The document discusses infection control procedures in dentistry. It covers topics like hand hygiene, personal protective equipment (PPE), sterilization, cleaning, disinfection, asepsis, operatory room procedures, and waste management. Proper infection control is important to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases between patients and dental staff. The key strategies for infection control include hand hygiene, use of PPE like gloves, gowns and masks, sterilization of instruments, cleaning, disinfection and proper waste disposal. Regulatory agencies develop guidelines to maintain minimum health and safety standards in dental facilities.

2. INFECTION CONTROL
UNDER THE GUIDANCE:
Prof.Dr.C.S. Saimbi(H.O.D)
Dr.Vikash Kumar(Asst.Prof)
PRESENTED BY –
Dr.SONI BISTA
(1st year PG student)
Periodontology and Oral
Implantology

3. Infection
Hand hygiene
PPE
vaccination
Sterilization
cleaning
Disinfection
Asepsis
Operatory room procedure
Waste management

5. INFECTION CONTROL
“exposure control plan” _OSHA
WHO __ “Infection prevention and control measures
aim to ensure the protection of those who might be
vulnerable to acquiring an infection both in the general
community and while receiving care due to health
problems, in a range of settings.”

6. INFECTION OF CONCERN IN DENTISTRY

7. TRANSMITTED BY INHALATION:
Varicella virus Chicken pox
Paramyxovirus Measles & Mumps
Rhino/adeno
virus
Common cold
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Rubella German Measles
Candida sp Candidiasis

8. Hepatitis B,C,D Hepatitis
Herpex simplex I Oral herpes, herpetic whitlow
Herpex simplex II Genital herpes
HIV AIDS & ARC
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Gonorrhoeae
Treponema pallidum Syphilis
S.aureus/ albus Wound abscess
TRANSMITTED BY INOCULATION:

9. CROSS INFECTION
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Personnel with acute or
chronic hepatitis B
surface antigenemia who
do not perform exposure-
prone procedures
Personnel with acute or
chronic hepatitis B
antigenemia who perform
exposure-prone
procedures
Hepatitis C
Hands (herpetic
whitlow)
HIV
Rubella
Staphylococcus aureus
infection
Active, draining skin
lesions
Streptococcal infection,
group A
Tuberculosis

11. CHAIN OF TRANSMISSION

13. STRATEGY TO ACHIEVE
INFECTION CONTROL
1)HAND HYGEINE
2)PPE
3)STERILIZATION
4)DISINFECTION
5)CLEANING
6)WASTE MANAGEMENT

14. REGULATORY AGENCY
developing safe guidelines to
prevent and control the spread
of infectious diseases
Maintaining minimumhealthand
Safetystandards for employees

15. HAND HYGEINE
IGNAZ
SEMMELWEIS (1947):
value of hand washing
and fingernail scrubbing
CDC :spread of
pathogens can
prevented by effective
hand washing

17. HAND CLEANSERS
 CHLORHEXIDINE BASED –Contain 2- 4%
chlorhexidine gluconate with 4% isopropyl
alcohol. Special cleansing (e.g.: for
surgery, glove leaks, or when clinician
experiences injury).
 POVIDONE IODINE – contain 7.5-10%
povidone iodine, used as a surgical hand
scrub.
 PARACHLOROMETEXYLENOL(PCMX) –
Bactericidal and fungicidal at 2%
concentration.
 ALCOHOL HAND RUBS- ethyl alcohol and
isopropyl alcohol (70% conc.)
Germicidal

21. PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS
(PPE)
•Specialized clothing worn by a health personnel
for protection against hazards.
•Creates PHYSICAL BARRIER between infection
and health personnel.

22. Glove Type Comments Common Materials
Patient
examination
gloves
•Class I medical device
o Sterile and
nonsterile
o Single use
disposable
•Natural rubber
latex
•Nitrile
•Vinyl (PVC)
Surgeon’s
gloves
•Class I medical devices
o Sterile
o Single use
disposable
o No lubricating or
dusting powder
used in these glove
o Gloves for dental
surgery may be
thicker than
•Natural rubber
latex
•Nitrile
•Combinations of
latex and/or
synthetics
1) GLOVES

23. Steps in gloving…

24. CONTACT DERMATITIS AND LATEX
HYPERSENSITIVITY
 Contact dermatitis is classified as
1. Irritant
2. Allergic
 Latex hypersensitivity
PRECAUTIONS TAKEN FOR
LATEX ALLERGIC PATIENTS
 Respiratory or anaphylactic symptoms
 First appointment of the day
 Emergency treatment kits

25. 2) GOWNS
Gown type Situation and Rationale
Cotton/linen, reusable
or disposable, long-
sleeved isolation
gowns
Use if contamination of
uniform or clothing is
likely or anticipated
Fluid resistant isolation
gown or plastic apron
over isolation gown
Use if contamination
blood or body fluids is
likely or anticipated
Fluid impervious
gowns e.g., Gortex®
Use if extended contact
or large volume
exposure (e.g., large
volume blood loss)

26. 3)MASKS
 Types:
1. Surgical masks
2. Isolation masks
 Made up from a melt blown placed between non-woven
fabric
Layers of a Mask
1. an outer layer
2. a microfiber middle layer - filter large wearer-
generated particles
3. a soft, absorbent inner layer - absorbs moisture.
 Available in 2 sizes: regular and petite.

27. N95 particulate respirator
Surgical mask
NIOSH approved N95 respirator

28. CAUSES OF EYE
DAMAGE:
1. Aerosols and spatter
2. Sharp debris projected
from mouth while using
air turbine handpiece,
ultrasonic scaler may
cause eye injury.
3. Injuries to eyes of
4) EYE WEAR

29.  Most hospitals have their
own policies regarding
footwear.
Footwear with open heels
and/or holes across the top can
increase the risk of harm to the
person wearing them due to
more direct exposure to
blood/body fluids or of sharps
being dropped for examples.
5)FOOT WEAR
5)BONNETS

31. Wearing PPE is an important component of
Standard and Transmission-based Precautions

32. RECOMMENDED VACCINES
FOR HEALTHCARE
WORKERS(CDC)
1) HEPATITIS B
2) FLU (INFLUENZA)
3) MMR
4) CHICKEN POX
5) TETANUS
6) MENINGOCOCCAL

33. NEEDLE STICK INJURY
PRECAUTIONS:
1) NEEDLE COVERED
2) HANDLING
3) NO RECAPPING WITH BOTH HANDS
4) UNCAPPED NEEDLE NOT TO ASSISTANT
5) NO BREAKING/BENDING
6) SAFELY RECAPPING
RISK (Elise M. ,2000)
1)HBV a)e antigen +ve:30%
b)e antigen –ve:1-6%
1)HepC : 1-8%
2)HIV : 0.3%

34. POST ACCIDENTALMANAGEMENT
REMOVE GLOVES
WASH SITE WITH RUNNING WATER +SOAP
INFORM PATIENT + TAKE BLOOD SPECIMEN OF BOTH
HBV PROPHYLAXIS
clinician (–)vaccine clinician (+)vaccine
HBIG within 48 hours if Ab titre >100 IU/L:
 Hbv vaccine course no further t/m
if Ab titre <100 IU/L:
booster dose

35. HIV POST EXPOSURE
CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS
 BASIC(28 DAYS)
ZIDOVUDINE+LAMIVUDINE
600mg/day(300mg BID,200mg/100mg 4
hourly)+150mg
 EXPANDED(28 DAYS)
AS ABOVE +INDINAVIRE
800mg, 8 hourly…750mg TID/200mg BID
Neelima Malik:textbook of oral and maxillofac

36. STERILIZATION
 Process that eliminates (removes) or kills
(deactivates) all forms of life and other
biological agents including transmissible
agents (such as fungi ,
bacteria, viruses, prions,
spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic
organisms) present in a specified region, such
as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or
in a compound such as biological culture
media. _”WHO”
 Distruction of all life forms_Ronald and Luftig

37. APPLICATION
1.FOODS: CANNING(Nicolas Appert) FOOD
IRRADIATION
2.MEDICINE AND SURGERY: 3.SPACECRAFT:

38. 3000 BC_Use
of antiseptics
Irrigation of wounds..

39. MODERN ERA:
Handwashing Pasteurization Process
steam sterilizer
Fingernail Scrubbing
1)Ignaz Semmelweis 2)louis Pasteur 3)Joseph
Lister
(1847) (1862) (1876)

40. PRINCIPLES OF STERILIZATION
1. All instruments should be thoroughly cleaned,
blood and debris should be removed before
sterilization
2. Sterilizing agents( heat, steam, gas) should
contact every surface of each item to be sterilized
3. All sterilizing equipments must be regularly
serviced and maintained by qualified engineers.
4. Manufacturers instruction should be strictly
adhered to for its operation and maintenance.

41. William Rutala (1994) American
Physician working with the CDC
 Characteristics of an Ideal Sterilization Method
1. High efficacy
2. Rapid activity
3. Strong penetrability
4. Material compatibility
5. Nontoxic
6. Organic material resistance
7. Adaptability
8. Monitoring capability
9. Cost-effectiveness

42. 1)CRITICAL OBJECTS:
Which enter sterile tissue/vascular system
Such as surgical instruments, GI endoscopes.
2)SEMICRITICAL OBJECTS:
That touches mucous membrane/skin
that is not intact.
Such as water syringe,mouth mirror, dental handpieces
3)NONCRITICAL OBJECTS:
That touch only intact skin.
Such as xray head,chairs,stethescope,etc
EH.SPAULDING believed that how an object will be
disinfected depended on object’s intended use:

44. •Used to sterilize items which cannot
be penetrated by steam/which donot
get damaged by high temperature.
USES:
1. Glassware such as test tubes
2. Surgical instruments like
forceps,scapels,scissors..
3. Oily fluids such as oils,fats
4. Chemicals such as powders.
Temperature and
time:
˚C min
160 60
170 40
180 20
STERILISATION CONTROL:
Thermocouples/spores of
nontoxigenic strain of
clostridium tetani
Brown’ tube with green

45.  Heat transfer device.
 Temp. 220˚C
 Warm up time:20 min
(Oliet et al,1958)
 Instruments such as
endo files and burs
(10 sec)
 Grossman(1974)
recommended the use of
salt media sterilization.

47. Boiling at 100˚C
Steam at atmospheric pressure
at 100˚C
Tyndallisation

48. AUTOCLAVE :
TYPES:
1)Simple iron jacketed
2)Low temp;low pressure
type
3)High pressure;high
vacuum type
PARAMETERS:
I. pressure: 15 psi
II. temperature: 121˚C
III.time: 15-20 min
MATERIALS STERILIZED:
Dressing packs,surgical instruments,laboratory equipments,
Pharmaceutical products…
Liquids also can be sterilized by autoclave

49. AUTOCLAVE ……….
Principles of autoclaving:
1. Saturated steam heats
the article to be
sterilised rapidly
by releasing latent heat
which participates in
bacterial killing.
2. Steam contracts in
volume and enhances
penetration.
Sterilization control:
1)Spores of bacillus
stearothermophilus.
2)Chemical indicators
such as Brown’ steriliser
control tubes.
3)Thermocouple.
4)Autoclave tape.

50. Advantages
• Rapid and effective
• Effective for sterilizing
cloth
surgical packs and towel
packs
Disadvantages
• Items sensitive to heat
cannot be sterilized
• It tends to corrode
carbon steel burs and
AUTOCLAVE ……….

51. PACKAGING/WRAPPING
INSTRUMENTS FOR AUTOCLAVING:
 Instruments must be
clean.
 Packaging must be porous
to permit steam to penetrate.
 Wrap/bag is heat sealed/sealed with tape.
 In case of storage after sterilization,autoclave
cycle should end with a drying phase.

52. Moist Heat Dry Heat
1. The moist heat have
water and steam.
1. No use of water and
steam.
2. Sterilization with
coagulation of protein.
2. Sterilization with
oxidation.
3. This process is under
pressure.
3. This process is on
direct flame.
4. Process takes less
time.
4. Process takes more
time.
5. Moist heat are
Boiling & Autoclave.
5. Dry heat are Flame &
Incineration.
Differences between dry heat and moist heat
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DRY HEAT AND MOIST HE

53. STERILISATION BY FILTRATION:
1)BACTERIOLOGICAL FILTERS
2)MEMBRANE FILTRATION
3)SAND FILTERS

54. Sterilisation by radiation
IONISATION RADIATIONS
Includes gamma rays,x-rays,
accelerated electrons
Act by formation of radiation
tracks in the DNA of bacteria
leading to its death.
USES:
•Rubber/plastic disposable goods,
Surgical catgut,bone,tissue grafts…
NONIONISING RADIATION

55. 1)INFRARED RADIATION:
-Form of hot air sterilization
-employed for rapid mass sterilization
of syringes
2)ULTRAVOILET RADIATION:
-bactericidal action which acts by
A) Denaturation of bacterial proteins
B) Damage of DNA
C) Inhibition of DNA replication

56. GAS VAPOUR STERILISATION
1)Ethylene oxide
2) Formaldehyde gas
3) Hydrogen peroxide vapours
4)Others (CHLORINE DIOXIDE,PARACETIC ACID)

57. ETHYLENE OXIDE STERILISATION
Is a gas at temp. <180˚C
Highly penetrative ; noncorrosive with cidal
action against bacteria,spores and viruses
Destroys microorganism by alkylation and
causes denaturation of nucleic acids
Highly toxic, irritant,mutagenic,carcinogenic
Excellent sterilizer of heat sensitive items
Ideal for
electric equipment ,
plastic goods ,
bone grafts ,
vaccines…

58. CHEMICAL VAPOUR STERILISATION/ CHEMI-
CLAVE
Combination of dry saturated steam and
formaldehyde to kill bacteria , spores,viruses.
Formaldehyde acts by alkylation of nucleic
acids
Req. combination of temp. and pressure
are 127 -132˚C at 20-40 psi for 30min.

59. HYDROGEN PEROXIDE VAPOUR
P
L
A
S
M
A
G
A
S
STERRAD 100s

60. ULTRASONICCLEANERSAND SOLUTIONS
 An ultrasonic cleaner uses sound waves, that are
outside the human hearing range to form
oscillating bubbles, a process called cavitation.
 These bubbles act on debris to remove it from the
instruments.
 Ultrasonic cleaning is the safest and most efficient
way to clean sharp instruments.
 Operate the tank at one-half to three-fourths full of
cleaning solution at all times- Use only cleaning
solutions recommended by ultrasonic device
manufacturers.
 Operate the ultrasonic cleaner for 3-6 minutes for
loose instruments 10-20 mins for cassettes or
longer as directed by the manufacturer to give
optimal cleaning.

61. HANDPIECE SURFACE CONTAMINATION
CONTROL

62. ULTRASONIC SCALARS
 70% isopropyl alcohol
 Rinse cleaned inserts thoroughly in warm water to
remove all chemicals. As a final rinse, replace the
insert into the scaler handpiece and operate the scaler
for 10 seconds at the maximum water flow setting to
flush out any retained chemicals
 Dry inserts completely with air syringe
 Package in proper wrap, bags, pouches, trays, or
cassettes. Add spore tests and chemical indicators.
 Ethylene Oxide is the preferred method of choice
 Dry heat and chemical vapor methods of sterilization are
considered ineffective methods with risk of damage to
materials as per American Dental association
Supplement to J.A.D.A. 8/92.

63. CLEANING OF INSTRUMENTS

64. CLEANING AGENTS
1)SOAPS :
-Salts of fatty acids.
-effective at pH >9
-Acts by reducing surface tension along the
instrument surface
emulsification of contaminants which are
removed in rinsing phase

65. 2)DETERGENTS:
-Synthetic compounds
-some are bactericidal against specific gram +ve
organisms. e.g. Na Lauryl sulphate is effective
against strep. Pn.
-reduce surface tension of instruments causing
removal of contaminats.
3) OTHER FAT SOLVENTS
SOLUTIONS:
-such as acetone,ether,xylene

66. DISINFECTION
Disinfection refers to the destruction
of pathogenic organisms (RonaldB
Luftig)
Destruction of pathogenic and other kinds of
microorganisms by physical or chemical means.
Disinfection is less lethal than sterilization,
because it destroys the majority of recognized
pathogenic microorganisms, but not necessarily
all microbial forms (e.g., bacterial spores).

67. ASEPSIS: preventionof microbial contaminationof living tissues or
sterile materials by excluding, removing or killing microorganisms.

68. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD CHEMICAL
DISINFECTANT OR ANTISEPTIC:
1. Able to destroy a wide variety of microorganisms
2. Fast-acting  short contact time
3. Not affected by the presence of other
substances such as organic matter
4. Non-toxic to human tissues as well as non-
corrosive and non-destructive to materials for
which it is used
5. Should leave a residual antimicrobial film on the
treated surface
6. Water-soluble and easy to apply
7. Inexpensive and easy to prepare
8. Stable under storage and shipping conditions
9. Odourless

69. High-level disinfection:
inactivates vegetative bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and
viruses but not necessarily high numbers of bacterial
spores.
Intermediate-level disinfection:
inactivates vegetative bacteria, the majority of fungi,
mycobacteria, and the majority of viruses (particularly
enveloped viruses) but not bacterial spores.
Low-level disinfectant: Liquid chemical germicide. OSHA
requires low-level hospital disinfectants.
USE OF DISINFECTANT

70. METHODS OF DISINFECTION
DISINFECTION BY CLEANING
DISINFECTION BY HEAT
DISINFECTION BY LOW TEMPERATURE
STEAM
DISINFECTION BY BOILING WATER
DISINFECTION BY CHEMICAL AGENTS

71. COMPONENTS OF
CHEMICAL DISINFECTANT

72. DAMAGE CELL MEMBRANE
A. Surface active agents – interact with the lipid in the
cell membrane  disrupt cell membrane
1. Cationic agents
• Quaternary ammonium compounds
• Cationic detergents widely used for skin
antisepsis
• Effective at alkaline pH
• Example: zephiran, benzalkonium chloride
2. Anionic agents
• Remove dirt through the process of
emulsification
• Effective at acidic pH
• Example: soaps and detergents

73. B. Phenolic compounds – also denature proteins
1. Phenol
• No longer used due to toxicity
• Mainly used as gold standard in the evaluation of new
chemical agents using the phenol coefficient test
2. Cresols (Methylphenol)
• Phenol derivatives
• More potent and safer
• Example: lysol
3. Hexachlorophene
• Biphenol with six chlorine atoms
• Used in germicidal soaps
• With possible neurotoxicity

74. C. Alcohols – also denatures proteins
1. Ethanol
• Bactericidal
• Remove lipid from skin surface
• Widely used to clean the skin before
immunization or venipuncture
2. Isopropyl alcohol
• Greater bactericidal activity than ethanol;
• less volatile
• Side effect: narcosis due to inhalation of
fumes
3. Benzyl alcohol – used as preservative

75.  DENATURATION OF CELLULAR PROTEINS
1. Acids and alkali
• Strong acids and alkali – bactericidal
• Weak acids (benzoic, propionic, and citric acids)
– used as food preservatives
2. Alcohol and acetone
3. Phenol and cresol

76.  MODIFY FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OF PROTEINS
AND NUCLEIC ACIDS:
A. Heavy Metals – damage enzyme activity of bacteria
by binding to sulfhydryl groups
1. Mercurials
• Example: thimesoral (merthiolate) & merbromin
(mercurochrome)  skin antiseptics
2. Silver compounds
• Bactericidal
• 1% silver nitrate – ophthalmia neonatorum
(Crede’s prophylaxis)
• Silver sulfadiazine – burn wounds

77. B. Halogens – oxidizing agents  inactivate enzymes
1. Iodine
• Inactivates sulfhydryl-containing enzymes
• Also binds specifically to tyrosine residues in
proteins
• Best antiseptic sporicidal, bactericidal,
fungicidal, viricidal, amoebicidal
• Used prior to obtaining a blood culture and
installing IV catheters
• Two forms:
a) Tincture of iodine
 2% iodine solution + potassium iodide in ethanol
 Used to prepare skin prior to blood culture
b) Iodophors
 Complexes of iodine with detergents (e.g.
Betadine)
 Used to prepare skin prior to surgery; less
irritating

78. 2. Chlorine
• Kills by cross-linking essential sulfhydryl groups
in enzymes  form inactive disulfide
• For water treatment
• Hypochlorite (HOCl) – sanitize dairy & food
processing equipment; household disinfectant
3. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
• Wound cleansing; surgical devices and soft
plastic contact lenses
• Effectiveness limited by the organism’s ability
to produce catalase
• Attacks sulfhydryl groups

79. C. Alkylating agents
1. Formaldehyde
• Sporicidal
• Commercially available as FORMALIN (37%
solution in water)
• Hydroxymethyl group of formaldehyde causes
alkylation of –NH2 and –OH groups of nucleic
acids
• For preservation of specimens and preparation of
vaccines
• Kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum and
fungi in athlete’s foot

80. 2. Glutaraldehyde
• Sporicidal; with two reactive aldehyde groups
• 10X more effective than formaldehyde
• Used as cold sterilant
• Medical equipments like respiratory therapy
machines and other equipment that can be
damaged by heat
3. Ethylene oxide
• Sporicidal
• Used in gaseous sterilization of heat-sensitive
materials or equipments like heart-lung
machine and polyethylene tubes in anesthesia
machines
• Potentially carcinogenic

81. OPERATING ROOM PROCEDURE
 Ceilings,walls and floors are
regularly disinfected
 Access to operation theatre and
recovery area is restricted to o.t
personnel with special scrub dress.
 Arms should be above waist when
not operating.
 O.t are disinfected by fumigation
a)fumigators
b) potassium permanganate
fumigation is initiated after
setting up the instruments.
fumigators is set for 30 min.
PARAMETERS :
•Relative humidity :
over 70%
•Temperature : 30-40 ˚C
•Formaldehyde level :
5 ppm/more

82. HAND SCRUB TECHNIQUE
 1st step towards
aseptic surgical
technique.
 Purpose of hand
scrub is 2 fold:
1)remove superficial
contaminants
2)reduce bacterial
count on skin.
 Scrubbing duration
:10 min_Dunphey
and Way(1973)
“WHO”

83. PREPARATION OF SURGICAL SITE
• Before operation, wash surgical site,
surrounding area with soap, water;
particularly wash debris from injuries
• Prepare skin with antiseptic solution; start in
centre, move to periphery
• Chlorhexidine gluconate and iodine preferable
to alcohol as less irritating to skin
• Solution should remain wet on skin for at
least two minutes
“WHO”

84. DISINFECTION OF DENTAL UNIT AND
ENVIRONMENTAL SURFACES

85. HOSPITAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT
1)GENERATION
2)SEGREGATION
3)COLLECTION
4)STORAGE
5)TRANSPORTATION
6)TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

86. 86
WASTE
CATEGORY
TYPE OF WASTE
TREATMENT AND
DISPOSAL OPTION
Category No. 1
Human Anatomical Waste (Human
tissues, organs, body parts)
Incineration@ / deep
burial*
Category No. 2
Animal Waste
(Animal tissues, organs, body parts,
carcasses, bleeding parts, fluid, blood
and experimental animals used in
research, waste generated by
veterinary hospitals and colleges,
discharge from hospitals, animal
houses)
Incineration@ / deep
burial*
Category No. 3
Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste
(Wastes from laboratory cultures,
stocks or specimen of live micro
organisms or attenuated vaccines,
human and animal cell cultures used in
research and infectious agents from
research and industrial laboratories,
wastes from production of biologicals,
toxins and devices used for transfer of
cultures)
Local autoclaving/
microwaving /
incineration@
CATEGORIES OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE

87. Category No. 4
Waste Sharps (Needles, syringes,
scalpels, blades, glass, etc. that may
cause puncture and cuts. This
includes both used and unused
sharps)
Disinfecting (chemical
treatment@@ /
autoclaving /
microwaving
Category No. 5
Discarded Medicine and Cytotoxic
drugs (Wastes comprising of outdated,
contaminated and discarded
medicines)
Incineration@ /
destruction and drugs
disposal in secured
landfills
Category No. 6
Soiled Waste (Items contaminated with
body fluids including cotton,
dressings, soiled plaster casts, lines,
bedding and other materials
contaminated with blood.)
Incineration@ /
autoclaving /
microwaving
Category No. 7
Solid Waste (Waste generated from
disposable items other than the waste
sharps such as tubing, catheters,
intravenous sets, etc.)
Disinfecting by chemical
treatment@@ /
autoclaving /
microwaving

88. Category No. 8
Liquid Waste (Waste generated from
the laboratory and washing,
cleaning, house keeping and
disinfecting activities)
Disinfecting by
chemical treatment@@
and discharge into
drains
Category No. 9
Incineration Ash (Ash from
incineration of any biomedical
waste)
Disposal in municipal
landfill
Category No.10
Chemical Waste (Chemicals used in
production of biologicals, chemicals
used in disinfecting, as insecticides,
etc.)
Chemical treatment
@@ and discharge into
drains for liquids and
secured landfill for
solids.

91. Infection control has
helped to allay concerns
of the health care
personnel and instill
confidence and in
providing a safe

92. REFERENCES
 Ayliffe GAJ et al (1993):chemical disinfection in hospitals
 Block SS(1983):disinfection,sterilisation and preservation
 Medical devices agency (1996):sterilisation,disinfection and cleaning of medical
equipment..
 Neelima Malik ,textbook of oral and maxillofacial surgery,3rd edi.
 Textbook of microbiology by Chakravathy.
 Operative dentistry, infection control, 4th edition, sturdevent.
 Textbook of microbiology, sterilization and disinfection, 7th edition,
Ananthanarayan
 Textbook of clinical periodontology, Newman, Takei, Carranza, 11th edition.
 Sterilization and disinfection of dental instruments by ADA
 Disinfection & sterilization of dental instruments TB MED 266, 1995
 CDC, guidelines for disinfection & sterilization in health care facilities 2008.
 Infection prevention and control, college of respiratory therapists Ontario, june
2011
 Effects of sterilization on periodontal instruments, JOP, vol 53, no:7, 1982.
 New CDC guidelines for selected infection control procedures, chris miller.
 CDC guidelines for infection control in dental health care settings, Dec19,
2003/vol.52.
 Sterilization of ultrasonic inserts.