A flat-file database stores records in a simple file without structures for indexing or recognizing relationships between records. It has disadvantages like being harder to update and query. A relational database separates logical and physical structures and makes it easy to sort and find structured data. However, it can only store tabular data, limiting complex relationships. A hierarchical database organizes data in a tree structure with parent-child relationships. It has advantages for efficiency but rigid structure and data duplication. A network database uses a graph schema to flexibly represent object relationships but requires more complex management.

1. FLAT DATABASE
DICRIPTION
ADVAN TAGE
DISADVANTAGE

2. A flat-file database is a database stored in a file called a
flat file. Records follow a uniform format, and there are no
structures for indexing or recognizing relationships
between records. The file is simple. A flat file can be a
plain text file, or a binary file.

3. A flat-file database is a database stored in a file called a
flat file. Records follow a uniform format, and there are no
structures for indexing or recognizing relationships
between records. The file is simple. A flat file can be a
plain text file, or a binary file.

4. Flat file database is harder to update. Harder to change
data format. It is poor database in terms of complex
queries. It increased Redundancy and inconsistency.

5. RELATIONAL MODLE
DICRIPTION
ADVAN TAGE
DISADVANTAGE

6. The relational model means that the logical data
structures—the data tables, views, and indexes—are
separate from the physical storage structures. This
separation means that database administrators can
manage physical data storage without affecting access to
that data as a logical structure.

7. In the enterprise, relational databases are used to
organize data and identify relationships between key data
points. They make it easy to sort and find information,
which helps organizations make business decisions
more efficiently and minimize costs. They work well
with structured data.

8. Relational databases can only store data in tabular
form which makes it difficult to represent complex
relationships between objects. This is an issue because
many applications require more than one table to store all
the necessary data required by their application logic.

9. HIERARCHIAL
DISCRIPTION
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES

10. In a hierarchical model, data are viewed as a collection
of tables, or we can say segments that form a
hierarchical relation. In this, the data is organized into a
tree-like structure where each record consists of one
parent record and many children.

11. Advantages:
• Simple based on Hierarchal structure, the relationships
between the layers (parents or child nodes).
• Data Security: the first database model that offered the
data security that is provided by the DBMS.
DBMS …show more content…
• Efficiency: It is very efficient because when the database
contains a large number of 1:n relationship and when the
user require large number of transaction.
• It’s very fast to access data at the top
• Large base with a proven technology.

12. Disadvantages:
• Implementation complexity: While it is simple and easy
to design, it is quite difficult to implement.
• Database Management Problem: If you make any
changes in the database structure, then you need to make
changes in the entire application program that access the
database.
• Lack of Structural Independence: there is lack of
structural independence because when we change the
structure then it becomes compulsory to change the
application too.
• Operational Anomalies: This model has irregularities
from the insert, delete and update, also retrieval operation
can be difficult.
• Rigid rules.
• Duplicate data.
• Data can be very slow when information on the lower
entities.
• Searching data is extremely

13. NETWORK MODEL
DISCRIPTION
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES

14. A network model is a database model that is designed
as a flexible approach to representing objects and
their relationships. A unique feature of the network
model is its schema, which is viewed as a graph where
relationship types are arcs and object types are nodes.

15. The main advantage of the network model is the ability to
address the lack of flexibility of the hierarchical
model, of which it is supposed to be a direct evolution. In
the network model, each child (called “member”) can have
more than one parent (called “owner”) to generate more
complex, many-to-many relationships.

16. Purchasing the network cabling and file servers can be
expensive. Managing a large network is complicated,
requires training and a network manager usually needs to
be employed. If the file server breaks down the files on the
file server become inaccessible. Email might still work if it
is on a separate server.

17. DIAGRAM
This is a optical labelling and flow of an
network model.

18. INDEX
In computer programming, a schema (pronounced SKEE-mah) is the
organization or structure for a database, while in artificial intelligence (AI) a
schema is a formal expression of an inference rule. For the former, the activity of
data modeling leads to a schema.
A network node can be defined as the connection point
among network devices such as routers, printers, or
switches that can receive and send data from one
endpoint to the other.