Infeksi jamur pada paru 1
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Fungal infections in the lungs can be caused by true fungal pathogens or opportunistic fungi. True fungal pathogens like Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis can cause systemic infections in the lungs after inhaling their spores. Opportunistic fungi have low virulence but can cause infections in people with impaired immune systems, ranging from superficial to potentially fatal systemic disease. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination, culturing, and biochemical/serological tests of samples. Treatment involves antifungal medications like amphotericin B and flucytosine, while control focuses on prevention through
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Fungi 2
This document summarizes fungi that can cause infectious diseases in humans. It discusses true fungal pathogens that can infect healthy hosts, as well as opportunistic pathogens that generally require a compromised immune system to cause infection. Specific fungi covered include Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Sporothrix schenckii, dermatophytes that cause ringworm infections, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans. The document describes the characteristics, diseases caused, diagnosis, and treatment for each of these important fungal pathogens.
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Infeksi jamur pada paru 1
- 1. Infeksi Jamur pada Paru 1
- 2. Fungi as Infectious Agents • Molds and yeasts are widely distributed in air, dust, fomites and normal flora. • Humans are relatively resistant. • Fungi are relatively nonpathogenic. • Of the 100,000 fungal species, only 300 have been linked to disease in animals. • Fungi are the most common plant pathogens. • Human mycoses are caused by true fungal pathogens and opportunistic pathogens. 2
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- 4. Emerging Fungal Pathogens • Opportunistic fungal pathogen has little or no virulence; host defenses must be impaired. • Vary from superficial and colonization to potentially fatal systemic disease • An emerging medical concern; account for 10% of all nosocomial infections • Dermatophytes may be undergoing transformation into true pathogens. 6
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- 6. Epidemiology of the Mycoses • Most fungal pathogens do not require a host to complete their life cycles and infections are not communicable. • Dermaphytes and Candida sp naturally inhabit human body and are transmissible. • True fungal pathogens are distributed in a predictable geographical pattern - climate, soil. • Dermaphytoses most prevalent • Cases go undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. • Systemic, subcutaneous, cutaneous or superficial infections 8
- 7. Pathogenesis of the Fungi • Portal of entry – primary mycoses – respiratory portal; inhaled spores – subcutaneous - inoculated skin; trauma – cutaneous and superficial – contamination of skin surface • Virulence factors – thermal dimorphism, toxin production, capsules and adhesion factors, hydrolytic enzymes, inflammatory stimulants 9
- 8. • Antifungal defenses are the integrity of the barriers and respiratory cilia. • Most important defenses are cell-mediated immunity, phagocytosis, and inflammation. • Long-term immunity can only develop for some. 10
- 9. Diagnosis of Mycotic Infections • Diagnosis and identification require microscopic examination of stained specimens, culturing in selective and enriched media and specific biochemical and serological tests. 11
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- 11. Control of Mycotic Infections • Immunization is not usually effective. • Control involves intravenous amphotericin B, flucytosine, azoles and nystatin. • In some cases surgical removal of damaged tissues • Prevention limited to masks and protective clothing to reduce contact with spores 13
- 12. Systemic Infections by True Pathogens • Histoplasma capsulatum • Coccidioides immitis • Blastomyces dermatitidis • Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 14