Information and communication technology NOTES.pptx

METROPOLITAN
INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
COURSE NAME: INTRODUCTION TO ICT
COURSE CODE: BIT 1101
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2022/2023
Facilitator: Julius Tuyambaze
Tel: 0778887607 1
6/2/2024 Prepared by Julius
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COURSE OUT LINE
1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
2. BASIC COMPUTER NETWORK,INTERNET AND ITS
APPLICATION
3. COMPUTER SYSTEM SECURITY
4. MICROSOFT OFFICE APPLICATIONS
5. BASIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
6. FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

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Objectives of the TOPIC
1. Understanding basic concepts of the Computer.
2. Understanding Major parts of the Computer.
3. Understanding the Computer Memory.
4. Understanding the Computer software's.
5. Understanding the types of Computer.
6. Understanding how to classify Computers.
7. Understanding Computer Booting Skills
Techniques.
8. Understanding the Ms Windows features

Topic: 01
Introduction
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Computers

What is a Computer?
 The definition of Computer varies from one
person to another. However, a few definitions
are given heremake the concepts of Computer
clear.
computer is an electronic machine which
accepts, processes and stores data
automatically following some instructions to
give useful output.
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Computer is a machine/tool or device which
accepts data or information in one form and
process it to produce data or information in another
form
Computer is an electronic device/machine that
takes in data, Processes them according to the
given instructions and produces Information that is
useful to the people (user).

What a computer do?
 First
Accepts data such as raw facts, figures,
numbers, letters and symbol
 Then
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
Processes data into information (Data that is
organized, meaningful, and useful )
Finally
Produces and stores results

Answer the questions at the top of thescreen. 7
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What can a computer
do?
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Input Keyboard
Process Processor
Output Speaker
Storage Flash
memory card
Thirty years ago a whole office-floor of equipment was
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What is Computer Literacy?
 Computer Literacy: Means an
understanding of what a computer is and
how it can be used as a resource.
 Means knowledge and understanding of
computers and their uses
 To use a computer, a user must be
computer literate.
Note:
Computer literate is a person having
sufficient knowledge and skill to be able to
use computers
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Cont…
 Computer literacy can be explained
through the following three-part
definition
1. Awareness: becoming aware of
potential of computers in our society
2. Knowledge: know how computer
work and their function
3. Interaction: become comfortable in
sitting before computer and use it for
some suitable purpose
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How to get Information fromthe
computer?
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The following principle is used
IPO (Input- Process -Output)
1. Data is input into the computer
through input devices
2. Computer process the data as per
instructions
3. Computer gives out information

Summary
INPUT OUTPUT
PROCESS
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What is Data?
table
 Data is a collection of raw facts, figures and statistics
related to an object. Data can be processed to create
useful information.
What is information ?
Information is the processed data. It has meaning than
data. It is used for decision making.
Example of data and information
Data
Johnson, 55,Salome,Mary,34,Sabrina,
5,20,178,100,189,151.
 When these data are processed it gives information as
the Meaningful product as shown on the following
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Example of data and information
NAME AGE HEIGHT
Johnson 4 20
Salome 34 178
Mary 20 189
Sabrina 5 100
data
Johnson,Salome,34,20,Mary178,100,
Sabrina,4,5,189,151,
Process
Information
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Johnson,Salome,34,20,Mary178,100,
Sabrina,4,5,189,151,
Process

Example of Information
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 Data collected from census is used to generate
different type of information. The government
can use it to determine the literacy rate in the
country. Government can use the information in
important decision to improve literacy rate.

Differences between data and information
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DATA INFORMATION
Is the collection of facts,
figures and statistics related to
an object
Is a processed data
Is not used in decision making Used in Decision Making
Data has no meaning
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Data Processing Cycle
The data processing activities can be grouped in
four functional activities:
1. Data input
2. Data Processing
3. Information Output
4. Storage
Thus constituting what is known as a Data
Processing cycle
NOTE: The above functions are performed in a
logical sequence.
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Diagram of Data processing Cycle
Store & Retrieve
Sorting
Calculating
Comparing
Communicate
& Reproduce
Data &
Informatio
n
Input
data
Collection
Conversion
Storage
Data &
Information
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The Components of a Computer System
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The Components of aComputer
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 Playing games.
 Creating various documents.
 Doing homework.
 Watching movies.
 Listening music
 Browsing on Internet &
 E-mailing.
Uses of computer
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Characteristic ofa computer
Any computer has the following characteristics;
1. Speed: Apowerful computer is capable of performing about
3-4 million simple instructions per second.
2. Automatic: Once activated, very minimum human being
intervention, Given a job, computer can work on it automatically
without human interventions
3. Accuracy: free from errors, In addition to being fast,
computers are also accurate. Errors that may occur can
almost always be attributed to human error (inaccurate data,
poorly designed system or faulty instructions/programs
written by the programmer)
4. Diligence: Ability to repeat the same activity at the same
speed and accuracy. Computer is free tiredness, It can work
continuously for hours without creating any error .
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Cont…
5. Versatility:
6. able to adapt or to be adopted to different functions or
activities, Computer is capable of performing almost any task,
if the task can be reduced to a finite series of logical steps
7. Power of Remembering: Computer can store and Recall any
amount of information because of its secondary storage
capability. It forgets or loses certain information only when it is
asked to do so
8. No Feelings: Computers are devoid of emotions. Their
Judgment is based on the instructions given to them in The
form of programs that are written by us (human Beings)
9. Storage-bulky data and information can be storage in very
small devices
10. Electronic-very minimum number of moving parts of
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Basic Functions ofthe Computer
Acomputer is a device that performs four basic
functions:
1. Inputs data: getting data into the machine
2. Stores data: holding the information before and
after processing.
3. Processes data: Manipulate data at high speed.
4. Output information: Sending the results out to
the user via some display method.
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Diagram of Computer Process Cycle
Store data into
RAM before
and after
process.After
saving that
data shift into
HDD.
Output
information
(User gets result
by using output
devices.eg
monitor.
Process data
by using
CPU
Input data
By using input
deviceseg.
Keyboard
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What is Computer System?
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 A computer system comprises the hardware,
software, Data/information, People and
Procedures.
 By itself, a computer has no intelligence and is
referred to as hardware, which means simply
the physical equipment. Thehardware cannot
be used until it is connected to other elements,
all of which constitute the 5 components of the
computer based information systems.

Majorcomponents of Computer
System
1. Hardware
2. Software
1. Human ware (user/ People)
2. Data/Information
3. Procedures
Hardwar
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Use
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softwar
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MajorParts of Computer
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Roles of People in computer system?
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1. People are designer.
2. Manufacturers .
3. Users of computer systems.

Relationship between Parts of a Computer
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Computer Hardware
 Acomputers hardware is an electronic devices
such as a keyboard, monitor, modem, mouse,
Printer, etc that you can see, touch and feel it.
1. Peripheral devices: are devices outside the
central processing unit but under its control,
they may be input devices, output devices, such
as printers, or storage devices, such as disk
drives
2. Accessories devices: Are the device that
support the proper handling of an electronic
device, such as computer. Example, Computer
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Computer Hardware
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Example of Computer Hardware
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1. Monitor
2. System Unit
3. Mouse
4. CPU
5. RAM
6. HDD
7. Speaker
8. NIC
9. Keyboard
10. VGACable
11. Power Cable

Categories ofComputer Hardware
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 Computer hardware can be categorized into five
parts namely,
1. Input device
2. Processing device
3. Output device
4. Storage device
5. Communication devices

1.Input Devices
 Is a Computer component which used to enter data
into a Computer system.
Examples; Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Digital
Camera, Microphone, Touch pads, Joystick, Webcam,
Light pen e.t.c
Scanner Power Supply Mouse
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Keyboard
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 Keyboard is an important device that allows a
user to enter text or symbols like letters and
numbers into a computer. It is the main input
device for most computers

Keyboard
Special buttons on the keyboard
Backspac
e
Windowsbutton
Equivalent to
clicking the button
orclicking Ctrl-ESC
Simulates
clicking the
right hand
Enter
{
numbers
The numeric
key pad.Press
Num Lock fo4
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CTRL-
ALT-
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Shift
keys
ES
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Diagram
Tab
key
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The keys are following
No. Keys Description
1 Typing Keys
These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digits keys (0-9) which
generally give same layout as that of typewriters.
2 Numeric Keypad
It is used to enter numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it
consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out in the same
configuration used by most adding machine and calculators.
3 Function Keys
The twelve functions keys are present on the keyboard. These are
arranged in a row along the top of the keyboard. Each function key
has unique meaning and is used for some specific purpose.
4 Control keys
These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four
directional arrow key. Control keys also include Home, End, Insert,
Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt),
Escape(Esc).
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Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter,
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ShortExplanation of keyboardkeys (Button)
1. ENTER or RETURN - Moves the cursor down one
line and to the left margin.
2. DEL or DELETE - Deletes the character at cursor
and/or characters to the right of the cursor and all
highlighted (or selected) text.
3. BKSP or BACKSPACE - Deletes the character to the
left of cursor and all highlighted text.
4. SPACE BAR - Moves the cursor one space at a time
to the right
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Cont…
5. SHIFT KEY - Use the shift keys to type capital
letters and to type the upper character on keys with
two characters on them
6. CAPS LOCK - Locks the keyboard so it types
capital letters (a light goes on when caps lock is on)
7. TAB - Moves the cursor five spaces to the right
(number of spaces are usually adjustable).
8. ESC or ESCAPE - Cancels a menu or dialog box
9. ARROW KEYS - Moves the cursor around
document without changing text
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10. FUNCTION KEYS or F KEYS -Access commands
by themselves or in combination with the three
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The Mouse
 Mouse: Mouse is the pointing device which used to
select different object. It has two buttons (left & Right)
that control the movement of the cursor.
Left button - used to select menu options or
commands by pointing & pressing the button once.
Right button - used to access shortcut menu within
windows and windows application.
Scroll wheel- Used to show the hidden part of the
document in different applications, example In Ms-
Word, Ms-Excel.
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The Mouse
Diagram
Left
button
Scroll
wheel
Right
button
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Using the Mouse
1. Left click: Use your first finger to click the left button
once.
2. Right click :Use your second finger to click the right
button once
3. Double click :Use your first finger to click the left
mouse button twice quickly
4. Drag :Click and hold the left mouse button, move the
mouse as necessary then release the left mouse button
5. Scroll wheel :Helps to move up and down a document
in some applications
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Mouse Actions/Operations
1. Point: To point an item means to move the mouse
pointer so that it's touching the item.
2. Click: Point to the item, then tap (press and release)
the left mouse button.
3. Double-click: Point to the item, and tap the left mouse
button twice in rapid succession - click-click as fast as
you can.
4. Right-click: Point to the item, then tap the mouse
button on the right.
5. Drag: Point to an item, then hold down the left mouse
button as you move the mouse. To drop the item,
release the left mouse button.
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Scanners
 Scanners: Allow user to copy or transfer photos,
pictures, even some objects to a file on your computer.
It transfers the information to the computer as a
bitmap.
 It will also allow you to scan a page of text using the
OCR (Optical Character Recognition) software to be
able to later edit that text in your word processor.
Twain software makes the scanner
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Touch Screen
 Touch screen :Is a special kind of screen which
is sensitive to touch. Touching with their finger
the desired icon or menu item displayed on the
screen
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Bar Code Reader (BCR)
 Abarcode is simply a numeric code represented
as a series of lines. These lines can be read by a
barcode reader/scanner. convert the data into
electrical signal and send them to computer for
processing.
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Joysticks
Joystick: Used mainly for playing games
Small joysticks can also be found on some mobile
phones.
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Joysticks, Head Phone & Microphone
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Light Pen

. Alight pen is a device used as a pointing device to
‗write‘ on the screen of a computer.
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Touchpad / Track pad
A pointing device found on most laptops
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Digital Camera
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Video Camera
 Like a digital camera, most video cameras do
not directly input data into a computer – the
captured movies are stored on video-tape or
memory cards and later transferred to a
computer.
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Web Cam
 This is a very basic video camera used to feed
live video into a computer. The video data from
a web cam is low quality compared to a full
video camera.
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Microphone
 An input device that converts sound into a
signal that can be fed into a computer.
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Other Input Devices
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 Tracker ball
 Touch sensitive pad
 Graphics tablets (Digitizers)
 Optical Character Readers
 Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
 Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR)
 Optical Mark Readers and Optical Mark
Recognition (OMR)
 Punched Card

Other Input Devices
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 Kimball tag
 Voice Recognition e.g. Microphone
 Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS)
 Electronic Fund Transfer at Point of sale
(EFTPOS)
 Video digitizer
 Digital Camera
 Touch tone Telephones

2. Processing Devices
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 These are devices used to process (Convert)raw data
into information. In computer system this device is
known as Central Processing Unit (CPU)
CPU: Is a main component of the computer, used to
process the data fed into the computer to get
information that is understood by human.
 Processing data may include the following ;
 Calculating
 Sorting
 Searching
 Storing
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The Central Processing Unit (C P U)
 Is a brain of the computer that process data.
This component is located on the computer
motherboard
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The Brain Of The Computer
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Parts of the CPU
CONTROLUNIT
(CU)
ARTHIMETIC
LOGIC UNIT
(ALU)
REGISTERS
(IMMEDIATEACCESS STORE)
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Components / Elements of CPU
1. Control unit (CU)
 Responsible for the following functions;
1. Coordinating the input and output devices.
2. It directs the flow of data from the CPU and input and
output devices.
3. Tell the rest of the computer system how to carry out
a program instructions.
4. Directs the movements of electronic signalsbetween
main memory and logic units.
5. Directs electronic signals between main memory and
the input/output devices.
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2. Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)
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 ALU is responsible for the following functions;
1. The ALU performs all calculations and logical
decisions in the computer system. E.g. +, -, /, *
etc and what if analysis in Excel.
2. Control operations of those operations.

3. Registers
 Immediate Access storage(Register): Is a very small
amount of very fast memory that is built into the CPU
(central processing unit) in order to speed up its
operations by providing quick access to commonly
used values Registers are used to store data during the
execution of a program.
 Register is contained in CPU-in arithmetic logic unit.
They are temporary memory that store data
temporarily during processing
 Provides working area for computation
 Hold programs instructions and data from main
memory into registers just before processing. 67
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The CPU Speed
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 The speed of CPU is measured in HERTZ (Hz),
i.e., number of operations can be done per
second. Nowadays, we usually use KHz, MHz,
GHz (e.g.700 KHz, 300 MHz, 3.0 GHz)

Functions of CPU
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1. Control the sequence of operation
2. Give commands to all parts of the computer
system, Like keyboard, mouse, Printer. etc
3. Interpret and execute program instructions
(software)
4. Communicate with the input device and storage
device

3. Output devices
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 These are devices that translate information
processed by the computer into a form that
humans can understand.ie are the devices which
enables user of computer to get the result of the
processed data.
 Display the information to the user
 Example:
1. Monitor
2. Printer
3. Speakers
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Categories of Output
1. Softcopy:-Is the data that is shown on a display
screen or is in audio or voice e g:-Monitor,
Speakers etcSoft copy:
2. Hardcopy:- Is the printed output e g printer,
plotters etc.Aprinted paper is a good example
of Hard copy output.
Hard copy:Printed on paper or other
permanent media
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Output devices
Monitor Printer Speaker
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Monitor
This is the display device for a personal
computer. It display result in a form of
text, graphs, images, video etc.
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Types of Monitor
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There are two types of monitor:
1. Cathode Ray Tube monitor (CRT)
2. Flat Panel/LCD (Liquid crystal display)
monitor.

CRT Monitors
 Is Just like a television set. CRT monitors are
heavy and use more electrical power than flat
panel displays, but they are preferred by some
graphic artists for their accurate color rendition,
and preferred by some gamers for faster
response to rapidly changing graphics
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LCD Monitors
Flat-screen monitors are light in weight and
.they take up very little desk space.
Have little energy consumption and have liquid
that reduce the intensity of contacted rays.
Monitor screen size is measured diagonally
across the screen, in inches.
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Printer
 This is the output device which produces the
hardcopy (printed) output.
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Types of Printer
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1. Dot matrix printers
2. Ink Jet Printer
3. Laser Printer

1. Dot Matrix Printers
 Quality is poor, the printers are noisy
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2. Ink Jet Printer
Its Cheap, high-quality, full-color printing.Also it
is perfect for photographs. Ink-jet printers are
very quiet in use.
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3. Laser Printer
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Speakers
This is the output device which produces the
output in a form of sound.

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Projector
 Projector: This is the hardware device that
enables an image to be projected onto a flat
surface. These devices are commonly used in
meetings and presentations as they allow for a
large image that everyone in a room can see.
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4. Storage Devices
Are devices used to saves data and programs.
TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES
Temporary(Primary) storage devices
Permanent (Secondary) Storage Devices
Temporary (Primary) storage devices
Is where the information to be processed is held and anything stored in will be lost
when the power is turned off .
Example: RAM (Random Access Memory)
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Permanent(secondary)Storage devices
 Is used to hold data and programs permanently
regardless whether power supply to computer is
on/off, it holds/store information permanently for
future use.
 Acomputer commonly has two types of storage:
Internal and External storage devices.
1. An Internal Storage e.g. Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
2. An external / Removable Storage e.g. Floppy
disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, CD-ROM, DVD,
Flash disk etc.
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Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
 Hard disk Drive (HDD): This stores all
programs and files, as well as the operating
system. In general, all data, information you
have save in your computer are stored in HDD.
 The capacity of the HDD is a measure of how
much information it can store. There are HDD
which have 10GB, 20GB, and 30GB ,200 GB,
320GB, 500GB,1000GB etc.
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HDD
Desktop
Computer HDD
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Laptop HDD External HDD

Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)
 Floppy disk drive (FDD): This magnetically reads
and writes information onto floppy diskettes, which are
in form of removable storage media.
 The capacity of the floppy diskette is that it only holds
1.44 MB of information, although most PCs still have a
floppy drive.
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Optical Disks
 Optical disk: Is a removable disk on which
data is written and read through the use of laser
beam
 Most of optical disk are used in music industry.
Examples of optical disks are;
1. CD-R (Compact Disk-Recordable).
2. CD-RW (Compact Disk Rewritable).
3. DVD-ROM (Digital Versatile Disk).
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CD-ROM drive
 A CD-ROM drive: Is a secondary storage
device that reads information stored on a
compact disc. The CD-ROM is an optical media
that can hold about 700MB
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There are two types of CDs
(Compact disk).
1. CD-R (Compact Disc - Recordable).There is
no possibility of rewriting data
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CD-RW (Compact Disk - Rewritable)
2. CD-RW (Compact Disk - Rewritable).There is
possibility of rewriting data.
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DVD ROM
DVD ROM: The DVD (Digital Versatile Disc)
looks like a CD, but the storage capacity is
significantly higher than CDs. DVDs can hold
about 4.7GB of data up to 18 GB of data.
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Flash Drive
Flash Drive. AUSB Flash Drive is aportable
solid state memory device that plugs into a
USB port on your computer. They have
many other names (such as key drive, pocket
drive, thumb drive, pen drive).
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5. Communication Devices
Network card
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Modem
Communication devices used for the purpose of
linking/connecting computers together .It includes
Network cards, fiber optic cable, coaxial cable, twisted
pair ,modem, satellites, switch etc.

Computer Memory
 Computer Memory: Is a device which store
information that is currently being utilized/used
by the operating system, Application software ,
Hardware devices etc.
Types of Computer Memory
 There are two types of computer
memory
i. Primary Memory/Main Memory
ii. Secondary Memory
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1.Primary Memory/Main Memory
 The Primary storage unit (main memory) holds
data and instructions between processing steps
and supplies them to the CU andALU during
processing.All data and programs must be
placed into main memory before they can be
processed. The primary storage unit consists of
microelectronic semiconductor memory chips.
This includes RAM (random access memory)
for loading programs and data before execution,
and ROM (read only memory) for permanent
programs that are supplied with the computer
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Cont…
 Main memory is where programs and data are
kept when the processor is actively using them.
It hold data temporary. Main memory is closely
connected to the processor, so moving
instructions and data into and out of the
processor is very fast. Workable example of
main memory is RAM(RandomAccess
Memory)
 RAM is considered as temporary or volatile
memory; this means that the contents of RAM
are lost when the computer power is turned off.
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(i)Random Access Memory (RAM)
 RAM: Is the main memory space of your
computer which is considered as temporary or
volatile memory, this means that the contents of
RAM are lost when the Computer power is turned
off.
 The RAM is the workspace of your computer. If
your computer has more RAM, it can open more
and larger programs and documents
simultaneously. The documents you are currently
editing, typing, formatting, and the programs your
computer is using are stored in the RAM. Note:
RAM capacity is expressed in ―Megabytes‖ (MB)
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RAM
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Characteristics of RAM
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1. It is located near the CPU and hence store data
immediately after CPU process them.
2. RAM is a Primary storage.
3. RAM is Volatile storage.
4. RAM has little storage capacity.
5. RAM is a temporarily storage.
6. RAM has high speed compared to ROM
7. It is electrically dependent.

(ii)Read Only Memory (ROM)
 ROM: Is non- volatile memory; this means that
the contents of ROM are not lost when the
computer power is turned off. So ROM stores
data permanently. Data stored in ROM cannot
be altered easily; since it was created by the
manufacture of the computer.ROM has low
speed compared to RAM.
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ROM
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Characteristics of ROM
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1. ROM stores data permanently
2. ROM is non-volatile storage.
3. ROM has low speed compared to RAM
4. Data stored in ROM cannot be altered easily
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Differences between Main memory and
secondary memory
memory
Differences between Main memory and secondary
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Secondary memory
Primary memory
1. Fast
2. Low capacity
3. Works directly with the
processor
4. Store data temporary
5. It is electrically
1. Slow
2. Large capacity
3. Not connected directly
to the processor
4. Store data permanent
5. It is NOT electrically
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2. Secondary Memory
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 Secondary storage is used for long term (permanent)
storage of data and programs. The use of secondary
storage devices such as magnetic disks and optical
disks greatly enlarge the storage capacities of
computer systems. Before the contents of secondary
storage can be processed, they must be brought into
the primary (main) storage unit.
 Secondary memory is where programs and data are
kept on a long-term basis. Examples of secondary
memory are HDD,CD‘s, Flash disk.
 When you save your work does not go into ROM. Go
to other storage devices like HDD.
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Standard unit of measuring computer storage
capacity
 This includes the unit of measuring Computer
Storage Capacity and size of file or folder.
 Bit: Is a smallest unit of measuring computer
storage capacity and size of information. The
computer stores information as a string of zeros
(0) and ones (1)
 Byte: A byte consists of eight bits.A byte is
equals to one character .Acharacter is a letter,
number, or symbol - it is about anything that
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can be typed on a keyboard. 132
1

Cont…
 Kilobyte (KB): A kilobyte (KB) consists of
1024 bytes, approx 1,000 bytes.
1KB is about 140 words
 Megabyte (MB): Amegabyte (MB) consists of
1024 kilobytes.
 One megabyte equals about 1000 KB
 One megabyte equals about 1,000,000 bytes
 One megabyte equals about 500 pages of text,
or one large book
T
 Gigabyte (GB): Agigabyte (GB) consists of
1024 megabytes approx 1,000,000,000 bytes. 1
12

Cont…
 One gigabyte equals about 1000 MB
 One gigabyte equals about 1,000,000 KB
 One gigabyte equals about 1,000,000,000 bytes
 One gigabyte equals over 1,000 books of text
Storage Capacity Measurement
1. 1 Byte = 8Bits
2. 1 Character = 1Byte
3. 1 Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 Bytes
4. 1Kilobyte = 1024 Character
5. 1Megabytes (MB) = 1024KB
6. 1Gigabytes (GB) = 1024MB
7. 1Terabytes (TB) = 1024GB
8. 1Petabytes (PB) = 1024 Terabytes
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VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF PC
The System Case/Computer Case/System unit/Chassis
Motherboard/ main board /system board
Central processing unit(CPU)
Memory
Power supply
Fan
Hard disk(HDD)
Floppy disk(FDD)
CD-ROM
MONITOR, KEYBOARD, MOUSE,

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Computer Case/System Case
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 Acomputer case (also known as a computer
chassis, cabinet, box, and tower, enclosure,
housing or simply CPU case) is the enclosure
that contains the main components of a
computer. OR
 IS a metal or plastic box that protect the
important components against dust and
damage
 Acomputer case is sometimes incorrectly
referred to as a CPU .

Models of Computer Cases
1. The desktopmodel
Sits on a desk horizontally. The monitor can
be set on top.
 This choice can be a space saver.
1
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2. Tower case Model
The tower model stands upright in a vertical
position that allows easy placement on the floor.
Mini-tower, mid-tower, and full tower cases are
available.
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Components inside the computer case
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Power
supply
Motherbo
ard,
including
ROM
Proces
sor
RA
M
Hard
disk
PCI
slots
Fan
CD
Drive
Floppy
11
0
T
Drive

Power
Supply
External
device
connections
to
motherboard
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Fan
Hard drive
and empty
slot
CD
Driv
e
1
Flopp
y
Drive
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Connections to the CPU for Peripherals
Monitor
Serial – on our computers
connects to the UPS for
controlled shutdown
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Motherboard
 Motherboard is the largest printed circuit board which
is used to connect all of the computer's essential
components. Motherboard also known as system board,
main board or logic board
 Components of the Motherboard
 The CPU
 The RAM
 Memory sockets
 The expansion slots for additional boards
 The ports for external devices
 The Read Only memory (ROM)
 Adapter cards( Network, modem , Video and Sound Cards
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MOTHERBOARD/SYSTEM
BOARD
processorchip
adaptercards
memorychip
memoryslots
motherboard
Expansion
slots for
adaptercards
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Computer Software
What is Computer software?
 Software is a set of instructions that control computer
hardware operations. Basically it direct the computer
how to perform tasks.Also called Programs.
 Software: drives hardware to perform certain
functions. Without software the computer is useless.
 The software consists of the programs and associated
data (information) stored in the computer. A program
is a set of instructions that the computer follows to
manipulate data. Without programs, a computer is just
a lot of high-tech hardware that doesn‘t do anything.
T

Examples of Software's
.
T

Types of Computer Software
Software can be divided into two groups:
1. System Software
 Operating System
 Utility Programs
 Language translator
2. Application Software
 Word processor e.g. Ms Word
 Spreadsheet e.g. Ms Excel
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System software
T
 System Software is the software that controls
the overall operation of the computer system.
 The system software is basically a software that
enables the application software to interact with
computer and helps the computer to manage its
internal as well as external resources. System
software is needed to run application software.

Types of system software.
T
1. Operating System
2. Utility Programs
3. LanguageTranslator

Operating System
OS: This is the principal component of system soft
ware in any computer system. It manages the basic
operation of computer system. The Examples of
OS are DOS, Windows, UNIX, LINUX etc.
OS: This is type of Software that manages all
other programs in a computer system. Also it
manages the flow of information through the
computer system.
Generally the OS acts as an interface or a
bridge between the user and the Hardware of
the computer
T

system software
Operating System (OS)
is a set of programs
that coordinates all
activities among
computer hardware
devices and allows
users to run
applicationsoftware
Utility Programs allow the userto
perform maintenance-type tasks
usually related to managing a
computer, its devices or itsprograms
T

The OS act as a “Shell” around the hardware
HARDWARE
OperatingSystem
use
Application
software
 For program to work, they need an OS, For users to get useful
work out of the computer they have to use applications programs
and the OS to communicate with the hardware
User
Application
Software
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Examples of System Software's
 An operating system is the link between you and the
hardware/software
 DOS
 Windows 3
 Windows 95
 Windows 98
 Windows Millennium
 Windows NT
 Windows 2000
 Windows XP
 Others Operating systems(non-microsoft) are Macintosh and
Linux family including RedHat, Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora etc
T

Functions of Operating System
T
 Coordinates all input and output devices during data
processing.
File and folder management
Management of all applications software
Security Management
Memory Management
Process Management
Resources allocation Management
 Provide User Interface

3
5
File and folder management
when a file is saved, the operating system saves it, attaches a name to
it, and remembers where it put the file for future use.
Management of all applications software.
When a user requests a program, the operating system locates the
application and loads it into the primary memory or RAM of the
computer.
Process Management, booting, open, save, copy, send and print
Resource Management.
Installing drivers required for input, output, memory, power,
communication devices. Coordinating among peripherals.
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3
6
Communication Management.
User – Application S/W – Hardware.
One computer to other computer in LAN/WAN.
Command interpretation
Memory Management.
Primary RAM-ROM.
Secondary – Hard Disc, CD, DVD, Pen etc.
Security Management.
Virus management.
Alert messages.
Dialogue boxes.
Firewall.
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Utility Programs
 Utility Programs: These are pre-written programs
supplied by the manufacturer for maintaining day to
day activities of computer system.
Examples of utility programs are:
 Windows Explorer (File/Folder Management)
 Windows Media Player
 Anti-Virus Utilities
 Disk Defragmentation
 Disk Clean
 Backup
 WinZip
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Some tasks carried out by utility programs
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 Renaming files
 Sending files to the Printer
 Deleting files
 Backing up files
 Copying files
 Sorting data
 Repairing damaged files
 Listing files on the a disk

Language Translator
T
Alanguage translator is a soft ware that
translates a program written by a programmer in
a language such as C, HTML into machine
language (0, 1) which the computer
understands.

2. Application Software
Applications software: Is the software developed to solve
particular problem or task.
Types ofApplication Software's
1. Application packages (e.g. Word processing
software, Spreadsheet software and database software)
2. Integrated Software: This is the collection of
application software which share common set of
commands e.g. word processor, Spreadsheet and
graphics package all in one.
3. Tailor-made Software (Specific Software)
4. General Purpose packages e.g. a word processing
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Application software
Suite: Popular software applications bundled together
as a single unit
Presentation
Graphics
Spreadsheet
Database
Word
Processing
T

Application Software's
 Word processing
 MicrosoftWord
 Spreadsheet
 Microsoft Excel
 Database
 MicrosoftAccess
 Web browsing
 Microsoft InternetExplorer
 Accounting
 Sage
T

Examples of Application Software's
T
1. Opera (Web Browser
2. Microsoft Word (Word Processing)
3. Microsoft Excel (Spreadsheet software)
4. MySQL (Database Software)
5. Microsoft PowerPoint (Presentation Software)
6. iTunes (Music / Sound Software)
7. VLC Media Player (Audio / Video Software )
8. World of War craft (Game Software)
9. Adobe Photoshop (Graphics Software)

Types of Computer
T
 Computers come in a variety of different types
designed for different purposes, with different
capabilities and costs. Computers can be
generally classified by size and power as
follows:
1. Microcomputers
2. Mainframe Computers
3. Mini Computer
4. Super Computers

1.Microcomputers/Personal computers
T
 A microcomputer is a small single-user computer
based on a microprocessor. They are often called
personal computers because they are designed to
be used by one person at a time.
 Personal computers are typically used at home, at
school, or at a business.
 Popular uses for microcomputers include word
processing, surfing the web, sending and
receiving e-mail, spreadsheet calculations,
database management, editing photographs,
creating graphics, and playing music or games.

Types of Microcomputers
1. Personal digital assistant (PDAs)
2. Desktop computers
3. Laptops
4. Palmtop Computers
5. Notebook Computers
T

Personal Computers
What are the two most popular series of personal
computers?
 PC and compatibles use
the Windows operating
system
 Apple Macintosh uses
the Macintosh
operating system (Mac
OS)
T

Personal Computers
What is a desktop computer?
 Designed so all of the components fit on or under a
desk or table
T

Handheld Computers
What is a tablet PC?
 Resembles a letter-sized slate
 Allows you to write on the screen
using a stylus
 Smaller version is the modular
computer
What are Web-enabled handheld computers?
 Allow you to check e-mail and access the Internet
 Web-enabled telephone is a “smart phone”
T

Handheld Computers
What is a personal digital assistant (PDA)?
 Provides personal organizer functions
 Calendar
 Appointment book
 Address book
 Calculator
 Notepad
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2. Mainframe Computers
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5
 A mainframe is a computer which allows
multi-user and capability of supporting many
hundreds or thousands of users at a time.
 This computer has more powerful than
Microcomputers.
 Mainframe computers can be used in Banks,
Large insurance companies, Building societies,
utility companies etc
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Mainframe Computer
T

3. Minicomputer Computers
T
 Minicomputers are computers small than
mainframe computers in terms of speed and
size but larger than microcomputer
 Minicomputers are characterized with following
features
 Support multi-user access
 Small in size usually took up to the size of a
large refrigerator or two
 Can process few millions of program
instructions per second

4. Super Computer
T
 The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers
are used for weather forecasting, animated
graphics (movie films), nuclear energy
research, and petroleum exploration.
 Allows Multi-user and Capability of supporting
hundreds of millions users at a time. This
computer is most powerful and very expensive
compared to all types of computers

Super Computer
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Summary ontypes of computer
6
No. Type Specifications
1
PC (Personal
Computer) Single user computer system. Moderately powerful microprocessor.
2 WorkStation
Single user computer system. Similar to Personal Computer but
have more powerful microprocessor.
3 Mini Computer
Multi-user computer system. Capable of supporting hundreds of
users simultaneously.
4 Main Frame
Multi-user computer system. Capable of supporting hundreds of
users simultaneously. Software technology is different from
minicomputer.
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2016
An extremely fast computer, which can perform hundreds of
millions of instructions per second.
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Classification of Computers
T

Classification of Computers
1.In terms of manufacturer
 Dell computers
 IBM computers
 Hitachi computers
 Compaq computers
 HP computers etc
T

2.In terms of power and speed
1. Supercomputers: used in military missile speed
weapons (2000 MIPS)
2. Mainframe computers: Most normal computers in
business companies (20-50 MIPS)
3. Mini Computers: Medium size computer (5-10
MIPS)-useful for accounting, payroll/scientific
computation
4. Workstations: used bymainly by engineers and
scientist for sophisticated purposes
5. Microcomputer or personal computers: Small
computer that can fit next o a desk or on desktop. They
are available in desktop, tower, notebook, palm top.
6. Microcontrollers- tiny computers installed in pocket
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3.In terms of data type/construction
(technology)
1. Digital computer: display output in
discrete wave form
2. Analog computer: display results ina
continuous wave forms
3. Hybrid computer: combines features of
digital and analog computers
T

4. Interms of Purpose/Application
T
1. Special purpose/specific purpose
computer
 Personal/Digital Assistants
 Network Computers
2. General purpose computer

5.Classification according to Size
 Handheld
 Notebook
 Laptop
 Portable
 Desktop
T

6.Classification-by Use
 Home
 Personal
 Professional
 Workstation
 Multi-user
T

7.In terms of Generation/History of the
Computers
T
 1st Generation(1940-1958): they include
ENIAC,IBM 360.701,704
 2nd Generation(1959-1963): Transistors
invented and put into use
 3rd Generation(1964-1970):IC chips
technology employed
 4th Generation (1971-to date):Larger scales
integrated (LSI) and Very large scale (VLSI)
were developed.

Advantages of Using Computer
T
1. Computers are veryAccurate. (GIGO)
2. Computer Simplify Communication
3. Entertainment through Games and Music
4. Computer creates employment to the people e.g.
Secretaries
5. Improve training e.g. in School, Universities
6. Computers are extremely fast
7. Computers can keep large amounts of information in a
small space
8. Computers can work continuously for 24 hours a day
without being tired

Cont…
T
9. Diligence-can work continuously for 24 hours
10.Consistency/diligent-always give the same result
without changes
11. Versatility-able to adapt or to be adopted to different
functions or activities
12. Automation-working by itself with little ornor direct
human control.

Disadvantages/Limitations of Computers
167
1. Loss of data. When you use a computer, it is
possible that data can be lost because of hardware
or software damage.
2. Health problems . Eye sight defect and killing of
reproductive cells especially for males
3. Staff needs training to use it.
4. It depends on electricity
5. Destruction of culture/moral decay .adoption of
wearing style and watching pornographic movies
6. Computers can replace people and hence cause
unemployment
7. Computer are not always secure, and
confidential information can be misused
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Application of Computer in Different Area
1. Workplace: Many people use computers to keep
records, analyze data, do research, and manage
projects.
2. Military: for security purpose
3. Hospital: for disease detection and record keeping
4. Learning institution: like colleges, universities,
primary and secondary school for registration and
learning tools.
5. Bank: all transaction in bank done by using computer
6. Industry: for production, order and supply
7. Home: find information, store pictures and music,
track finances, play games, and communicate with
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Examples of Computer Usage
What are five categories of computer users?
Home
T
Small Office/
Home Office (SOHO)
Mobile
Large Business Power

T
What software is available for a home user?
• Web access
• Entertainment
• Communications
• Personal finance management

What software is available for a small
office/home office (SOHO) user?
 Local area network (LAN)
 Productivity software
 Specialty software
 Web usage
 E-mail
T

What is available for
a mobile user?
 Hardware
 Software
 Productivity
 Presentation
 Personal
information
manager
Notebook
computers
T
Handheld computers
Web-enabled
cellularphones

T
What are the needs of the large business user?
 Web access
 Public kiosk
 Telecommuting
 Network
 Productivity software
 Scheduling

T
What are the needs of a power user?
 Speed and large amounts of storage
 Types of power users
 Engineers
 Architects
 Desktop publishers
 Graphic artists

Computer Applications in Society
What are some examples
of computer applications
in society?
 Education
 Finance
 Government
 Healthcare
 Science
 Publishing
 Travel
 Industry
T

T
Questions
1. Briefly explain how computer works
2. Briefly explain importance of using computer in
your study
3. What are the characteristics of computer?
4. Give short explanation about types of computer
5. What is computer software? Explain two types of
computer software.
6. Define computer user. Mention five types of
computer user

T
Questions
1. What is the difference between registry and RAM?
2. Write differences between Primary memory and
secondary memory
3. Critically discuss the impact of using computer in our
life
4. With examples, briefly explain categories of computer
hardware

T
Question
1. Define the following as applied in computer;
i. Data
ii. Information
iii. Computer literacy
iv. Peripheral device
v. Utility program
2. Why RAM is volatile memory and ROM is non-volatile
memory?

T
Question
Suppose your friend Mr. Johnson gave you the movie
file into flash disk. The size of the file was 2GB.But
when you send it into your computer the message
appeared as ―thedisk space is full‖ .Mr. Johnson
advice you to delete some folders from your computer
in order to have enough space. You deleted the folder
which has 3GB but when you send again the movie
still it showed the same message.
From the above scenario,
Briefly explain why the file failed to be transferred
from the flash disk into your computer?

Turning ON & Shutting
down the Computer
System
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Switching ON the Computer System
T
1. Make sure all cable is well connected.
2. Switch on electric/power supply/ Switch Socket
3. Switch ON UPS if is connected to your
computer
4. Press on button of the system unit
5. Press ON button of monitor
6. Wait until Booting process complete its task
then you can start to use computer.

Switching OFF the Computer System
T
1. Make sure no any program is running on the
task bar
2. Click on the start button
3. Click on turn off computer/ shutdown button
4. Press switch on/off button of monitor
5. Switch off UPS
6. Switch of electric circuit.
7. Wait the computer until the monitor will show
black screen

8
3
Features/elements of
windows based on
operating system (OS)
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Computer Booting Skills Techniques
What is Booting?
 Booting is the process of turning ON the computer System.
This process includes initializing all your hardware
components in your computer and get them to work
together and to load your default operating system which
will make your computer operational. The Operating
system begins to operate as soon as you turn on or boot the
computer.
 Computer booting is the process of turning on a computer
and starting the operating system. The computer term boot
is short for bootstrap or bootstrap load. Booting is the
process that occurs when you press the power button to
turn your computer on. During this process (which may
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During Booting the computer
performs the following:
1. It runs tests to make sure everything
is working correctly.
2. It checks for new hardware.
3. It then starts up the operating system.
185
T

Key terminologies
1. Aboot loader is a computer program that loads
the main operating system or runtime
environment for the computer after completion
of self-tests.
Sometimes you'll see an instruction to "reboot"
the operating system.
2. Reboot: Is the process to restarting a computer
so as to reload the operating system
(The most familiar way to do these on PCs is
pressing the Ctrl, Alt, and Delete keys at the
T
same time). 186

Types of Booting
T
There are two types of computer booting:
1. Cold booting
2. Warm booting.

1.Cold Booting
T
 Cold booting is the kind of computer booting
where by a user turn on a computer that has
been powered off.If the computer is in off state
and we boot the Computer by pressing the
power switch ‗ON‘ from the system case then it
is called as cold booting.

2. Warm Booting
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9
 This is the kind of computer booting where by a
user restart the computer that has been powered
on. If the computer is already ‗ON‘ and we
restart it by pressing the ‗RESET‘ button from
the system box or CTRL, ALTand DEL key
simultaneously from the keyboard then it is
called warm booting.
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Shutting Down the Computer
190
 Shut down is the process of turning off the computer. It is
important to properly shut down Windows when turning off
your computer—as opposed to just hitting the power switch.
Use the Shut Down command on the Start menu when rebooting
or turning off your computer. This allows Windows to save your
work and make sure that no data is lost.
 The following steps should be taken when exiting a Windows
session.
1. Close any program you are running. In most cases, use the Exit
command from the File menu.
2. Click the Start button and click Shut Down.
3. Select from the list of options. The number of options varies
depending on whether you are connected to a network or not.
4. Wait until you receive a message telling you it is ―safe toturn
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The Shut down windows dialog box
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Note
 Sometimes you want to log off without
turning your PC off. In this case, do not
choose to ―ShutDown‖ the computer, but
instead choose ―Logoff‖.
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Microsoft Windows
Features
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Windows
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Windows-is a graphical user interface (GUI)
kind of operating system.
It is more user friendly than other operating
systems in the market like Ms Dos, Macintosh,
Linux, Unix etc. Windows allow user to do
more with computer than other operating systems
 Is an interface you see when you turn on the
computer system.
 It consist of the cursors, icons, menus etc which allow
the user to interact with the computer and get
s.omething done easily.

Basically Windows provideUser interfaces
which may be:
1. Command – driven
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2. Menu- driven
3. Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Windows
Notification
area
File
Icons
Desktop
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Desktop
 Desktop-This is the first screen of a window to
appear when you turn on a computer and enter
user name and password.
 The desktop is the on-screen work area on
which Windows, Icons, menus & dialog boxes
appear.
 The desktop is the primary user interface of a
computer. When you boot up your computer,
the desktop is displayed once the startup
process is complete.
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Elements of Desktop
T
1. The desktop background/wallpaper
2. Icons of files and folders.
3. Task bar, which is located at the bottom of the
screen by default.

Icons
 Icon: is a small image that represents a file, folder or
program.
 Icons are symbols or pictures that represent items
stored on your computer. Some icons represent folders
(directories or groups), documents, programs, and even
computer hardware.
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Types of Icons
1. Document icons: represent the files that you
create using software. Generally, document icons
resemble the program icon that created the file. For
example, a Word document has part of the same logo
as the Word application in which it was created.
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2. Original icons/Special icons
 The icons that typically display when you first access
your Windows desktop are My Computer, My
Network Places, the Recycle Bin, and Internet
Explorer.
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3. Application icons
 Icons that have a small white arrow in the lower left
corner are Shortcuts. The arrow indicates that the icon
is a shortcut that points to a program, folder, or other
item. A shortcut is a quick way to open a program or
file. Application (program) icons represent the
executable programs (software) available on your
computer. For example: Microsoft Word, Microsoft
PowerPoint, Microsoft Photoshop, and Microsoft
Excel.
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Cont…
 Shortcut icon
Icons with an arrow in the lower left corner are
shortcut icons. Click the icon for quick access
to the object they represent (program,
document, printer, and so on).
 Program, folder, and document icons
Program, folder, and document icons do not
have an arrow in the lower left corner. They
represent the actual object and provide direct
access to the object.
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4. Folder icons
 Afolder is a tool used to collect related files or folders.
OR folder is a "container" in which you can store
documents. It allows user to organize information and
also it simplify the accessibility of information.
Folders can hold both files and other folders
(subfolders
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Cont…
4. Recycle Bin holds deleted files, until you Empty
Recycle.
5. Internet Explorer is Microsoft's version of a Web
browser. This enables user to access internet
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Taskbar
 Taskbar: Is a bar commonly located at the
bottom of the desktop that displays the
programs that are currently running (opened
task). This bar also displays the time, volume,
and in later revisions of the Windows operating
system, the Quick Launch Below is an example
of what the taskbar may look like.
Taskbar contains Start button, System tray,
opened task, and Quick launch toolbar.
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Elements of aTask bar
T
1. Desk bands e.g. Internet Explorer
2. The notification area
3. Windows Media Player.
4. Desktop. Contains shortcuts to items contained
on the users desktop.
5. Quick Launch.

Folder, File & Directory
1. File: Is the item which contains information.
File can be text, image, video, audio or
program.
 Definition:Afile is a collection of
information, with a unique name, stored in
your computer or on a removable disk.
2. Folder: Is the container which store files.
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What is a Window?
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 Window is a bordered rectangular screen which displays your
program or document when it is open. or
This is a bordered rectangular screen display, through which a user
uses an opened program to perform a task
There are three major window types:
 Program,
 Document and
 Folder.
 Title Bar
 The title bar is at the top of the window. It displays the
document, program, or folder name, along with the name of
the application that is open (in program windows only).
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 The title bar also displays three small buttons
on the right of the title bar, which change the
display of the window:
 minimize,
 maximize
 restore, and
 close buttons.
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Window Control buttons
1. Minimize button
This puts the current window temporarily in the taskbar located at
the bottom of the desktop. Y
ou can return to where you left off
by clicking the program‘s name on the task bar.
2. Maximize button
This makes the current window to fill the whole screen. The window
cannot be resized and it gives you a maximum working area.
3. Restore button
When you maximize a window, the restore button replaces the
maximize button. Clicking the restore button displays the
window in its previous size and location.
4. Close button
The close button (on the right) closes the window. Click the close
button once to completely close the document, application, or
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Status Bar
 Astatus bar is a small area at the bottom of a
window. It is used by some applications to
display helpful information for the user. For
example, an open folder window on the desktop
may display the number of items in the folder
and how many items are selected.
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Examples of Status Bar
T
1. The status bar of a file manager
2. The status bar of a web browser
3. The status bar of a graphics editor.
4. The status bar of word processor.

Toolbar
T
 Atoolbar often provides quick access to
functions that are commonly performed within
the program. For example, a formatting toolbar
in a program such as Microsoft Excel
 Row of boxes, often at the top of an application
window that control various functions of the
software

Restart, Hibernate & Stand by the Computer
 Restart/reboot: Is the process of restarting the
computer or electronic device. Rebooting is
sometimes necessary to recover from an error,
re-initialize drivers, or hardware devices.
Types of Reboot
 Hard reboot: is when you turn the computer
completely off and then turn it back on.
 Soft reboot is when the desktop just goes away
and then you get the reboot without having to
turn the computer all the way off.
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Stand by
 Sleep mode or Stand by Is a mode the
computer, monitor, or other device enters when
idle for too long. This mode helps conserve
power when a computer or computer device is
not in use without having to sacrifice the time it
would take to turn off and on the computer.
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Hibernation (computing)
7
 Is a Power management mode that conserves
power by powering down the system. In
hibernate mode the current state of the system is
saved to the hard drive, and the system will
power down.
 When a user turns the system power back on,
the saved information is read from the hard
disk, restoring the last used settings.
 Hibernate mode is similar to sleep mode,
however in sleep mode the power cannot be
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TOPIC TWO
BASIC COMPUTER NETWORK,INTERNET
AND ITS APPLICATION

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BASIC COMPUTER NETWORK
COMPUTER NETWORK
Interconnection of two or more computers in order for sharing resources and
information.
TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
Local Area Network (LAN)
MetropolitanArea Network (MAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)

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NETWORK -TYPES
1. Local Area Network (LAN)
 A network situated in one geographic location
(a office / school / factory
2. MetropolitanArea Network (MAN)
 A network which connects several LAN‘s /
users spread over a smaller geographic area (a
case of University of Dodoma)
3. Wide Area Network (WAN)
 A network which connects several LAN‘s /
users spread over a larger geographic area
(larger companies, ATM-network,
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.Intranet
 Designed to permit access by users who have
access Privileges to the internal LAN of the
organization, Private network (LAN) used to
share resources in secure environment
Extranets
 Refer to applications and services that are
Intranet based, and use extended, secure access
to external users or enterprises

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Networking Devices
Repeater
Hub
Bridge
Switch
Router
Gateway

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Network topology
Network topology is the arrangement of the various elements (links,
nodes, etc.) of a computer network. Essentially, it is the
topological structure of a network and may be depicted
physically or logically.
Types of Network topologies:
1 The Bus topology
2 Hub/Tree topology
3 Star topology
4 Ring topology
5 Mesh topology 2

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Bus topology
Single cable connects all network nodes without intervening
connectivity devices
Devices share responsibility for getting data from one point to
another
Terminators stop signals after reaching end of wire
Prevent signal bounce
Inexpensive, not very scalable
Difficult to troubleshoot, not fault-tolerant

Bus (continued)
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Bus
Topology
Advantages
This network can still function if one of the computers
malfunctions
Works well for small networks
Relatively inexpensive to implement
Easy to add to it
Disadvantages
The main disadvantage is bad connection to the cable can bring
down the entire network
Management costs can be high
Potential for congestion with network traffic

Ring Topology
Ring topology
Each node is connected to the two nearest nodes so the entire network
forms a circle
One method for passing data on ring networks is token passing
Active topology
Each workstation transmits data
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Advantages and Disadvantages
of Ring Topology
Advantages
This network can still function if one of the computers
malfunctions
Easier to manage; easier to locate a defective node or cable
problem
Well-suited for transmitting signals over long distances on a LAN
Handles high-volume network traffic
Enables reliable communication
Disadvantages
Expensive
Requires more cable and network equipment at the start
Not used as widely as bus topology
•Fewer equipment options
•Fewer options for expansion to high-speed communication 2

Star topology
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Star topology
Star topology
Every node on the network is connected through a
central device
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Star (continued)
Any single cable connects only two devices
Cabling problems affect two nodes at most
Requires more cabling than ring or bus networks
More fault-tolerant
Easily moved, isolated, or interconnected with other
networks
Scalable
Supports max of 1024 addressable nodes on logical
network

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Advantages and disadvantages
of Star Topology
Advantages
Good option for modern networks
Low startup costs
Easy to manage
Offers opportunities for expansion
Most popular topology in use; wide variety of equipment available
Disadvantages
Hub is a single point of failure
The communications in the network will stop if the host computer stops
functioning
Requires more cable than the bus

A Hub/Tree Network
Hub Hub
Hub
Hub
Hub
End node
A Hub / Tree Network
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Tree Network
In hub or tree network, the wires that are used to connect different nodes are
collapsed into a central unit, called hub.
Hub does not perform switching function.
It consists of repeaters that retransmitted all the signals from nodes to all other nodes
in the same way.
The multipoint nature of tree topology gives rise to several problems.
1. The access control is fairly difficult to determine the time slot for each node.
2. Another problem with multipoint is signal balancing.

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Internet

What is Internet?
 Is the Worldwide collection of networks that connects
millions of computers. OR
Is a global network in which million of computers are connected
together worldwide to facilitate communication among users. E.g.
sending and receiving e-mails, online talking, instant message,
teleconferencing, video conferencing etc. OR
Is the network of the networks that connect government, people,
business etc all over the world
Internet can also be defined as World wide network of computer
making information available to everyone.
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These Computers are connected through
1. Telephone lines: telephone lines internet
signals from one place to another and the
signals are translated by modems.
2. Cables in the ground: the use of optical cables
which are laid in the ground then they connect
different devices. optical cables transmit signals
with a speed of light.(3x108m/s)
3. Satellite in space: satellite dishes capture signals
from satellites in space and transmits them to
their required destinations.
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Modem
 Amodem is used to translate information transferred
through telephone lines or cable and from satellite
dishes.
 The term stands for modulate and demodulate which
changes the signal from digital, which computers use,
to analog, which telephones use and then back again.
 Ahigh speed connection also requires a modem but
because the information is transferred digitally it isn't
required to change the signal from digital to analog but
is used to create the connection between your
computer and the computer you are connecting with.
Protocol
 Set of rules that determine how data are exchanged
between different computers.
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Example of Internet
10 Downing
Street,
London,
England
H
A
Sydney
ouse,
ustralia
d
Jim’s
Skateboa
r s USA,
The Internet
Tanza
State
house,
nia
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Advantages ofusing Internet
1
1. Sharing files
2. Improving customer service
3. Communication
Exchange e-mail
Chat
4. Shopping
5. Learning
6. Entertainment
7. Sharing other devices (printers)
8. Central administration of all devices
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Disadvantages ofusing Internet
1. Viruses threat
Today, Internet is the most popular source of spreading
viruses. Most of the viruses transfer from one
computer to another through e-mail or when
information is downloaded on the Internet. These
viruses create different problems in your computer.
For example, they can affect the performance of your
computer and damage valuable data and software
stored in your computer.
2. Security Problems
The valuable websites can be damaged by hackers and
your valuable data may be deleted. Similarly,
confidential data may be accessed by unauthorized
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Cont…
3. Immorality
Some websites contains immoral materials in the
form of text, pictures or movies etc. These
websites damage the character of new
generation.
4. Filtration of Information
When a keyword is given to a search engine to
search information of a specific topic, a large
number of related links a displayed. In this case,
it becomes difficult to filter out the required
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Cont…
5. Accuracy of Information
A lot of information about a particular topic is stored
on the websites. Some information may be incorrect or
not authentic. So, it becomes difficult to select the
correct information. Sometimes you may be confused.
6. Wastage of times
A lot of time is wasted to collect the information on the
Internet. Some people waste a lot of time in chatting or
to play games. At home and offices, most of the people
use Internet without any positive purpose.
7. English language problems
Most of the information on the Internet is available in
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5
Make sure you understand each
terminology!
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) - The coding language used to create
documents for use on the World Wide Web.
HTTP (Hyper Text Transport Protocol) - the set of rules for exchanging files (text,
graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web.
Http is termed as the protocol that facilitate exchanges of electronic files in the
World Wide Web
URL (Uniform Resource Locator) - The Internet address. The prefix of a URL
indicates which area of the Internet will be accessed. URLs look differently
depending on the Internet resource you are seeking.
Examples. http.www.google.com , www.tpsc.ac.tz
Webpage –A web page is a document created with HTML that is part of a group of
hypertext documents or resources available on the World Wide Web.
Collectively, these documents and resources form a web site. Every Web page is
identified by a unique URL.
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its1/o4w/2n01p6rotocolcalled HypertextCTNrAaMnsSf-e2r0P15ro/2to0c1o6l(HTTP). 2
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Website –A Web site is a related collection of related Webpages files (World Wide
Web (WWW) files) that includes a beginning file called a home page.
For Example https://www.udom.ac.tz
http - stands for the hypertext transport protocol
www- world wide web
udom- website name
ac- academic( this means, com- commercial, mil-military etc.)(organization name)
tz- Tanzania(country name, so for Kenya .ke, Uganda .ug etc.)
What is home page?
The beginning "page" of any site.
The first page that a Web site presents
Often provides connections to other Web pages
World Wide Web (WWW) is a system of Internet servers that supports hypertext
to access several Internet protocols on a single interface. The World Wide Web has
T

www
 WWW: is a system of interlinked hypertext documents
accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view
web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other
multimedia and navigate between them via hyperlinks.
AWeb siteis
a collection of
related Webpages
AWeb page contains
text, graphics, sound,
video, and links to
other Webpages
Y
ou can share
information by
creatingWeb pages
or posting photoson
a photo community
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Internet resources
 Apart from the www, the internet ca be used to send
electronic mail ( e-mail) and to transfer files between
computers.
File transfer Protocol( FTP) is a program the allow you
to transfer files between computers on the internet as
distinct from transferring files for immediate
viewing
Download--To copy data from a remote computer (internet) to a
local computer. Or
Transferring a file from a remote computer to your own computer
Upload—To send data from a local computer to a remote computer
(internet).or Sending a file to a remote computer
 Other facilities available on the internet include NEWS
GROUPS for the dissemination of information to interested
groups, and Internet Relay Chat which allows people to
communicate with each other instantly by typing text keyboar2d48-
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Web Browser
249
 is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and
traversing information resources on the World Wide Web.
 A web browser isa software that allows you to view,
navigate and interact with the World Wide Web.
 ABrowser is a program that allows a person to view pages
over the Internet and to navigate/move from one page to
another by the use of links found in the WebPages
Examples of browsers are such as:
1. Mozilla Firefox
2. Opera
3. Safari
4. Netscape Navigator
5. Microsoft InternetExplorer
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Opening Internet Explorer
 There are several ways which you can use to Start
Microsoft Internet Explorer
 1st Option
 Click Start Button
 Select All Programs
 Select Microsoft Office
 Click Microsoft Internet Explorer
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Opening Internet Explorer
2nd Option
If there is a shortcut to Microsoft Internet
Explorer at the Desktop:
 Double click the Icon
OR
 Right Click the Icon
 Click Open
OR
 Click the Icon once
 Press the Enter Key
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Internet explorer window
. Title bar Help menu
Address
(URL)
Web
Status bar
Standard
buttons
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What is a web address? Uniform Resource
Locators (URLS)
T
 Aweb address is a collection of pages on the
web owned by an individual or organization.
 The first page of a website is the home page
 Every web page has a unique address. This is
known as a URL ( Uniform Resource Locator)
it usually begins with ‗http://www: (http stands
for Hypertext Transfer Protocol and tells a web
browser that it is looking for a web page.)

Addresses or Uniform Resource Locators
(URLs)
T
 These are addresses of website that you are visiting .The URL or
address is often shown beginning with http; this stands for Hypertext
transfer protocol which is assumed, so it is not necessary to type it,
i.e. http://www.esb.co.tz
The URL/address is usually made up of the following parts;
i)WWW (World Wide Web)
ii) Some letters or characters which
indicate the organization e.g.
www.tpsc.ac.tz
iii)Some letters which describe the type of the organization eg.
www.udom.ac.tz(ac stands for academic)
www.ucc.co.tz(co and com stands for commercial Organization
www.elct.org, www.mwakasege.org (org stands for non profit - making
organization)
iv) Some letters which describes the country e.g. www.bbc.co.uk
NOTE: The parts are separated by full stops and never include space.

T
Web address cont.
 Most modern browsers have ‗http://‘ stored so
you can start at ‗www‘. Some URLs include:
 http://www.bbc.co.uk
 http://www.bargainholdays.com
 http://www.nhm.ac.uk
 http://www.isvgroup.co/ittest
 The text after the www shows the domain name,
the organization's name- e.g. BBC,
bargainholdays and nhm (Natural History
Museum) the type of site, - e.g. .co and .com are
commercial companies; ac is an academic
community, and the country, - e.g.uk is United
Kingdom.

Structure of aWeb Address
http://www.microsoft.com
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Searching Engine
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 is a software system that is designed to search for information
on the World Wide Web.
 The information searched may be a mix of web pages, images,
and other types of files.
 Is a means of searching for information that can be found on the
internet.
 For example when accessing a search engine you might
specify that you want to search for information about
‗PolarBears‘ then search engine would return all the URLs
(addresses) it knows about it.
 Allows you to search for relevant information on the Web

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Examples of search engines:
1. www.google.com
2. www.yahoo.com
3. www.ask.co.uk
4. www.altavista.com
5. www.cycons.com
6. www.mamma.com
7. www.hotbot.com
8. www.excite.co.uk
9. http://www.Infoseek.com
10. www.baidu.com
11. www.bing.com
12. www.msn.com

Internet Services
259
1. Internet Banking
2. E-government
3. E-Learning
4. E- commerce/E- business
5. E-marketing
6. Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP).
7. E-mail
8. Instant Messaging
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Internet Banking
Internet banking is the electronic banking via
the internet.
Internet banking is referred to as the systems
of banking in customers can view their
account details, pay bills and transfer money
by means of the internet.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of
Internet Banking
ADVANTAGES
 It is fast
It simplify banking
Activities because users
can have access to their
money anywhere in the
world.
DISADVANTAGES
Theft of money due
to hacking etc.
Expensive to run and
difficult to manage

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E-Governance
E-Governance is the application of Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) for delivering
government services, exchange of information
communication transactions, integration various stand-one
systems and services between Government-to-Citizens
(G2C), Government-to-Business(G2B),Government-to-
Government( G2G) as well as back office processes and
interactions within the entire government frame work.
Through the e-Governance, the government services will be
made available to the citizens in a convenient, efficient and
transparent manner.

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E-Governance
ADVANTAGES
It promote transparency
to the government sector
and encourages
democratization
It enforce accountability
Speed, efficiency, and
convenience It help to
improve public services
DISADVANTAGES
It is expensive to run
and manage
Difficult to
implement

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E-learning
E-learning is the computer and network-enabled
transfer of skills and knowledge. E-learning
applications and processes include Web-based
learning, computer-based learning, virtual education
opportunities and digital collaboration.
Content is delivered via the Internet,
intranet/extranet, audio or video tape, satellite TV,
and CD-ROM. It can be self-paced or instructor-led
and includes media in the form of text, image,
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E-Learning
ADVANTAGES
Facilitate distance
learning
Simplify access to
learning materials such
as books, journals and
articles
A tutor can a teach
many students at once
DISADVANTAGES
Poor or No face to
face communication
between teacher and
students
It easy for students to
cheat
It requires expensive
facilities and
technology

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Post-sale activity
E- commerce
E-commerce is the use of internet to engage in the
exchange, including buying and selling, of products and
services requiring transportation, either physically or
digitally, from location to location.
OR
Is the process of buying and selling goods or services
across the internet
The following are key stage of E-commerce processes
Buyer find seller
Selection of goods
Negotiation
Sale
Payment
Delivery

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E- commerce
ADVANTAGES
It simplify buying and
selling processes
It promote customer
relations through storing
customer information and
tracing customer buying
history
It enables start-up and
small- and medium-sized
enterprises to reach the
DISADVANTAGES
Computer hacking
Computer theft; Fake
websites that pretends
to sell products while
they don't
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Voice Over Internet Protocol
(VoIP).
Vo IP is a technology that allows users to
make voice calls using a broadband Internet
connection instead of a regular (or analog)
phone line.

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Voice Over Internet Protocol
ADVANTAGES
Cheaper to make
international calls than
the traditional phone.
DISADVANTAGES
Not all VoIP services
connect directly to
emergency services
through 9-1-1.
VoIP providers may or
may not offer directory
assistance/white page
listings
Some VoIP services don't
work during power outages

E-mail
T
Electronic mail, commonly known as email or e-mail, is
a method of exchanging digital messages from an author
to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across
the Internet or other computer networks. Some early email
systems required that the author and the recipient both be
online at the same time, in common with instant
messaging.
 Email is a messaging system which can be used to
transmit text messages and file attachments,
attachments can be word processing documents,
graphics, video and sound.

E-mail Address
T
 E-mail addresses are made up of certain
components that help to route it to the proper
recipient, just like postal address on the
envelope. E.g. salama@udom.ac.tz
1. salama is the user name
2. @ is at sign which serves as a divider between
e-mail sections.
3. ac.tz is the domain name which is the name of
the user‘semail system or location

The Advantages of E-mail
1. It's fast - Messages can be sent anywhere
around the world in an instant
2. It's cheap - Transmission usually costs nothing,
or at the most, very little
3. It's simple - Easy to use, after initial set-up
4. It's efficient - Sending to a group can be done
in one step
5. It's versatile - Pictures, power points or other
files can be sent too
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The Disadvantages
T
1. Email can become time consuming for answering
complicated questions and misunderstandings can arise
because cultural differences in the interpretation of
certain words. The telephone is much better for
providing detailed answers or if you feel that the
question is not absolutely clear.
2. Email can compromise the security of an organization
because sensitive information can be easily distributed
accidentally or deliberately. Email should be entrusted
to well trained and trusted staff members.
3. Email can become impersonal or misunderstood.

Application of E-Mail in Daily life
1. Using email for business
Email is a powerful, low-cost communications tool that businesses are using
to market their goods, provide better customer service and work more
efficiently.
2. Marketing by email
Email can provide a cost-effective way of marketing. Customers can be
targeted cheaply and instantly and, unlike other forms of marketing, emails
can be easily and quickly forwarded to colleagues or friends. Encouraging the
recipients of marketing emails to forward them on is known as viral
marketing.
3. Improving customer service
Email can be used to improve customer service. Encouraging customers to
contact you by email can benefit both parties - they do not have to hang on the
phone or make contact in working hours and you do not have to respond
immediately, which can free up staff from answering the phone.
4. Communication with shareholders
Companies can send information to shareholders using email and other kinds
CNAMS-2015/2016
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Videoconferencing
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 Videoconferencing is a set of
telecommunication technologies which allow
two or more locations to interact via two-way
video and audio transmissions simultaneously.
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Social Websites/Networks
 There are websites called social websites where people can
share their views as well as exchange ideas. examples of
these social networks are:
1. Face book
2. Twitter
3. What sup
4. Instagram.com
5. Marafiki.com
6. hi5,etc
 Joining in these social network you need to sign up by
giving your email address and choosing a user name and
password which you will be using for logging in.
 After logging in you can find your friends and upload your
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Review Questions
6/2/2024 Prepared by Julius T
1. What do you understand by computer hardware as used in ICT?
2. There are four broad categories of computer hardware in terms
of functions
A.Describe the four categories
B.List down at least two components from each hardware
category
C. Describe how the listed components function
3. Data, information and instructions (programs or software) are
stored into computer memories
A.Compare and contrast primary memory and secondary memory
B.What is the difference between magnetic disk storage devices
and magnetic tape storage devices
C. What is the difference between CD-ROM, CD-R, and CD-RW
D. What is the difference between RAM and ROM

Review Questions
T
4. In ICT, in order for computer-related devices to
communicate with one another, telecommunication devices
are necessary
A. What do you understand by telecommunication system?
B. List and describe any telecommunication devices you have
seen or just heard of them
C. These days a good number of organizations have their
computer networks connected to the internet. The connection
to the internet can be via VSAT or leased TTCL line. What is
the difference between the two types of connection to the
internet? Which one is more expensive than the other? Which
one is more reliable?
D. Local area network can be wired or wireless. What is
the difference between the two?

Review Questions
T
5. What is computer software?
6. What is the difference between computer hardware and
computer software?
7. Computer hardware without software is useless
WHILE computer software without computer
hardware is meaningless. Discuss!
8. What are the main roles of computer system software
or operating like Microsoft Windows or Linux/Unix?
9. What is the difference between operating
system software and applications software?

Review Questions
10. We have discussed Microsoft Windows 7in our subject. What
are the main features of the desktop operating system?
11. Using MSWXP
 How do you set and change desktop/display properties of your
computer screen?
 How do you change point device properties of a conventional
mouse?
 How do you set screen saver? What is it anyway?
 When you attempt to rearrange icons on your desktop they go
back to their previous positions, what might be the problem?
How do you rectify it?
11. There are various versions of Microsoft Windows like XP, NT,
2003, 2000, 7, etc. is there anything in common?Any
significance difference(s)? 327
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Review Questions
T
13. What is a web browser?
14. Every web page has a unique address. This is known as………
15. What http://www stands for?
16. Write two examples of a domain name
17. There are many ways that you can find information on the web:
mention 2 ofthem
18. Write 5 advantages of network
19. Mention types of network
20. Mention types of server
21. What are network hardware?
22. What are network-devices?
23. What are tools used as network connection devices?
24. What are transmission devices?
25. Give at least 5 network topologies
26. What does a typical URL look like

Review Questions
T
Qn: Define the term bellow(20 marks)
1. Operating system
2. System software
3. Utility program
4. Internet
5. Recycle bin
6. File directory
7. Folder directory
8. Application software
9. Cold booting
10. Warm booting

Review Questions
T
28.In briefly explain five types of computer.
29. In brieflyexplain the advantages of using internet
30. Mention at least any five examples ofApplication and
System software's.
31. What are the advantages of using computer in daily
life?
32. What are the bottlenecks of using a computer system?
33. Explain the basic functions of a computer system
34. Mention the functions of a CPU
35. What are the components of any system?

Review Questions
T
36. If you press a delete button after selecting a file , then the file
will move to
a) Recycle Bin
b) Dust Bin
c) Waste Bin
d) My Documents
37. Software needs to be installed on a computer, usually from
a) CD
b) Floppy
c) Flash
d) External hard disk

Review Questions
T
38. Booting is the process of turning ON the computer
System. This process includes initializing all your
hardware components in your computer and gets them
to work together and to load your default operating
system which will make your computer operational.
The Operating system begins to operate as soon as you
turn on or boot the computer system.
A. Mention any three processes occurs when the OS is
booting
B. Mention and define two types of booting.

Review Questions
39. Outline any seven(7) advantages of using computer in
our daily life.
40. Name the devices labeled.
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Review Questions
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41. Mr. Salama has two laptop computers, Dell and
Toshiba, Dell computer is more powerful and
expensive compared to Toshiba computer that means it
store large amount of data and process data very
quickly.
A. Mention any three computer components (hardware)
which made Dell Computer to be more powerful than
Toshiba computer.
B. Advice Mr. Salama on how to protect his laptops
from unauthorized users to access without his
permission.
1/4/2016 CNAMS-2015/2016
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Review Questions
T
288
42. Fill in the word the following abbreviation.
1. USB
2. OS
3. PDF
4. CRT
5. LCD
6. GIGO
7. WYIWYG
8. BIOS
9. UPS
10. ALU
11. CPU
12. VDU
13. HDD
14. RAM
15. ROM
16. CD
17. CD-R
18. CD-RW
19. DVD

Review Questions
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43. Discuss any five roles of a bio component of a
computer system.
44. List down any two Pros and Cons of using a computer
system
45. Identify at least four areas where do you think the
business activities cannot be done without using
computer. Give one example in each case.
46. Describe Clearly the function of ach component that
makes up the entire computer system.
47. State at least three reasons to support the assertion that
―Without software, the computer is useless‖

END
Prepared by Mr. Salama, Mr. Aruna,
Mr. Alberto and Mr. Steven
CNAMS-2015/2016
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Information and communication technology NOTES.pptx

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