This document provides information about India's economy and key agricultural sectors. It includes the following:
1) An overview of India's GDP, growth rates, exports, imports and foreign investment. India has a $1.16 trillion GDP and 9% growth rate in 2007-2008.
2) A list of the major economic sectors in India, including services, automotive, banking, chemicals, construction, engineering and agriculture.
3) Details on India's agriculture industry, which grew rapidly after the Green Revolution through irrigation, seeds and technology. However, agriculture still faces issues of monsoon dependence and low investment.
Regular Programmed budget is funded by its members, through contributions set at the FAO Conference. This budget covers core technical work, cooperation and partnerships including the Technical Cooperation Programmed, knowledge exchange, policy and advocacy, direction and administration, governance and security in Gujarat.
Gujarat State ranks first with respect to risk covered (Sum Insured), premium income, subsidies paid, farmers covered and claims paid under NAIS among the implementing States.
National Horticulture Mission (in effect till XI plan) with main thrust on augmenting production of all horticultural products (Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, Plantation crops, Spices, Medicinal Aromatic plants) in the states
This document provides an overview of the Indian food processing industry. It discusses that agriculture is an important sector for India's economy and food processing accounts for about 32% of India's total food market. The size of the food processing industry in 2014-15 was estimated at INR 7.95 trillion and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 9.5% to INR 12.5 trillion by 2019-20. The top states contributing to agricultural output and food processing units are Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh. Exports of food processing products have grown at a CAGR of 33% from 2010-11 to 2014-15. The document examines key segments, production
#Integrated Agriculture Supply Chain Management # By SN PanigrahiSN Panigrahi, PMP
#Integrated Agriculture Supply Chain Management #
By SN Panigrahi
Indian Agriculture : Introduction
Supply Chain and Value Chain Management
Understanding of Agri supply chain
Drivers of Agri-supply chain
Agri-Logistics:Inventory, Facilities, Transportation and Information
Sourcing and Pricing
Third Party Logistics and FPL in agri-supply chain
Warehousing
Contracts management in supply chain & Contract Management
Food Retailing and Food supply chain
S13c4 chapter 4-facts and figures on economy.Shivu P
Here some of the facts and figures related to the economy of the nation and the world is given. Some facts like how economy is distributed to the various purposes including repaying the interest for the loans, various segments accounting for the employment and income generation, why some country remain as the low income nation, economic planning and so on.
India has the second largest amount of agricultural land globally at 179.9 million hectares. It produces a variety of crops due to diverse climatic conditions and soil types. Food grain production reached an all-time high of 259 million tonnes in FY12, with rice and wheat production at 105 and 95 million tonnes respectively. Growing population and incomes are driving demand for agricultural output. The government is undertaking various initiatives to boost production such as increasing irrigation, promoting mechanization, and providing support prices.
Agriculture Sector in India, Indian Agriculture IndustryBruce Clay India
Indian agriculture is on a long-term growth path. The country is the second-largest producer of food in the world and holds the potential of being the biggest on global food and agriculture canvas, according to a Corporate Catalyst India (CCI) survey.
Agriculture is the primary occupation in India, contributing 22% to GDP and employing over half of the workforce. India is the largest producer of many agricultural commodities like spices, pulses, milk, tea and the second largest producer of rice, wheat, fruits and vegetables. The agricultural industry is supported by favorable climatic conditions and government initiatives to boost productivity through irrigation, seeds development, and access to markets and credit.
Regular Programmed budget is funded by its members, through contributions set at the FAO Conference. This budget covers core technical work, cooperation and partnerships including the Technical Cooperation Programmed, knowledge exchange, policy and advocacy, direction and administration, governance and security in Gujarat.
Gujarat State ranks first with respect to risk covered (Sum Insured), premium income, subsidies paid, farmers covered and claims paid under NAIS among the implementing States.
National Horticulture Mission (in effect till XI plan) with main thrust on augmenting production of all horticultural products (Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, Plantation crops, Spices, Medicinal Aromatic plants) in the states
This document provides an overview of the Indian food processing industry. It discusses that agriculture is an important sector for India's economy and food processing accounts for about 32% of India's total food market. The size of the food processing industry in 2014-15 was estimated at INR 7.95 trillion and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 9.5% to INR 12.5 trillion by 2019-20. The top states contributing to agricultural output and food processing units are Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh. Exports of food processing products have grown at a CAGR of 33% from 2010-11 to 2014-15. The document examines key segments, production
#Integrated Agriculture Supply Chain Management # By SN PanigrahiSN Panigrahi, PMP
#Integrated Agriculture Supply Chain Management #
By SN Panigrahi
Indian Agriculture : Introduction
Supply Chain and Value Chain Management
Understanding of Agri supply chain
Drivers of Agri-supply chain
Agri-Logistics:Inventory, Facilities, Transportation and Information
Sourcing and Pricing
Third Party Logistics and FPL in agri-supply chain
Warehousing
Contracts management in supply chain & Contract Management
Food Retailing and Food supply chain
S13c4 chapter 4-facts and figures on economy.Shivu P
Here some of the facts and figures related to the economy of the nation and the world is given. Some facts like how economy is distributed to the various purposes including repaying the interest for the loans, various segments accounting for the employment and income generation, why some country remain as the low income nation, economic planning and so on.
India has the second largest amount of agricultural land globally at 179.9 million hectares. It produces a variety of crops due to diverse climatic conditions and soil types. Food grain production reached an all-time high of 259 million tonnes in FY12, with rice and wheat production at 105 and 95 million tonnes respectively. Growing population and incomes are driving demand for agricultural output. The government is undertaking various initiatives to boost production such as increasing irrigation, promoting mechanization, and providing support prices.
Agriculture Sector in India, Indian Agriculture IndustryBruce Clay India
Indian agriculture is on a long-term growth path. The country is the second-largest producer of food in the world and holds the potential of being the biggest on global food and agriculture canvas, according to a Corporate Catalyst India (CCI) survey.
Agriculture is the primary occupation in India, contributing 22% to GDP and employing over half of the workforce. India is the largest producer of many agricultural commodities like spices, pulses, milk, tea and the second largest producer of rice, wheat, fruits and vegetables. The agricultural industry is supported by favorable climatic conditions and government initiatives to boost productivity through irrigation, seeds development, and access to markets and credit.
Measurement of Technical Efficiency of Small Scale Farmers under the Growth E...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study investigated the technical efficiency of small-scale farmers under the growth enhancement scheme in Egbeda and Surulere Local Government Areas of Oyo State. Multistage sampling technique was used in the random selection of 250 respondents using copies of a structured questionnaire. The result of average input used of respondents was farm size (1.59ha), labor used (23 man-days), seed (30 kg), years of education (6.23 years), fertilizer (259.69 kg), and seasonal extension contact (7) while the average input per farm was 4,162.89 kg. Efficiency of farmers was influenced by the significant input variables such as farm size (3.3749), fertilizer (0.2094), and experience were significant at 1% while years of education (0.6038) and agrochemicals (0.0846) were significant at 1% and 10%, respectively. The distribution of efficiency score showed that farms within the range of 0.81–0.90 were highest with 62.4%. It was, therefore, recommended that policy that will stimulate more extension services and labor availability to improve on output.
The document discusses a summit on food processing, agribusiness, and dairy (FAD) industries in India. It notes that these industries significantly contribute to India's GDP and hold great importance. The summit aims to explore global business opportunities and innovative technologies to uplift the sectors. It also focuses on issues like food safety standards to help the sectors compete internationally. The summit brings together stakeholders from government organizations and states to discuss opportunities in the FAD industries and help add momentum to their growth in India.
A SNAPSHOT OF INDIAN AGRICULTURAL SECTORVARUN KESAVAN
Agriculture plays a vital role in India’s economy. Over 58 per cent of the rural households depend on agriculture as their principal means of livelihood. Agriculture, along with fisheries and forestry, is one of the largest contributors to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). As per the 2nd advised estimates by the Central Statistics Office (CSO), the share of agriculture and allied sectors (including agriculture, livestock, forestry and fishery) is expected to be 17.3 per cent of the Gross Value Added (GVA) during 2016-17 at 2011-12 prices.
India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of spices and spice products. India's fruit production has grown faster than vegetables, making it the second largest fruit producer in the world. India's horticulture output, is estimated to be 287.3 million tonnes (MT) in 2016-17 after the first advance estimate. It ranks third in farm and agriculture outputs. Agricultural export constitutes 10 per cent of the country’s exports and is the fourth-largest exported principal commodity. The agro industry in India is divided into several sub segments such as canned, dairy, processed, frozen food to fisheries, meat, poultry, and food grains.
The Department of Agriculture and Cooperation under the Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for the development of the agriculture sector in India. It manages several other bodies, such as the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), to develop other allied agricultural sectors.
India has traditionally been an agrarian society, with agriculture and allied sectors forming the backbone of the economy. Key aspects of the agriculture and allied sectors in India include: (1) India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally. (2) India is the twelfth largest agricultural exporter worldwide. (3) Between 1950-51 and 2016-17, food grain production in India grew nearly 6 times, demonstrating significant growth in the agriculture sector.
The document analyzes India's agricultural sector. It notes that agriculture is the largest and most prominent sector in India's economy, accounting for 16.6% of GDP and employing 60% of the population. India is the second largest exporter of farm products and largest producer of many crops. Key movements that increased food production were the Green Revolution in the 1970s and Operation Flood, which made India the largest milk producer. The sector faces weaknesses like small landholdings and dependence on monsoons but also opportunities such as contract farming and information technology aiding growth.
India is a major producer and exporter of agricultural products globally. Some key points:
- India ranks 2nd in global production of fruits and vegetables and is a leading exporter of items like mangoes and bananas.
- Agricultural exports from India have grown significantly over the past decade, reaching US$38.21 billion in FY2018.
- The food processing industry in India contributes significantly to the economy and food exports. Major segments include dairy, oils and fats, and snacks. Processed food sales are growing rapidly.
- Infrastructure for food processing has expanded, with over 7,800 cold storage facilities and 42 sanctioned mega food parks. The government aims to further increase agricultural exports and processing
1. Current Size of Dairy Industry - Locally
World population and per capita consumption of dairy products, 2005, 2008–2016
IMPORTANCE OF DAIRY INDUSTRY TO THE INDIAN ECONOMY
Government to strengthen dairy industry to improve farmer income
Dr Dev Kambhampati | Agricultural Statistics, India (2013)Dr Dev Kambhampati
This document is a preface and contents page for the "Pocket book on Agricultural Statistics 2013" published by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.
It provides an overview of the key economic and social indicators included in the pocket book, such as GDP growth rates, agricultural production indexes, inflation rates, trade data, and more. It also outlines the 14 statistical tables that will be included, covering topics like population trends, agricultural land use, crop production, inputs and costs, prices and procurement, imports/exports, and international comparisons.
The preface explains that the pocket book is intended as a quick reference guide for policymakers and ministry officials to access frequently used agricultural data
Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Studies(IGIDR), and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on
‘Harnessing Opportunities to Improve Agri-Food Systems’ on July 24-25 , 2014 in New Delhi.
The two day conference aims to discuss the agricultural priority of the government and develop a road map to realise these priorities for improved agri food systems.
The agriculture sector continues to be the backbone of the Indian economy with around 50 per cent of population earning its livelihood from it. Contributing significantly to inclusive growth, the sector plays a vital role in India’s development journey. Despite this, agriculture is plagued by multifarious challenges. Some of the problems relate to the stagnation of yields, rising input costs, un-remunerative prices to farmers, among others. Hence it is pivotal that a turnaround is scripted in the agriculture sector which will be crucial for achieving inclusive growth. In this context, the distinctive and revolutionary vision enunciated by the Prime Minister of doubling farmer incomes by 2022 is undoubtedly praiseworthy and provides a remarkable opportunity to take the performance of Indian agriculture to a new level.
In the current issue of Economy Matters, the Focus of the Month is on “Reforming Agriculture Sector”. In Domestic Trends, we present an Economy Overview along with analysis of the latest data on Monsoon progress, IIP, Inflation, Monetary policy & Trade performance. In Policy Focus, the highlights of the key policies announced by the Government/RBI during July-August 2017. Global growth prospects and US fed policy stance is covered in Global Trends.
Agriculture in India has a significant history. Today, India ranks second worldwide in farm output. The economic contribution of agriculture to India's GDP is steadily declining with the country's broad-based economic growth. Still, agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic fabric of India.
The document summarizes India's National Agriculture Policy from 2000. The policy aims to accelerate growth in the agriculture sector to over 4% annually, achieve equitable growth across regions and farmers, and maximize benefits from agricultural exports. Various initiatives have been implemented to achieve the policy's goals, including national policies on cooperation, seeds, and extension. Food grain production reached a record 212 million tonnes in 2001-02 due to macro-management planning and regional strategies. Technology missions have also been launched to develop horticulture and coconut.
India has the 10th largest arable land in the world and is one of the largest producers of agricultural products globally. The agriculture sector saw growth of 3% in 2017-18 and food grain production reached a record 279.51 million tonnes. Private consumption expenditure is also growing and expected to reach $3.6 trillion by 2020. The food processing industry in India is large and growing, with processed food sales increasing significantly across categories like oils, dairy and snacks. Exports of agricultural and processed foods have also been rising steadily over the past decade.
The document summarizes a fodder and feed development scheme for rural areas like Konnur village. It notes that 63% of the village population engages in farming and the main crops are paddy and red gram. Livestock rearing and fishing are secondary activities. The scheme aims to improve fodder availability by developing grasslands, distributing fodder seeds, assisting fodder block making units, and providing subsidies for hand driven chaff cutters. This would benefit the village's livestock farmers and improve soil quality.
Agribusinesses are important to India for multiple reasons-------- such as their contribution to the economy, the number of people they employ, strategic reasons of food security and providing raw material to other industries.
India has the second largest agricultural land area in the world and is one of the largest producers globally of many agricultural products. Some key points:
- India produces over 275 million tonnes of food grains annually and is the largest producer of many crops including spices, pulses, milk and tea.
- Agricultural exports have grown significantly in recent years, reaching $33.87 billion in FY2017, with rice, marine products and buffalo meat among the major exports.
- Production of many crops like rice, wheat, fruits and vegetables has increased steadily, with record production levels achieved for many crops in FY2017.
- Private sector investment is growing in food processing segments like fruits/vegetables, dairy,
India is a major producer and exporter of agricultural products globally. Some key points:
- India ranks among the largest producers globally for many agricultural commodities like spices, pulses, milk, tea, and is the second largest producer of rice, wheat, fruits and vegetables.
- Agricultural exports from India have grown significantly over the past decade at a CAGR of 16.45% to reach $38.21 billion in FY2018.
- Major agricultural exports include marine products, basmati rice, buffalo meat which collectively accounted for over $15 billion in exports in FY2018.
- Production of many farm commodities has increased steadily, with rice and wheat production rising over 90%
Indian agriculture faces a choice between input subsidies and farm technology. Input subsidies provide farmers assistance to purchase seeds, fertilizers, power, and credit. However, farm technology like hybrid seeds, biotechnology, micro-irrigation, and mechanization can boost agricultural productivity. The document analyzes trends in input subsidies for fertilizers, irrigation, credit, electricity, and seeds in India from 1970 to 2015. It also outlines various farm technologies and their impacts, such as hybrid seeds increasing crop yields, Bt cotton reducing insecticide use, and micro-irrigation improving water usage efficiency. The effectiveness of subsidies versus technology for Indian agriculture is considered.
India is a major producer and exporter of agricultural products globally. Some key points:
- India ranks among the world's largest producers for many agricultural commodities like spices, pulses, milk, tea, and is the second largest producer of rice, wheat, fruits and vegetables.
- Agricultural exports from India have grown significantly over the past decade, reaching US$38 billion in FY2018. Major exports include marine products, rice, buffalo meat, tea and coffee.
- Domestic production of food grains and horticulture crops has also increased steadily in recent years, with record production of rice, wheat and horticulture crops estimated in FY2018.
- The Indian government has implemented various
Economic reforms and agriculture growth of indiaKishanChauhan39
The document discusses the impact of economic reforms in India in 1991 on the agricultural sector. It notes that prior to 1991, agriculture was the largest employer in India and the government provided subsidies and protection. The economic crisis of 1990 led to reforms involving liberalization, privatization, and globalization (LPG policies). This affected the agricultural sector through reduced subsidies, spending on rural development and infrastructure, financial reforms limiting rural credit, and trade liberalization. While the reforms aimed to boost agriculture, the sector actually saw declining growth rates, investment, and terms of trade. Rural incomes and food security were adversely impacted. Overall, the reforms exposed farmers to greater risks while reducing government support.
India has several advantages in the food processing industry:
- It is the largest producer of milk and second largest producer of fruits and vegetables. Consumer spending on food is rising rapidly and will reach $3.6 trillion by 2020.
- The industry is expected to grow from $258 billion in 2015 to $482 billion in 2020 due to strong demand growth from rising incomes, urbanization, and changing diets.
- The government is also supportive with 100% FDI allowed and various schemes to promote investment in food infrastructure and contract farming.
The document provides information on India's food processing sector. Some key points:
- India has a large agriculture sector and is one of the largest producers of fruits, vegetables and milk globally.
- The food processing industry is an important contributor to India's GDP and employment. The organised sector accounts for 70% of the industry.
- There is strong demand growth driven by rising incomes, urbanization and changing consumer preferences. The sector is expected to attract more foreign investments.
- The key segments in the sector include fruits & vegetables, milk, meat & poultry, marine products and grain processing. States across India have been developed as agri export zones leveraging the country's diverse agricultural output.
Measurement of Technical Efficiency of Small Scale Farmers under the Growth E...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study investigated the technical efficiency of small-scale farmers under the growth enhancement scheme in Egbeda and Surulere Local Government Areas of Oyo State. Multistage sampling technique was used in the random selection of 250 respondents using copies of a structured questionnaire. The result of average input used of respondents was farm size (1.59ha), labor used (23 man-days), seed (30 kg), years of education (6.23 years), fertilizer (259.69 kg), and seasonal extension contact (7) while the average input per farm was 4,162.89 kg. Efficiency of farmers was influenced by the significant input variables such as farm size (3.3749), fertilizer (0.2094), and experience were significant at 1% while years of education (0.6038) and agrochemicals (0.0846) were significant at 1% and 10%, respectively. The distribution of efficiency score showed that farms within the range of 0.81–0.90 were highest with 62.4%. It was, therefore, recommended that policy that will stimulate more extension services and labor availability to improve on output.
The document discusses a summit on food processing, agribusiness, and dairy (FAD) industries in India. It notes that these industries significantly contribute to India's GDP and hold great importance. The summit aims to explore global business opportunities and innovative technologies to uplift the sectors. It also focuses on issues like food safety standards to help the sectors compete internationally. The summit brings together stakeholders from government organizations and states to discuss opportunities in the FAD industries and help add momentum to their growth in India.
A SNAPSHOT OF INDIAN AGRICULTURAL SECTORVARUN KESAVAN
Agriculture plays a vital role in India’s economy. Over 58 per cent of the rural households depend on agriculture as their principal means of livelihood. Agriculture, along with fisheries and forestry, is one of the largest contributors to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). As per the 2nd advised estimates by the Central Statistics Office (CSO), the share of agriculture and allied sectors (including agriculture, livestock, forestry and fishery) is expected to be 17.3 per cent of the Gross Value Added (GVA) during 2016-17 at 2011-12 prices.
India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of spices and spice products. India's fruit production has grown faster than vegetables, making it the second largest fruit producer in the world. India's horticulture output, is estimated to be 287.3 million tonnes (MT) in 2016-17 after the first advance estimate. It ranks third in farm and agriculture outputs. Agricultural export constitutes 10 per cent of the country’s exports and is the fourth-largest exported principal commodity. The agro industry in India is divided into several sub segments such as canned, dairy, processed, frozen food to fisheries, meat, poultry, and food grains.
The Department of Agriculture and Cooperation under the Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for the development of the agriculture sector in India. It manages several other bodies, such as the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), to develop other allied agricultural sectors.
India has traditionally been an agrarian society, with agriculture and allied sectors forming the backbone of the economy. Key aspects of the agriculture and allied sectors in India include: (1) India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally. (2) India is the twelfth largest agricultural exporter worldwide. (3) Between 1950-51 and 2016-17, food grain production in India grew nearly 6 times, demonstrating significant growth in the agriculture sector.
The document analyzes India's agricultural sector. It notes that agriculture is the largest and most prominent sector in India's economy, accounting for 16.6% of GDP and employing 60% of the population. India is the second largest exporter of farm products and largest producer of many crops. Key movements that increased food production were the Green Revolution in the 1970s and Operation Flood, which made India the largest milk producer. The sector faces weaknesses like small landholdings and dependence on monsoons but also opportunities such as contract farming and information technology aiding growth.
India is a major producer and exporter of agricultural products globally. Some key points:
- India ranks 2nd in global production of fruits and vegetables and is a leading exporter of items like mangoes and bananas.
- Agricultural exports from India have grown significantly over the past decade, reaching US$38.21 billion in FY2018.
- The food processing industry in India contributes significantly to the economy and food exports. Major segments include dairy, oils and fats, and snacks. Processed food sales are growing rapidly.
- Infrastructure for food processing has expanded, with over 7,800 cold storage facilities and 42 sanctioned mega food parks. The government aims to further increase agricultural exports and processing
1. Current Size of Dairy Industry - Locally
World population and per capita consumption of dairy products, 2005, 2008–2016
IMPORTANCE OF DAIRY INDUSTRY TO THE INDIAN ECONOMY
Government to strengthen dairy industry to improve farmer income
Dr Dev Kambhampati | Agricultural Statistics, India (2013)Dr Dev Kambhampati
This document is a preface and contents page for the "Pocket book on Agricultural Statistics 2013" published by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.
It provides an overview of the key economic and social indicators included in the pocket book, such as GDP growth rates, agricultural production indexes, inflation rates, trade data, and more. It also outlines the 14 statistical tables that will be included, covering topics like population trends, agricultural land use, crop production, inputs and costs, prices and procurement, imports/exports, and international comparisons.
The preface explains that the pocket book is intended as a quick reference guide for policymakers and ministry officials to access frequently used agricultural data
Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Studies(IGIDR), and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on
‘Harnessing Opportunities to Improve Agri-Food Systems’ on July 24-25 , 2014 in New Delhi.
The two day conference aims to discuss the agricultural priority of the government and develop a road map to realise these priorities for improved agri food systems.
The agriculture sector continues to be the backbone of the Indian economy with around 50 per cent of population earning its livelihood from it. Contributing significantly to inclusive growth, the sector plays a vital role in India’s development journey. Despite this, agriculture is plagued by multifarious challenges. Some of the problems relate to the stagnation of yields, rising input costs, un-remunerative prices to farmers, among others. Hence it is pivotal that a turnaround is scripted in the agriculture sector which will be crucial for achieving inclusive growth. In this context, the distinctive and revolutionary vision enunciated by the Prime Minister of doubling farmer incomes by 2022 is undoubtedly praiseworthy and provides a remarkable opportunity to take the performance of Indian agriculture to a new level.
In the current issue of Economy Matters, the Focus of the Month is on “Reforming Agriculture Sector”. In Domestic Trends, we present an Economy Overview along with analysis of the latest data on Monsoon progress, IIP, Inflation, Monetary policy & Trade performance. In Policy Focus, the highlights of the key policies announced by the Government/RBI during July-August 2017. Global growth prospects and US fed policy stance is covered in Global Trends.
Agriculture in India has a significant history. Today, India ranks second worldwide in farm output. The economic contribution of agriculture to India's GDP is steadily declining with the country's broad-based economic growth. Still, agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic fabric of India.
The document summarizes India's National Agriculture Policy from 2000. The policy aims to accelerate growth in the agriculture sector to over 4% annually, achieve equitable growth across regions and farmers, and maximize benefits from agricultural exports. Various initiatives have been implemented to achieve the policy's goals, including national policies on cooperation, seeds, and extension. Food grain production reached a record 212 million tonnes in 2001-02 due to macro-management planning and regional strategies. Technology missions have also been launched to develop horticulture and coconut.
India has the 10th largest arable land in the world and is one of the largest producers of agricultural products globally. The agriculture sector saw growth of 3% in 2017-18 and food grain production reached a record 279.51 million tonnes. Private consumption expenditure is also growing and expected to reach $3.6 trillion by 2020. The food processing industry in India is large and growing, with processed food sales increasing significantly across categories like oils, dairy and snacks. Exports of agricultural and processed foods have also been rising steadily over the past decade.
The document summarizes a fodder and feed development scheme for rural areas like Konnur village. It notes that 63% of the village population engages in farming and the main crops are paddy and red gram. Livestock rearing and fishing are secondary activities. The scheme aims to improve fodder availability by developing grasslands, distributing fodder seeds, assisting fodder block making units, and providing subsidies for hand driven chaff cutters. This would benefit the village's livestock farmers and improve soil quality.
Agribusinesses are important to India for multiple reasons-------- such as their contribution to the economy, the number of people they employ, strategic reasons of food security and providing raw material to other industries.
India has the second largest agricultural land area in the world and is one of the largest producers globally of many agricultural products. Some key points:
- India produces over 275 million tonnes of food grains annually and is the largest producer of many crops including spices, pulses, milk and tea.
- Agricultural exports have grown significantly in recent years, reaching $33.87 billion in FY2017, with rice, marine products and buffalo meat among the major exports.
- Production of many crops like rice, wheat, fruits and vegetables has increased steadily, with record production levels achieved for many crops in FY2017.
- Private sector investment is growing in food processing segments like fruits/vegetables, dairy,
India is a major producer and exporter of agricultural products globally. Some key points:
- India ranks among the largest producers globally for many agricultural commodities like spices, pulses, milk, tea, and is the second largest producer of rice, wheat, fruits and vegetables.
- Agricultural exports from India have grown significantly over the past decade at a CAGR of 16.45% to reach $38.21 billion in FY2018.
- Major agricultural exports include marine products, basmati rice, buffalo meat which collectively accounted for over $15 billion in exports in FY2018.
- Production of many farm commodities has increased steadily, with rice and wheat production rising over 90%
Indian agriculture faces a choice between input subsidies and farm technology. Input subsidies provide farmers assistance to purchase seeds, fertilizers, power, and credit. However, farm technology like hybrid seeds, biotechnology, micro-irrigation, and mechanization can boost agricultural productivity. The document analyzes trends in input subsidies for fertilizers, irrigation, credit, electricity, and seeds in India from 1970 to 2015. It also outlines various farm technologies and their impacts, such as hybrid seeds increasing crop yields, Bt cotton reducing insecticide use, and micro-irrigation improving water usage efficiency. The effectiveness of subsidies versus technology for Indian agriculture is considered.
India is a major producer and exporter of agricultural products globally. Some key points:
- India ranks among the world's largest producers for many agricultural commodities like spices, pulses, milk, tea, and is the second largest producer of rice, wheat, fruits and vegetables.
- Agricultural exports from India have grown significantly over the past decade, reaching US$38 billion in FY2018. Major exports include marine products, rice, buffalo meat, tea and coffee.
- Domestic production of food grains and horticulture crops has also increased steadily in recent years, with record production of rice, wheat and horticulture crops estimated in FY2018.
- The Indian government has implemented various
Economic reforms and agriculture growth of indiaKishanChauhan39
The document discusses the impact of economic reforms in India in 1991 on the agricultural sector. It notes that prior to 1991, agriculture was the largest employer in India and the government provided subsidies and protection. The economic crisis of 1990 led to reforms involving liberalization, privatization, and globalization (LPG policies). This affected the agricultural sector through reduced subsidies, spending on rural development and infrastructure, financial reforms limiting rural credit, and trade liberalization. While the reforms aimed to boost agriculture, the sector actually saw declining growth rates, investment, and terms of trade. Rural incomes and food security were adversely impacted. Overall, the reforms exposed farmers to greater risks while reducing government support.
India has several advantages in the food processing industry:
- It is the largest producer of milk and second largest producer of fruits and vegetables. Consumer spending on food is rising rapidly and will reach $3.6 trillion by 2020.
- The industry is expected to grow from $258 billion in 2015 to $482 billion in 2020 due to strong demand growth from rising incomes, urbanization, and changing diets.
- The government is also supportive with 100% FDI allowed and various schemes to promote investment in food infrastructure and contract farming.
The document provides information on India's food processing sector. Some key points:
- India has a large agriculture sector and is one of the largest producers of fruits, vegetables and milk globally.
- The food processing industry is an important contributor to India's GDP and employment. The organised sector accounts for 70% of the industry.
- There is strong demand growth driven by rising incomes, urbanization and changing consumer preferences. The sector is expected to attract more foreign investments.
- The key segments in the sector include fruits & vegetables, milk, meat & poultry, marine products and grain processing. States across India have been developed as agri export zones leveraging the country's diverse agricultural output.
The document provides information on India's food processing sector. Some key points:
- India has a large agriculture sector and is the largest producer of milk and second largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally.
- The food processing industry is one of India's largest industries, accounting for around 14% of manufacturing GDP and expected to reach $482 billion by 2020.
- Major segments include fruits and vegetables, milk, meat and poultry, marine products, and grain processing. The organized sector accounts for around 70% of the industry.
- Notable trends include rising domestic and international demand, entry of international companies, changing consumer preferences towards healthier options, and increasing exports.
The document discusses the growth of India's economy, with a focus on the agricultural and services sectors. It notes that agriculture currently contributes around 18% to India's GDP but employs over half the population. The services sector now accounts for over half of GDP and has grown rapidly, especially in IT and IT-enabled services. Key challenges for agriculture include low productivity, resource degradation, and wide disparities across regions. Rapid growth in services has not been evenly distributed or matched by equivalent job growth.
The document provides details on a proposed calf fattening project in Turkey including the land acquisition, barn and infrastructure development, operations, and financial projections. Key elements include:
- The project will be located on 2,500 donums of land in Balıkesir province and involve housing and fattening 20,000 calves over 18-24 months.
- Infrastructure will include barns, a feed warehouse, slaughterhouse, biogas energy system, feed factory and silos, and solar energy system at a total estimated cost of $123.5 million.
- Financial projections estimate annual revenues increasing from $35.6 million in 2023 to over $80.5 million in 2030, with net profits
The document provides an overview of the food processing industry in India. Some key points:
- India has a large agriculture sector and is one of the largest producers of fruits, vegetables and milk globally.
- The food processing industry is an important contributor to India's economy and employment. It accounted for 14% of India's GDP in manufacturing in FY2015.
- There are various segments in the food processing industry including fruits/vegetables, milk, grains and consumer food. The dairy sector is dominated by cooperatives while private players lead in other segments.
- The industry is growing with rising incomes, urbanization, and changing consumer preferences. Both domestic and international companies are increasing investments in the sector.
The document provides information on India's food processing sector. Some key points:
- India has the 10th largest arable land resources in the world and is the largest producer of milk and second largest producer of fruits and vegetables.
- The food processing sector is growing due to rising consumption expenditure, changing lifestyles, and increasing foreign investment. The sector contributes over 8% to India's GDP and employs millions of people.
- The sector includes fruits/vegetables, milk, meat, marine products, grains, and packaged/consumer foods. Major players operate across the value chain from farming to retail.
India has significant advantages in the food processing industry due to its large agricultural sector and diverse climatic conditions. It is the second largest producer of arable land globally and has a large livestock population. The food processing industry is growing rapidly due to rising incomes, urbanization, and changing consumer preferences. Exports of processed foods have also increased substantially in recent years due to India's strategic location and improvements in quality and packaging. The government is supporting the industry through various policies and infrastructure investments to take advantage of the strong domestic and global demand prospects in coming years.
This document discusses strategies to double farmers' income in India by 2022 as envisioned by Prime Minister Modi. It outlines sources of growth in farm income from increased productivity, crop diversification, and shifting workers to non-farm jobs. Key strategies proposed include expanding irrigation, providing quality seeds and nutrients, investing in infrastructure like warehouses, promoting food processing and national markets, and crop insurance schemes. Overall the goal is to improve productivity and market access for farmers through various agricultural reforms and investments.
The Indian processed food market has been growing consistently in recent years and is projected to surpass $300 billion by 2025. Maharashtra is a leading state in India's food processing industry, accounting for around 13% currently but with potential to reach 25% due to various competitive advantages like large agricultural production, climate conditions favorable for dairy and poultry, and infrastructure. However, the industry faces challenges like a large unorganized sector, lack of infrastructure and quality control, and issues around farm productivity and supply chains. Both government and private players are taking steps to address these challenges and further develop the food processing industry.
The document provides information on India's food processing sector. Some key points:
- India has the 2nd largest arable land and is the largest producer and exporter of various foods like milk, fruits and vegetables.
- The food processing industry is one of India's largest industries, accounting for over 17% of manufacturing GDP and employing millions of people.
- The sector is split between the organized and unorganized segments, with the organized segment contributing around 58% currently.
- Major segments include dairy, fruits & vegetables, grains, meat, and consumer foods like beverages and packaged snacks.
FICCI - Technopak Report On Indian Food IndustrySanjay Sethi
Report prepared by Sanjay Sethi, Vice President - Food and Agriculture, Technopak Advisors in association with FICCI and released by Minister of Food Processing Industries at Food World, Mumbai
This document provides an overview of the Indian food and beverage industry. It discusses that the industry is large and growing rapidly, valued at $69.4 billion currently. The industry is fragmented with both public and private players. It also outlines several subsectors within food processing like dairy, grains, and consumer foods. Government policies aim to promote investment and growth in the industry through incentives and infrastructure development initiatives like food parks.
This document is a project report submitted for a Master's in Business Administration program. It provides an overview of market research, retailer surveys, and sales promotions conducted for Gits Food Products Pvt. Ltd. The report includes an executive summary, introduction to the food processing industry and company profile, research methodology, data analysis and findings from retailer and consumer surveys, limitations, conclusions, and recommendations.
The document provides an overview of India's food processing industry through various sections:
1) The executive summary highlights India's advantages such as being the largest producer of milk and second largest producer of fruits and vegetables.
2) Advantage India section outlines factors like strong demand growth, policy support, and increasing investments that are driving the industry.
3) Market overview and trends section describes the size and segments of the industry, contributions to GDP and employment, and notable trends in consumption, international presence and product innovation.
The document provides an overview of India's food processing industry. Some key points:
- India has a large agricultural sector and is one of the largest producers of fruits, vegetables, milk and meat globally.
- The food processing industry is a major contributor to India's GDP and employment. It is growing rapidly due to rising incomes, urbanization and changing diets.
- The industry includes segments like packaged foods, dairy, grains and beverages. Major players include Amul, ITC and Nestle.
- The government is supporting the sector through FDI policies and infrastructure projects to boost production and processing.
- Emerging trends include increasing exports, demand for health foods and changing consumer preferences.
Underlying risks in the global economy have not abated and there is still good reason to be worried about the future growth prospects of large economies. This was the clear message from IMF’s second bi-annual outlook released in October 2013. We cover this in the section on Global Trends in this month’s issue of Economy Matters.
In the section on Domestic Trends, we discuss the trends emanating out of the recent releases on Current Account, IIP and Inflation during the month of October 2013.
The Sectoral spotlight for this issue is on Food Processing, which has shown robust performance in the recent years owing to factors such as growing per capita income, large availability of raw materials, changing lifestyles, and conducive government policies.
In the Special Article, we discuss the key drivers and reasons behind high food inflation plaguing the economy currently.
This document provides an overview of investment opportunities in the food processing sector in India. It highlights that India has a large population with growing incomes, making it an attractive market for food production and processing. The food processing industry is identified as a priority sector by the Indian government and has seen increasing private investment. Several sub-sectors within food processing like fruits and vegetables, dairy, meat, and marine products are growing rapidly and expected to provide major opportunities. The document analyzes trends in various sub-sectors and trade to promote investment in India's large and promising food processing industry.
Present Status of food processing in India: special emphasis on vegetables an...VIVEK CHAUHAN
Various economic figures relating to the food processing setup in India, Initiatives by the government, relevance to the state of Uttarakhand and its impact on the Indian economy.
This document summarizes the projected electricity cost savings from using Zenith SmartStyle PCs compared to normal desktops. It estimates that 100 normal desktops would cost Rs. 195,000 per year in electricity, while 100 Zenith Thin PCs would be Rs. 32,500, Green/ECO PCs Rs. 58,500, and Performance PCs Rs. 117,000, providing savings ranging from 40-83% compared to normal desktops. The Zenith Thin PC provides the highest savings at 83% less than normal desktops.
In the 1990s, search was dominated by various companies like Yahoo, Infoseek and Lycos. Google emerged in the 2000s and effectively became the dominant search engine, with its market share growing over the decade. By the late 2000s, Microsoft launched its Bing search engine, which began gaining market share. While Google remained the leader, Bing saw its market share increase from 8.3% in January 2009 to 12.7% by July 2010 as it challenged Google's dominance of online search.
This document provides a summary of a summer training project conducted by Biswajit Ghosh for Bell Ceramic Ltd. to explore new market opportunities in rural West Bengal. The project aims to understand the rural market potential for Bell's ceramic wall and floor tiles and establish effective dealer-retailer networks. A mixed methodology employing surveys, interviews and field visits was used. The document outlines the company and product background, objectives and scope of the study, research methodology, sample design and data collection/analysis tools. The project looked to identify new markets and increase Bell's sales in rural and tier 3 areas of West Bengal.
Service Marketing Mix in Airlines IndustryBiswajit Ghosh
This document discusses the marketing mix strategies for airlines. It outlines the 7Ps of the extended marketing mix that are important for service industries like airlines - product, price, place, promotion, people, process, and physical evidence. For each P, it provides examples of factors airlines must consider like product types, pricing strategies, distribution channels, advertising approaches, staff competencies, service processes, and physical touchpoints that represent the brand. The goal is to deploy an enhanced marketing approach for airlines that not only reaches customers but creates desire for the services.
This document discusses facility location and provides an example problem of determining the optimal location for a passenger luggage pick-up point at an airport terminal. The problem involves analyzing the flow of luggage from 10 arrival gates to minimize the total distance traveled. The document examines solving the problem using different distance metrics and shows that the optimal location is near coordinate (10,6). It also discusses how the problem could be extended to determine the optimal location of two luggage pick-up points by first making an allocation of gates to each point.
The document discusses the key components and purpose of a balance sheet. It provides definitions for assets, liabilities, and equity. It also outlines the various sections that must be included in a balance sheet according to the Companies Act of India from 1956, such as fixed assets, current assets, equity, and various types of liabilities. The purpose of a balance sheet is to disclose the values and nature of a company's assets and liabilities, provide information about its solvency, liquidity, and other financial details. However, balance sheets also have limitations as the values reported may not reflect current market prices.
The document discusses motivational theories that are applied in today's organizations. It covers early theories like Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Herzberg's two-factor theory, and McClelland's achievement theory. It then discusses newer theories that are more relevant today, including economic rewards, promotions, opportunities for growth, autonomy, and goal-setting. Various innovative ways companies motivate employees through charity initiatives, fun activities, and recognition programs are also outlined. In conclusion, the document states that organizations should take a multifaceted approach and apply different theories as employees' needs vary, and the type of business impacts which theories are most effective.
The document summarizes an interview with Mr. Samrat Ghosh Moulik, the Channel Development Manager of TATA AIG, about his work as a manager. Some of the topics discussed include how he evaluates subordinates' performance, handles stress, motivates employees through incentives, and provides feedback to underperforming staff. The interview covers various challenges of being a manager, such as planning, execution, cost control, and conflict resolution. In summary, the interview discusses Mr. Moulik's responsibilities and approaches as a manager at TATA AIG.
The document discusses e-commerce and provides examples of leading e-commerce companies including Amazon, eBay, and E-Choupal. It defines e-commerce, discusses the types (B2B, B2C, C2C), elements of payments, and provides a detailed overview of the products/services and growth of Amazon and eBay.
LAW_RIGHTS OF AN UNPAID SELLER, CONDTION AND WARRENTIESBiswajit Ghosh
The document summarizes the rights of an unpaid seller under Indian contract law. It discusses the key rights that unpaid sellers have, including:
1. The right of lien, which allows unpaid sellers to retain possession of goods until payment of the price is made.
2. The right of stoppage in transit, which permits unpaid sellers to resume possession of goods that are in transit if the buyer becomes insolvent before payment.
3. The right of re-sale, which gives unpaid sellers the ability to re-sell goods to recover the unpaid price in cases where the buyer is in default.
The document outlines the conditions for exercising these unpaid seller rights and exceptions regarding sub-sales or pledges
The document discusses different aspects of communication in organizations. It defines communication and describes how effective communication can benefit an organization. It then explains the communication process, including elements like the message, sender, receiver, encoding, decoding, feedback, and noise. It also discusses factors that influence organizational communication, such as formal communication channels, authority structure, job specialization, and information ownership.
The document discusses Material Requirement Planning (MRP), a systematic methodology for production planning and inventory control. MRP answers three key questions: what is needed, how much is needed, and when is it needed. It does this by collecting information from the master production schedule, bill of materials, and inventory data to generate planned order releases and time-phase requirements. MRP aims to reduce inventory levels and costs while maintaining customer service levels.
Videoconferencing allows for face-to-face communication between two or more physically separate locations by transmitting video and audio. It can save money and time compared to travel, help build relationships, and enable communication in situations where in-person meetings are not possible. While videoconferencing has benefits like improved communication and reduced costs, it also faces limitations such as high initial equipment costs and quality issues due to network infrastructure and configurations. There are different types of videoconferences including point-to-point between two locations, point-to-multipoint connecting multiple sites, and multi-point conferencing using a control unit.
1. The document discusses methods for valuing different types of financial instruments including bonds, preference shares, and equity shares.
2. Various bond valuation methods are described including valuation based on maturity date, yield to maturity, current yield, and yield to call.
3. Preference shares are valued using the dividend discount model based on expected preference dividends and the cost of preference shares.
4. Equity shares are more difficult to value since dividends can fluctuate, and the document discusses dividend discount models and P/E ratios to estimate equity values.
Bureaucracy: Centralization & DecentralizationBiswajit Ghosh
The document discusses key concepts related to organizational structure, including bureaucracy, centralization, decentralization, and span of control. It provides definitions and comparisons of centralization versus decentralization. Centralization refers to concentration of decision-making at top levels, while decentralization disperses decision-making throughout the organization. The document also examines factors that determine span of control and whether structures should be tall or flat.
The document discusses a study on the comparative profitability drivers of Indian retail industry formats and the challenges faced by unorganized retailers. It provides details on the objectives, scope, and methodology of the study, which involves analyzing customer flow, revenue per customer, and stock value at various organized retail stores like Vishal Mega Mart, Big Bazaar, and Lifestyle. The study aims to understand the key factors driving profits in the Indian organized retail industry and issues impacting unorganized retailers.
The document discusses the history and development of corporate governance guidelines in India. It began with voluntary codes developed by industry groups like CII in the late 1990s. Regulators like SEBI then began introducing mandatory guidelines for listed companies regarding board structure, financial disclosures, related party transactions, and other areas. The guidelines aimed to increase transparency and accountability of companies following several corporate scandals. The document also discusses models of corporate governance and provides an example of a well-governed Indian company, Infosys.
The document discusses the benefits of switching from Windows to Linux. It outlines that Linux is free, open source software that is more secure and stable than Windows. It has fewer crashes and viruses. The document describes popular Linux distributions, how to install Linux, desktop interfaces like KDE and GNOME, software options for productivity, multimedia, and gaming. It promotes Linux as a powerful alternative to Windows that offers freedom from vendor lock-in and legal issues.
The document discusses India's branding and promotion efforts to increase tourism. It outlines campaigns run by the Ministry of Tourism in India and their agency Ogilvy & Mather to brand India as an incredible tourist destination. Some of the campaigns discussed include "Incredible India", "Explore Rural India", and "Atithi Devo Bhavah". The document also provides statistics on tourism in India and details on the marketing strategies, media used, and awards received for these branding initiatives.
Communication styles can be assertive, aggressive, passive, or passive-aggressive. They are affected by gender differences in communication patterns. Women generally prefer conversation for rapport building and compromise, while men talk to preserve independence and status and are more directive. These gender differences stem from distinct socialization as children and result in women prioritizing intimacy through closeness in conversation, while men prioritize status and independence through competition. As a result, communication between men and women can resemble cross-cultural interaction due to differing goals, rules and interpretations.
Revolutionizing Surface Protection Xlcoatings Nano Based SolutionsExcel coatings
Excelcoating Transforming surface protection with their cutting-edge, eco-friendly nano-based coatings. This presentation delves into their innovative product lineup, including Excel CoolCoat for roof cooling, Excel NanoSeal for cement surfaces, Excel StayCool for UV-filtering glass, Excel StayClean for solar panels, Excel CoolTile for heat-reflective tiles, and Excel InsulX for film insulation.
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Adani Group Requests For Additional Land For Its Dharavi Redevelopment Projec...Adani case
It will bring about growth and development not only in Maharashtra but also in our country as a whole, which will experience prosperity. The project will also give the Adani Group an opportunity to rise above the controversies that have been ongoing since the Adani CBI Investigation.
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Enhancing Adoption of AI in Agri-food: IntroductionCor Verdouw
Introduction to the Panel on: Pathways and Challenges: AI-Driven Technology in Agri-Food, AI4Food, University of Guelph
“Enhancing Adoption of AI in Agri-food: a Path Forward”, 18 June 2024
Enabling Digital Sustainability by Jutta EcksteinJutta Eckstein
This is a New Zealand wide meetup event with meetup groups from Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch attending and open to anyone with an interest in digital sustainability or agile. All welcome. Joke, this is how it started. Jutta is now also available in Germany, i.e. hosted by Berlin/Brandenburg
According to the World Economic Forum, digital technologies can help reduce global carbon emissions by up to 15%. However, digitalization also comes with some challenges. Thus, if we want to make a positive impact by increasing sustainability, we need to address challenges like the digital divide, energy consumption of IT, or the rise of electronic waste. In this talk, I want to explore how Agile can help to leverage Digital Sustainability.
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INDIA AT GLANCE
1. ASIA PACIFIC INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT
STUDIES
SUBMITTED TO— SUBMITTED By—
Pooja Verma SECTION-H
GROUP-8
Debojit-66
Abhisek-03
Sritanu-57
Krishnakant-25
Biswajit-12
2. INDIA AT GLANCE
General Information
• India is a Union of States with parliamentary system of Government
• Land area: 3.29 million square kilometers
• Capital: New Delhi
• Population: 1.027 billion (March 1, 2001)
• Climate: mainly tropical with temperature ranging from 10o – 40o C in most
parts
• Time zone: GMT + 5 1/2 hours
• Major international airports: New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata,
Bangalore, Hyderabad, Thiruvananthapuram
• Major ports of entry: Chennai, Ennore, Haldia, Jawaharlal Nehru, Kolkata,
Kandla, Kochi, Mormugao, Mumbai, New Mangalore, Paradip and Tuticorin,
Vizag.
Basic Economic Statistics
• GDP at current prices (2007-08): $ 1.16 trillion
• GDP (PPP) (2006) = US $4156 (5th largest in the world)
• GDP growth rate (2007-08) : 9%
• Exchange rate: Rs.49.77/$ (as on October 29, 2008)
• Foreign Exchange reserves: US $273.89 billion (as on 17.10.2008)
• Exports (2007-08): US $159 billion, Growth Rate: 25.8 %
• Imports (2007-08): US $239.65 billion, Growth Rate : 29%
• Foreign Direct Investment (2007-08): US $32.44
• Portfolio Investment (2007): US $17.23 billion
Investment Outlook
A number of studies in the recent past have highlighted the growing
attractiveness of India as an investment destination. According to the study by
Goldman Sachs, Indian economy is expected to continue growing at the rate
of 5% or more till 2050. Indian economy is slated to become the fourth largest
economy by 2050. Some other conclusions are listed below:
• 2nd most attractive destination - ATKEARNEY Business Confidence Index,
2007
• India can sustain 10% growth rate-OECD Survey, 2007
India is the second most attractive location for foreign direct investment-
UNCTAD's World Investment Report, 2008.
• PriceWaterHouseCoopers report, March 2008 states that India will be 90% of
the US
3. economy by 2050.
ECONOMIC SECTORS IN INDIA
Service Sector Auto & Auto Components Sector
Construction Sector Fertilizers Sector
Aviation Sector Banking and Financial Sector
Engineering Sector FMCG Sector
Cement Sector Chemicals Sector
Media Sector Cement Industry
Paper Sector Chemical Industry
Pharmaceuticals Sector Construction Industry
Real Estate Sector Engineering Industry
Retail Sector Fertilizer Industry
Shipping Sector Paper Industry
Software Sector Pharmaceutical Industry
Steel Sector Real Estate Industry
Sugar Sector Shipping Industry
Aviation Industry Software Industry
Banking and Finance Industry Steel Industry
4. Media Industry Sugar Industry
US Industrial Sector Textile Industry
Defining Economic Growth
Economic growth is growth in the level of national income. There are
various measures of national income, but the one used in the Economy
model is gross domestic product. We measure growth as the percentage
change in GDP. However, it is very important that we only take the
percentage change in real GDP. This means the change in GDP after
inflation has been taken into account.
The simplest definition of economic growth is an increase in real gross
domestic product (GDP) (that is, GDP adjusted for inflation). The growth
rate of real GDP is the percentage change in real GDP from one year to the
next. We can express the rate of growth in, for example, the period
2007-2008, as follows:
Growth rate of GDP = [GDP(20007) - GDP(2008)]/
GDP(2007) × 100
5. Agriculture in India
One of the biggest success stories of independent India is the rapid strides
made in the field of agriculture. From a nation dependent on food imports
to feed its population, India today is not only self-sufficient in grain
production but also has substantial reserves. Dependence of India on
agricultural imports and the crises of food shortage encountered in 1960s
convinced planners that India's growing population, as well as concerns
about national independence, security, and political stability, required self-
sufficiency in food production. This perception led to a program of
agricultural improvement called the Green Revolution. It involved bringing
additional area under cultivation, extension of irrigation facilities, the use of
improved high-yielding variety of seeds, better techniques evolved through
agricultural research, water management, and plant protection through
judicious use of fertilizers, pesticides and cropping practices. All these
measures had a salutary effect and the production of wheat and rice
witnessed quantum leap.
To carry improved technologies to farmers and to replicate the success
achieved in the production of wheat and rice a National Pulse Development
Programme, covering 13 states, was launched in 1986. Similarly, a
Technology Mission on Oilseeds was launched in 1986 to increase
production of oilseeds in the country and attain self-sufficiency. Pulses
were brought under the Technology Mission in 1990. After the setting up of
the Technology Mission, there has been consistent improvement in the
production of oilseeds. A new seeds policy has been adopted to provide
access to high-quality seeds and plant material for vegetables, fruit,
flowers, oilseeds and pulses, without in any way compromising quarantine
conditions. To give fillip to the agriculture and make it more profitable,
Ministry of Food Processing Industries was set up in July 1988.
Government has also taken initiatives to encourage private sector
investment in the food processing industry.
However, there are still a host of issues that need to be addressed
regarding Indian agriculture. Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on
6. monsoons. The monsoons play a critical role in determining whether the
harvest will be rich, average, or poor. The structural weaknesses of the
agriculture sector are reflected in the low level of public investment,
exhaustion of the yield potential of new high yielding varieties of wheat and
rice, unbalanced fertilizer use, low seeds replacement rate, an inadequate
incentive system and post harvest value addition.
There is an urgent need for second green revolution in Indian agriculture
and taking it to a higher trajectory of 4 per cent annual growth. Following
steps need to be taken to achieve this objective:
• Doubling the rate of growth of irrigated area;
• Reclaiming degraded land and focusing on soil quality;
• Improving water management, rain water harvesting and watershed
development;
• Bridging the knowledge gap through effective extension services;
• Diversifying into high value outputs, fruits, vegetables, flowers,
herbs and spices, medicinal plants, bamboo, bio-diesel, but with
adequate measures to ensure food security;
• Providing easy access to credit at affordable rates.
10. Tea , Tea Bags, CTC Teas
Tobacco & Tobacco Products
Beedi, Betalnut Leaves , Betalnut Supari , Bidi, Bidi Leaves , Chewing
Tobacco , Cigarettes, Arecanut, Jarda, Scented Tobacco , Smoking Items ,
Smokking Tobbacco , Snuff, Supari, Opium, Pan, Chatni, Pan Masala , Pan
Parag , Tobbacco, Tobbacco Products , Tulsi Mix , Gutkazarda, Tulsi Zarda ,
Tobacco, Zafrani Zarda
The post independence of Indian agriculture
The post-Independence history of Indian agriculture can be broadly
grouped into four periods. Before describing them, I should mention that
during the colonial era famines were frequent and famine commissions
were abundant. The growth rate in food production during the 1900-1947
period was hardly 0.1 per cent. Most of the important institutional
developments in agriculture emanated from the recommendations of
famine commissions. The great Bengal Famine of 1942-43 provided the
backdrop to India’s Independence.
It is to the credit of Independent India that famines of this kind have not
been allowed to occur, although our population has grown from 350 million
in 1947 to 1,100 million now.
Phase I: 1947-64
This was the Jawaharlal Nehru era where the major emphasis was on the
development of infrastructure for scientific agriculture. The steps taken
included the establishment of fertilizer and pesticide factories, construction
of large multi-purpose irrigation-cum-power projects, organisation of
community development and national extension programmes and, above
all, the starting of agricultural universities, beginning with the Pant Nagar
University established in 1958, as well as new agricultural research
institutions, as for example the Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack,
and the Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla.
During this period, the population started increasing by over 3 per cent a
year as a result of both the steps taken to strengthen public health care
systems and advances in preventive and curative medicine.
The growth in food production was inadequate to meet the consumption
needs of the growing population, and food imports became essential. Such
11. food imports, largely under the PL-480 programme of the United States,
touched a peak of 10 million tonnes in 1966.
Phase II: 1965-1985
This period coincides with the leadership of Lal Bahadur Shastri and Indira
Gandhi, with Morarji Desai and Charan Singh serving as Prime Ministers
during 1977-79. The emphasis was on maximising the benefits of
infrastructure created during Phase I, particularly in the areas of irrigation
and technology transfer. Major gaps in the strategies adopted during Phase
I were filled, as for example the introduction of semi-dwarf high-yielding
varieties of wheat and rice, which could utilise sunlight, water, and
nutrients more efficiently and yield two to three times more than the
strains included in the Intensive Agriculture District Programme (IADP) of
the early 1960s. This period also saw the reorganisation and strengthening
of agricultural research, education and extension, and the creation of
institutions to provide farmers assured marketing opportunities and
remunerative prices for their produce. The National Bank for Agriculture
and Rural Development (NABARD) was set up. All these steps led to a
quantum jump in the productivity and production of crops such as wheat
and rice, a phenomenon christened in 1968 as the Green Revolution. C.
Subramaniam (1964-67) and Jagjivan Ram provided the necessary public
policy guidance and support.
The Green Revolution generated a mood of self-confidence in our
agricultural capability. The gains were consolidated during the Sixth Five
Year Plan period (1980-85) when for the first time agricultural growth rate
exceeded the general economic growth rate. Also, the growth rate in food
production exceeded that of the population. The Sixth Plan achievement
illustrates the benefits arising from farmer-centred priorities in investment
and in the overall agricultural production strategy.
Phase III: 1985-2000
This was the era of Rajiv Gandhi, P.V. Narasimha Rao and Atal Bihari
Vajpayee, with several other Prime Minister serving for short periods.
This phase was characterised by greater emphasis on the production of
pulses and oilseeds as well as of vegetables, fruits, and milk. Rajiv Gandhi
introduced organisational innovations like Technology Missions, which
resulted in a rapid rise in oilseed production. The Mission approach involves
concurrent attention to conservation, cultivation, consumption, and
commerce. Rain-fed areas and wastelands received greater attention and a
Wasteland Development Board was set up. Wherever an end-to-end
12. approach was introduced involving attention to all links in the production-
consumption chain, progress was steady and sometimes striking as in the
case of milk and egg production. This period ended with large grain
reserves with the government, with the media highlighting the co-existence
of “grain mountains and hungry millions.” This period also saw a gradual
decline in public investment in irrigation and infrastructure essential for
agricultural progress as well as a gradual collapse of the cooperative credit
system.
Phase IV: 2001 to the present day
Despite the efforts of Prime Ministers Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Manmohan
Singh, this phase is best described as one characterised by policy fatigue,
resulting in technology extension and production fatigues. No wonder that
the farmers, who keep others alive, are now forced to take their own lives
and 40 per cent of them want to quit farming, if there is an alternative
option.
The agricultural decline is taking place at a time when international prices
of major foodgrains are going up steeply, partly owing to the use of grain
for ethanol production. Land for food versus fuel is becoming a major
issue. For example, the export price of wheat has risen from $197 a tonne
in 2005 to $263 a tonne in 2007. Maize price has gone up from about $100
a tonne in 2005 to $166 a tonne now. International trade is also becoming
free but not fair. Compounding these problems is the possibility of adverse
changes in rainfall, temperature, and the sea level as a result of global
warming. Melting of Himalayan ice and glaciers will result in floods of
unprecedented dimensions in north India. If agricultural production does
not remain above the population growth rate and if the public distribution
system is starved of grain, there is every likelihood of our going back to
the pre-Independence situation of recurrent famines. The grain mountains
have disappeared and we are today in the era of diminishing grain
reserves, escalating prices, and persistence of widespread under-nutrition.
Where do we go from here?
The Green Revolution of the 1960s was the result of synergy among
technology, public policy and farmers’ enthusiasm. The post-60th
anniversary era in agriculture will depend upon our determination to
implement Jawaharlal Nehru’s exhortation, “Everything else can wait, but
not agriculture” in both letter and spirit.
If farm ecology and economics go wrong, nothing else will go right in
agriculture. This is the principal message of the current agrarian crisis. The
13. agrarian crisis is likely to spread if the economics of small-scale farming is
not improved. At the same time, State governments should not promote
policies for ecocides (that is, acts of ecological suicide such as free
electricity to pump groundwater, leading to the exhaustion of aquifers).
How can we resolve the crisis? The first and foremost priority should go to
making the era of farmers’ suicide history.
Agricultural Finance
Credit: Availability of adequate credit is vital for every sector and
agriculture is not an exception. In India, Commercial Banks, Cooperative
Banks, and Regional Rural Banks ( RRBs) are responsible for smooth flow
of credit to agricultural sector. But a huge unorganized market exists for
credit to agricultural sector in India, which provide timely fund to this
sector but at the exorbitant rate of interest. Among organized credit
disbursement to agriculture commercial banks play a vital role with a share
of about 70% where as cooperative sector and RRBs contribute 20% and
10 % respectively.Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme was introduced to
provide adequate and timely support from the banking system to the
farmers for their cultivation needs. This scheme has made rapid
progress and more than645 lakh cards issued up to October 2006.
The 'Farm Credit Package' announced by the Government of India in June
2004 stipulated doubling the flow of institutional credit for agriculture in
ensuing three years. Annual targets for this package are being surpassed in
the two consecutive years from its introduction and it is likely to surpass in
the third year also.
Insurance: Insurance is a prime necessity to mitigate uncertainty that
persists in agriculture. In India, agriculture is still affected by such factors,
which are beyond control of human being. So, there is a great need for
agricultural insurance in India. Keeping this in mind, Government of India
in coordination with the General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC), had
introduced National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) from rabi
1999-2000 season. The main objective of this scheme is to protect the
farmers against losses suffered by them due to crop failure on account of
natural calamities. Agricultural Insurance Company of India (AICIL) which
was incorporated in December 2002 took over the implementation of NAIS.
AICIL introduced Rainfall Insurance Scheme called 'Varsha Bima' during
2004 southwest monsoon period. Varsha Bima provided for five different
options suiting varied requirements of farming community:
14. 1. Seasonal rainfall insurance based on aggregate rainfall from June to
September.
2. Sowing failure insurance based on rainfall between June 15 and August
15.
3. Rainfall distribution insurance with the weight assigned to different
weeks June and September.
4. Agronomic index constructed on the basis of water requirements of
crops.
5. A catastrophe option covering extremely adverse deviation of 50% and
above in rainfall during the season.
During kharif 2006, this Varsha Bima scheme is being implemented in
around 150 districts covering 16 states across the country. AICIL is also
piloting another weather related insurance product for mango and coffee.
Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF): RIDF was announced
by the Government of India in 1995-96 to boost public sector investment in
agriculture and rural infrastructure. The Fund is raised from the commercial
banks to the extent of their short fall in agricultural lending as priority
sector. The activities, which have been made eligible for loans from RIDF,
include rural roads and bridges, irrigation, mini and small hydel projects,
community irrigation wells, soil conservation, watershed development and
reclamation of waterlogged areas, flood protection, drainage, forest
development, market yard, godowns, apna mandi, rural haats and other
marketing infrastructure, cold storages, seed/agriculture/horticulture
farms, plantation and horticulture, grading and certifying mechanisms such
as testing and certifying laboratories, fishing harbors/jetties, reverine
fisheries, animal husbandry, modern abattoir, drinking water supply,
infrastructure for rural educational institutions, public health institutions,
construction of toilet blocks in existing schools and 'pay and use' toilets in
rural areas, village knowledge centers, desalination plants in coastal areas,
infrastructure for information technology in rural areas, and construction of
anganwari centers.
Micro Finance: Micro finance scheme has been introduced by National
Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), the apex bank for
agriculture and rural development in India, to improve the access of the
rural poor to formal institutional credit and other financial products. In all
547 banks, which include 47 commercial banks, 158 RRBs, 342 cooperative
banks are now actively involved in the operation of Self Help Group (SHG)-
Bank Linkage Programme to spread the facility of micro finance to the
needy small and marginal farmers and tiny entrepreneurs. The programme
15. has enabled nearly 329 lakh poor families in the country to gain access to
micro finance facilities from the formal banking system.
Capital Formation in Agriculture: The share of the agriculture sector's
capital formation in G.D.P. declined from 2.2% in the late 1990s to 1.9% in
2005-06. Stagnation or fall in the public investment in irrigation is partly
responsible for this fall. However there is indication of a reversal of this
trend with public sector investment in agriculture accelerating since
2002-03.The share of public investment in gross investment in agriculture
increased by 6.5 percentage points from 1999-2000 to reach 24.2% in
2005-06.
16.
17. Indian agriculture and WTO
THE BLAME FOR overflowing godowns and falling agricultural product prices
is being placed at the door of import liberalisation in general and the World
Trade Organisation in particular. The impending removal of the last of the
quantitative restrictions (QRs) on all agricultural products has added to the
fears for the future of Indian agriculture. While contractual obligations and
import liberalisation forced on the Government have indeed considerably
increased the exposure to the world market, there has been a tendency to
shift the blame for domestic problems on to external factors. There are
four different sets of WTO-related issues confronting Indian agriculture and
public debate frequently confounds them by seeing them as one when in
fact they are largely distinct.
The immediate challenge is what will follow the removal of QRs in April.
There is no reason to believe that there will be a flood of imports, only that
protection can no longer be provided by a ban on imports but by customs
duties. With the plugging of loopholes that existed in the form of zero
tariffs on cereals and dairy products, agriculture will for now continue to
enjoy a measure of protection. Where the Government could fail - as it did
in the case of edible oil imports - is by moving slowly on increasing tariffs
whenever global or domestic prices fall. However, the fairly high levels of
tariff protection that India can now invoke could be under threat when the
next phase of multilateral negotiations on agriculture begins at the WTO.
This is the second issue, on which the Government has approved a set of
proposals which will constitute India's initial negotiating stance. These talks
will be completed only years down the line. In its first proposals, the
Government appears to have chosen to place greater importance on
protecting agriculture than on liberalising farm exports. This is apparent
from the demand for constituting a ``Food Security Box'' that will facilitate
higher levels of protection and codify provisions that already exist in WTO
agreements. An influential section in the policy-making establishment has
been pushing for India to become an aggressive agricultural exporter. But
the twin of joining the side of the agricultural exporters at the WTO is a
lowering of import protection. While India continues to demand adequate
market access for its exports, the Government has wisely decided against
too aggressive a position on liberalisation of trade in agriculture. The third
issue is the functioning of the 1994 WTO deal on agriculture, which far
from boosting trade has been used by the rich countries to increase farm
subsidies. Experts in the country have demanded a review of this
agreement, but such a review underlies the preparatory work now going on
18. at the WTO for future talks. Besides, India has officially already made
proposals to address the ``implementation problems'' in the farm pact.
Going further may force India to offer more concessions on imports. A
fourth issue is intellectual property protection. Compelled as India was in
1994 to agree to provide sui generis protection to plant varieties it had the
choice of drafting its own legislation. This could have contained innovative
provisions to protect traditional rights. Yet, six years of procrastination and
inter-Ministry squabbling have meant that no legislation has been enacted,
opening the door to disputes at the WTO from other countries.
When imports have caused problems they have followed either leaden-
footed decision-making or the Government placing the interests of the
consumers above that of the farmers. Both were evident in the setting of
tariffs for edible oils (mainly palmolein) which were raised only recently.
The larger problems that Indian farmers face are the result of high costs,
low productivity, falling public investment, poor market development and
ultimately limited purchasing power among one billion people. All these are
the making of domestic policies.
19. Agriculture Growth Rate in India GDP
Agriculture Growth Rate in India GDP had been growing earlier but in
the last few years it is constantly declining. Still, the Growth Rate of
Agriculture in India GDP in the share of the country's GDP remains the
biggest economic sector in the country.
India GDP means the total value of all the services and goods that are
produced within the territory of the nation within the specified time period.
The country has the GDP of around US$ 1.09 trillion in 2007 and this
makes the Indian economy the twelfth biggest in the whole world.
The growth rate of India GDP is 9.4% in 2006- 2007. The agricultural
sector has always been an important contributor to the India GDP. This is
due to the fact that the country is mainly based on the agriculture sector
and employs around 60% of the total workforce in India. The agricultural
sector contributed around 18.6% to India GDP in 2005.
Agriculture Growth Rate in India GDP in spite of its decline in the share of
the country's GDP plays a very important role in the all round economic
and social development of the country. The Growth Rate of the Agriculture
Sector in India GDP grew after independence for the government of India
placed special emphasis on the sector in its five-year plans. Further the
Green revolution took place in India and this gave a major boost to the
agricultural sector for irrigation facilities, provision of agriculture subsidies
and credits, and improved technology. This in turn helped to increase the
Agriculture Growth Rate in India GDP.
The agricultural yield increased in India after independence but in the last
few years it has decreased. This in its turn has declined the Growth Rate of
the Agricultural Sector in India GDP. The total production of food grain was
212 million tonnes in 2001- 2002 and the next year it declined to 174.2
million tonnes. Agriculture Growth Rate in India GDP declined by 5.2% in
2002- 2003. The Growth Rate of the Agriculture Sector in India GDP grew
at the rate of 1.7% each year between 2001- 2002 and 2003- 2004. This
shows that Agriculture Growth Rate in India GDP has grown very slowly in
the last few years.
20. Agriculture Growth Rate in India GDP has slowed down for the production
in this sector has reduced over the years. The agricultural sector has had
low production due to a number of factors such as illiteracy, insufficient
finance, and inadequate marketing of agricultural products. Further the
reasons for the decline in Agriculture Growth Rate in India GDP are that in
the sector the average size of the farms is very small which in turn has
resulted in low productivity. Also the Growth Rate of the Agricultural Sector
in India GDP has declined due to the fact that the sector has not adopted
modern technology and agricultural practices. Agriculture Growth Rate in
India GDP has also decreased due to the fact that the sector has
insufficient irrigation facilities. As a result of this the farmers are dependent
on rainfall, which is however very unpredictable.
Agriculture Growth Rate in India GDP has declined over the years. The
Indian government must take steps to boost the agricultural sector for this
in its turn will lead to the growth of Agriculture Growth Rate in India GDP.
21. Agriculture in Interim Budget 2009-2010
(Speech of Pranab Mukherjee, Minister of Finance February 16, 2009)
25. Never losing sight of our commitment to the welfare of Aam
Aadmi and recognizing that 60 per cent of our population lives in villages,
focused attention has been given by our Government to the agriculture
sector:
(i) In the period between 2003-04 and 2008-09, our Government
increased the plan allocation for agriculture by 300 per cent.
(ii) The Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana was launched in 2007-08 with an
outlay of Rs.25 thousand crore, to increase growth rate of agriculture and
allied sector to four per cent per annum during the Eleventh Plan period.
The scheme has encouraged State Governments to take initiatives to
develop the agricultural sector.
(iii) On June 18, 2004 our Government had announced a package for
doubling the flow of credit to agriculture. The credit disbursements have
already gone up from Rs.87 thousand crore in 2003-04 to about Rs.2.5
lakh crore in 2007-08 marking a three fold increase. To strengthen the
short-term co-operative credit structure, the Government is implementing
a revival package in 25 States involving a financial assistance of around
Rs.13 thousand five hundred crore. Government will continue to provide
interest subvention in 2009-10 to ensure that farmers get short term crop
loans upto Rs.3 lakhs at 7 per cent per annum.
(iv) The Agricultural Debt Waiver and Debt Relief Scheme for farmers,
announced in the last budget speech, was implemented by June 30, 2008
as scheduled. The Scheme has been able to restore institutional credit to
indebted farmers. As per early reports, the total debt waiver and debt relief
so far, amounts to Rs.65 thousand three hundred crore covering 3.6 crore
farmers.
(v) Our Government is committed to ensuring “food security” in the
country and meeting the food requirement of the poor under the Targeted
Public Distribution System (TPDS). In spite of higher procurement costs
and higher international prices during the last five years, the central issue
prices under the TPDS have been maintained at the level of July 2000 in
case of Below Poverty Line (BPL) and Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY)
categories and at July 2002 levels for Above Poverty Line (APL) category.
22. (vi) Our Government has ensured remunerative prices for the farmers
for their crops. Since 2003-04, Minimum Support Price (MSP) for the
common variety of paddy was increased from Rs.550 to Rs.900 per quintal
for the crop year 2008-09. In case of wheat the increase was from Rs.630
in 2003-04 to Rs.1,080 per quintal for the year 2009.
Key points of Agricultural sector in Interim Budget 2009-2010
• Focused attention to agriculture.
• Country’s agriculture outlook is encouraging.
• Agriculture grew by 3.7 per cent per annum
• Plan allocation for farm sector hiked 300 percent in past five years.
• Agriculture credit disbursement gone up.
• Agriculture credit has been increased three-fold to Rs.2,50,000 cr.
• Farm debt worth Rs.65,300 crore waived.
• Government will continue to provide additional subsidy to farmers
• Corpus of Rural Infrastructure Development Fund hiked to Rs.14,000
crore from Rs.5,500 crore
• Bharat Nirman, the time-bound plan for building rural infrastructure
receives Rs 40,900 crore. This package has six components – rural
roads, telephony, irrigation, drinking water supply, housing and
electrification.
23. Exports in Agriculture sector in 2007-08
According to the government's agri-trade promotion body, APEDA, India's
exports of agricultural and processed food products posted a 38 per cent
increase in the 2007-08 fiscal, bolstered by an increase in shipments of
coarse cereals like maize, jowar and barley. Export figures for agricultural
products touched US$ 6.59 billion in 2007-08, against US$ 4.79 billion in
the previous fiscal.
• According to a National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation
of India Limited (NAFED), in the period April-August 2008, onion
exports reached 710,000 tonnes against 380,000 tonnes in the
corresponding period last year.
• According to the Coffee Board, India's coffee exports saw a
significant rise of 6 per cent during the first eight months of 2008.
• India's natural rubber exports have increased by 38 per cent in the
April-July 2008-09. Total exports increased to 23,998 tonnes during
April-July as against 14,816 tonnes in the corresponding period of
the previous financial year.
• Spice exports registered a 28 per cent increase in revenue in the first
quarter of 2008-09. Overall export earnings went up to US$ 329.60
million against US$ 260.57 million last year. Spice exports are likely
to rise by 18 per cent to US$ 1.3 billion in 2008-09.
• India exported 1.40 million tonnes of oil meal in the first three
months of the current financial year, up 70 per cent from the
corresponding period last year.
• India's sugar exports are expected to touch a record 4.2 million
tonnes (MT) in the production year upto September, exceeding
earlier estimates of 3.5 MT.
Contribution of various agricultural commodities in world exports has
been listed below:
Product Percentage share in World Export
Lac, gums, resins, vegetable products 10.0
Vegetable planting materials, vegetable products 4.9
Coffee, tea, mate & spices 3.7
Marine products 2.3
Residues, waste of food industry, animal fodder 2.1
Cereals 1.3
Fruits & nuts 1.1
24. Needed, a new deal: Progress in agriculture must be measured
principally by the growth rate in the net income of farmers.
About 35 districts identified by the Union Ministry of Agriculture as the
most affected by the agrarian crisis should be developed into Special
Agricultural Zones (SAZ), where integrated attention will be paid to natural
resources conservation and enhancement, eco-farming, improved local
level consumption to overcome malnutrition, and pro-small farmer
commerce. Most of these areas are rainfed and attention will have to be
paid to the generation of multiple livelihood opportunities. These areas
require the joint efforts of agricultural scientists, extension agencies, policy
makers, and mass media. Unless the various government departments/
Ministries dealing with agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry,
environment, agro-processing and agri-business, irrigation, commerce,
rural development and finance work on the principles of convergence and
synergy, it will be difficult to find lasting solutions to the problems of small
farmers. The major purpose of a Special Agricultural Zone is ecological
restoration and the strengthening of the work and income security of farm
families with about one hectare or less of land. While the Special Economic
Zone (SEZ) is designed to enhance trade and export income involving
mega-investment by the private sector industry, the SAZ is needed to save
the lives and livelihoods of small farmers and landless labour by providing
key centralised services to support decentralised small-scale production as
well as market and income security. The SAZ concept will provide an
effective method to end farmers’ suicides by creating a platform for
collective action by all the departments and agencies concerned of the
Central and State governments, private sector industry and civil society
organisations. The present relief measures are fragmented both in design
and implementation, and unless they are replaced with a holistic approach,
with special emphasis on minimising risks and maximising net income, the
crisis will get worse.
While carefully designed SAZs can help end the era of farmers’ suicides,
the emerging larger agricultural production and food security crisis can be
managed if the following steps are taken to achieve an evergreen
revolution, leading to the enhancement of productivity in perpetuity
without associated ecological harm. The five basic components of an
evergreen revolution strategy are:
Conservation of prime farmland for agriculture and soil health care and
enhancement, issue of Soil Health Cards indicating the organic matter and
macro- and micronutrient status of the soil; Water harvesting,
25. management and conjunctive use of surface, rain, ground and treated
effluent water and safeguarding water quality;Credit and insurance reform;
Low-risk and environmentally friendly Green Technologies (such as
integrated pest and nutrient management) and the provision of the needed
inputs at the right time and place and at affordable cost;
Assured and remunerative marketing.
These five steps need to be taken and implemented in an integrated
manner, so that we generate an Ever-green Revolution Symphony. The
above steps are common to all farming zones. However, differentiated
steps are needed in the following three areas:
First, we must defend the gains already made in the Green Revolution
areas of Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh. This heartland of the
Green Revolution, or India’s fertile crescent, is in a state of acute ecological
and economic distress. Conservation farming and green agriculture should
replace exploitative agriculture. Public policies promoting ecocides should
be withdrawn and replaced with incentives for conservation farming. This
region will remain a major source of foodgrains for the public distribution
system, and hence needs urgent attention.
Secondly, we must extend the gains to additional areas like Bihar and the
entire eastern India, which possess good soil and water resources, as well
as to rainfed, hill and coastal areas. A second fertile crescent can be
created immediately in the region comprising Bihar, eastern Uttar Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, West Bengal and Assam, where the untapped production
reservoir even with technologies on the shelf is high.
Finally, we should make new gains, particularly in the areas of farming
systems diversification and value addition. There is now a mismatch
between production and post-harvest technologies. This should end. A
quality literacy and value-addition movement should be launched.
26. CONCLUSION:
Sustainable Agriculture: Organic Farming
In the recent decades, there is an increasing demand of organic foods in
the developed world. Organic farming is an important pillar of sustainable
agriculture, which is beneficial for producers and consumers both. India
has a great potential for organic farming using traditional wisdoms
prevailing in the villages of India. In fact, a large section of Indian
Agriculture uses more or less organic method of farming using minimum
level of chemical inputs. Promotion of organic farming in India could prove
beneficial to increase share of Indian agricultural export in the world
export.
“ We should have targeted 10 per cent agricultural growth which
would have helped remove poverty in the long run rather than 3 per cent
at present.”- Dr. P.Chidambarm.