This document discusses the influence of Muslim thought on Western thinkers and philosophy from the 8th-15th centuries. It notes that Muslim scholars introduced humanism, the historical sciences using the scientific method, and helped harmonize philosophy with faith in the West. Figures like Ibn Sina, Al-Ghazali, and Averroes (Ibn Rushd) influenced Western mysticism and thinkers including Aquinas, Descartes, and Spinoza through their emphasis on reason and attempts to integrate philosophy and religion. Their works stimulated the Italian Renaissance and shaped European thought up through Immanuel Kant.
The document discusses the collapse of the Ottoman Caliphate and the rise of the secular Saudi-Wahhabi nation-state. It argues that British diplomacy played a key role in attacking and destroying the Caliphate. The abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate after World War I coincided with the emergence of Saudi Arabia, which rejected the supremacy of Islam over the state, thereby secularizing the heartland of Islam. This represented a major step back towards pre-Islamic Jahiliyyah and diminished Islamic power globally. Understanding how the Caliphate was lost is the first step to countering current threats to Islamic institutions like the Hajj pilgrimage.
Al-Kindi was an influential 9th century Arab philosopher, mathematician, physician and scientist. He was born in Kufa, Iraq to a noble Arab family and educated in Baghdad where he became a member of the House of Wisdom. As the first major philosopher from the Islamic world, he incorporated and built upon ancient Greek philosophy and science, translating works into Arabic. He made contributions across many fields, including being the first to systematically determine drug dosages, providing foundations for modern arithmetic, and researching the scientific aspects of music through over 240 written works.
The document outlines the West's battle for hearts and minds among Muslims globally in order to counter the appeal of Islamic governance and challenge the dominance of capitalism. It discusses how the West views the reestablishment of the Khilafah as a threat and is actively working to discredit it. Part of this effort includes funding various programs, media, and think tanks promoting "reform" and "moderation" in Islam as an alternative to more strict interpretations gaining popularity. The US in particular has approved secret strategies like "Muslim World Outreach" to indirectly influence the direction of Islam through allied Muslim nations and groups.
The document discusses the symptoms of jahiliyyah (ignorance) in pre-Islamic Arabia and compares them to modern times. It outlines five main symptoms: intellectual enslavement through exclusivity of education available only to elites; social disintegration due to materialism, denial of the afterlife, and fanaticism based on tribalism; moral degeneration including alcohol consumption and adultery; economic exploitation; and religious bankruptcy. Specific examples are given of how each symptom manifested in pre-Islamic Arabia and continues today through modern ideologies and social issues. Islam promotes intellectual freedom, social unity regardless of attributes, prohibitions against intoxicants and extramarital relations, economic justice, and submission to
Islams & world civilization by mumtaz ali khakheli & nadeem waganNadeem Wagan Wagan
Muslims made many contributions to world civilization through their advancements in fields like astronomy, geography, navigation, medicine, and more. Factors like the Quran's encouragement of seeking knowledge and the teachings of Prophet Muhammad motivated Muslims to research, invent, and enlighten the world. While some ignore or downplay Muslim achievements, the truth is that Muslim civilization helped spur developments that enabled the European Renaissance and shaped many aspects of modern society.
The document summarizes the origins and spread of Islam. It began in the 7th century in the Middle East, founded by the prophet Muhammad. Key beliefs include monotheism, five pillars of faith, and following the teachings of the Quran. Islam then spread through military conquests and missionary work across Africa, Asia, and parts of Europe. Several Islamic empires arose and fell from the 7th to 16th centuries, including Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, and Ottoman caliphates, establishing centers of culture and learning.
The Attitude of Christians Towards the First Muslim Fath (conquest) of Islami...islamicjerusalem
This document analyzes the attitudes of Christians in Jerusalem towards the first Muslim conquest in the 7th century CE. Scholars have differing views, with some arguing Christians resisted the Muslim forces, while others argue some Christian sects welcomed the conquest to escape Byzantine persecution. The document examines the religious divisions among Jerusalem's Christians at the time and the debates between those who saw Christians as uniformly opposing the conquest versus those who believe attitudes varied among religious groups. It aims to move beyond overgeneralizations and understand a complex historical situation.
This document summarizes the religious significance of Jerusalem to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It describes how the Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven from the Al-Aqsa Mosque, and how the city became sacred to Muslims. It outlines the history of Jerusalem under Islamic rule, including its peaceful conquest by Caliph Omar, and the later barbaric Crusader invasion and massacre. It concludes by describing Saladin's retaking of the city and restoration of Islamic justice and tolerance.
The document discusses the collapse of the Ottoman Caliphate and the rise of the secular Saudi-Wahhabi nation-state. It argues that British diplomacy played a key role in attacking and destroying the Caliphate. The abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate after World War I coincided with the emergence of Saudi Arabia, which rejected the supremacy of Islam over the state, thereby secularizing the heartland of Islam. This represented a major step back towards pre-Islamic Jahiliyyah and diminished Islamic power globally. Understanding how the Caliphate was lost is the first step to countering current threats to Islamic institutions like the Hajj pilgrimage.
Al-Kindi was an influential 9th century Arab philosopher, mathematician, physician and scientist. He was born in Kufa, Iraq to a noble Arab family and educated in Baghdad where he became a member of the House of Wisdom. As the first major philosopher from the Islamic world, he incorporated and built upon ancient Greek philosophy and science, translating works into Arabic. He made contributions across many fields, including being the first to systematically determine drug dosages, providing foundations for modern arithmetic, and researching the scientific aspects of music through over 240 written works.
The document outlines the West's battle for hearts and minds among Muslims globally in order to counter the appeal of Islamic governance and challenge the dominance of capitalism. It discusses how the West views the reestablishment of the Khilafah as a threat and is actively working to discredit it. Part of this effort includes funding various programs, media, and think tanks promoting "reform" and "moderation" in Islam as an alternative to more strict interpretations gaining popularity. The US in particular has approved secret strategies like "Muslim World Outreach" to indirectly influence the direction of Islam through allied Muslim nations and groups.
The document discusses the symptoms of jahiliyyah (ignorance) in pre-Islamic Arabia and compares them to modern times. It outlines five main symptoms: intellectual enslavement through exclusivity of education available only to elites; social disintegration due to materialism, denial of the afterlife, and fanaticism based on tribalism; moral degeneration including alcohol consumption and adultery; economic exploitation; and religious bankruptcy. Specific examples are given of how each symptom manifested in pre-Islamic Arabia and continues today through modern ideologies and social issues. Islam promotes intellectual freedom, social unity regardless of attributes, prohibitions against intoxicants and extramarital relations, economic justice, and submission to
Islams & world civilization by mumtaz ali khakheli & nadeem waganNadeem Wagan Wagan
Muslims made many contributions to world civilization through their advancements in fields like astronomy, geography, navigation, medicine, and more. Factors like the Quran's encouragement of seeking knowledge and the teachings of Prophet Muhammad motivated Muslims to research, invent, and enlighten the world. While some ignore or downplay Muslim achievements, the truth is that Muslim civilization helped spur developments that enabled the European Renaissance and shaped many aspects of modern society.
The document summarizes the origins and spread of Islam. It began in the 7th century in the Middle East, founded by the prophet Muhammad. Key beliefs include monotheism, five pillars of faith, and following the teachings of the Quran. Islam then spread through military conquests and missionary work across Africa, Asia, and parts of Europe. Several Islamic empires arose and fell from the 7th to 16th centuries, including Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, and Ottoman caliphates, establishing centers of culture and learning.
The Attitude of Christians Towards the First Muslim Fath (conquest) of Islami...islamicjerusalem
This document analyzes the attitudes of Christians in Jerusalem towards the first Muslim conquest in the 7th century CE. Scholars have differing views, with some arguing Christians resisted the Muslim forces, while others argue some Christian sects welcomed the conquest to escape Byzantine persecution. The document examines the religious divisions among Jerusalem's Christians at the time and the debates between those who saw Christians as uniformly opposing the conquest versus those who believe attitudes varied among religious groups. It aims to move beyond overgeneralizations and understand a complex historical situation.
This document summarizes the religious significance of Jerusalem to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It describes how the Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven from the Al-Aqsa Mosque, and how the city became sacred to Muslims. It outlines the history of Jerusalem under Islamic rule, including its peaceful conquest by Caliph Omar, and the later barbaric Crusader invasion and massacre. It concludes by describing Saladin's retaking of the city and restoration of Islamic justice and tolerance.
This document provides an introduction to a 4-volume work titled "Revitalisation of the Sciences of Religion" by Dr. Ahmad A Zidan. It outlines the structure and purpose of the work, which is to revive religious sciences by discussing acts of worship, customs of life, destructive matters, and saving matters. The introduction explains that the work is divided into these four quarters to distinguish useful vs. harmful knowledge and to draw interest from those studying jurisprudence. The overall aim is to purify the heart and soul through religious teachings.
Eschatology Through The Lens Of Current Events Emailpastorkent
The document discusses various eschatological views including those of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It provides overviews of key concepts like the Messiah and kingdom of God in Judaism, the second coming of Christ and final judgment in Christianity, and the Mahdi and Jesus' role in Islamic eschatology. Key differences between Sunni and Shiite Muslims are also summarized.
Islam - Prophet Muhammed, the finest man who ever livedArab Muslim
This is the true story about Muhammed the messenger of Allah. If you are really looking for the truth about prophet Muhammed, please read here and you will know that your media tried all the time to pull you away from this fact. They wanted no body to know about the real Islam and prophet of Islam.
The document discusses the origins and foundations of Islam. It begins by summarizing the geographic distribution of Islam in the Middle East, Iberian Peninsula, and Northern Africa. It then outlines the story of the prophet Muhammad and the establishment of the five pillars of Islam. The five pillars are the core beliefs and practices in Islam. The document also briefly describes the two main denominations, Sunni and Shia Islam, and their distribution. It provides information on mosques as places of worship, Mecca as a sacred site, and religious leaders like imams and ayatollahs. Finally, it summarizes the internal conflict that arose after Muhammad's death and the division of the Islamic empire into the Sunni and Sh
This document provides an overview of the global religious conditions prior to the rise of Islam, specifically focusing on the Arabian Peninsula. It describes how polytheism, idolatry, moral degradation, and social injustices were widespread. Arabia in particular was immersed in sinful practices like gambling, drinking, and exposing newborn girls. The document then argues that despite these difficulties, the Arabs possessed qualities like courage, strong memory, and generosity that made them well-suited to spread Islam worldwide under Muhammad's leadership. It presents the emergence of the Islamic movement as a great achievement given the unfavorable circumstances it faced.
The document provides an overview of the key aspects of the Islamic religion, including its origins in Saudi Arabia under the prophet Muhammad, the holy book of the Quran, and the five pillars of faith. It discusses the two main sects of Islam - Sunni and Shi'a - and the rapid spread of the religion from the 7th century through conquest and trade, establishing large empires from India to Spain within 100 years. However, political unity was short-lived as divisions emerged over leadership of the Muslim world.
This document contains summaries of views from several non-Muslim scholars about the Prophet Muhammad. It provides quotes praising Muhammad's character, the endurance and success of the Islamic faith and religion, and Muhammad's influence on history. Scholars highlighted Muhammad's moral virtues, the rationality and simplicity of Islam's core beliefs, and how Muhammad established both a spiritual and political nation through sheer moral force without an army. Overall, the non-Muslim opinions expressed admiration for Muhammad and acknowledged his tremendous impact.
The document provides details about Muslim rule in India from 712-1857 CE. It begins with the conquest of Sindh in 711 CE led by Muhammad bin Qasim which established the first Islamic rule on the subcontinent. It then discusses the Delhi Sultanate period and invasions by Mahmud of Ghazni and Muhammad of Ghor. The rise and expansion of the Mughal Empire from 1526-1707 under emperors like Akbar, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb is outlined. British expansion in India starting in the 17th century through the East India Company leading to the fall of the Mughal Empire in 1857 is also summarized.
The document provides a summary of key events and concepts related to world history from ancient civilizations through the Mughal Empire in India. It covers the rise and fall of civilizations like the Indus River Valley, the Aryan invasions and caste system in India, the major world religions of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, and the initial spread of Islam. It then discusses the Mongol Empire, Crusades, Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, and concludes with an overview of the Mughal Empire in India from its founding to its decline.
Hong Xiuquan had a series of dreams after failing civil service exams that led him to believe he was chosen by God to transform China. He used his dreams as proof that he was in direct communication with God and should lead the Taiping movement. His followers accepted his dreams as divine revelation. By 1850, the Taiping movement had grown to 20,000 members but also faced increasing opposition from the Qing government. Ultimately, the Qing defeated the Taiping forces by 1864. Hong's dreams helped grow his movement but could not ensure its long term success against the Qing.
The Abbasid Caliphate declined due to peasant revolts, high taxes, civil wars during succession disputes, and the use of Turkish slaves in the army. This led to invasions by the Buyids, Seljuk Turks, and finally the Mongols. Islam spread to South and Southeast Asia through trade along maritime routes and the teachings of Sufi mystics, with most converts in port cities. While some areas like mainland Asia and Bali resisted due to Buddhism and Hinduism, Indian cultural influences spread to the Muslim world through the Delhi Sultanate's rule.
China Resources and Potentialities:
An Exploration of a statement attributed to Abdul-Baha, the son of Baha'u'llah, the Founder of the Baha'i Faith:
“China has the most great capability. The Chinese people are most simple-hearted and truth-seeking…Truly, I say, the Chinese are free from any deceit and hypocrisies and are prompted with ideal motives. China is the country of the future."
And another statement by Shoghi Effendi, the grandson of Abdu'l-Baha:
“China, a land which has its own world and civilization, whose people (in 1923) constitute one-fourth of the population of the globe, which ranks foremost among all nations
in material, cultural, and spiritual resources and potentialities, and whose future is assuredly bright."
Ibn Taimiyah was a renowned 14th century Islamic scholar born in Harran, modern-day Turkey. His family fled to Damascus to escape invading Tatars. In Damascus, Ibn Taimiyah studied under great scholars and became a professor at a young age. He issued fatwas without following a traditional legal school and defended sound hadiths. Ibn Taimiyah fought heresies and innovations in religion, and led military campaigns against the Tatars. However, his progressive opinions angered opponents and he was imprisoned multiple times until dying in prison, though he was honored at his large funeral. Ibn Taimiyah wrote over 350 works on Islamic sciences and established himself as one of Islam
Symbols of islam by tanja al hariri wendelltopbottom1
This document provides an introduction and overview of symbols in Islam. It discusses the political and cultural conditions in Arabia before Islam, including various pre-Islamic Arabian gods and goddesses like Hubal, Manat, al-Lat and al-Uzza. It then summarizes some key beliefs and practices in Islam such as the revelation received by Muhammad, the five pillars of faith, angels, judgment day and festivals. The document also notes differences between Islam and Christianity, such as the Islamic belief that Jesus was not crucified. It aims to provide objective insight into Islam and notes commonalities between the Abrahamic faiths of Islam, Christianity and Judaism.
This document provides an overview of Islamic civilizations and history. It begins with definitions of Islam and key terms like Allah, Muslim, and mosque. It then discusses the prophet Muhammad and the hijrah. Key events and figures of early Islamic history are outlined, including the Kabbah, caliphs like Abu Bakr, the Rashidun and Umayyad caliphates. The document also summarizes pillars of Islam, divisions in the religion, important structures like the Dome of the Rock, the Islamic Golden Age, Al-Andalus, the Ottoman Empire, and cultural works like One Thousand and One Nights.
The document provides an overview of several major world religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism. It discusses their origins, key figures, sacred texts, beliefs and practices. Judaism originated with Abraham and was given the Ten Commandments through Moses. Christianity began with Jesus and the Bible. Islam was founded by Muhammad and believes the Quran is God's final revelation. Hinduism has many gods and the goal of reaching Brahman. Buddhism was founded by the Buddha and teaches the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path to end suffering.
Islam is connected to Judaism and Christianity through its monotheistic beliefs and recognition of prophets like Moses and Jesus. The five pillars of Islam are the Shahadah, Salat, Zakat, Sawm, and Hajj. Muhammad received revelations from God and these were compiled into the Quran after his death. The expansion of Islam led to major caliphates like the Umayyads and Abbasids and the emergence of the Sunni-Shia split. Islamic civilization made important contributions to medicine, mathematics, and architecture.
The document discusses the importance of knowledge, religion, and perfection in Islamic cultural values according to the message of Prophet Muhammad. It highlights how the Quran and hadiths encourage seeking knowledge, emphasize its superiority over acts of worship, and establish it as the foundation for understanding religion. The document aims to illustrate the lofty status of knowledge in Islamic teachings.
This document discusses characteristics of middle age between approximately ages 40-65. Physically, people experience a loss of vigor, declining health and increased diseases. Cognitively, fluid intelligence and information processing decline while crystallized intelligence and expertise remain constant. During middle age, people experience an increased focus on religion, meaning of life, and assessing their careers and work. They may make career changes due to globalization, technology advancements or downsizing, and consider early retirement. This allows for more leisure time to enjoy and understand themselves while accounting for physical changes.
This document outlines a plan to restructure a company's operations. It discusses consolidating multiple offices into one central location to reduce costs and improve coordination. This will involve closing three regional offices and moving all employees to the main headquarters over the next year. The goal is to cut overall expenses by 15% through lower facility and administrative costs after the transition is complete.
Ibn Khaldun adalah seorang pemikir muslim abad ke-14 yang terkenal dengan teori Ashabiyahnya tentang ikatan sosial dan solidaritas kelompok. Menurut teorinya, semakin kuat ikatan sosial dalam suatu komunitas akan meningkatkan komitmennya, sebaliknya ikatan longgar akan memunculkan konflik. Ibn Khaldun juga menganalisis faktor-faktor sosial, ekonomi, dan politik yang mempengaruhi kemajuan dan kemund
This document provides an introduction to a 4-volume work titled "Revitalisation of the Sciences of Religion" by Dr. Ahmad A Zidan. It outlines the structure and purpose of the work, which is to revive religious sciences by discussing acts of worship, customs of life, destructive matters, and saving matters. The introduction explains that the work is divided into these four quarters to distinguish useful vs. harmful knowledge and to draw interest from those studying jurisprudence. The overall aim is to purify the heart and soul through religious teachings.
Eschatology Through The Lens Of Current Events Emailpastorkent
The document discusses various eschatological views including those of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It provides overviews of key concepts like the Messiah and kingdom of God in Judaism, the second coming of Christ and final judgment in Christianity, and the Mahdi and Jesus' role in Islamic eschatology. Key differences between Sunni and Shiite Muslims are also summarized.
Islam - Prophet Muhammed, the finest man who ever livedArab Muslim
This is the true story about Muhammed the messenger of Allah. If you are really looking for the truth about prophet Muhammed, please read here and you will know that your media tried all the time to pull you away from this fact. They wanted no body to know about the real Islam and prophet of Islam.
The document discusses the origins and foundations of Islam. It begins by summarizing the geographic distribution of Islam in the Middle East, Iberian Peninsula, and Northern Africa. It then outlines the story of the prophet Muhammad and the establishment of the five pillars of Islam. The five pillars are the core beliefs and practices in Islam. The document also briefly describes the two main denominations, Sunni and Shia Islam, and their distribution. It provides information on mosques as places of worship, Mecca as a sacred site, and religious leaders like imams and ayatollahs. Finally, it summarizes the internal conflict that arose after Muhammad's death and the division of the Islamic empire into the Sunni and Sh
This document provides an overview of the global religious conditions prior to the rise of Islam, specifically focusing on the Arabian Peninsula. It describes how polytheism, idolatry, moral degradation, and social injustices were widespread. Arabia in particular was immersed in sinful practices like gambling, drinking, and exposing newborn girls. The document then argues that despite these difficulties, the Arabs possessed qualities like courage, strong memory, and generosity that made them well-suited to spread Islam worldwide under Muhammad's leadership. It presents the emergence of the Islamic movement as a great achievement given the unfavorable circumstances it faced.
The document provides an overview of the key aspects of the Islamic religion, including its origins in Saudi Arabia under the prophet Muhammad, the holy book of the Quran, and the five pillars of faith. It discusses the two main sects of Islam - Sunni and Shi'a - and the rapid spread of the religion from the 7th century through conquest and trade, establishing large empires from India to Spain within 100 years. However, political unity was short-lived as divisions emerged over leadership of the Muslim world.
This document contains summaries of views from several non-Muslim scholars about the Prophet Muhammad. It provides quotes praising Muhammad's character, the endurance and success of the Islamic faith and religion, and Muhammad's influence on history. Scholars highlighted Muhammad's moral virtues, the rationality and simplicity of Islam's core beliefs, and how Muhammad established both a spiritual and political nation through sheer moral force without an army. Overall, the non-Muslim opinions expressed admiration for Muhammad and acknowledged his tremendous impact.
The document provides details about Muslim rule in India from 712-1857 CE. It begins with the conquest of Sindh in 711 CE led by Muhammad bin Qasim which established the first Islamic rule on the subcontinent. It then discusses the Delhi Sultanate period and invasions by Mahmud of Ghazni and Muhammad of Ghor. The rise and expansion of the Mughal Empire from 1526-1707 under emperors like Akbar, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb is outlined. British expansion in India starting in the 17th century through the East India Company leading to the fall of the Mughal Empire in 1857 is also summarized.
The document provides a summary of key events and concepts related to world history from ancient civilizations through the Mughal Empire in India. It covers the rise and fall of civilizations like the Indus River Valley, the Aryan invasions and caste system in India, the major world religions of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, and the initial spread of Islam. It then discusses the Mongol Empire, Crusades, Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, and concludes with an overview of the Mughal Empire in India from its founding to its decline.
Hong Xiuquan had a series of dreams after failing civil service exams that led him to believe he was chosen by God to transform China. He used his dreams as proof that he was in direct communication with God and should lead the Taiping movement. His followers accepted his dreams as divine revelation. By 1850, the Taiping movement had grown to 20,000 members but also faced increasing opposition from the Qing government. Ultimately, the Qing defeated the Taiping forces by 1864. Hong's dreams helped grow his movement but could not ensure its long term success against the Qing.
The Abbasid Caliphate declined due to peasant revolts, high taxes, civil wars during succession disputes, and the use of Turkish slaves in the army. This led to invasions by the Buyids, Seljuk Turks, and finally the Mongols. Islam spread to South and Southeast Asia through trade along maritime routes and the teachings of Sufi mystics, with most converts in port cities. While some areas like mainland Asia and Bali resisted due to Buddhism and Hinduism, Indian cultural influences spread to the Muslim world through the Delhi Sultanate's rule.
China Resources and Potentialities:
An Exploration of a statement attributed to Abdul-Baha, the son of Baha'u'llah, the Founder of the Baha'i Faith:
“China has the most great capability. The Chinese people are most simple-hearted and truth-seeking…Truly, I say, the Chinese are free from any deceit and hypocrisies and are prompted with ideal motives. China is the country of the future."
And another statement by Shoghi Effendi, the grandson of Abdu'l-Baha:
“China, a land which has its own world and civilization, whose people (in 1923) constitute one-fourth of the population of the globe, which ranks foremost among all nations
in material, cultural, and spiritual resources and potentialities, and whose future is assuredly bright."
Ibn Taimiyah was a renowned 14th century Islamic scholar born in Harran, modern-day Turkey. His family fled to Damascus to escape invading Tatars. In Damascus, Ibn Taimiyah studied under great scholars and became a professor at a young age. He issued fatwas without following a traditional legal school and defended sound hadiths. Ibn Taimiyah fought heresies and innovations in religion, and led military campaigns against the Tatars. However, his progressive opinions angered opponents and he was imprisoned multiple times until dying in prison, though he was honored at his large funeral. Ibn Taimiyah wrote over 350 works on Islamic sciences and established himself as one of Islam
Symbols of islam by tanja al hariri wendelltopbottom1
This document provides an introduction and overview of symbols in Islam. It discusses the political and cultural conditions in Arabia before Islam, including various pre-Islamic Arabian gods and goddesses like Hubal, Manat, al-Lat and al-Uzza. It then summarizes some key beliefs and practices in Islam such as the revelation received by Muhammad, the five pillars of faith, angels, judgment day and festivals. The document also notes differences between Islam and Christianity, such as the Islamic belief that Jesus was not crucified. It aims to provide objective insight into Islam and notes commonalities between the Abrahamic faiths of Islam, Christianity and Judaism.
This document provides an overview of Islamic civilizations and history. It begins with definitions of Islam and key terms like Allah, Muslim, and mosque. It then discusses the prophet Muhammad and the hijrah. Key events and figures of early Islamic history are outlined, including the Kabbah, caliphs like Abu Bakr, the Rashidun and Umayyad caliphates. The document also summarizes pillars of Islam, divisions in the religion, important structures like the Dome of the Rock, the Islamic Golden Age, Al-Andalus, the Ottoman Empire, and cultural works like One Thousand and One Nights.
The document provides an overview of several major world religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism. It discusses their origins, key figures, sacred texts, beliefs and practices. Judaism originated with Abraham and was given the Ten Commandments through Moses. Christianity began with Jesus and the Bible. Islam was founded by Muhammad and believes the Quran is God's final revelation. Hinduism has many gods and the goal of reaching Brahman. Buddhism was founded by the Buddha and teaches the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path to end suffering.
Islam is connected to Judaism and Christianity through its monotheistic beliefs and recognition of prophets like Moses and Jesus. The five pillars of Islam are the Shahadah, Salat, Zakat, Sawm, and Hajj. Muhammad received revelations from God and these were compiled into the Quran after his death. The expansion of Islam led to major caliphates like the Umayyads and Abbasids and the emergence of the Sunni-Shia split. Islamic civilization made important contributions to medicine, mathematics, and architecture.
The document discusses the importance of knowledge, religion, and perfection in Islamic cultural values according to the message of Prophet Muhammad. It highlights how the Quran and hadiths encourage seeking knowledge, emphasize its superiority over acts of worship, and establish it as the foundation for understanding religion. The document aims to illustrate the lofty status of knowledge in Islamic teachings.
This document discusses characteristics of middle age between approximately ages 40-65. Physically, people experience a loss of vigor, declining health and increased diseases. Cognitively, fluid intelligence and information processing decline while crystallized intelligence and expertise remain constant. During middle age, people experience an increased focus on religion, meaning of life, and assessing their careers and work. They may make career changes due to globalization, technology advancements or downsizing, and consider early retirement. This allows for more leisure time to enjoy and understand themselves while accounting for physical changes.
This document outlines a plan to restructure a company's operations. It discusses consolidating multiple offices into one central location to reduce costs and improve coordination. This will involve closing three regional offices and moving all employees to the main headquarters over the next year. The goal is to cut overall expenses by 15% through lower facility and administrative costs after the transition is complete.
Ibn Khaldun adalah seorang pemikir muslim abad ke-14 yang terkenal dengan teori Ashabiyahnya tentang ikatan sosial dan solidaritas kelompok. Menurut teorinya, semakin kuat ikatan sosial dalam suatu komunitas akan meningkatkan komitmennya, sebaliknya ikatan longgar akan memunculkan konflik. Ibn Khaldun juga menganalisis faktor-faktor sosial, ekonomi, dan politik yang mempengaruhi kemajuan dan kemund
Teks tersebut menyenaraikan beberapa tokoh ilmuwan Islam yang telah memberikan sumbangan besar dalam bidang sains dan falsafah. Antaranya ialah Ibnu Rusyd, Ibnu Sina, Al-Biruni, Al-Khawarizmi dan Al-Ghazali. Mereka adalah tokoh-tokoh penting yang telah meletakkan asas kepada bidang sains, perubatan, matematik dan falsafah.
Ibn al-Haitham (965-1040 CE) was an influential Muslim physicist and scientist from Basrah. He made significant contributions to optics and scientific methodology. Some of his key accomplishments included establishing the laws of refraction, studying the anatomy of the eye and the process of vision, developing the camera obscura, and establishing a scientific theory of vision that contradicted earlier theories. He is considered a pioneer of the modern scientific method through his emphasis on systematic observation, hypothesis, and verification in scientific research.
Ibn Khaldun was a 14th century Tunisian philosopher and historian who is considered a founder of sociology. He emphasized empirical evidence over normative theories and identified tribal solidarity ("asabiyya") as the driving force behind the rise and fall of civilizations. His major work, Muqaddimah, analyzed the psychological, economic, environmental and social factors that contribute to the development of human societies. He viewed society as a living organism and studied how social change occurs in cyclical patterns over generations. Ibn Khaldun is regarded as the father of sociology due to his pioneering research on social dynamics, the concept of asabiyya, and his scientific methodology in studying history and society.
Ibn al-Haytham was an 11th century Persian scientist who made significant contributions to the fields of optics and scientific methodology. He is considered the "father of modern optics" and the "world's first true scientist" for being the first to use experiments and mathematics to test hypotheses. In his influential Book of Optics, he described experiments with lenses, mirrors and light that proved light travels in straight lines and disproved existing theories of vision. He is also credited with developing the first camera obscura and helping establish the scientific method.
Ibn Khaldun was an influential 14th century Muslim scholar, historian and sociologist. He is considered a forerunner of modern sociology, historiography and economics for his theories on social conflict, the rise and fall of civilizations, and other social sciences. In his magnum opus, Muqaddimah, he developed theories around the concepts of asabiyyah (social cohesion) and umran (civilization) to explain the rise and fall of dynasties and empires. The Muqaddimah covered topics like sedentary and nomadic cultures, social organization, politics, economics and other intellectual sciences in a philosophical and sociological manner that was ahead of his time.
Computer hardware devices include webcams, scanners, mice, speakers, trackballs, and light pens. Webcams connect via USB or network and are used for video calls and conferencing. Scanners optically scan images and documents into digital formats. Mice are pointing devices that detect motion to move a cursor. Speakers have internal amplifiers and audio jacks. Trackballs contain ball and sensors to detect rotation for cursor movement. Light pens allow pointing directly on CRT displays.
The document discusses Islamic principles of human resource management as outlined in the Quran and teachings of prophets. It provides examples of how early Muslim leaders implemented fair labor practices and policies. It argues contemporary Western-style HRM has failed workers while the Islamic model emphasizes human rights, justice, accountability and participatory decision making. The document advocates for wider adoption of Islamic banking and finance models which are presented as more ethical alternatives to conventional systems.
Human civilization has progressed through contributions from dominant cultures throughout history, including in areas like knowledge, philosophy, astronomy, physics, religion, and mathematics. Key Islamic scholars like Al-Kindi, Ibn Khaldun, and Ibn al-Haytham made significant advances in these fields. Islam has greatly contributed to human culture, especially in religious teachings and knowledge. Figures like Al-Khawarizmi, Ibn Sina, and Abu Bakar al-Kharkhi advanced fields like algebra, medicine, astronomy, and optics.
The document discusses the significant contributions of Islamic civilization to various fields like medicine, mathematics, astronomy, optics, chemistry, and education between the 8th-11th centuries. It notes how Islamic scholars not only preserved Greek knowledge but innovated and advanced fields through experimentation. It argues Western historians have underestimated Islamic influences and links to the European Renaissance. The document highlights contributions of several Muslim scientists like al-Khwarizmi, Ibn Sina, al-Razi, and Jabir ibn Hayyan.
This document summarizes a speech given by Professor Abdus Salam on the relationship between Islam and science. It discusses how the Quran encourages the study of nature and acquisition of knowledge. It describes how early Muslims advanced scientific knowledge by translating Greek works and establishing institutions of higher learning. The golden age of Islamic science from the 8th to 12th centuries is highlighted, with notable scientists like Ibn al-Haitham and Al-Biruni mentioned. The document then discusses the decline of science in the Islamic world from the 12th century onward due to isolation and discouragement of innovation.
The Bell Curve of Arabic Civilization. Arabic influence on Spanish.Ayman Refaat
The document discusses the history of Arabic civilization and its influence on Spain. It begins with an overview of Ibn Khaldun's theory of the rise and fall of civilizations. It then discusses Arab history before Islam, the origins and teachings of Islam, and the history of Al-Andalus - the Arab empire in Spain/Portugal under Islamic rule. Key points include the population diversity, economic prosperity, and scientific/cultural achievements of Al-Andalus that influenced Renaissance Europe, as well as the architectural and linguistic influences still seen today.
The Islamic Golden Age 1. Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 .docxjmindy
The Islamic Golden Age
1. Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632
2. Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661
3. Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750
Islamic civilization experienced a golden age under the Abbassid Dynasty, which ruled from the mid 8th century until the mid 13th century.
Under the Abbassids, Islamic culture became a blending of Arab, Persian, Egyptian, and European traditions. The result was an era of stunning intellectual and cultural achievements.
It is said to have ended with the collapse of the Abbasid Caliphate with the Mongol invasions and the Sack of Baghdad in 1258. Several contemporary scholars, however, place the end of the Islamic Golden Age to be around the 15th to 16th centuries.
Influences for the Golden Age
Religious: The Abbasids were influenced by the Quranic injunctions and hadiths, such as "the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr," that stressed the value of knowledge.
Government sponsorship
The Muslim governments heavily patronized scholars. The best scholars and notable translators, such as Hunayn ibn Ishaq, had salaries that are estimated to be the equivalent of professional athletes today.
The House of Wisdom was a library, translation institute, and academy established in Abbasid-era Baghdad, Iraq by Caliph Harun al-Rashid and his son al-Ma'mun.
The House of Wisdom is where both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars sought to translate and gather all the world's knowledge into Arabic. Many classic works of antiquity that would otherwise have been lost were translated into Arabic and Persian and later in turn translated into Turkish, Hebrew and Latin.
From the translations, the Arab world became a collection of cultures which put together, synthesized and significantly advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient Roman, Chinese, Indian, Persian, Egyptian, Greek, and Byzantine civilizations.
New technology
With a new, and easier writing system, and the introduction of paper, information was democratized to the extent that, for probably the first time in history, it became possible to make a living from simply writing and selling books.
Learning from History…
During this period, the Muslims showed a strong interest in assimilating the scientific knowledge of the civilizations that had been conquered. Many classic works of antiquity that might otherwise have been lost were translated from Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, Chinese, Egyptian, and Phoenician civilizations into Arabic and Persian, and later in turn translated into Turkish, Hebrew, and Latin.
Philosophy
Ibn Rushd founder of the Averroism school of philosophy, was influential in the rise of secular thought in Western Europe.
Ibn Rushd and Ibn Sina played a major role in saving the works of Aristotle, whose ideas came to dominate the non-religious thought of the Christian and Muslim worlds. They would also absorb ideas from China, and India, adding to them tremendous knowled.
Islamic cultures made many important scientific and medical contributions despite being burned in Europe:
They developed navigational tools like the astrolab and compass which enabled long sea voyages and discovery. Astronomers like Al-Biruni discussed theories of Earth's rotation centuries before Galileo.
Medicine advanced with discoveries in anatomy, use of anesthesia and cauterization in surgery, and linking disease to human contact. Figures like Ibn Sina and Al-Razi wrote influential medical encyclopedias and treatises. Hospitals were also established.
Other fields like optics, sociology, and physics also saw innovations through scholars such as Ibn al-Haytham,
in this presentation i presented some common information about muslim scientests and philosophes that lived in medieval age and i collect some information about discoveries that the did and now a days we the technology it is rooted from their discoveries and hard working.
Discover 1000 Years of Missing History; the Muslim Heritage in Our World Maha Youssuf
The document discusses the many contributions of Muslims to human civilization over 1000 years, including inventions and advancements in various fields such as astronomy, medicine, chemistry, music, philosophy, architecture, literature, arts, toys, trick devices, schools, universities, hospitals, food, fashion, perfumes, and more. It highlights the achievements of many great Muslim scholars and inventors such as Banu Musa brothers, Al-Farabi, the House of Wisdom, Fatima al-Fihri, Al-Zahrawi, Al-Kindi, Ziryab, Al-Jazari, Zheng He, and discusses how their work advanced fields like astronomy, surgery, music, education and more. It argues
The islamic contributions to the world civilizationgreatest man
The document discusses the contributions of Islamic civilization and Muslim scholars to various fields including knowledge, science, and medicine. It provides examples of several prominent Muslim scholars from history like al-Khwarizmi (who founded algebra and algorithms), al-Biruni (who made contributions to astronomy, mathematics, geography and other fields), Ibn Sina, Ibn Rushd, Ibn al-Nafis (who discovered pulmonary circulation centuries before Western scientists), and al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham (a pioneer in optics, engineering and astronomy). The document also discusses how Muslim scholars' works were foundational texts for Western universities and how many scientific advances were initially made by Muslims but later wrongly attributed to Western
This document provides an overview of the contributions of Islam to civilization. It discusses how Islam promoted the exchange of knowledge between different peoples. It then outlines several areas where Islamic cultures made significant contributions, including mathematics, astronomy, navigation, medicine, social sciences, physics, education, agriculture, cuisine, crafts, art, architecture, law, and religious tolerance. Several notable Islamic scholars and their works are mentioned for each topic. Quotations from Western thinkers acknowledge the major role of Islamic civilization in advancing and preserving knowledge during the Middle Ages.
En muhammads prohethood_reality_or_mythZaffer Khan
This document provides an overview and summary of a book titled "Muhammad`s Prohethood Reality or Myth" by Abdu-Radhi Muhammad Abdul-Mohsen. The book aims to address questions around whether Muhammad was truly a prophet by examining evidence from the Quran and miracles attributed to Muhammad. It discusses criticisms of Muhammad's prophethood and miracles. It also summarizes the book's exploration of the scientific, legislative and eloquence miracles within the Quran as evidence of Muhammad's prophethood. Key topics covered in depth include the splitting of the moon, the Night Journey, prophecies given by Muhammad and his challenges to disbelievers.
Scientists criticized from their religion for their workΑλμπανάκη Ξανθή
This document summarizes how several prominent scientists and philosophers were criticized or condemned by religious authorities for their work. It provides brief biographies and reasons for criticism of Averroes, Galileo Galilei, Giordano Bruno, Hypatia, Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, and Nikos Kazantzakis. Their work was seen as challenging or contradicting religious doctrines, and some like Bruno and Hypatia faced severe punishment including execution. The document aims to showcase how scientific or philosophical thinking has at times come into conflict with religious viewpoints.
Islam its meaning for modern man by Muhammad Zafrullah Khanmuzaffertahir9
Islam its meaning for modern man by Muhammad Zafrullah Khan
Publisher’s Note
HERE IS THE BEST available introduction to the
history, beliefs, and practices of one of the world’s
most widely-held religions. This book provides an
inside view of a faith that commands the devotion of
nearly one-eighth of the world’s population: moulds
the way of life of countries in the vital crescent from
Malaysia to Morocco: competes strongly with the
Christian missions, especially in Africa and is of
increasing importance in America, particularly among
minority groups.
When the book was first published in 1962,
Aziz S. Atiya of the Center for Intercultural Studies,
University of Utah, wrote that it “fulfils a crying need
for a sound work of scholarship which interprets
Islam from within rather than from without. It is
written with a closely-knit plan, in eloquent style, and
with genuine feeling.”
Islam: Its Meaning for Modern Man is lively in
language, describes Islamic religious practices in full,
and presents in a moving style the basic beliefs of
Moslems. Through this book, people of today can
gain a clear appreciation of the faith that has inspired millions to follow the Prophet’s teachings for thirteen
centuries.
Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan was President of
the 17th session of the General Assembly of the United
Nations. A distinguished scholar in world religions, he
is a member of the Ahmadiyya Movement, a
missionary branch of Islam. He has served as
President and Judge of the International Court of
Justice in The Hague, and as Foreign Minister of
Pakistan. For many years he led the Pakistan
Delegation to the General Assembly of the United
Nations.
Explanatory Note
THIS BRIEF EXPOSITION OF THE PRINCIPLES
AND teachings of Islam is based upon the Quran, the
Scripture of Islam. The explanations and illustrations
furnished by the Prophet of Islam have also been
drawn upon. Together these constitute the most
authentic source material on Islam.
Except when otherwise indicated, all references
are to the Quran. Every chapter of the Quran, with the
exception of Chapter 9, which is considered a
continuation of Chapter 8, opens with the verse: “In
the name of Allah, Ever Gracious, Most Merciful.”
The verse is, in each case, part of the revelation. In
most translations, however, this opening verse is not
counted in the numbering of the verses of any given
chapter. This incorrect method of numbering has not
been followed in this volume. The system of
numbering used herein starts with the opening verse
and proceeds accordingly.
There are several English translations of the
Quran. No particular translation has been uniformly
followed in this volume. As Professor Arthur J.
Arberry of Cambridge, England, has pointed out in the Preface to The Koran Interpreted, the Islamic
Scripture is, strictly speaking, untranslatable. Each
verse, indeed each phrase, is rich in meaning, has
several facets, and must
The document summarizes the rise and expansion of Islam from the 7th century CE onward and the emergence of Islamic civilization during this period. It describes how Islamic teachings shaped Muslims' worldview and encouraged scientific discovery and learning. Key Muslim scholars made important contributions in fields like astronomy, mathematics, physics, chemistry, and medicine. Cities like Baghdad and Cordoba became centers of learning. Muslims works were translated into Latin, influencing the European Renaissance. The document challenges common misconceptions about Islamic civilization's role in advancing knowledge.
The document discusses several key contributions of Muslims to the field of medicine. It notes that Muslims were the first to use anesthesia in surgery, cauterize wounds, and recognize that diseases can spread through contact and air. It highlights several important Muslim physicians, including al-Razi who diagnosed smallpox and measles and emphasized diet and cleanliness in healthcare. Ibn Sina's medical encyclopedia was a foundational text in western medicine for five centuries. Al-Zahrawi wrote influential books on surgery and illustrated the use of surgical instruments. The document argues that Islamic culture played an important role in advancing medicine and preserving knowledge during the Middle Ages.
Muslims made many contributions to science, including in astronomy, geography, mathematics, and medicine. In astronomy, Muslim scholars built observatories, invented instruments like the quadrant and astrolabe, discovered new stars, and compiled astronomical tables. In geography, scholars like al-Idrisi produced accurate maps and al-Muqdishi created maps in color. Muslim universities pioneered modern university models and scholars advanced fields like algebra, trigonometry, and the decimal numeral system. Muslim physicians like al-Razi, Ibn Sina, and al-Zahrawi made advances in anatomy, surgery, pharmacology and established early hospitals and medical practices.
Arabic philosophy had a notable influence on the development of Western philosophy. During the 8th to 12th centuries, there was significant development of science in the Arab world, including fields like trigonometry, algebra, optics, astronomy, chemistry, geography, zoology, botany and medicine. Greek philosophical texts were translated into Arabic, exposing Arab thinkers to ideas of philosophers like Plato and Aristotle. Scholars like al-Kindi, al-Farabi, Ibn Sina (Avicenna), and Ibn Rushd (Averroes) synthesized and further developed Greek philosophy, establishing Islamic philosophical schools. Their works were influential in Europe when later translated into Latin.
Islamic culture made significant contributions to advancing world civilization across many domains. Muslims preserved classical knowledge during the European dark ages and transmitted it to Europe. They made important advances in fields like mathematics, science, medicine, architecture, art, and education. Many aspects of modern life still reflect Islamic influences, from words and inventions to cultural and scientific concepts.
Similar to Influence of Muslim Thought on the West- Educ 113 (20)
Chemistry is an important subject to learn about. The author discusses why learning chemistry is beneficial. In just a few sentences, the author expresses gratitude to the reader for their time.
The document provides tips for building self-confidence. It recommends presenting yourself well through clean clothes, bathing, and being aware of styles. It also suggests improving posture, making eye contact, and walking energetically. Developing public speaking skills through creating and reciting personal speeches can boost confidence. Focusing on gratitude for past successes and relationships, rather than weaknesses, and praising others can also increase self-confidence. Physical fitness and contributing to others rather than focusing on oneself are additionally recommended for building confidence.
This document provides guidelines for writing news articles, including defining news, the purpose of news, and essential qualities of good news writing. It discusses key elements like the inverted pyramid structure, leads, bodies, and headlines. Tips are provided on writing concisely using active voice and simple language while ensuring accuracy, balance and objectivity. Elements like proximity, impact and timeliness are important for making events newsworthy.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
2. A. Western Thinkers on
the West in General
B. Theological Influence
C. Philosophical Influence
3. A. Western Thinkers on the
West in General
1. Initiated in the West the humanistic approach
2. Introduced the historical sciences
3. The Scientific Method
4. Helped the Western scholastic in harmonizing
philosophy with faith
5. Stimulated Western Mysticism
6. Laid foundations of Italian Renaissance and
molded the modern European thought down to
the time of Immanuel Kant.
4. A.1. Initiated in the West the
humanistic approach
Muslims were the first humanist
They revealed to the west that
outside the prevailing Catholic
Church, it was not all darkness and
barbarism but untold wealth of
knowledge.
5. Humanism spread to Western Europe
through the Muslim and Non-Muslim in
Spain.
Islam is originated from Monotheism. It
conceived idolatry as its real enemy. The
Qur’an accepts Christianity and Jewish
religion as divine religion, and therefore it did
not instigate any struggle against them.
7. The verse LAKUM DIN—KUM-WA
LI-YA DIN (You have your own religion
and I have mine) means that Islam has
no obligatory doctrination but religious
tolerance. But Christianity always
indoctrinates to spread its teaching.
IKRA HA FI AL-DIN (Religion is not to
be forced to anyone.)
8. Being rational, natural, and
consistent with human idealism
are additional reasons for the
spread of Islam.
9. Islam does not collect taxes
and duties from defeated
nation if they accepted Islam.
But what countries did Islam
really conquered?
10. During the 17th Century, the
Arabs invaded North Africa
three times, bringing not just a
new religion but a language and
custom that were alien to the
natives Berber tribes of the
Sahara and Mediterranean
hinterland.
11. When Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam,
died in 632 the new religion had already
gathered a number of impressive victories
on the battlefield.
The armies of Islam quickly and
easily conquered the Arabian
peninsula before moving on to take
the homelands of their various
neighbours.
12. Marching out of Arabia in 639 they
entered non-Arab Egypt; 43 years
later they reached the shores of
the Atlantic;
and in 711 they invaded
Spain. In just 70 years they
had subdued the whole of
North Africa, instituting a new
order.
13. This conquest, from the Nile to the
Atlantic, was more complete than
anything achieved by previous invaders
and the changes it wrought proved
permanent.
Source: By Eamonn Gearon
Published in History Today Vol. 61 Issue 6 June 2011
14. The translation of Qur’an into Latin
(by Peter de Clumy in 551-1156)
allowed St. Thomas Aquinas to
attack Islam and even suggested to
the Pope to morally crusade against
Islam but it became the foundation of
the Missionary Movement.
16. Immanuel Kant praised Islam.
“Islam distinguishes itself with
pride and courage for it
propagates faith not by miracles
but by conquest. The spirit of Islam is
indicated not in conformity without will but in
voluntary adherence to the will of God.”
17. •Auguste Comte
(was a French philosopher
and a founder of the
discipline of
sociology) considered Islam
to be the most advanced
phase in theological stage.
18. •Thomas Carlyle (Scottish
Philosopher, writer, essayist,
historian, and teacher)
designates Islam as a very
superior faith and thinks that
Muhammad (PBUH) is the
hero of the prophets.
19. •Friedrich Nietzsche
(German Philosopher,
cultural critic, poet and
composer) severely
attacks Christianity in all
his works particularly in his
Anti-Christ book but he did
never include Islam in his
adverse judgment but he
even mentioned it with
praise.
20. A.2. Introduced the
historical sciences
The large part of the Qur’an
refers to the past and takes the
mind of the reader to the rise
and fall of nations in the days
gone by. It lays special
emphasis on history as well as
on nature as source of
knowledge.
21. HERODOTUS – was a
Greek historian who was
born in Halicarnassus,
Caria (modern day Bodrum,
Turkey), and the world’s
first historian.
Prominent Muslim
historians after Herodotus
to develop historical sense
are as follow:
22. Muhammad Ibn Jarir Al-
Tabari (a prominent and
influential Persian scholar,
historian and exegete of
the Qur’an from Tabaristan,
modern Iran)
Ab Al-Hasan Ali Ibn Al
Husayn Ibn Ali Al-Masudi
(Arab historian and
geographer often referred
to as the Herodotus of the
Arab Wikipedian)
23. Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan
(also known as Geber, was a
prominent Iranian Polymath, a
chemist, astronomer and
astrologer, engineer,
geographer, philosopher,
physicist and pharmacist)
Abu Zayd Abdur Rahman
Bin Muhammad bin
Khaldun Al Hadrami
(Historian and sociologist)
24. A.3. The Scientific Method
Muhammad bin Zacaria
Al-Razi and Ibn
Haytham were Muslim
thinkers who used
inductive method of their
scientific investigation in
different fields. Ibn
Haytham was the father
of optics and the
describer of vision theory.
25. •Ibn al-Haytham,
Latinized as Alhazen, in
full, Abū ʿAlī al-
Ḥasan ibn al-
Haytham (born c. 965,
Basra, Iraq—died c. 1040,
Cairo, Egypt),
mathematician and
astronomer who made
significant contributions to
the principles of optics and
the use of scientific
experiments.
26. •Muhammad ibn Zakariyā
Rāzī (Persian: محمد زکریای
رازی Mohammad-e Zakariā-
ye Rāzi, also known by his
Latinized name Rhazes or
Rasis) (854 CE – 925 CE),
was a Persian polymath,
physician, alchemist and
chemist, philosopher and
important figure in the
history of medicine.
27. The following Muslim Scholars followed Inductive
method of Al-Razi and Ibn Haitham
Abū Muḥammad ʿAlī ibn
Aḥmad ibn Saʿīd ibn Ḥazm
456 AH , an Andalusian
polymath born in Córdoba,
present-day Spain,
emphasized sense-
perception as a nature of
knowledge.
28. Abu Rayhan Al-
Biruni, a Persian
Muslim scholar and
polymath from the
Khwarezm region
(Iran), discover the
reaction of time
through observation
and experiment.
29. Abu Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq
aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī, known
as "the Philosopher of the
Arabs", an Iraqi Muslim
Arab philosopher, polymath,
mathematician, physician
and musician, used the
formula that sensation is a
response of the organism
proportionate to the
stimulus.
30. •Robert Stephen Briffault,
French trained as a
surgeon, but found fame as
a social anthropologist and
in later life as a novelist,
recognized Muslim’s
method of observation and
experiment because most
Jews from Normady to
England enjoyed this
practice at Oxford
University.
31. •In oxford, Roger
Bacon, English
Franciscan philosop
her and educational
leader, learned
Arabic and Arabic
Science and he
declared that
knowledge in Arabic
and Arabic Science
were the only way
to true knowledge.
32. •Science is the most
momentous contribution of
Arab civilization to the
modern world.
•The knowledge of Greek on
astronomy and mathematics
were clear importation from
the Arabs.
33. 4. Helped the Western scholastic in
harmonizing philosophy with faith
During the 9th and 15th century in the West,
Philosophy was regarded as antagonistic to
religion.
The teaching of Aristotelianism and
Averroism were banned.
Bruno was burnt.
Kepler (German mathematician, astronomer,
and astrologer, and known for Kepler's laws
of planetary motion) was persecuted.
34. Galileo was forced to retract
his works.
But Muslim thinkers who
followed Plato, Aristotle, and
Plotinus harmonized faith for
themselves and Europe.
35. 5. Stimulated Western
Mysticism
Western Mysticism was much
influenced by Mysticism of Islam.
Dante, a writer, wrote a book entitled
“Divine Comedy”, a spiritual journey
which theme is borrowed from the
Islam. The story talked about
ascension to heaven (mi-raj).
36. Hell, as described by Dante, is
the same as that of Ibn Arabis.
The Hell is funnel-shape with
several storey in spiral stairs. The
weight of punishment of sinners
increases.
37. The first floor is described as
OCEAN OF FIRE (the same with
Arabis) which shores are various
fire tombs of thieves, murderers,
plunders, despots, and gluttons.
Severe thirsty for the drunkard.
38. 6. Laid foundations of Italian Renaissance and
molded the modern European thought down to
the time of Immanuel Kant.
•THEOLOGICAL
INFLUENCE
Al-Ghazali influenced the
West in his theological
and philosophical stand.
39. Theology
1. al-Munqidh min al-dalal (Rescuer
from Error)
2. Hujjat al-Haq (Proof of the Truth)
3. al-Iqtisad fil-i`tiqad (Median in Belief)
4. al-maqsad al-asna fi sharah asma'
Allahu al-husna (The best means in
explaining Allah's Beautiful Names)
5. Jawahir al-Qur'an wa
duraruh (Jewels of the Qur'an and its
Pearls)
40. 6. Fayasl al-tafriqa bayn al-Islam
wa-l-zandaqa (The Criterion of
Distinction between Islam and
Clandestine Unbelief)
7. Mishkat al-Anwar (The Niche for
Lights, a commentary on
the Verse of Light)
8. Tafsir al-yaqut al-ta'wil
41. 1. Maqasid al falasifa (Aims of Philosophers)
[written in the beginning of his life, in favour of
philosophy and presenting the basic theories in
Philosophy, mostly influenced by Avicenna's
works]
2. Tahafut al-Falasifa (The Incoherence of the
Philosophers), [in this book he refutes the Greek
Philosophy aiming at Avicenna and Al-Farabi;
and of which Ibn Rushd wrote his famous
refutation Tahafut al-tahafut (The Incoherence of
the Incoherence)]
Philosophy
42. 3. Miyar al-Ilm fi fan al-
Mantiq (Criterion of Knowledge
in the Art of Logic)
4. Mihak al-Nazar fi al
mantiq (Touchstone of
Reasoning in Logic)
5. al-Qistas al-mustaqim (The Correct
Balance)
43. ''A highly useful
introduction to the life and
thought of one of the most
important theologians, not
only of the Islamic world,
but of the world as a
whole...'' -Oliver Leaman,
Professor of Philosophy,
University of Kentucky
44. "There can be no doubt that al-
Ghazali’s works would be among the
first to attract the attention of
these European scholars" (page 220).
Then she emphasizes, "The greatest
of these Christian writers who was
influenced by al-Ghazali was St.
Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), who
made a study of the Arabic writers
and admitted his indebtedness to
them, having studied at
45. Al-Ghazali also played a very major role in
integrating Sufism with Shariah. He was also the first to
present a formal description of Sufism in his works. His
works also strengthened the status of Sunni
Islam against other schools. The Batinite (Ismailism)
had emerged in Persian territories and were gaining
more and more power during al-Ghazali's period,
as Nizam al-Mulk was assassinated by the members of
Ismailis. Al-Ghazali strongly rejected their ideology and
wrote several books on criticism of Baatinyas which
significantly weakened their status.
46. Miguel Asin Palacios
(a Spanish scholar of
Islamic studies and the
Arabic language, and a
Roman Catholic priest)
studied Al-Ghazali’s
works.
47. Gregory Bar Hebraeus (Abo
Al Faraj), (1226 – 30 July
1286) was
a catholicos (bishop) of
the Syriac Orthodox
Church in the 13th century.
He is noted for his works
addressing philosophy,
poetry, language, history, and
theology. He copied many
chapters of Al-Ghazali’s book
– Revivification of Religion
(Ihya).
48. St. Thomas Aquinas , Italian
Dominican friar and Catholic
priest and an immensely
influential philosopher and
theologian in the tradition of
scholasticism, was influenced
by Al-Ghazali in the existence of
God, divine knowledge, divine
simplicity, divine names, and
divine tributes, miracles as a
testimony to the truth of
prophecies and resurrection of
the dead.
49. Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
influences the West in two
ways:
1. through his works;
2. indirectly through Al-
Ghazali’s works
Ibn Sina’s influential work was
AL-HAFS AL-NATQAH (The soul
endowed with gift of speech)
50. MUSLIM PHILOSOPHICAL
INFLUENCE
The transmission of Muslim though
to the medieval West happened when
many of the scholars from the West
went to Muslim countries and made
personal studies. Constantine of Africa
and Adelhard learned through
translation from Arabic to Latin.
51. Ab Bakr Zacaria Al-Razi’s
(founder of the Philosophy of
Nature of Islam) works
became the point of reference
and an important step in the
transmission of Muslim
Philosophy to the West
because of its translation into
Latin.
52. Al-Ghazali and Rene Descartes(French
Philosopher) have the same conclusion
on themselves.
“I will therefore I am.” – Al-Ghazali
“I think therefore I am.” – Descartes
•Al-Ghazali believes that NOT THOUGHT
BUT WILL IS THE FUNDAMENTAL
REALITY.
53. Baruch Spinoza, a
Dutch philosopher,
was deeply
influenced by Al-
Farabi. He accepted
Al-Farabi’s and Ibn
Sina’s idea that those
cosmic are proof of
God’s existence.
54. AVERROËS :
THE GREAT MUSLIM
PHILOSOPHER
WHO PLANTED THE SEEDS OF
THE EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE
by Habeeb Salloum
55. Averroes is Ibn Rushd
One of the foremost figures of Arab civilization, he became known
as the 'Prince of Science’ - the master of jurisprudence,
mathematics, medicine and,above all, philosophy.
Ibn Rushd believed that God wastimeless and His
creative effort is continuous.
He theorized thatthe world is continuously
developing on what existed beforeand takingon new
shape.
56. According toIbn Rushd, God created timeas wellas
the world, and He may have created it from all
eternity in as muchas He is Himselfwithoutcause.
On the other hand, IbnRushd believed thatthe
words of God express truthin imaged symbolic
languagethat the non-philosophermajoritycan
understand.
57. Ibn Rushdmaintainedthatthe deepest
truths must be approachedby means of
rational analysisand that philosophycould
lead to the final truth.
He acceptedrevelationand attempted to
harmonize religion with philosophy
withoutsynthesizingthem or obliterating
their differences.
58. He believed that the Qur'an containedthe
highest truthwhile maintainingthat its
words shouldnotbe taken literally.
He argued that asthe milk-sisterof religion,
philosophyconfirmsand does not contradict
the sharî'ah(revelation).