Japan has a seniority-based employment system that prioritizes stable employment. Wages increase based on age and tenure, and bonuses are paid twice yearly through collective bargaining agreements. Trade unions have a three-tier hierarchical structure and represent both white and blue-collar workers, though only regular employees can join. Annual "spring offensive" negotiations between enterprise unions and employers set industry-wide wages and benefits through unified action. If disputes are not resolved between parties, the labor commission can provide support. Key differences with India include seniority-based versus merit-based wages in Japan, more stable employment, and temporary workers' inability to unionize there.

1. Industrial Relation in Japan Employment system : Seniority –based employment Stable employment Wage system: Pay monthly basis Wages are increased in accordance with worker age or length of the services. Wages are determined under skill based grade system. Bonus system: Paid twice in a year. Amount of bonus is determined by the annual collective bargaining agreement.

2. Trade union Three-tier hierarchical structure: Enterprise-based unions - utilize negotiations and labor-management consultations in the workplace to improve working conditions Industrial federations - exchange information on common working conditions in the industry, discuss industrial policies and other problems The National center (RENGO) - defending the employment and livelihoods of all working people. Only regular workers can make and join trade union. Unions are comprised both of white-collar and blue-collar workers.

3. Collective bargaining “ Shunto ” or “ spring offensive ”- devised by Sohyo Labor Federation. it refers to the annual wage negotiations between the enterprise unions and the employers. it was the key to boosting the comparatively low wages and to improving working conditions and other benefits. It is industry wide unified struggle. Dispute Settlement: Under Labour Relations Adjustment Law, unions and management should first settle disputes between themselves If settlement fails, they can ask for support from Labour Commission

4. Difference with India JAPAN Seniority based wage system Bonus paid twice in a year. Bonus is 20% of annual wages. Stable employment Only regular workers can make and join trade union. INDIA merit based wage system Bonus paid once in a year. Minimum bonus is 8.33% and maximum is 20% of basic . No stable employment Both regular and temporary worker can join in trade union.

5. conclusion Japanese industrial relation are rapidly changing Spring offensive has begun to collapse – start joint consultation. Seniority based wage system is now changing. Life time employment system is also declining.