Fluids play an influential role in metamorphic processes by participating in reactions and transporting soluble materials. The composition, pressure, and temperature of metamorphic fluids are important factors controlling metamorphism. Water is the dominant fluid, though carbon dioxide may also be present. The equilibrium of metamorphic reactions is influenced by the molar concentrations of water and carbon dioxide in the fluid. Oxygen concentration also affects oxidation-reduction reactions by controlling the stability of iron oxide minerals. While fluids are present during metamorphism, there is little direct evidence of their nature preserved in rocks at the Earth's surface.
Texture of Ore Minerals; Importance of Studying Textures; Individual Grains Properties; Filling of voids; Texture Types; Genetically differentiated between Texture types; Secondary textures from replacement; Hypogene Texture; Supergene Texture; Primary texture formed from Melts; Primary texture of open-space deposition; Secondary textures from cooling; Secondary textures from deformation; TEXTURES OF ECONOMIC ORE DEPOSITS; Textures of Magmatic ores; Cumulus textures; Intergranular or intercumulus textures; Exsolution textures; Textures of hydrothermal ore deposits and skarns; Replacement textures; Open space filling textures; Textures characteristic of surfacial or near surface environments and processes; Criteria for identifying replacement textures; Vein and Veining have different Nature Features
Texture of Ore Minerals; Importance of Studying Textures; Individual Grains Properties; Filling of voids; Texture Types; Genetically differentiated between Texture types; Secondary textures from replacement; Hypogene Texture; Supergene Texture; Primary texture formed from Melts; Primary texture of open-space deposition; Secondary textures from cooling; Secondary textures from deformation; TEXTURES OF ECONOMIC ORE DEPOSITS; Textures of Magmatic ores; Cumulus textures; Intergranular or intercumulus textures; Exsolution textures; Textures of hydrothermal ore deposits and skarns; Replacement textures; Open space filling textures; Textures characteristic of surfacial or near surface environments and processes; Criteria for identifying replacement textures; Vein and Veining have different Nature Features
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
Information about these fluids is an invaluable aid in mineral exploration.
Conventional academic methods of analysing fluid inclusions are too slow and tedious to be of practical application in typical mineral exploration activities.
However, the academic data from numerous studies does show that CO2 is an exceptionally important indicator when exploring for most types of gold deposit.
Because the baro-acoustic decrepitation method is a rapid and reliable method to measure CO2 contents in fluids, it can be used to study a spatial array of data and it is an invaluable and practical exploration method.
Measurements of temperatures of fluid inclusions does not usually help in mineral exploration as hydrothermal minerals deposit over a wide temperature range and there is no specific temperature which is indicative of mineralisation. However, if temperatures are available on a large spatial array of samples, then temperature trends may be a useful exploration method to find the hottest part of the system, which is presumably the location of the best economic mineralisation. Baro-acoustic decrepitation is the most practical method to determine temperatures of the large numbers of samples required.
Salinities of fluid inclusions are of limited use in exploration and are difficult to measure. However, they can be used to recognise intrusion related hydrothermal systems.
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
Information about these fluids is an invaluable aid in mineral exploration.
Conventional academic methods of analysing fluid inclusions are too slow and tedious to be of practical application in typical mineral exploration activities.
However, the academic data from numerous studies does show that CO2 is an exceptionally important indicator when exploring for most types of gold deposit.
Because the baro-acoustic decrepitation method is a rapid and reliable method to measure CO2 contents in fluids, it can be used to study a spatial array of data and it is an invaluable and practical exploration method.
Measurements of temperatures of fluid inclusions does not usually help in mineral exploration as hydrothermal minerals deposit over a wide temperature range and there is no specific temperature which is indicative of mineralisation. However, if temperatures are available on a large spatial array of samples, then temperature trends may be a useful exploration method to find the hottest part of the system, which is presumably the location of the best economic mineralisation. Baro-acoustic decrepitation is the most practical method to determine temperatures of the large numbers of samples required.
Salinities of fluid inclusions are of limited use in exploration and are difficult to measure. However, they can be used to recognise intrusion related hydrothermal systems.
Concept of solubility euilibria deals with the extent of solubility of different salts or compounds in water or other solvents and also tells about different factors which control the solubility of different salts.
Chap 2 tropical geomorphology deep weathering in tropics - part 2Lalit Thakare
tropical geomorphology deep weathering in tropics
Tropical Regolith: Formation
the pH of Soil solution/groundwater:
Weathering and pH
Weathering and water table
Salt Weathering
Weathering and rock alteration
Regional Differences in Deep Weathered Profiles
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
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Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
3. WHAT IS A FLUID ?
• A fluid is a substance that continually deforms under an applied shear stress or
external force. Fluids are a phase of matter and include liquids, gases and plasmas.
They are substances with zero modulus or in simpler terms substances which
cannot resist any shear force applied to them.
• Fluids plays an influential role in many igneous and metamorphic processes, where
they may partake in various types of reactions or act as a transporting medium for
the movement of soluble material. The role of fluids can be seen in seafloor and
hydrothermal metamorphism and many other processes.
• Fluid can change the transport properties of a rock by dissolution or precipitation
of material, or by creating fractures due to fluid pressure (“hydrofracturing”)
4. The litho static pressure is more than the fluid pressure as the density of
mineral is more than the fluid, as the depth increase say at around 10 km
the mineral starts to dissolve so the pressure difference between the fluid
and the mineral is no longer different but they become equal. This
equilibrium is maintain as the metamorphism proceeds, but as it reaches
peak metamorphic conditions, the liquid that remained un release is again
dissolved in the previously dehydrated minerals.
5. METAMORPHICFLUIDS
During metamorphism, metamorphic rocks contains an inter-
granular fluid phase.
All the inter-granular high temperature /high pressure fluids that
are in equilibrium with the metamorphic mineral assemblage
during peak metamorphic conditions escapes as pressure.
The only direct evidence for metamorphic fluids that remains is
found in the small high density fluids inclusions trapped in many
metamorphic rocks.
The existence of fluids trapped in a rock, however, is not an
indicator of the quantity of fluids that existed during
metamorphism.
Besides the temperature and pressure, the composition of the
fluid phase is the most important factor that governs
metamorphism.
7. COMPOSITIONOFFLUID
• The fluid phase is either H2O or CO2 or both.
• Another component O2 which is present in small amount is important when minerals
are sensitive to redox reactions that are involved in metamorphism.
• The term fluid is used to used to avoid the exact physical nature of the phase.
• Water is the chief substance that is responsible for metamorphism, but it may be
reinforced locally by CO2 or other substances.
• At low pressure the fluid is either liquid(H2O) or gas(CO2/O2) and mixture of both ,
but at P and T above the critical point there is no difference and the non solid phase is
called supercritical fluid.
8. ROLEOFH2OANDCO2
H2O or CO2 pressure is useful in order to stabilize hydrous and /or carbonate
minerals in metamorphic rocks at the temperature of metamorphism.
Without such fluids these minerals would quickly dissolve or disappear.
Fluids librated by the dehydration and decarbonation reactions contribute to
the metamorphic inter-granular fluids until equilibrium is attained.
The volatile bearing minerals in many rocks and the reactions that involves
them occurred at metamorphic grades requires the existence of a fluid in
equilibrium with the solid phases.
9. Inter-granular metamorphic fluids are usually dominated by H2O but Co2 may
also present in some rocks.
In dehydration rocks, the equilibrium temperature is controlled by the molar
concentration of water (XH2O)in the fluid phase.
The equilibrium is shifted towards lower temperature ( i,e towards left) with
decreasing XH2O in the fluid phase, while with an increase of XH2O curve will
shift towards higher temperature (i,e towards right)
ROLEOFH2OINDEHYDRATIONREACTIONS
KAl2(AlSi3)O10(OH)2 + SiO2 = KAlSi3O8 + Al2SiO5 + H2O
Muscovite Quartz K-Feldspar Sillimanite
10. With increase in molar concentration of H2O the original curve PQ shifted to the
position of RQ and with decrease in molar concentration of H2O the same is
shifted to the position of SQ
11. ROLEOFCO2INDECARBONATIONREACTIONS
• In case of decarbonation reaction the equilibrium temperature is controlled by
molar concentration of CO2.
• In decarbonation reaction the equilibrium is shifted towards higher temperature
with increase in molar concentration of CO2 (Xco2) in the fluid phase and with
decrease of molar concentration of CO2 (Xco2) the equilibrium is shifted towards
lower temperature.
CaCO3 + SiO2 = CaSiO3 + CO2
Calcite Quartz Wollastonite
12. In the figure,
it is cleared that the equilibrium
curve shifts towards the right with
increase in molar concentration of
CO2 (Xco2) and with decrease of
molar concentration of CO2 (Xco2)
the curve moves towards left.
Temperature vs Composition of CO2 diagram
13. • The equilibrium in case of reactions involving fluids has been theoretically
analyzed by Greenwood (1962,1967).
• The general shape of the isobaric equilibrium curves for reactions involving
fluids are indicated in the figure given below.
One gas species reactant and the other
a product : the equilibrium curve has a
point of inflexion (5)
Both gas species products : the
equilibrium curve has a maximum. (3)
Only one gas species (CO2 or H2O)
involved in the reaction : the
equilibrium temperature increases
with its molar fraction.(1 and 2)
14. ROLEOFO2
• The partial pressure of oxygen in fluid phase essentially controls oxidation and
reduction in metamorphic reactions
Hypersthene + water + oxygen = talc + magnetite
• This reaction demonstrate the way of oxidizing the iron.
• This reaction shows that Mg and Fe are almost inseparable can be completely
separated by partly oxidizing the iron.
• The most useful indicator for partial pressure of oxygen in the crust are iron
oxides i,e haematile , magnetite and wustite.
• These minerals are related to each other by the following reactions--
(Mg,Fe)SiO3 H2O O2 Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 Fe3O4
16. • It is clear from the figure that Haematite is stable at high partial pressure of
oxygen .
• As partial pressure of oxygen decreases magnetite, wustite and lastly native
Fe becomes progressively stable.
• Wustite and native iron are practically unknown in metamorphic rocks.
• Magnatite is most common iron oxide in metamorphic rocks.
• From the graph we can conclude that the partial pressure of oxygen s usually
of the order 10^-10 to 10^-40 bar.
17. CONCLUSION
Metamorphic fluids plays a very vital role in various metamorphic
processes. The fluids also acts as a transporting medium. The pressure,
temperature and the chemical composition of the metamorphic fluid are
the most important factors which controls the course of metamorphism.
Within all the metamorphic fluids the water is the dominant one and
very important also. Fluids are present in metamorphic rocks, but there is
little direct evidence concerning the nature in the rock that we now
collect on the earth’s surface.