgan, fibro–inflammatory disease characterized by mass forming lesion with dense
lymphoplasmacytic infiltration with large numbers of IgG4+ plasma cells, storiform fibrosis and sometimes obliterative phlebitis. IgG4–RD was first
described in 2001 by Japanese researchers in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis with high levels of serum IgG.[1, 2]
IgG4–RD usually affects individuals of middle to old age, with an onset at 50–70 years, although few paediatric cases have been described. Males are
more commonly affected especially for IgG4–related pancreatitis with an M:F ratio of 3:7. However, IgG4–related dacryoadenitis and sialadenitis may
occur more frequently among ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Enlargement of one or more of trigeminal nerve branches is another feature of IgG4–ROD. The most commonly involved branches are the infraorbital
nerve (ION) and the frontal nerve. Other nerves may be involved such as perioptic nerves, paravertebral nerves and great auricular nerve. The disease
involves mainly the epineurium and the affected nerves are infilterated by masses of lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils and large numbers of IgG+
plasma cells.[20–23]
EOM enlargement is not rare in IgG4–ROD especially in cases with enlarged orbital nerves. Single or multiple muscles may be involved during the
disease course in the following order of frequency: inferior rectus, followed by superior rectus–levator complex, lateral rectus, medial rectus, inferior
oblique and superior oblique. Histopathologically, the muscle biopsy shows a mixed and dense infiltration with polyclonal B– and T–cells with some
fibrosis.[24, 25]
IgG4–ROD may also involve the lacrimal drainage apparatus.[26] Furthermore, sclera and conjunctival affection and nongranulomatous anterior uveitis
have also been reported. [27, 28]
There is a correlation between IgG4–RD and ocular adnexal xanthogranulomatous disease in which a high

Oculomotor Nerve Essay
The oculomotor nerve, or CN III, is the third cranial nerve. It is responsible for controlling eye movement, the pupil and the movement of the upper
eyelid (Jaffee & Stewart, 2016). The oculomotor nerve originates at the two nuclei, the oculomotor nucleus and the Edinger–Westphal nucleus that are
at superior colliculus level of the midbrain, travels through the brain and exits through the superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone (Jaffee &
Stewart, 2016).
The nerve consists of two different motor fibers: the somatic motor component and the parasympathetic motor component. The somatic motor
component controls the movement of four extrinsic muscles and the parasympathetic motor component controls the sphincter pupillae and ciliary
muscles (McKinley, O'Loughlin, & Bidle, 2017, p. 44). CN III can be divided into two major branches: the superior division and inferior division
(Jaffee & Stewart, 2016). The superior branch is composed of motor fibers that innervate the levator palpebrae superioris and the superior ... Show
A damaged CN III can result in external strabismus, the inability to focus on objects and the pupil will not respond to changes in the intensity of light
(McKinley, O'Loughlin, & Bidle, 2017, p. 44). There are several different tests that can be performed to test the function of the nerve.
When examining the eyes for oculomotor nerve damage, observe if the eyelid droops (McKinley, O'Loughlin, & Bidle, 2017, p. 44). Another simple
way to test the health of the oculomotor nerve is to instruct the patient to keep their head completely still and have only their eyes follow your finger.
While standing in front of the patient, draw two large, connecting H's with your finger ("Cranial Nerve," 2013). The pupillary sphincter muscle can also
be tested by placing a hand vertically against the nose and shining a pen torch in each eye to see if the light reflex is functioning ("Cranial Nerve,"

Snapping Hip Syndrome Research Paper
Snapping Hip Exercises
Snapping hip syndrome, also known as dancer's hip, is a medical condition where you feel a snapping sensation, or hear a snapping sound, in the hip
when you are running, walking, or swinging your leg around. For many people, the problem is little more than a nuisance, and the only symptoms are
the snapping sensation, and sound itself. However, for athletes or dancers, snapping hip exercises may help alleviate the weakness, or pain that
sometimes interfere with their performance.
Why does It Happen?
In many cases, the snapping symptom is caused by the movement of a tendon or muscle over the bony surface in the hip, and snapping hip syndrome is
often the result of tightness in the muscles and tendons surrounding the hip.

Muscle Contraction Report
First Muscles perform three types of contractions: concentric, eccentric, and isometric. When executing a strength exercise, all three of the muscle
contractions are involved. As you perform a movement, the main muscles undergo a concentric contraction while the opposite muscles undergo an
eccentric contraction. The adjacent parts of the body that are not in use are stabilized via the isometric contraction.
The strongest phase is during the eccentric contraction which controlling and stopping movement and prepares the muscles for an explosive type
contraction and counteracts the pull of gravity to guide the movement. When it is strong enough, it stops the movement.
1) Biceps curl: the primary muscles are Biceps Brachii, Brachialis &Brachioradialis.
During upward phase (lifting/curl the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the Upward phase, the spine flexed to create concentric contraction to rectus abdominous. (Concentric phase of movement). Holding in this
position is an isometric phase of the movement. And in the downward phase spine extended to create an eccentric contraction which is the –strongest
phase– eccentric phase of the movement.
8) Back hyperextension: the primary muscle is erector spinae .during spine extension the primary muscle undergoes concentric contraction. (Concentric
phase of movement). (Upward phase).and to hold the erector spinae in the isometric phase of the exercise. While downward phase the spine flexed and
the primary muscle undergo an eccentric contraction & that is an eccentric phase of the movement.
9) Leg curl: the primary muscles are Biceps Femoris, Semimembranosus &Semitendinosus. In the upward phase knee flexed to create a concentric
contraction (concentric phase of movement).holding with the knee flexed is an isometric phase of the movement. And in the downward phase, Knee
extended & the primary muscles undergo eccentric contraction which is eccentric phase & the strongest phase of the

Process Essay: Is Water Polo A Team Sport?
Characterised by its rapid and fast actions that requires pronounced counter–attacks, strong and precise shoots at the goal and strong contact, water polo
is a team sport in which utilizes a ball in water with the aim of throwing it into a goal. However to achieve this water polo played must perform
complex movements which use certain muscles and bones.
The egg beater kick is an effective movement within the game of water polo that is utilized by the players alternating circular movements of the legs
produce an upward force by the water on the swimmer which allows the player to keep afloat in a vertical position whilst being able to perform other
actions such as shooting (figure 1). It is important that the player's torso is upright while ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To perform this action efficiently, to achieve faster speed and better accuracy upon release, the player must performing this action by rotating the trunk
away from the player at which the ball is being thrown to and become slightly hyperextended. It is here that the axial skeleton comes into action with
the vertebrate in particular whilst the eternal oblique's and rectus abdominals extend and the erector spinae contract. The legs are also spread with the
right hip laterally rotated and extended and the left hip is left in a neutral position underneath the athlete. By creating this position it maintains
equilibrium and control of the upper body (figure 5: A). The left knee is flexed in preparation for a forceful extension during the force–producing phase
through the contacting of the hamstring and lengthening of the quadriceps (figure 5:A). During this, the arm abducts whilst the elbow joint (hinge joint)
flexes to a 90 degree angle as the bicep connected to the humorous is contracting (agonist) and the triceps and lengthening (antagonist). The throwing
arm then goes from shoulder lateral rotation and lower arm supination to shoulder medial rotation and lower arm is pronated, supplemented by elbow
extension. The trunk then rotates again to the target, the back is then hyperextended with slight lateral flexion, the arm comes forward, the wrist is
flexed and the wrist snaps down (plantar

Cattle Jumps
Jumping on top of a box
The activity I chose was jumping on top of a box. Now there are different types of jumps you can do such as; high jumps, long jumps, triple jumps, and
pole jumps, which are typically sports that athletes compete in, but since I'm no athlete it'll in this activity just be doing a simple exercise of jumping on
top of a box. Which means we won't use the anterior portion of the body, just stabilized legs for balance. The directional planes in which this can be
done is sagittal; which divides the body into left and right and transverse which divides the body into top and bottom portions. The axis that can be used
is the coronal axis which runs from side to side at a right angle to the sagittal plane of motion. Now we'll begin ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I'll begin by naming the agonist along with the antagonist as well as the action, insertion, and origin of the muscles.
Agonist: Gastrocnemius and soleus
Gastrocnemius:
Origin: lateral head–posterior surface of lateral condyle of femur and highest of three facets on lateral condyle, medial head, posterior surface of femur
above medial condyle
Insertion: tendo calcaneus to middle of three facets on posterior aspect of calcaneus
Action: plantar flexes foot, flexes knee
Soleus:
Origin: soleal line and middle third of posterior border of tibia and upper quarter of posterior shaft of fibula including neck
Insertion: tendo calcaneus to middle of three facets on posterior surface of calcaneus
Action: plantar flexes foot (aids venous return)
Antagonist:
Tibialis anterior:
Origin: upper half of lateral shaft of tibia and interosseous membrane
Insertion: intermedial aspect of medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
Action: extends and inverts foot at ankle, holds up medial longitudinal arch of foot
Extensor digitorum

Anatomy Notes and Terms
Latin English diathroses Freely moving joints such as knuckles are called synarthrose Skull sutures and other immovable joints are called synovial fluid
The lubricant in the joint cavity of a diarthrosis is called tendon sheath A long tubular bursa enclosing a tendon is called range of motion The maximum
angle through which a joint can move is called resistance arm The part of a lever from the fulcrum to the resistance is called fulcrum , effort In the
elbow, a third–class lever, the ____ is between the ____ and the resistance dorsiflexion If you keep your heels on the floor but raise your toes, you are
preforming the action of true A meniscus is a type of bursa seen, for example, in the space between the femur and tibia true ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
fixator A muscle that prevents unwanted movement of a bone is called a _? trapezius The largest muscle of the upper back rectus abdominis The linea
alba separates the right and left _____ muscles from each other bicep femoris The hamstring muscles are the semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and
_? quadricep femoris The anterior aspect of the thigh is dominated by the _____, a large muscle with four heads true All skeletal muscles have their
origins and insertions on bone true The levator palpebrae is an antagonist of the orbicularis oris true Both the hand and the foot have lumbrical and
interosseous muscles sphincters Several body orifices are regulated by circular muscles are called fascicles muscle fibers are arranged in bundles called
___? true The bone at a muscle's orgin shows little or no movement when the muscle contracts true The actions of a synergist are similar but not
necessarily identical to those of a prime mover at the same joint false The orbicularis oculi moves the eye, for example when you are reading a page of
print true When you swallow, you can feel your larynx bob upwards. This results from the action of certain muscles in the infrahyoid group false
Contraction of the diaphragm expels air from the lungs aponeurosis– e A broad flat tendon prime mover –m

Essay on Comprehensive assignment
1. (5 pts) Describe the metabolic process providing your energy while you were walking (at an easy pace) before the bee stung you. Include which
molecules are being consumed.
The metabolic process providing my energy while I was walking at an easy pace is aerobic metabolism. During aerobic metabolism, mitochondria
absorb from the surrounding cytoplasm these molecules: ADP, phosphate ions, O2, and organic substances like pyruvate. These molecules go through
the citric acid cycle. The electron transport chain is also involved to create ATP. For each molecule of pyruvate that goes into the citric acid cycle, the
cell gains 17 ATP molecules. Glycogen reserves can also be used and converted to glucose. Glycolysis breaks down glucose ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
339–341)
4. (6 pts) Move your eyes and look at the bee. (Create a table that describes which nerves control which muscles to cause the needed eye movements).
Action: Muscle: Origin: Insertion: Nerve:
Eye looks down Inferior Rectus Sphenoid around optic canal Inferior, medial surface of eyeball Oculomotor Nerve III
Eye looks laterally Lateral Rectus Sphenoid around optic canal Lateral surface of eyeball Abducens Nerve VI
Eye rolls, looks down and laterally Superior Oblique Sphenoid around optic canal Superior, lateral surface of eyeball Trochlear Nerve IV
("The Muscular System" P. 335)
5. (8 pts) Trace the image of the bee to perception. (Include all focusing, transduction, transmission and perception processes and structures).
After a retinal molecule absorbs light, the normally 11–cis form of the bound retinal molecule straightens to become the 11–trans from. This change
activated the opsin molecule. Opsin activates transducin which is a G protein. This G protein then activates phosphodiesterase. Phosphodiesterase is an
enzyme that breaks down cyclic–GMP. The break–down of cyclic–GMP removes them from the gated sodium channels and makes the gated sodium
channels inactive. Because of this, sodium ion entry into the cytoplasm decreases.

Anterior Cruciate Ligaments Of Knee
The knee is a synovial, hinge joint that is critical to every day body functions. Its complicated yet simple structure gives it all it needs in order to flex
and extend the legs.
The knee is made up of four bones: patella, femur, tibia, and fibula. The femur is the largest bone in the body and is supported by the weight bearing
knee joint. The bones are connected and supported by tendons and ligaments. The four ligaments each have a job to keep the structure of the knee and
move it. First off, the anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) prevents the knee from hyperextending in a forward motion. Along with the ACL, the posterior
cruciate ligament(PCL) prevents the joint from displacing and sliding off. In the same sense, the medial collateral ligament

Abdomen Anatomy Mcq
9. The spleen is situated in the:
A. Right Upper Hypocondrium
B. Left Upper Hypochondrium, protected by ribs IX–XI C.
D.
E.
18. The pancreatic duct of the pancreas
A. Joins the common hepatic duct
B. Begins in the tail of the pancreas
C. Empties to the duodenum at minor duodenal papilla
D. Can be closed by sphincter of Oddi
E. After entering the pancreatic head turns superiorly
42. The common hepatic duct:
A. Drains the bile and pancreatic secretion
B. Is formed by fusion of hepatic and cystic duct ( =common bile duct)
C. Runs with the portal vein the lesser omentum
D. Is formed by fusion of right and left bile duct
E. None of above
(is formed by the fusion of right and left hepatic duct, joins the cystic duct and forms the common ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lateral and Middle ––– to the left
E. None
63. Which sentence related to the medullary substance of the kidneys is wrong
A. Is situated at the outer part of the kidney
B. Contains the "corpuscular renis"
C. Is made up of renal pyramids
D. Is a part of each renal lobe
E. Is situated at the inner part of the kidney
2 The posterior layer of the rectus sheath
A. Consist of the fused posterior lamina of the internal oblique and the transverse abdominal aponeurosis
B. Consist of the fused anterior lamina of the internal oblique and the internal oblique aponeurosis
C. The inferior one–third of it is deficient
D. Its deficient superior to the costal margin
E. None of above
49. The anterior layer of the rectus sheath:
A. Consists of the fused posterior lamina of the internal oblique and the transverse abdominal aponeurosis.
B. Consists of the fused anterior lamina of the internal oblique and the external oblique aponeurosis
C. the inferior one third of it is deficient
D. its deficient superior to the costal margin
E. none of the above
7 The pyloric orifice is usually located just to the
A. Left of the midline on the level of lower border L1
B. Right of the midline on the level of lower border L1
C. Right to the midline in the transpyloric plane
D. Right of the midline on the level of lower border L2
E. Right of the midline on the level of upper border Th12
13 Kidneys are positioned
A. Intraperitoneally
B. Primary retroperitoneally
C.

The Anatomy Of The Knee Injuries
Shianne Rey
Complete Tear of the ACL A torn ACL is one of the most serious and common knee injuries. Many aspects play a role in the treatment and
rehabilitation of this injury. This paper will discuss the anatomy of the knee, describe a torn ACL, and the rehabilitation. The knee is a hinge joint which
gives the legs mobility. The muscles and ligaments of this joint allows flexion and extension of the leg. "Because the knee supports the majority of the
body weight, it is at risk of overuse and traumatic injuries" (France). The knee is composed of 3 major bones; the femur, tibia, and the fibula. The femur
is the biggest bone in the human body, the inferior end flares out into two rounded landmarks called femoral condyles. Their name comes from the side
of the body they are on, which is where we get Lateral Femoral Condyle and Media Femoral Condyle. Superiorly to these condlyes are the medial and
lateral femoral epicondyles. The bones inferior to the femur are the Tibia and Fibula. The superior end of the Tibia flares out into slightly concave
structures called the Tibial Plateaus. A crescent wedge shape of cartilage sits in each plateau. These are the Medial Meniscus and the Lateral Meniscus.
This cartilage acts as a shock absorber and distributes forces. "The menisci are bathed by the synovial fluid of the knee" (France). The meniscus is what
separates the each side of the Tibia and Femur and the transverse ligament connects each menisci. There is a circular bone on the

Surface Muscle Case Study
Identify the major surface muscles located in the body. Where are the orgins and insertions of these muscles? List the intended actions as well as an
exercise or movement for each. A minimum of fifteen muscles is required.
The major muscle groups consist of the upper body, Rotator cuff muscle, Upper arm, Quadriceps, Hamstring group, Lower leg and Midsection. The
Upper Body consists of the Trapezious muscle which Orgin is located near the base of skull, occipital protuberance and posterior ligaments of neck.
The middle spinous process of 7c and T1 – T3. The lower spinous process of T4–T12. The insertion of the upper Trapezius is located in the posterial
aspect of the lateral clavicle. The middle Trapezius is located in the medial border ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The intended action for the upper part of this muscle is to elecate the scapula and extend the head at neck. The intended action for the Middle part of
this muscle is to create elevation upward rotation and adduction of the scapula. The intended action for the lowerpart of this muscle is to create
depression adduction, upward rotation of the scapula. Workouts that target these areas would be Barbell Shrugs, Cable shrugs and Dumbbell Shrug.
The Rhomboid Orgin is located near the spinous process of C7 and T1–T5 and the insertion is located near the medial boarder of scapula below the
spine. This action intended for this muscle is to draw the scapula toward spinal column creating a downward rotation and a elevation of the mthe
anterior deltoiuts that target this muscle Rhomboid row and the isometric contraction. The third muscle is called the pectoralis minor. The orgin of this
muscle is located near the Anterior surfaces 3rd to 5th ribs. The Insertion is located near the Coracoid process of the scapula. The action of this muscle
is to draw the scapula forwad in a downward rotation and depress the muscle. Workouts that target the pectorials minor are the dumbbell

What Is Inguinal Hernia?
An inguinal hernia can be described as a protrusion or passage of a peritoneal sac, with or without abdominal contents, through a weakened part of the
abdominal wall in the groin (Drake, 2010). Inguinal hernias have been present in the medical literature from the beginning of written history.
Documented as early as 1700 BC, the Hammurabi of Babylon described hernia reduction and application of trusses to prevent protrusion (Matthews,
2008). As of 2008, inguinal hernia repair was the most common general surgery procedure in the United States (Matthews, 2008). Patients with an
inguinal hernia can present at any age, from birth until the elderly, both male and female; although, inguinal hernias are 10 times more common in men
than in women. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Congenital inguinal hernias are present from birth due to the presence of the processus vaginalis allowing a passage of viscera through the inguinal
canal. Acquired hernias occur in older patients due to various causes such as raised intra–abdominal pressure, damage to nerves of the anterior
abdominal wall, and weakening of the walls of the inguinal canal (Fitzgibbons, 2015). Because the abdominal wall of the groin has a weakened part, an
inguinal hernia can occur. An inguinal hernia occurs because the peritoneal sac enters the inguinal canal either indirectly, through the deep inguinal
ring; or directly, through the posterior wall of the inguinal canal (Perrott,

Exercises to Alleviate a Separated Rectus Essays
Although common in postpartum women, a separated rectus, also known as diastasis recti, can also occur in obese individuals and in children up to 2
years of age. (See References 1, p. 337) This condition occurs when there's a separation between the right and left side of the rectus abdominis muscle.
This can trigger pelvic and back pain, and make it hard to stabilize the trunk. (See References 2) Although it can correct itself, targeted exercise can
lend a helping hand.
Things to Consider
Abdominal exercise, such as traditional crunches and situps, aren't going to correct a separated rectus. More so, they can worsen the condition, and
make your tummy bulge out. (See References 3, p. 64) Your emphasis should be on retraining your ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After exhaling and engaging your transverse abdominis by pulling your belly button to your spine, engage your buttocks and roll your hips back.
Imagine trying to eliminate the space between your back and the floor. Hold the contraction in your tummy for up to five seconds, and then release it
and return your hips to the starting point. Perform pelvic tilts up to 10 times, three times a day. (See References 3, p. 65)
Lift Your Hips
The hip lift, sometimes also referred to as the bridge exercise, is also done while lying on the floor on your back, with your feet flat and knees bent.
This exercise is the next step up from the pelvic tilt. It starts in a similar manner; you draw your navel to your spine and engage your glutes. Instead of
staying on the floor, you raise your hips and back until your body forms a straight line from your knees to your shoulders. Hold the contraction for up to
five seconds, and then lower back down to the starting point. Repeat this motion 10 times, up to three times a day. (See References 3, p. 65)
Key Concepts
separated rectus exercises separated rectus abdominis diastasis recti exercises correcting abdominal separation
References
Clinical Mastery in the Treatment of Myofascial Pain; Lucy Whyte Ferguson and Robert Gerwin [http://books.google.com/books?
id=FrEmzwNOG_IC&pg=PA337&dq=diastasis+recti&hl=en&sa=X&ei=46wBU_KxMM–
DogS7r4Bo&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=diastasis%20recti&f=false] The Physiotherapy

Bio 151 List of Structures
Biology 115 Semester List of Structures Chapter One Anatomy is the study of body structure and the relationship between structures Physiology is the
study of how the structures of the body function Levels of Structural Organization Chemical Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Homeostasis
Positive feedback loop Negative feedback loop Relative Positions Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Bilateral Ipsilateral Contralateral
Proximal Distal Superficial Deep Body Sections Sagittal Transverse (horizontal) Frontal (coronal) Body Regions See Figure 1.17 Chapter Two
Chemistry Matter Element Major elements Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Atom Subatomic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
s Flat bones Irregular bone Sesamoid bones Anatomy of a Long Bone Epiphyses Metaphyses Epiphyseal growth plate Epiphyseal growth line
Diaphysis Periosteum Medullary cavity Endosteum Articular cartilage Microscopic Anatomy Compact bone Osteons Spongy bone Trabeculae Bone
Formation Intramembranous ossification Endochondral ossification Cells in Bone Osteogenic cells Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts Hormonal
Control of Bone Calcitonin Parathyroid hormone Osteology of the Axial Skeleton Frontal Parietal Temporal Zygomatic arch Mastoid process Occipital
Foramen magnum Occipital condyles Sphenoid Sella turcica Greater wing Lesser wing Ethmoid Cribriform plate Crista galli Nasal Maxilla Alveolar
process Palatine process Zygomatic Zygomatic arch Lacrimal Palatine Inferior nasal conchae Vomer Mandible Condyle Coronoid process Alveolar
process Nasal septum Sutures Coronal Sagittal Lambdoid Squamous Pterion Hyoid Verteba Body Vertebral foramen Pedicles Lamina Transverse
process Spinous process Superior articular process Inferior articular process Cervical vertebrae Atlas Anterior arch Posterior arch Axis Odontoid
process Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Anterior sacral foramen Posterior sacral foramen Median sacral crest Lateral sacral crest Coccyx
Sternum Manubrium Body Xiphoid

A Healthy Form Of Recreation
Bicycling is a healthy form of recreation that people all over the world participate in to various degrees. As an exercise activity, cycling is recognized as
a low impact sport that minimizes the potential for damaged muscles or inflammation and soreness in the joints. That said, it's important to be aware
that cycling involves a repetitive motion, roughly 4000 pedal revolutions per hour for the average recreational cyclist, in the hip, knee and ankle joints
during the pedal stroke. Like all repetitive activities, there is a potential for overuse injuries to develop if the proper mechanics of the action are not
identified and practiced. This report analyzes the proper mechanics of the pedal stroke, identifies the main biomechanical causes attributed to overuse
injuries in the hip, knee and ankle joints and provides suggestions on how to correct those biomechanical differences through muscle development and
flexibility exercises.
Phases of the Pedal Stroke
The bicycle pedal stroke involving the lower limb consists of four phases within a 360–degree rotation. As a point of reference, the top of the pedal
stroke begins at 12 o'clock, or 0 degrees, moving clockwise. The focus here is to analyzing the three joints, hip, knee and ankle along the sagittal and
frontal planes. When viewing the three joints from the frontal plane, there should be vertical alignment between the medial joints of the hip, knee and
ankle. Angles of the three joints during pedal rotation are

Weakest Quadricep Research Paper
Largest Quadricep
Vastus lateralis is the largest Muscle
The vastus lateralis muscle is situated in side of the thigh.This Muscle is the biggest of the quadriceps group which also includes the rectus femoris, the
vastus intermedius, and the vastus medialis. Collectively the quadriceps muscle is the biggest in the human body and its purpose is to expand the knee.
The specific task of the vastus lateralis muscle is to extend the lower leg and allow the body to rise up from a squatting position.(Hannan et al, 2000).
Weakest Quadricep
Vastus Medialis is the weakest Muscle when the vastus medialis Muscle (VMO) is weak the kneecap moves in abnormal way and can even be
positioned abnormally as well.This Creates a chronically unstable kneecap.Improper tracking of the kneecap can cause wear to the interior surface.The
vastus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, VL:VM activation ratio can be obtained by simply placing surface electrodes on a patient while performing the functional tasks during
clinical evaluation, and may be a surrogate measure for VM activation delay.
VL:VM activation ratio displayed a significant relationship with VM activation delay in PFP subjects classified as maltrackers (Fig. 2). There were no
correlations between VL:VM activation ratio and VM activation delay in the pain–free controls, all PFP subjects grouped together, and PFP subjects
classified as normal trackers.(Hannan et al, 2000).
Knee pain experience
Yes, during the knee pain I experienced a sharp shooting pain when using the knee, constant knee aching, and a dull burning discomfort. I also
experienced a swelling knee and a lot of pain when the knee was touched.
People with knee pain are not able to work.
The knees give stable support to the body. They similarly permit the legs to have flexion and extension . Both adaptability and soundness are expected
to stand, walk, run, squat, bounce, and turn. In the event that the knee is harmed, the knee may get

Injury In Football Injuries

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Featured

Featured (20)

Injury In Football Injuries