Strategic planning is a relatively new concept for non-profit organizations (Bryson (1995) and
Nawawi (2000)). Strategic planning is needed in order that organizations can offer better service quality for their
customers and for the sustainability of their organizations. Nonprofit organizations have people who are focused
on achieving specific goals of their organizations (Ireland: 1999: 96-99). Their activities are indeed limited to
the budget and a constant need to raise funds through donations and assistance. When discussing about quality,
the first thing to consider is to get rid of the notions1) that nonprofit organizations cannot work like business
organizations, 2) that non-profit organizations cannot measure their performance, and 3) that quality
improvement techniques cannot be applied to non-profit organizations.
This research was in the form of a case study with Sekolah Tinggi Indonesia Membangun (STIE INABA) as the
research subject. The research method used was research and development. Research and development can be
defined as a process or steps to develop a new product or improve existing products that are accountable.
Based on the results of the analysis of the data collected, it can be concluded that the performance measurements
that had been applied produced less information and less effective strategic planning. IT Balance Scorecard was
used to analyze the relevance of the performance measurement indicators that had been established with the
Vision, Mission, and strategic objectives of STIE INABA. STIE INABA needs to build an information system
in the form of E-learning to support teaching and learning activities
Effective sources and uses of finance is one of the primary activities for the success of a
business, where imprudent financing practices have been identified as a key constraint for the development
of the SME sector. For instance, the empirical evidence suggests that uncertainties of the SMEs due tolack
of skills and knowledgeable workers, economic fluctuations and financingcosts at firm level constitutes to het
ride from proper access to formal financing
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Conceptualizing Information Technology Governance Model for Higher Education:...journalBEEI
Information Technology (IT) governance has been emerging as a central issue in many organizations. This is because IT governance is key to realizing IT business value. Past studies have focused on the three aspects of IT governance, namely, structural capability, process capability and relational capability. At the same time, some studies have suggested that IT governance process should be viewed as a learning process rather than a problem solving process. Based on this scenario, the role of knowledge and knowledge based processes should be the central focus of IT governance. As a learning process, IT governance effectiveness can be determined by how much impact IT governance practices has influenced on decision-makers’ thinking and actions. In this case, knowledge capacity absorbed from IT governance experience reflects a certain level of organizational learning (OL) achieved which later influences the level of IT governance performance. Since studies that adopt this perspective is lacking, this paper proposes a conceptual framework based on absorptive capacity approach for an IT governance performance model in the higher education. The paper contributes theoretically by extending the knowledge of IT governance by exploring a new perspective on OL
Effective sources and uses of finance is one of the primary activities for the success of a
business, where imprudent financing practices have been identified as a key constraint for the development
of the SME sector. For instance, the empirical evidence suggests that uncertainties of the SMEs due tolack
of skills and knowledgeable workers, economic fluctuations and financingcosts at firm level constitutes to het
ride from proper access to formal financing
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Conceptualizing Information Technology Governance Model for Higher Education:...journalBEEI
Information Technology (IT) governance has been emerging as a central issue in many organizations. This is because IT governance is key to realizing IT business value. Past studies have focused on the three aspects of IT governance, namely, structural capability, process capability and relational capability. At the same time, some studies have suggested that IT governance process should be viewed as a learning process rather than a problem solving process. Based on this scenario, the role of knowledge and knowledge based processes should be the central focus of IT governance. As a learning process, IT governance effectiveness can be determined by how much impact IT governance practices has influenced on decision-makers’ thinking and actions. In this case, knowledge capacity absorbed from IT governance experience reflects a certain level of organizational learning (OL) achieved which later influences the level of IT governance performance. Since studies that adopt this perspective is lacking, this paper proposes a conceptual framework based on absorptive capacity approach for an IT governance performance model in the higher education. The paper contributes theoretically by extending the knowledge of IT governance by exploring a new perspective on OL
The Effect of Information Technology, User Technical Skills, Education and Tr...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This study aims to determine the effect of information technology, user technical skills,
education and training on the performance of the accounting information system of the Village Credit Institution
(LPD in Indonesia).This research was conducted at LPD Tegallalang District. Determination of the sample
using nonprobability sampling method with purposive sampling technique and obtained a sample of 45 samples.
The data collection method is to use a survey method by distributing questionnaires. The analysis technique
used is multiple regression analysis techniques. The results of the analysis obtained indicate that information
technology, user technical skills, education and training have a positive and significant effect on accounting
information system performance.
KEYWORDS: accounting information system perfomance, information technology, user technical skills,
education and training
Report on strategic rules of Information System for changing the bases of com...Md. Khukan Miah
Achieving advantages requires broad IS management and user dialogue plus imagination. The process is complicated by the fact that many IS products are strategic though the potential benefits are very subjective and not easily verified. Often a strict ROI focus by senior management may turn attention toward narrow, well-defined targets as opposed to broader strategic opportunities that are harder to analyze.
The Impacts Of Learning Orientation Dimention As The Relation Antecedent Between The Capability Of Information Technology Towards The Information Quality Of Accounting Management And Uncertainty Of Technology As The Moderation Variable
This study was about competency in leadership Selection at the Ministry of Public Service Uganda
with an Expert Perspective. The main objectives were to identify the competencies that practitioner experts
recommend in the selection of leaders in the ministry of public service by the year 2040 and beyond and to
identify recommendations of what practitioner experts’ rate as the most important and feasible in the
recruitment of leaders in the ministry of public service by the year 2040 and beyond
Needless to say, social media represents one of the most important platforms for marketing
communications in today’s world. In line with other opportunities, it is an important resource for business -
information. Therefore, it should be considered as a valuable asset by companies.
The Effect Of Firm Size And Organizational Culture On The Quality Of Financial Reporting In Sharia Microfinancing Institution (Baitul Maal Wa Tamwil) (The Case Of Ex Banyumas Residency-Indonesia)
PSY-520 Graduate Statistics
Topic 7 – MANOVA Project
Directions: Use the following information to complete the assignment. While APA format is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.
A researcher randomly assigns 33 subjects to one of three groups. Group 1 receives technical dietary information interactively from an on-line website. Group 2 receives the same information from a nurse practitioner, while Group 3 receives the information from a video tape made by the same nurse practitioner.
The researcher looked at three different ratings of the presentation; difficulty, usefulness, and importance to determine if there is a difference in the modes of presentation. In particular, the researcher is interested in whether the interactive website is superior because that is the most cost-effective way of delivering the information.
Group
Usefulness
Difficulty
Importance
1
20
5
18
1
25
9
8
1
23
15
20
1
16
9
22
1
20
6
22
1
28
14
8
1
20
6
13
1
25
8
13
1
24
10
24
1
18
10
20
1
17
9
4
2
28
7
14
2
25
14
5
2
26
9
20
2
19
15
22
2
29
14
12
2
15
6
2
2
29
10
5
2
26
11
1
2
22
5
2
2
15
15
14
2
29
6
4
2
15
6
3
3
22
8
12
3
27
9
14
3
21
10
7
3
17
9
1
3
16
7
12
3
19
9
7
3
23
10
1
3
27
9
5
3
23
9
6
3
16
14
22
1. Run the appropriate analysis of the data and interpret the results.
2. How could this study have been done differently? Why or why not would this approach be better?
Discussion 1
Key Decision Criteria for selecting IT Sourcing Option
IT sourcing is a process of choosing or acquiring information technology resources from external sources outside of the organization. While traditionally sourcing was a way to reduce costs, companies see it now more like an investment designed to enhance capabilities, increase agility and profitability, or gain them a competitive advantage (Tome, 2018). IT Managers must consider four different sourcing options which are In-house, Insource, Outsource and Partnership. The following are the four key decision criteria that needs to be considered for selecting the appropriate sourcing option
Flexibility: Flexibility has two key factors which are response time and capability which defines the quickness and range of IT functionality respectively. Insourcing or a permanent IT staff, is also a highly flexible sourcing option. Outsourcing exhibits less flexibility because of the need to locate an outsourcer who can provide the specific function, negotiate a contract, and monitor progress. Partnerships enjoy considerable flexibility regarding capability but much less in terms of response time (McKeen & Smith, 2015).
Control: There are two dimensions in this criterion as well: ensuring that the delivered IT function complies with requirements and protecting intellectual assets. In-housing and Insourcing are ranked high for these f ...
An Empirical Study on the information systems in the Moroccan organizations: ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
An information system, it’s the key point of the success of companies [5] [6]. Where from the necessity of investing to develop information systems, these investments concern to infrastructures, application software’s, set up systems, and existing processes. Companies have to follow policies to manage well their investment of information systems in an economic and optimal way, it is the subject of this paper. To validate our subject, our hypothesis, a study of ground was necessary. We opted for an empirical study on the information systems of the high-level Moroccan organizations in various sectors, by basing itself on scientific foundations. The study and the data analysis allowed us to propose new simplified models.
The Effect of Information Technology, User Technical Skills, Education and Tr...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This study aims to determine the effect of information technology, user technical skills,
education and training on the performance of the accounting information system of the Village Credit Institution
(LPD in Indonesia).This research was conducted at LPD Tegallalang District. Determination of the sample
using nonprobability sampling method with purposive sampling technique and obtained a sample of 45 samples.
The data collection method is to use a survey method by distributing questionnaires. The analysis technique
used is multiple regression analysis techniques. The results of the analysis obtained indicate that information
technology, user technical skills, education and training have a positive and significant effect on accounting
information system performance.
KEYWORDS: accounting information system perfomance, information technology, user technical skills,
education and training
Report on strategic rules of Information System for changing the bases of com...Md. Khukan Miah
Achieving advantages requires broad IS management and user dialogue plus imagination. The process is complicated by the fact that many IS products are strategic though the potential benefits are very subjective and not easily verified. Often a strict ROI focus by senior management may turn attention toward narrow, well-defined targets as opposed to broader strategic opportunities that are harder to analyze.
The Impacts Of Learning Orientation Dimention As The Relation Antecedent Between The Capability Of Information Technology Towards The Information Quality Of Accounting Management And Uncertainty Of Technology As The Moderation Variable
This study was about competency in leadership Selection at the Ministry of Public Service Uganda
with an Expert Perspective. The main objectives were to identify the competencies that practitioner experts
recommend in the selection of leaders in the ministry of public service by the year 2040 and beyond and to
identify recommendations of what practitioner experts’ rate as the most important and feasible in the
recruitment of leaders in the ministry of public service by the year 2040 and beyond
Needless to say, social media represents one of the most important platforms for marketing
communications in today’s world. In line with other opportunities, it is an important resource for business -
information. Therefore, it should be considered as a valuable asset by companies.
The Effect Of Firm Size And Organizational Culture On The Quality Of Financial Reporting In Sharia Microfinancing Institution (Baitul Maal Wa Tamwil) (The Case Of Ex Banyumas Residency-Indonesia)
PSY-520 Graduate Statistics
Topic 7 – MANOVA Project
Directions: Use the following information to complete the assignment. While APA format is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.
A researcher randomly assigns 33 subjects to one of three groups. Group 1 receives technical dietary information interactively from an on-line website. Group 2 receives the same information from a nurse practitioner, while Group 3 receives the information from a video tape made by the same nurse practitioner.
The researcher looked at three different ratings of the presentation; difficulty, usefulness, and importance to determine if there is a difference in the modes of presentation. In particular, the researcher is interested in whether the interactive website is superior because that is the most cost-effective way of delivering the information.
Group
Usefulness
Difficulty
Importance
1
20
5
18
1
25
9
8
1
23
15
20
1
16
9
22
1
20
6
22
1
28
14
8
1
20
6
13
1
25
8
13
1
24
10
24
1
18
10
20
1
17
9
4
2
28
7
14
2
25
14
5
2
26
9
20
2
19
15
22
2
29
14
12
2
15
6
2
2
29
10
5
2
26
11
1
2
22
5
2
2
15
15
14
2
29
6
4
2
15
6
3
3
22
8
12
3
27
9
14
3
21
10
7
3
17
9
1
3
16
7
12
3
19
9
7
3
23
10
1
3
27
9
5
3
23
9
6
3
16
14
22
1. Run the appropriate analysis of the data and interpret the results.
2. How could this study have been done differently? Why or why not would this approach be better?
Discussion 1
Key Decision Criteria for selecting IT Sourcing Option
IT sourcing is a process of choosing or acquiring information technology resources from external sources outside of the organization. While traditionally sourcing was a way to reduce costs, companies see it now more like an investment designed to enhance capabilities, increase agility and profitability, or gain them a competitive advantage (Tome, 2018). IT Managers must consider four different sourcing options which are In-house, Insource, Outsource and Partnership. The following are the four key decision criteria that needs to be considered for selecting the appropriate sourcing option
Flexibility: Flexibility has two key factors which are response time and capability which defines the quickness and range of IT functionality respectively. Insourcing or a permanent IT staff, is also a highly flexible sourcing option. Outsourcing exhibits less flexibility because of the need to locate an outsourcer who can provide the specific function, negotiate a contract, and monitor progress. Partnerships enjoy considerable flexibility regarding capability but much less in terms of response time (McKeen & Smith, 2015).
Control: There are two dimensions in this criterion as well: ensuring that the delivered IT function complies with requirements and protecting intellectual assets. In-housing and Insourcing are ranked high for these f ...
An Empirical Study on the information systems in the Moroccan organizations: ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
An information system, it’s the key point of the success of companies [5] [6]. Where from the necessity of investing to develop information systems, these investments concern to infrastructures, application software’s, set up systems, and existing processes. Companies have to follow policies to manage well their investment of information systems in an economic and optimal way, it is the subject of this paper. To validate our subject, our hypothesis, a study of ground was necessary. We opted for an empirical study on the information systems of the high-level Moroccan organizations in various sectors, by basing itself on scientific foundations. The study and the data analysis allowed us to propose new simplified models.
BIM Term Paper Proposal on Applications of ICT on Office Management santo BD
BIM Term Paper Proposal
Topics is "Applications of ICT on Office Management and organization Development"
Broader objective of the study :
? ? Main objective of this study- ICT applications how to help office management and
to develop organization.
Specific objectives: The specific objective of the study will be:
• Identify the ICT applications using for office management.
• To identify impact on employment productivity of using ICT applications.
• Cost benefit analysis of using ICT applications in the organization.
Bangladesh Institute of Management (BIM), Dhaka
Discussion1INNOVATIONMEANING- The innovation is the process .docxmadlynplamondon
Discussion:1
INNOVATION
MEANING:- The innovation is the process of creating new ideas for the existing things. In this process new thoughts and imaginative power is used by the individuals. In this new ideas are used for the better solution in the products. It helps in further growth of the business in the market place (Mckeown, 2014).
Principle of innovation
There are five main principles of innovation which have been discussed below:-
1. It starts with the conversion of the problem into an idea:- The first main principle of innovation is the conversion of the problems that arise in the business organization into a meaningful idea. This new idea is created for the problem to arise.
2. Needs a particular system:- The second main principle of innovation is that there is a need for a particular system to do innovation in the product and services offered by the business organizations.
3. Need of passion:- The third main principle of innovation is that there is a need for passion for doing innovations in the products and services. If the individual has the correct passion, only then innovation is possible.
4. Usage of methods of innovation:- The fourth main principle of innovation is the usage of methods in order to do innovation in the products and services. These methods help in building trust among the customers. It is an essential part of the innovation process. In this, there is an exchange of information, simulation of the creativity, and then the stage of formation of the idea (Wright, 2018).
5. Leverage:- The fifth main principle of innovation is leverage. In this, there should be a leverage in terms of language, cultural difference, and problem resolving style. There should be a difference in the leverage, which helps in enhancing the innovation process in a good way. So this leverage is important from the innovation process (Ramadani, 2010).
References
McKeen, J. D. (2015). IT Strategy Issues and Practices. Pearson Education Limited.
Mckeown, M. (2014). The Innovation Book: How to Manage Ideas and Execution for Outstanding Results. Pearson UK.
Ramadani, V. (2010). Innovation: Principles and Strategies. ResearchGate.
Wright, R. (2018). Twelve True Principles of Innovation. Research-Technology Management.
Discussion 2:
Focus on achievable targets- Organizations need to put focus on targets that can be achieved instead of setting up targets that are unrealistic (McKeen & Smith, 2015). Innovation needs to be target and manageable by an organization to avoid instances where it gets stuck along the way because it was unrealistic and unachievable. Organizations may also make little innovations within the organization to help them or prepare them for any big innovations in the future.
Don’t rush to market- It is important to go slow with innovations in the organization. Once an organization starts innovating something they need to experiment and further experiment to ensure that it will actually work (McKeen & Smith, 2015). Rushing to launch ...
Digital Strategy Research Essay: Effects of difficult capabilitiesTotal Assignment Help
In other words digital capability is the ability that helps organisation to prepare digital strategies. Purpose of this essay is to analyze affect of digital capabilities on digital strategies of organisation. First section of the Digital Strategy Research Essay helps to analyze the key concept of digital
capabilities and its affect on digital strategies and gradually next section of the essay highlights different issues, problem and challenges of digital capabilities that organisation might encounter.
14 hours agoNikesh Bantu Discussion 1COLLAPSETop of Form.docxaulasnilda
14 hours ago
Nikesh Bantu
Discussion 1
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
Most organizational policies fail during implementation. It takes to experiment and experience to select a strategy. Getting suggestions on strategies from main stakeholders and also involving everyone to invest in the implementation plan. Organization strategy talks about how a company or organization can achieve its goals and objectives along with the growth. Developing such an organization strategy for a company will take different inputs and parameters from the team, vendors, and stakeholders. Considering these parameters together and defining the differences, knowing what is required for the company and make changes accordingly.
To establish the strategy, companies follow IS strategy. It is a document that establishes the path for an organization. This document helps the company to know what they want, how to reach a goal, what mistakes have taken place so far. One such famous strategies are SWOT analysis, which has insights on Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threats. Companies list their monthly and yearly goals and objectives and take action on their plans. Everyone in the company must know the mission statement and the core values of what they are working on, and the company is looking for. Once employees understand the company's philosophy, mission, and goals, they connect their work with the strategic priorities of the organization. This creates a healthy environment between the employees of the company and the company itself.
The organization that does not follow proper Business Strategies faces different problems. Their thinking could be very different, like a reactive way. The company will rarely initiate ideas and wait to be for what to be told and what to do or what actions are supposed to be taken. Often such companies fail in considering potential impacts for long term goals and actions. They are mostly focused on the short term. The company will fear for changes and challenges.
Inputs from others are meaningless when there is no proper strategy. Their goals and objectives would have flaws and rarely or would work by luck.
The organization will assume all the tasks and actions equally, without knowing what to prioritize first. Giving equal importance would impact output. Thus they become inflexible, as they have trouble altering their plans very often, and their returns will be pretty low. Making adjustments and alterations would consume a lot of time and investment. Such organizations would not be interested in learning new things or methods as their thinking is content with their current capacities. Mostly they stick to the familiar paths and are very predictable.
With all these drawbacks or flaws, an Organization must follow proper Strategic thinking. To do that, someone should take the initiative along with the help of a team. Organizations must be listing the objectives and performance measures for the company. It should consider the financial perspective ...
Discussion 1Discussing the conditions that are necessary for su.docxcharlieppalmer35273
Discussion 1:
Discussing the conditions that are necessary for successful innovation:
We have three different conditions for making successful innovation. They are 1) Motivation, 2) Support, 3) Direction [McKeen & Smith (2015)].
1. Motivation: It encourages the people by establishing various rewards for innovation. Many people in the organization work hard for the best outputs. By the pressures of the team leaders or higher authority people, they tend to demotivate and get discouraged. They cannot work for creating new innovations by the extra pressures. So, the organization should create a new innovative idea by giving rewards and extra incentives for all the employees who work hard in resolving the risks. This can boost up the confidence levels of the employees and result in great outputs [Johnston (2017)]. Every organization can have different types of rewards given for their employees. Some of them may give rewards like tickets, books, executive citations and recognition days, etc. Some may give the opportunity to play and work with upcoming new technologies.
2. Support: This should create support by creating an effective infrastructure for which it can sustain the innovation. As the motivation phase can encourage the employee for creating the innovation, they should also start providing support for the innovation. Not only the motivation, but also support helps in creating efficient innovation. Here, we have two different strategies followed in supporting the innovation. They are stated as follows:
· Insulate: This strategy helps all the organizations to create the innovation centers. These are the centers that act as the one-stop destination for all the common problems.
· Incubate: This strategy helps to keep all the centers within specific lines of business (LOBs) [McKeen & Smith (2015)].
The centers that are established will support all the innovations. Supporting the innovation may involve some tasks like providing the access for all the organizations that deal with them, they should provide the effective infrastructure, the social interaction with other organizations, various functions that can support for development of any particular organization [Minshall, Stefan, Mortara (2014)].
3. Direction: It should manage all the innovations that are created with different strategies. Successful innovations always have a great impact [JD (2009)]. Learning is the most important task to do in any organization. Learning all the new strategical ways to present an innovation leads to best results. We have three different ways of strategical learning that employees in every organization should follow. They are as follows:
· Always we need to link the innovation to the customer value for having a better and clear result. This approach can easily focus on the customer pain points (CPPs) [McKeen & Smith (2015)]. The identification of these pain points gives us many potential solutions.
· Always we should link all the experimentation.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a concept that has gained prominence in recent decades as businesses recognize their broader impact on society beyond their immediate economic goals. CSR involves a company's commitment to operating ethically, considering the interests of various stakeholders, and contributing to social and environmental well-being. In this essay, we will explore the principles and benefits of CSR, its impact on stakeholders, and how it has become an integral part of modern business practices.
Corporate Social Responsibility is not merely a trend but a fundamental shift in the way businesses perceive their role in society. Embracing CSR is not only morally sound but also strategically advantageous, fostering sustainable business practices that benefit the company, its stakeholders, and the broader community. As businesses continue to evolve, integrating CSR into their core values becomes imperative for long-term success and positive societal impact.
I Find Challenge In Drafting My Research Objectives For My Proposal On Digita...PhD Assistance
The evolution of digital technologies in the business world has brought major changes to the organizations considerably. Digital technologies have offered many suggestions for improving business processes, and also created vast opportunities for Entrepreneurs and Researchers. This paper aims to acquire knowledge based on the research in digital transformation, integrating the analysis of the research, and extracting the concepts and ideas from many fields. The study also aims at acknowledging digital technologies’ role in business transformations. The aim of the paper is to explain how digital transformation has an impact on business enterprises (Nambisan et al., 2019).
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Page 1 of 2 MARK901 Digital Marketing AUTUMN 2022 .docxLacieKlineeb
Page 1 of 2
MARK901
Digital Marketing
AUTUMN 2022
MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Time Allowed: 48 hours.
Total Number of Questions: 3
DIRECTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1. Answer ALL questions. The marks for each question are shown next to each question.
2. Total marks: 100. This Exam is worth 30% of your final marks for MARK901.
INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS (FURTHER TO INSTRUCTIONS POSTED ON MOODLE SITE)
• Download the provided Answer Booklet and start typing your answers in the Answer Booklet (word
document). Keep saving your work on your desktop regularly.
• If your answer requires a diagram or calculation that cannot be created in the word document, use A4
size paper(s) to capture the diagram or calculation. Take a photo or scan of the paper (s), upload to
your computer and attach with the Answer Booklet word document in order to form one single file that
has to be uploaded.
• Upload the answer booklet as one file in Turnitin through the subject Moodle site. You have only one
attempt to upload the document - no changes can be made.
• If you are unable to upload the answer booklet in Turnitin before the due time, DO NOT PANIC. Email
it to the lecturer at [email protected] immediately within time limit as specified for
the Turnitin upload. Resubmit via Turnitin later.
• The Lecturer will have the discretion to conduct viva on the submission made, if needed.
Student Number………………………….
…………………………. First Name
Family Name ………………................
1
mailto:[email protected]
Page 2 of 2
Based on the given study, answer all of the following questions [Max 900 words each]:
Q1.
The study discusses the use of a number of different channels in Digital Marketing
a) List and explain the usage of each of these channels as mentioned in the study
b) Categorize these channels into the 3 types of digital marketing media or trifecta (as
discussed in class).
[30 Marks]
Q2.
a) Discuss the enablers of and the barriers to digital marketing usage in the SMEs of Finland,
as discussed in the study.
b) Speculate the applicabilty of each of the above in the case of SMEs in the UAE,
particularly Dubai. [30 Marks]
Q3.
Imagine you are the marketing manager of a mid-scale global fast food chain, and going to
open a flagship outlet in Dubai, UAE:
a) Perform the Segmentation,Targeting and Positioning process for your organization.
b) Determine and describe how you will implement the 7Ps (Product, Price, Place,
Promotion, People, Process, Physical Evidence) of the Digital Marketing Mix for your
chosen target market. [40 Marks]
Notes:
• Answers must be clearly organized into headings and sub-headings.
• Use bullet lists where suitable.
• Use diagrams where suitable.
• This exam will assess your synthesis,analysis and critical thinking skills among others.
This is an electronic reprint of the original article.
This reprint may differ from the original in pagination and typographic detail.
Author(s):
Title:
Year:
Version:
Please cite the.
key factors affecting on the e readiness assessment for small and mediumINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Due to the increasing growth of information and communication technology and to optimum utilization of its advantages, organizations must to develop their existing capacities. To measure this capacity of any organization, be sure is evaluated, the e-readiness of the organization to enter the e-commerce market. The main objective of this paper is to identify key factors affecting in the Electronic Readiness assessing of SMEs in Shamsabad Industrial City, Tehran to enter the e-commerce market. In this paper to determine this factors after identifying and introduction of variety existing models, concepts; dimensions and indicators of research is extracted and is designed in the form of a questionnaire. Then, using a designed questionnaire is action to gathering insights of academic experts and professional and variety of concepts, dimensions and related indicators is evaluated to E-Readiness assessment. Finally, with regard to the reforms, have been identified key factors affecting the E-Readiness of small and medium manufacturing enterprises.
Similar to Information Technology (IT) Development Strategy of STIE INABA in the Perspective of IT Balanced Scorecard (20)
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
The Role of the Instruction of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Enhancing ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :Throughout my studies and teaching English in different language centers and higher studies
institutions, I have come to conclude that students consider Reading comprehension as a nightmare that
frightens them and hinders their language acquisition in the Moroccan EFL Context. This may cause them to
develop an internal psychological obstacle that grows as their lack of the necessary instruments or tools to
overcome are not equipped with. They become lost and unaware about or unfamiliar with the necessary reading
comprehension strategies that could help them to face the problem of misunderstanding or non-understanding
of English texts. Respectively, this article which is only one part of my whole study aims at showing the effect
of teaching reading strategies in enhancing the S1 students‟ familiarity with reading strategies and raising their
frequency use. A sample of 283 University students in EFL context have been chosen randomly and have
attended the usual academic reading classes, yet only 76 are subject to this survey. 38 of them constitute the
experimental group who have attended the treatment regularly in one of the language centers and the other 38
participants are chosen randomly from the whole population to constitute the Control group. They all have
Psychosocial Factors and Deviant Behaviors of Children in Conflict with the L...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This study aims to determine the relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant
behaviors among children in conflict with the law (CICL) inDavao Region. The researchers want to discover the
prevalent factors thatdrive these children to their behaviors. Further, the study sought to determinethe
manifestation of psychosocial factors in terms of life satisfaction, emotionalsupport, self-esteem, and personality
traits. The study's data came from N-83children in conflict with the law (CICL) at the Regional Rehabilitation
Center forYouth (RRCY) in Bago Oshiro, Davao City; all respondents are male. This studyused a total
enumeration sampling technique due to the relatively smallpopulation size. The researchers adapted the
Psychosocial surveyquestionnaires by Zabriskie & Ward (2013) and by John and Srivastava (1999)as well as the
Deviant Behavior Variety Scale (DBVS) by Sanches et al. (2016).Through the use of a validated questionnaire,
the mean and standard deviationare determined. The researchers modified this questionnaire and translated itinto
the respondents' mother tongue (Cebuano) for them to comprehend itbetter. The study discovered no significant
relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant behaviors of children in conflict with the law (CICL) in
theDavao Region
KEYWORDS :Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL), deviant behaviors, psychosocial factors
Entropy: A Join between Science and Mind-SocietyAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Entropy is join, intersection and interaction between natural science and human mind-society.
We proposed that if internal interactions exist in isolated systems, entropy decrease will be possible for this
system. Management in system is a typical internal interaction within the isolated system. The purpose of
management is to use regulating the internal interactions within the system, and to decrease the increasing
entropy spontaneously. We propose the principle of social civilization and the developing direction is: freedom
of thought, rule of action. Both combinations should be a peaceful revision and improvement of social rules and
laws. Different countries and nations, different religions and beliefs should coexist peacefully and compete
peacefully. The evolution of human society must be coevolution. Its foundation is the evolution of the human
heart and the human nature.
KEYWORDS: entropy, science, society, management, mind, evolution.
A Model of Disaster Resilience Among Colleges and Universities: A Mixed Metho...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research paper aimed to create a comprehensive framework for measuring disaster
resilience in colleges and universities. The study used a mixed method through Exploratory Factor Analysis
(EFA), which involved analyzing data from a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed based on
in-depth interviews with 12 selected participants from the University of Mindanao, as well as relevant literature
and studies. It was reviewed and validated by 10 experts using a method called Content Validity Ratio (CVR).
This questionnaire was then administered to 400 students from 10 different colleges in University of Mindanao.
After conducting the Exploratory Factor Analysis and performing rotations and iterations, the researchers
identified five main constructs that characterize disaster resilience among colleges (1) disaster preparedness, (2)
disaster awareness, (3) community readiness, and (4) disaster management, (5) disaster resilience. The
researchers aimed to create an organization called “Council of College Disaster Volunteers (CCDV)” which
consist of student volunteers. These factors can be used to develop effective management strategies and
strengthen efforts in preventing and managing disasters and accidents.
KEYWORDS:content validity ratio, criminology, disaster resilience, disaster management, exploratory factor
analysis, and Philippines.
Environmental Struggles and Justice Among Lumad Farmers of Davao CityAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The study described the various environmental struggles experienced among the participants
and their status in accessing justice. The study followed a qualitative multiple-case study approach; the
participants are the Lumad farmers of Marilog, Davao City selected through a Critical sampling method and
aims to present the environmental violations experienced by the Lumad farmers in Davao City and how it
affected their families and sustenance further, their status in accessing justice is also explored. The study
concluded that the most common struggles the participant experience are Illegal logging and improper waste
disposal, which affect their farms, family, health, and income. Their preferred means to accessing justice is
through barangay settlement; the rigors of accessing courts, such as distance, expenses, fear of ruling, and the
hassle of being called to be present in court, are the most prevalent barriers that hinder the lead farmers from
accessing justice or seeking legal action. Nevertheless, the participants believed that the government would help
them in accessing justice.
KEYWORDS :access to justice, criminology,environmental justice, environmental struggles, lumadfarmers
CYBERBULLYING EXPERIENCES OF UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTSAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This paper explores the cyberbullying experiences among Criminology students at the
University of Mindanao. A simple random sampling method was used to distribute the study's online
questionnaire to the respondents and to survey the target population. This study has four hundred (400)
respondents, and the respondents are Criminology students at the University of Mindanao. The findings of this
study revealed that the level of cyberbullying experiences is sometimes manifested. On the other hand, the
cyberbullying experiences of the students indicate a moderate level, which indicates that the cyberbullying
experiences of the respondents are sometimes manifested. Also, the computations showed that among the
indicators presented, the highest mean is obtained in the psychological effect, which implies that there is a
significant effect of cyberbullying experiences of the respondents in terms of the Gender level of the
respondents. Therefore, respondents with a low level of cyberbullying experiences tend to have a moderate level
of cyberbullying experience. However, there is no significant effect in terms of age and year level of the
respondents according to the results regarding the psychological, emotional, and physical impact of
cyberbullying.
KEYWORDS :cyberbullying, emotional, experiences, psychological,physical effect, and simple random
sampling method.
A philosophical ontogenetic standpoint on superego role in human mind formationAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: One of the most significant contributions of psychoanalysis to understand the human being is the
elaboration of a model about the mind from a topical and dynamic perspective. Freud explains the mind by the
constitution of the preconscious, conscious, and subconscious. Later, by three dynamic components: the id, the
ego and the superego. Such an organization of the psychic apparatus supposes not only individual elements, but
social influences along the process of hominization. In this paper, we recover the findings of the renowned
anthropologist Lewis Morgan, trying to link some of them to the psychoanalytic theory. Especially highlighting
the importance of superego in Haidt’s social intuitionism.
Keywords: evolutionism, intuitionism, psychoanalysis, Freud, Haidt, Morgan
Improving Workplace Safety Performance in Malaysian SMEs: The Role of Safety ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: In the Malaysian context, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) experience a significant
burden of workplace accidents. A consensus among scholars attributes a substantial portion of these incidents to
human factors, particularly unsafe behaviors. This study, conducted in Malaysia's northern region, specifically
targeted Safety and Health/Human Resource professionals within the manufacturing sector of SMEs. We
gathered a robust dataset comprising 107 responses through a meticulously designed self-administered
questionnaire. Employing advanced partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques
with SmartPLS 3.2.9, we rigorously analyzed the data to scrutinize the intricate relationship between safety
behavior and safety performance. The research findings unequivocally underscore the palpable and
consequential impact of safety behavior variables, namely safety compliance and safety participation, on
improving safety performance indicators such as accidents, injuries, and property damages. These results
strongly validate research hypotheses. Consequently, this study highlights the pivotal significance of cultivating
safety behavior among employees, particularly in resource-constrained SME settings, as an essential step toward
enhancing workplace safety performance.
KEYWORDS :Safety compliance, safety participation, safety performance, SME
Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of ForgivenessAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of Forgiveness.
The two variables are regarded to have influence on the decision one makes to forgive another. The study aimed
at examining the relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness, empathy and forgiveness
and to identify which one of the two,Psychological Empowerment or Empathy, is the more powerful predictor of
forgiveness. The study took a survey design with a sample of 350 drawn from a population of university students
using a self-administered questionnaire with four sections: Personal information, Psychological empowerment
scale, Toronto Empathy questionnaire, and the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS). Data analysis employed
Pearson’s product moment correlation and regression analysis to test hypotheses. The results show significant
relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness as well as empathy and forgiveness.
Empathy was found to be the more powerful predictor of forgiveness.
KEY WORDS: Psychological empowerment, empathy, forgiveness
Exploring The Dimensions and Dynamics of Felt Obligation: A Bibliometric Anal...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTARCT: This study presents, to our knowledge, the first bibliometric analysis focusing on the concept of
"felt obligation," examining 120 articles published between 1986 and 2024. The aim of the study is to deepen our
understanding of the existing knowledge in the field of "felt obligation" and to provide guidance for further
research. The analysis is centered around the authors, countries, institutions, and keywords of the articles. The
findings highlight prominent researchers in this field, leading universities, and influential journals. Particularly,
it is identified that China plays a leading role in "felt obligation" research. The analysis of keywords emphasizes
the thematic focuses of these studies and provides a roadmap for future research. Finally, various
recommendations are presented to deepen the knowledge in this area and promote applied research. This study
serves as a foundation to expand and advance the understanding of "felt obligation" in the field.
KEYWORDS: Felt Obligation, Bibliometric Analysis, Research Trends
Les autorités traditionnelles et l’administration coloniale au Tchad : 1900-1960AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : In Africa, traditionalauthorities are the guardians of tradition. Recently, however, they have
been caughtbetween tradition and modernity in the exercise of political power in Chad. However, we are
witnessing the revival of chieftaincy and the hybridization of the politicalpowersexercisedwithinit. In this
cohabitation of powers, traditionalauthorityisescapingitsrole as guardian of tradition.
Traditionalauthorityisthereforepresented in itscurrent state, as a proxy for the modern state in traditional
administrative districts. The aim of thisstudyis to analyze the mutations and adaptability of
traditionalauthorityfrom the pre-colonialperiodthrough the colonial period to the post-colonial period. This
workanalyzes the mutations of authorities. The data collected and processedrevealthattraditionalauthorities have
survivedalmosteverywhere, the former chiefdomsdissolvedduringcolonization have been restored by
republicanheads of state, while more and more frequently civil servants, businessmen, academics and
othermembers of the literateelite, whopreviouslyhad no attraction for the position of traditionalchief, are
beingenthroned.
Key words:Authorities, Administration, colonization, Chad, Kanem.
A Conceptual Analysis of Correlates of Domestic Violence and Adolescent Risky...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores domestic violence and how it influences adolescent risky behavior.
Domestic violence is a devastating social problem resulting in significant and enduring effects on children,
threatening both their health and emotional well-being. The study aimed at examining the relationships between
domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem, psychological
Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem and Selfregulation, Self-Regulation and Adolescent Risky Behavior and identify the stronger predictor of self-regulation
between psychological empowerment and Self-esteem. Adolescent respondents who experienced domestic
violence were purposely selected and guided by teachers and administrators who had provided support to these
children.The questionnaire had six sections namely; personal information, the Child Exposure to Domestic
Violence Scale, the Psychological empowerment scale, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventory, and the Brief
Self-Control Scale. Data analysis employed Pearson's product-moment correlation (r) to test hypotheses 1,
2,3,4,5, and 6. Regression analysis was used for hypothesis 7.The results show a significant relationship
between domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem,
psychological Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem
and Self-regulation, Self-Regulation, and Adolescent Risky Behavior. The study documents that Psychological
empowerment is a stronger predictor of self-regulation than Self-esteem.
KEYWORDS:Domestic violence, psychological empowerment, self-regulation, and Adolescent risky behavior
Driving Sustainable Competitive Advantage Through an Innovative Aggregator Bu...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The aim of the research is to analyze the influence of the aggregation business model on
Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA). Through a survey of 216 MSMEs in the creative economy sector
selected randomly using an ex post facto causal research approach, an overview of the aggregator business
model and its impact on financial resources and SCA was obtained. The aggregator business model plays a role
in facilitating increased access to financial resources to meet both available and required working capital for
realizing SCA in Malang's Lokanima area. The strength of ABM lies in understanding the resources needed for
SCA and the effectiveness of mobilizing services while considering the most cost-effective options, including
providing various alternatives in their provision. Financial resources are an important factor supporting the
achievement of SCA. Access to financial resources is key to facilitating business growth and sustainability.
Theoretical implications: The concept of the aggregator business model emphasizes the efficient and effective
collection, aggregation, and distribution of resources in connecting service providers with consumers in an
economical and efficient manner. Practical implications: ABM can enhance the performance of financial
resource provision by optimizing relationships with MSMEs and financial institutions, leading to business
growth and sustainability for MSMEs.
KEYWORDS -Aggregator Business, Creative Economy, Financial Resources, Sustainable Competitive
Advantage
Accuracy of ChatGPT for Basic Values of Trigonometric FunctionsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study analyzes the accuracy of ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence model based on GPT3.5, in determining the values of basic trigonometric functions. To this end, we examine ChatGPT's responses to
sine, cosine, tangent, and cotangent values for a wide range of angles. We compare the results provided by
ChatGPT with the accuracy values determined by basic trigonometry. We also explore differences in accuracy
depending on changes in question complexity and given context. The results show a high level of accuracy of
ChatGPT in determining the values of trigonometric functions, especially for common angles. However, it is
noted that accuracy may be affected in certain cases of extreme angles or complex questions. This analysis
provides an important representation of ChatGPT's capabilities in the field of mathematics, using a new method
for testing the accuracy of artificial intelligence models in determining trigonometric values.
Keywords -Accuracy, AI Model, ChatGPT, Trigonometric Functions, Trigonometry
Postmodern Marketing and Its Impact on Traditional Marketing Approaches: Is K...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The essay discusses the concept of postmodern marketing and its impact on marketing theory
and practice. It explores the characteristics of postmodernism, including openness, tolerance, hyper-reality,
fragmentation, and the lack of clear boundaries, and how they challenge traditional marketing approaches. The
paper also looks at the contributions of postmodern marketing to consumer and marketing research and how it
has redefined the way we think about marketing as a science. Ultimately, it raises the question of whether and
how marketing should adapt itself to the new conditions brought about by postmodernism.
KEYWORDS :Postmodernism, Postmodern Marketing, Kotler, Marketing Theory, Postmodern Consumer
Reorientation of Health Service Governance Toward the Fulfillment of Social J...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Health insurance is a human right. At the practical level, this health insurance program in
Indonesia is organized by BPJS Kesehatan (Social Security Administering Body for Health). The
implementation of BPJS Kesehatan is still not optimal and effective. Three problems are discussed in this
writing: the dynamics of health insurance governance in Indonesia, the implementation of the fulfillment of the
right to health by BPJS Kesehatan, and the reorientation of BPJS Kesehatan services toward social justice.
These problems are then answered by scientific research methods using a sociological juridical approach.
Complaintsoften occur regarding the regulations, the services provided by the health facility providers, and the
distance between the community and the health facilities. Such complaints affect the public interest in becoming
BPJS Kesehatan participants. The aforementioned conditions must be considered and evaluated for the
government's success in the aspired national health insurance plan.
KEYWORDS -BPJS Kesehatan, Health Insurance, Social Justice
“To be integrated is to feel secure, to feel connected.” The views and experi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Although a significant amount of literature exists on Morocco's migration policies and their
successes and failures since their implementation in 2014, there is limited research on the integration of subSaharan African children into schools. This paperis part of a Ph.D. research project that aims to fill this gap. It
reports the main findings of a study conducted with migrant children enrolled in two public schools in Rabat,
Morocco, exploring how integration is defined by the children themselves and identifying the obstacles that they
have encountered thus far. The following paper uses an inductive approach and primarily focuses on the
relationships of children with their teachers and peers as a key aspect of integration for students with a migration
background. The study has led to several crucial findings. It emphasizes the significance of speaking Colloquial
Moroccan Arabic (Darija) and being part of a community for effective integration. Moreover, it reveals that the
use of Modern Standard Arabic as the language of instruction in schools is a source of frustration for students,
indicating the need for language policy reform. The study underlines the importanceof considering the
children‟s agency when being integrated into mainstream public schools.
.
KEYWORDS: migration, education, integration, sub-Saharan African children, public school
Sport et vieillissement : une analyse de la pratique des activités physiques ...AJHSSR Journal
Abstract : The aim of thispaperis to report on the effects of physicalactivity and sport on the health of older
people. Based on a mixed-methodsapproach, several techniques, namelydocumentaryanalysis and semistructured interviews, wereused in thisresearch in order to obtain a range of data thatwasavailable, accessible
and relevant to the subjectunderstudy. This enabled us to arrive at the resultsaccording to which the
stakeholders' perceptions of theirhealth are based on the practice of physicalactivities and sport as a social
construct in a socio-cultural context. Older people see sport as a way of curingillnesses, but above all as a way
of givingtheir bodies vitality. Othersseeit as a way of reinvigoratingthemselvesafter retirement.
Key words: Ageing, Physical activities, Sports activities, Elderly people.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Information Technology (IT) Development Strategy of STIE INABA in the Perspective of IT Balanced Scorecard
1. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2018
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 72
American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR)
e-ISSN :2378-703X
Volume-02, Issue-12, pp-72-80
www.ajhssr.com
Research Paper Open Access
Information Technology (IT) Development Strategyof STIE
INABA in the Perspective of IT Balanced Scorecard
1
Yoyo Sudaryo and 2
Dyah Purnamasari
1
Management, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Indonesia Membangun (STIE INABA), Bandung, Indonesia
2
Accounting, Widyatama University, Bandung, Indonesia
ABSTRACT: Strategic planning is a relatively new concept for non-profit organizations (Bryson (1995) and
Nawawi (2000)). Strategic planning is needed in order that organizations can offer better service quality for their
customers and for the sustainability of their organizations. Nonprofit organizations have people who are focused
on achieving specific goals of their organizations (Ireland: 1999: 96-99). Their activities are indeed limited to
the budget and a constant need to raise funds through donations and assistance. When discussing about quality,
the first thing to consider is to get rid of the notions1) that nonprofit organizations cannot work like business
organizations, 2) that non-profit organizations cannot measure their performance, and 3) that quality
improvement techniques cannot be applied to non-profit organizations.
This research was in the form of a case study with Sekolah Tinggi Indonesia Membangun (STIE INABA) as the
research subject. The research method used was research and development. Research and development can be
defined as a process or steps to develop a new product or improve existing products that are accountable.
Based on the results of the analysis of the data collected, it can be concluded that the performance measurements
that had been applied produced less information and less effective strategic planning. IT Balance Scorecard was
used to analyze the relevance of the performance measurement indicators that had been established with the
Vision, Mission, and strategic objectives of STIE INABA. STIE INABA needs to build an information system
in the form of E-learning to support teaching and learning activities.
KEYWORDS: Strategic Development, Information Technology, IT Balanced Scorecard
I. INTRODUCTION
Today, it cannot be denied that information is one of the main resources for an organization to increase
competitiveness against its competitors. Therefore, every organization tries to implement a system or
information technology to improve efficiency and effectiveness in the business processes, as well as to be able
to provide added value in the form of competitive advantage in business competition.
The application of an information technology system will be useful if the application is in accordance
with the objectives, vision, and missions of the organization by establishing business strategies and information
technology system strategies. Therefore, it is needed an analysis of various factors influencing the formation of
the system strategic planningor the information technology that is adaptable and in line with the business
strategy.The development of dynamic information technology certainly impacts on those who are not able to
follow these changes. One example of a company that has failed to keep up with the development is Nokia. For
dozens of years, no one could compete with the success obtained by Nokia. Yet, being once the first is not a
guarantee and a justificationthat it will continue to exist in the world of technology that is advancing today. This
is one of the reasons why Nokia became a manufacturer that failed and was unable to compete with others and
ended in bankruptcy, asthat was the cause of bankruptcy. Nokia’s biggest failure was the reluctance to accept
drastic changes. Nokia did not make changes for fear of losing customers, so that it ended in a chaos of
operating system that was not suitable for the future. Nokia was veryaware of the threat of competitors more
daring to make changes. That was the reason and the cause of the bankruptcy of the Nokia company.
Millennials cannot be separated from changes.As one of Indonesia’s human resources, theycan’t escape
the changes brought by the industrial revolution 4.0. This generation born in the mid 1980-1999 should be
prepared for this condition because Indonesia’s future is in their hands. They not only have to be smart and
master the theories, but also, have high learning ability to keep up with the rapid changes. To be able to have a
high level of learning ability, they should train it early on when they are in colleges. In this case, it is
educational institutions that play an important role in making millennial generation have high learning abilities.
This means that education institutions should be able to hone their students’ learning skills to be able to follow
the rapidchanges. Thus, they can answer the challenges coming with the industry 4.0.
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The development of technology has greatly influenced the way of life of the millennial generation,
including the use of e-learning in the field of education,where learning activitieshave begun usingthis concept.
Along with the development of information technology and the demands of globalization of education and
distance learning, various concepts, including e-learning concept, have been developed to replace traditional
learning methods. E-learning can be used as an alternative to problems in the field of education, either as an
additional, complementary or substitute element for the existing learning activities.
To be able to compete in the industry, an organization should have competence for competitiveness.
Today, it is not only profit organizations that are demanded to possess the competitiveness.Nonprofit
organizations are also required to work professionally like private organizations. An organization is required to
have a clear mission (Drucker, 1993), and to be able to survive the changes in its environment (Armitage, 1992).
Thus, organizations that are engaged in education like STIE INABA need to make strategic planning in running
their organizations. Strategic planning is a process used to evaluate opportunities and risks and determine
strengths and weaknesses in the effort to define the company’s mission, form long-term goals, and formulate its
strategies (Durbin & Ireland (1993) and Hellriegel& Slocum (1992)).
Strategic planning is a relatively new concept for non-profit organizations (Bryson (1995) and Nawawi
(2000)). Strategic planning is needed in order that organizations can offer better qualityof services for their
customers and for the sustainability of their organizations. Nonprofits have people who are focused on achieving
their organization’s specific goals (Ireland: 1999: 96-99). Their activities are indeed limited to the budget and a
constant need to increase funds through donations and assistance. When discussing quality, the first thing to
consider is to get rid of the notions1) that nonprofit organizations that cannot work like business organizations,
2) that nonprofit organizations cannot measure their performance, and 3) that quality improvement techniques
cannot be applied to nonprofit organizations.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
IT Balanced Scorecard
In 1997, Van Grembergen and Van Bruggen adopted Balanced Scorecard (BSC) for use in the
Information Technology Department of the organization. In their view,as the Information Technology
Department is an internal service provider, the perspective used should be changed and adjusted. By seeing that
their users are internal employees and their contributions are assessed based on the views of the management,
they propose changes as shown in Figure 1 below,from Traditional BSC to IT BSC.
Figure 1. Changes in the perspective from Traditional BSC to IT Balanced Scorecard
Figure 2. Traditional BSC perspective
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IT Balanced Scorecard is a modification of the traditional Balanced Scorecard. The reason they made
these changes was that the IT units in a company usually serve the internal needs of the company and the
projects are usually carried out for the benefit of overall units of the company. (Keyes, 2005: 94). The four
perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard are then modified into corporate contribution, user or customer
orientation, operational excellence, and future orientation.
The advantages of using the IT Balanced Scorecard are:
1. That companies can develop their IT performance analysis broadly and specifically, including several
perspectives of customer or user orientation, corporate contributions, operational excellence and future
orientation;
2. Increasing the effectiveness of IT projects to meet strategic needs of companies;
3. Improving the relationship and dialogue between IT and companies and customer business units;
4. Providing broader understanding and acceptance of IT initiatives through clear and comprehensive
communication;
5. Positioning the technologymore in the increase of competitive advantages.
The perspectives in IT BSC performance evaluation are:
1. Corporate Contribution
This perspective is based on the view of the executive management, the shareholder directors. The IT
evaluation consists of:
a. Short-term financial evaluation, and
b. Long-term evaluation of IT projects and functions.
The added value of information technology involves risks in its achievement. The use of financial
benchmark as the only measure of organizational performance has several weaknesses, including:
a. potentially encouraging managers to take short-term actions at the expense of long-term
interests,whichcan result in increased financial performance in the short run, but can be
detrimental in the long run;
b. the neglect of the non-financial measurementaspects, including intangible assets and
intangible benefits, that,in general,can give incorrect views for managers regarding the
conditions of the organizations in the present and in the future;
c. the obsolete financial performance benchmarks that not fully guide the organization towards
future goals.
2. User Orientation
This perspective evaluates IT performance based on customers’ perspective on the existing business
units. In this case, the company should identify the customers and the targeted market segments to be
able to harmonize the various customer measures,such as satisfaction, loyalty, retention, acquisition,
and profitability, to the customers themselves and to the company’s market segments. Thus, if
customers as the users do not feel satisfied, there can be many complaints, or even it can lower their
performances in the future. In general, this perspective has two measurement groups as follows:
a. main group, consisting of the measures of market share, customer retention, customer
acquisition, customer satisfaction, and customer profitability;
b. performance driving group, the customer performance driving factorsthat offer the customers
value proposition provided by the organization;this value proposition expresses the attributes
that the organizations give to their products and services to create customer loyalty and
satisfaction.
Product / Service Attributes include functionality, price, and quality of the products
or services.
Customer Relationship includes customer feelings towards the transaction process of
the products offered by the organizations. This is very much influenced by the
organizational responsiveness and commitment to customers regarding the issue of
delivery time. Time is an important component in organizational competition.
Customers usually consider a fast and timely order settlement as an important factor
for their satisfaction.
Image and Reputation; the strategic planning of the measurement information
systemdescribes intangible factors that attract a consumer to relate to the
organizations.
3. Operational Excellence
This perspective assesses IT performance based on the perspective of IT management itself,and
furthermore that of the party related to the audit and the parties that determine the rules used. The
operational excellence of an organization can be seen in the running internal business operations, which
can be divided into:
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a. Innovation
In this case, business units explore understanding of the latent needs of customers and create
the products and services they need. The innovation process is then carried out, and after
going through a series of tests, fulfilling marketing requirements, and being able to be
commercialized, the products or servicesare then introduced to the customers. This activity is
an important activity that lasts for the long term so that it determines the success of the
organization in the present and in the future.
b. Operation
This is a process of making and delivering products or services. In this process,the
measurements related can be grouped based on time, quality, and cost.
c. After sales service
This process starts when products or serviceshave been sold or used. Organizations can
measure whether their efforts in this process are in line with customer expectations.
Measurements in this process can use benchmarks of quality, cost, and time.
4. Future Orientation
This perspective evaluates IT performance based on the perspective of the department itself. In this
perspective, organizational infrastructures that allow goals to be achieved in three other perspectives
will be prepared. The ability of an organization to be able to produce products or services in the future
with satisfying service capabilities should be prepared from now on. The managementsshould be able
to predict trends in the future and make preparatory steps to deal with them.There are three categories
that can be specifically considered in handling in the future:
a. Capability of Employees
Planning and implementation ofthe retraining of employees who can guarantee their
intelligence and creativity can be mobilized to achieve organizational goals. The three main
generally accepted measurements are:
a) Employee satisfaction;
b) Employee review;
c) Employee productivity.
The important driving factors are:
a) Staff Competence; the need for retraining can be seen in two dimensions, i.e., the level of
training needed and the percentage of employees who need retraining. If the level of retraining
of employees is low, training and normal education will be sufficient for the organization to
maintain work capabilities. In this case retraining is not a priority in the IT Balanced
Scorecard. Different things apply to the opposite situation, where employees need special
training.
b) Technology Infrastructure; this reflects the appropriate strength and goals of the technology
used by the organization in achieving its objectives. Factors that can be included in this
category include: the use of strategic technology, the use of strategic databases, experience
owned, and patents or copyrights.
c) Science to act; these driving factoris usually caused by certain situations and conditions
created in the implementation of business processes as well as in achieving the organization’s
strategic goals. The factors in this category include: strategic focus, staff empowerment,
employee morale, and teamwork.
b. Information System Capability
For workers to work effectively, it is needed the support of data and information
generated by the system used such as the matters relating to customers, market conditions,
internal processes, and financial consequences of organizational decisions.
Information System Strategy
According to Ward and Peppard (2002: 44), information system strategy is a strategy that defines the
needs of an organization or company for information and systems that support the overall business strategy of
the organization. Ward and Peppard (2002: 28)also defined that information systems strategies are supporting
operations or management processes that provide companies with strategic products, services, and capabilities
for competitive advantages.
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Information System Strategic Planning
System can be defined as a set of integrated elements that are operated, and each of which,with
predetermined and limited explicit capabilities, works synergistically to provide added value, and allows users
to vision-oriented operational needs in the operating environment, and determined by certain results and the
probability of success. (Wasson, 2006: 11). Each system usually has several goals divided into subsystems
which overall contribute to the achievement of system goals.
Whitten and Bentley (2007: 6) described that a system is a collection of interconnected components that
function together to achieve desired results. Turban (2005: 56) stated that system based on the image below is
divided into three different parts: input, process, and output. These parts are surrounded by an environment and
often involve a feedback mechanism. In addition, the decision makers are also considered part of the system.
Figure 3. system and environment
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This research was in the form of a case study with the subject of research STIE INABA. The research
method used research and development. Research and development can be defined as anaccountable process or
accountable stepsto develop a new product or improve the existing products.
The products do not have to be in the form of objects or hardware such as books, modules,and learning tools,
but can also be software such as computer programs. In this research, research and development method was
used to produce information system strategic planning models of STIE INABA.
IV. DISCUSSION
Information Technology System Strategic Planning
Information technology system strategic planning has the following stages:
Figure 4. Information Technology System Strategic Planning Process
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The stages or flow of research that have been carried out, can be seen in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Stages of Research
The initial stage of this research was beginning with the researcher determining the topic that becomes
the question or problem, i.e., the performance analysis of IS and IT. The researcher then determined the place of
the case study or the object to be studied. The second stage was planning, which includes initial feasibility study
and literature study. The initial feasibility study was to analyze initially the condition of the object under study
in order that the researcherwould be able to determine and prepare the needs during conducting the research.
Literature studywas a process of collecting literature related to the performance analysis of IS and IT using a
literature study method to support employee performance with the aim that researchers would be able to
understand the case study. The literature was obtained through books, journals, related internet articles,and
electronic books. The next stage was the collecting field data based on the case study. In the field data
collection, there were two activities carried out, i.e., and interviews. Observation is a technique of collecting
data by observing directly the object under study,whereas interview is that by conducting question and answer to
informants who are related to the research with the aim of getting the information needed. And to process the
interview data, the researcher usedthe benchmark from the 4 perspectives of the IT Balanced Scorecard outlined
in the results and discussion, which were described as follows:
Strategic Goal Key Performance Indicator (KPI)
Corporate Contribution Perspective Learning Quality Index
Institutional Quality Increase Attendance Index
Compliance with the Learning Event Units and Syllabi
Quality of teaching materials
Information technology increase
User Orientation Perspective Learning Quality Index
Institutional Satisfaction
Lecturer Satisfaction
Student Satisfaction
Attendance Index
Compliance with the Learning Event Units and Syllabi
Quality of teaching materials
Timeliness of Learning Event Units creation and
submission
Timeliness of submission of examquestions
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Timeliness of submission of exam result scores
Utilization of Information Technology
Operational Excellence Perspective Learning Quality Index
Lecturer Performance Attendance Index
Compliance with the Learning Event Units and Syllabi
Quality of teaching materials
Timeliness of Learning Event Units creation and
submission
Timeliness of submission of teaching materials
Timeliness of submission of exam questions
Timeliness of submission of exam result scores
Number of research result publications
Number of publications of community service results
Information technology that can improve lecturer
performance
Future Orientation Perspective The increase of the quantity and quality of IT facilities
and infrastructure to support e-Campus activities.
Better learning quality
More effective and efficient
learning
Information Technology that controls the Attendance
Index
Learning Quality Index supported by Information
Technology
Information Technology that controls the Attendance
Index
Information Technology that helps suit Learning Event
Units with the Syllabi
Information technology thatimproves the qualities of
teaching materials
1. Corporate Contribution Perspective
Every organization should strive to realize its Vision and Mission, so that itcan have clear objectives.
The existing vision and mission are expected to be one of the indicators towards good direction ahead.
Vision and Mission are the reference, so that the organization knows where they must move, and what
they will produce should also be clear.
VISION
To become an excellent School of Economics in the fields of Accounting, Management, and
Entrepreneurship.
MISSION
1. Organizing quality and relevant higher education;
2. Creating an academic atmosphere conducive to the development of economics;
3. Providing good services to all stakeholders.
OBJECTIVE
1. Characteristic and highly competitive human resources;
2. Contributions to economics;
3. Healthy and independent colleges;
4. A reputable college in Indonesia.
Seeing the Vision and Mission, STIE INABA acknowledges that good performance provides
good results. Surely,it always tries within the limits of its abilities. STIE INABA realizes that the
advancement of Information Technology until now is very rapidly developing and the competition is
getting tougher, and thatinformation technology is one of the important assets for the progress of the
company.Therefore, as a college, itshould follow the developments and be ready to carry out new
innovations in the field of information technology. STIE INABA’s daily activities need to be helped by
using technology to make it easier for them to work.
To facilitate and help the performance of STIE INABA, it needs application assistance, as the
function of one of the applications that it uses is to encourage teaching and learning performance there.
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2. User Orientation Perspective
The users referred to in this perspective are all stakeholders. As explained in the perspective of
the corporate contribution, the performance of STIE INABA is necessary with the help of an
application system. After the application has been made, they get training and learning for the use of
the application. The application needs to be monitored in order thatthe problems will not occur, and if
problems occur they must be addressed immediately, so that users will not feel disappointed. That is
why, STIE INABA needs to prioritize the quality of the application that will be built in order to create
comfort for users of the STIE INABA community. The applications that are built will strongly support
their work, but quality assurance should always be not only for the convenience of stakeholders but
also for the convenience of the employees themselves.
3. Operational Excellence Perspective
Employee performance assessment based on the IT perspective itself is a subject discussed in
the Operational Excellenceperspective. Employee performance, that can be seen in the project
completion process requested by stakeholders as well as the rules in the work process, greatly
influences the future progress of the company.
As explained earlier, the application made by STIE INABA needs to be monitored by
competent human resources. Prioritizing stakeholder satisfaction is one of the supporting factors for
organizational progress, and this is very much realized by STIE INABA. This gives added value to the
institution itself and added value to stakeholders. STIE INABA always strives to solve problems on
time, of course within the limits of their abilities.
Based on the perspective of the IT Balanced Scorecard, the effect of control and supervision of
the performance of related parties can also greatly help good performance, especially for STIE
INABA,who facilitates the system itself.Therefore, there should be clear and directed control. For STIE
INABA itself, the software and hardware should also be maintained to keep supporting work.
Moreover, network quality was good enough.Although there emerge problems, the employees always
try to handle it.
4. Future Orientation Perspective
Speaking of future orientation, knowledge is one of the most influential assets for the growth
and progress of an organization or a company. STIE INABA needs to keep up with technology. STIE
INABA needs to build an information system that can improve the performance of the college. One
that needs to be built is the teaching and learning system in STIE INABA. The availability of the
advanced learning system can create learning activities that areinteresting, easy, and efficient. To
support a good system, support from reliable human resource is also needed. Employee recruitment
based on ability and skill is also very influential for achieving what is desired by the company. The
placement process according to job descriptionshould also be considered and should be determined
before the start of the work period. The job description given also should fitemployees’ abilities and
expertise because this can affect their performance in the future. The division of tasks based on skills
and abilities and experience should be very clear to STIE INABA employees.
STIE INABA always strives to provide good services. Theseare inseparable fromthe
complaints from stakeholders.This can be felt from the level of satisfaction and complaints. Because of
the importance of the presence of Information Technology, the security of office data and assets should
always be carried out so that the company’s assets are maintained properly. For the security of the
company IT and company information, STIE INABA must do company data backup. Complaints from
stakeholders cannot be addressed immediately and must wait 2-3 days.
V. CONCLUSION
From the results of the analysis of the data collected, it can be concluded that the performance measurements
that had been applied produced less information. Strategic planning was carried out less effectively. IT Balance
Scorecard was used to analyze the relevance of performance measurement indicators established with the
Vision, Mission and strategic objectives of STIE INABA. STIE INABA needs to build an information system in
the form of e-learning to support teaching and learning activities.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
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& Sons Ltd, 2002).
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