This document discusses the incorporation of herbal actives into pharmaceuticals. It notes that plants have historically been an important source of medicines, with many modern drugs derived from natural sources. Some key herbal ingredients that provide medicinal uses are discussed, including alkaloids, bitters, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, minerals, phenols, polysaccharides, saponins, tannins, volatile oils, and vitamins. Common herbal excipients like colorants, sweeteners, binders, diluents, viscosity builders, disintegrants, and flavors/perfumes are also outlined. The document emphasizes the advantages of herbal ingredients like being biodegradable, biocompatible,
Colorants or coloring agents are mainly used to impart a distinctive appearance to the pharmaceutical dosage forms.
We can also say that the colorants are the cosmetics for the pharmaceutical preparations, because the aesthetic appearance of dosage forms can be enhanced by using suitable colorants.
Pharmaceutical excipients are substances other than the pharmacologically active drug or prodrug which are included in the manufacturing process or are contained in a finished pharmaceutical product dosage form.
Colorants or coloring agents are mainly used to impart a distinctive appearance to the pharmaceutical dosage forms.
We can also say that the colorants are the cosmetics for the pharmaceutical preparations, because the aesthetic appearance of dosage forms can be enhanced by using suitable colorants.
Pharmaceutical excipients are substances other than the pharmacologically active drug or prodrug which are included in the manufacturing process or are contained in a finished pharmaceutical product dosage form.
Study of some common Conventional excipients with respect to source, chemical nature, role/functions, manufacture/processing steps, interactions, safety:
Lactose, Starch, Magnesium stearate, Talc, Bentonite, Glycerol, Paraffins, Sodium Lauryl Sulphate, Sodium saccharin, Tweens and Spans, Arachis oil, Wool fat, Glyceryl mono stearate
Pharmaceutical excipients are pharmacologically inert substances which are included in the manufacturing process or are contained in a finished pharmaceutical product dosage form to alter the functions.
Pharmaceutical Solutions. Definition: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents.
Dosage forms (also called unit doses) are pharmaceutical drug products in the form in which they are marketed for use, with a specific mixture of active ingredients and inactive components (excipients), in a particular configuration (such as a capsule shell, for example), and apportioned into a particular dose. For example, two products may both be amoxicillin, but one is in 500 mg capsules and another is in 250 mg chewable tablets. The term unit dose can also sometimes encompass non-reusable packaging as well (especially when each drug product is individually packaged[1]), although the FDA distinguishes that by unit-dose "packaging" or "dispensing".[2] Depending on the context, multi(ple) unit dose can refer to distinct drug products packaged together, or to a single drug product containing multiple drugs and/or doses. The term dosage form can also sometimes refer only to the pharmaceutical formulation of a drug product's constituent drug substance(s) and any blends involved, without considering matters beyond that (like how it is ultimately configured as a consumable product such as a capsule, patch, etc.). Because of the somewhat vague boundaries and unclear overlap of these terms and certain variants and qualifiers thereof within the pharmaceutical industry, caution is often advisable when conversing with someone who may be unfamiliar with another person's use of the term.
Depending on the method/route of administration, dosage forms come in several types. These include many kinds of liquid, solid, and semisolid dosage forms. Common dosage forms include pill, tablet, or capsule, drink or syrup, and natural or herbal form such as plant or food of sorts, among many others. Notably, the route of administration (ROA) for drug delivery is dependent on the dosage form of the substance in question. A liquid dosage form is the liquid form of a dose of a chemical compound used as a drug or medication intended for administration or consumption.
Various dosage forms may exist for a single particular drug, since different medical conditions can warrant different routes of administration. For example, persistent nausea, especially with vomiting, may make it difficult to use an oral dosage form, and in such a case, it may be necessary to use an alternative route such as inhalational, buccal, sublingual, nasal, suppository or parenteral instead. Additionally, a specific dosage form may be a requirement for certain kinds of drugs, as there may be issues with various factors like chemical stability or pharmacokinetics. As an example, insulin cannot be given orally because upon being administered in this manner, it is extensively metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) before reaching the blood stream, and is thereby incapable of sufficiently reaching its therapeutic target destinations. The oral and intravenous doses of a drug such as paracetamol will differ for the same reason
Development of Suitable Pharmaceutical Dosage forms through Herbal Plant ExtractSriramNagarajan19
In recent years there is a spurt in the interest regarding survival of Ayurvedic forms of medication. In the global perspective, there is a shift towards the use of medicine of herbal origin, as the dangers and the shortcoming of modern medicine have started getting more apparent, majority of Ayurvedic formulation are prepared from herbs. It is the cardinal responsibility of the regulatory authorities to ensure that the consumers get the medication, which guaranteed the purity, safety, potency and efficacy. As a result of this Standardization arise for maintaining a good coordination among the quality of raw herb material, in process materials and in final product. Present study was carried out to standardize different types of formulations using pharmaceutical excepients.
ABSTRACT- Medicinal plants have been used from the Vedic era. For thousands of years, they have been used to treat and prevent many types of diseases along with epidemics. Some medicinal plants also utilized as pleasant condiments, to flavor, to dye, for conserve food etc. Almost every portion of the plant has own medicinal properties. Different types of secondary metabolites found in the medicinal plants which play an important role in many kinds of diseases and also used for manufacturing medicines. A large number of the plants are also reported to possess many other activities like anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-insecticidal, anti-parasitic, antibiotic, anti-hemolytic properties etc, also used widely by the tribal people all over the world. The traditional medicinal uses of 23 plants species belonging to different families are reported in this review article. Key-words- Traditional medicine, Medicinal plants, Anti-oxidant, Medicinal plants
Study of some common Conventional excipients with respect to source, chemical nature, role/functions, manufacture/processing steps, interactions, safety:
Lactose, Starch, Magnesium stearate, Talc, Bentonite, Glycerol, Paraffins, Sodium Lauryl Sulphate, Sodium saccharin, Tweens and Spans, Arachis oil, Wool fat, Glyceryl mono stearate
Pharmaceutical excipients are pharmacologically inert substances which are included in the manufacturing process or are contained in a finished pharmaceutical product dosage form to alter the functions.
Pharmaceutical Solutions. Definition: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents.
Dosage forms (also called unit doses) are pharmaceutical drug products in the form in which they are marketed for use, with a specific mixture of active ingredients and inactive components (excipients), in a particular configuration (such as a capsule shell, for example), and apportioned into a particular dose. For example, two products may both be amoxicillin, but one is in 500 mg capsules and another is in 250 mg chewable tablets. The term unit dose can also sometimes encompass non-reusable packaging as well (especially when each drug product is individually packaged[1]), although the FDA distinguishes that by unit-dose "packaging" or "dispensing".[2] Depending on the context, multi(ple) unit dose can refer to distinct drug products packaged together, or to a single drug product containing multiple drugs and/or doses. The term dosage form can also sometimes refer only to the pharmaceutical formulation of a drug product's constituent drug substance(s) and any blends involved, without considering matters beyond that (like how it is ultimately configured as a consumable product such as a capsule, patch, etc.). Because of the somewhat vague boundaries and unclear overlap of these terms and certain variants and qualifiers thereof within the pharmaceutical industry, caution is often advisable when conversing with someone who may be unfamiliar with another person's use of the term.
Depending on the method/route of administration, dosage forms come in several types. These include many kinds of liquid, solid, and semisolid dosage forms. Common dosage forms include pill, tablet, or capsule, drink or syrup, and natural or herbal form such as plant or food of sorts, among many others. Notably, the route of administration (ROA) for drug delivery is dependent on the dosage form of the substance in question. A liquid dosage form is the liquid form of a dose of a chemical compound used as a drug or medication intended for administration or consumption.
Various dosage forms may exist for a single particular drug, since different medical conditions can warrant different routes of administration. For example, persistent nausea, especially with vomiting, may make it difficult to use an oral dosage form, and in such a case, it may be necessary to use an alternative route such as inhalational, buccal, sublingual, nasal, suppository or parenteral instead. Additionally, a specific dosage form may be a requirement for certain kinds of drugs, as there may be issues with various factors like chemical stability or pharmacokinetics. As an example, insulin cannot be given orally because upon being administered in this manner, it is extensively metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) before reaching the blood stream, and is thereby incapable of sufficiently reaching its therapeutic target destinations. The oral and intravenous doses of a drug such as paracetamol will differ for the same reason
Development of Suitable Pharmaceutical Dosage forms through Herbal Plant ExtractSriramNagarajan19
In recent years there is a spurt in the interest regarding survival of Ayurvedic forms of medication. In the global perspective, there is a shift towards the use of medicine of herbal origin, as the dangers and the shortcoming of modern medicine have started getting more apparent, majority of Ayurvedic formulation are prepared from herbs. It is the cardinal responsibility of the regulatory authorities to ensure that the consumers get the medication, which guaranteed the purity, safety, potency and efficacy. As a result of this Standardization arise for maintaining a good coordination among the quality of raw herb material, in process materials and in final product. Present study was carried out to standardize different types of formulations using pharmaceutical excepients.
ABSTRACT- Medicinal plants have been used from the Vedic era. For thousands of years, they have been used to treat and prevent many types of diseases along with epidemics. Some medicinal plants also utilized as pleasant condiments, to flavor, to dye, for conserve food etc. Almost every portion of the plant has own medicinal properties. Different types of secondary metabolites found in the medicinal plants which play an important role in many kinds of diseases and also used for manufacturing medicines. A large number of the plants are also reported to possess many other activities like anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-insecticidal, anti-parasitic, antibiotic, anti-hemolytic properties etc, also used widely by the tribal people all over the world. The traditional medicinal uses of 23 plants species belonging to different families are reported in this review article. Key-words- Traditional medicine, Medicinal plants, Anti-oxidant, Medicinal plants
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
This is an introduction to Pharmacology, which is very helpful for nursing students. This presentation tells about classification, sources, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
Medicinal plants importance,scope and uses.ShekhAlisha
A considerable number of definitions have been proposed for the term 'medicinal plant'. According
to the World Health Organization, "a medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its
organs/parts, contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes, or which are precursors for
chemo-pharmaceutical semi synthesis"
Laxatives Pharmacognosy chapter 5th notes.pdf
Biological source, chemical constituents and therapeutic
efficacy of the following categories of crude drugs.
Laxatives Aloe, Castor oil, Ispaghula, Senna
Sources of crude drugs (natural)
Drugs obtained from Plants, Animals, Marine, Microorganism, Mineral and from Biotechnology (plant tissue culture) are covered in the presentation
Similar to Incorporation of herbal actives in pharmaceuticals (20)
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- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Incorporation of herbal actives in pharmaceuticals
1. Incorporation of herbal actives in
pharmaceuticals
Presented By:
AVITASHRI SAGAR PATIL
M. Pharm First Year [Dept. of Pharmaceutics]
Rajarambapu College of Pharmacy, Kasegaon.
Rajarambapu College of Pharmacy, Kasegaon.
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2. Introduction:-
• Plants produce many chemicals that are biologically active, not
just in themselves, but also in other organisms.
• The use of herbal products, especially plants for healing is as
ancient and universal as medicine itself.
• Hippocrates, one of the ancient authors who described medicinal
natural products of plant and animal origins, listed approximately
400 different plant species for medicinal purposes.
• World Health Organisation (WHO),some 3.4 billion people in the
developing world depends on plant based traditional medicines.
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3. • An impressive number of modern drugs have been derived from
natural sources. Over the last century, a number of top selling drugs
have been developed from natural products.
• Nature has been a potential source of therapeutic agents for
thousands of years.
• Example :-
• Anticancer drug vincristine from Vinca rosea, Narcotic analgesic
drug Morphine from Papaver somniferum, Antimalarial drug
artemisinin from Artemisia annua, Anticancer drug Taxol from Taxus
brevifolia and Antibiotic drug Penicillin from penicillium .
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5. Disadvantages :-
Microbial contamination
Variation
The uncontrolled rate of hydration
Slow process
Heavy metal contamination
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6. Several examples of herbal active ingredients
that provide medicinal uses for human being
1. Alkaloids:-
This group is comprised of a wide variety of plants that contain
nitrogen-bearing molecules that makes them very active. many of these
plants have been used to create well-known drugs used for medicinal
purposes.
Example:- Vincristine, which was derived from periwinkle is used to treat
cancer.
2. Bitters:-
This group is comprised of a variety of plants that are lumped
together because of their very bitter taste. This bitterness causes
stimulation of the salivary glands and digestive organs. As such, bitters can
be used to improve appetite and strengthen the digestive system.
Example:- wormwood and hops.
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7. 3. Cardiac glycosides:-
These compounds are found in various medicinal plants
and have strong direct action on the heart. Cardiac glycoside such as
digitoxin, digoxin ,and convallotoxin support heart strength and rates
of contraction when failing. These compounds also have a diuretic
effect that stimulates urine production and aids in removal of fluid
from tissues and the circulatory system.
Example:- Foxglove, Lily.
4. Cyanogenic Glycosides:-
These glycocides are based upon cyanide, a very deadly poison, but
in small doses, they can serve as a muscle relaxant. The bark of wild
cherry and the leaves of elderberry (Sambucus racemosa) contain
cyanogenic glycocides, which can be used to suppress and soothe dry
coughs.
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8. 5. Flavonoids:-
Flavonoids are found widely throughout the plant world and they
have a wide range of medicinal uses and actions. They often act as
pigments giving a yellow or white color to flowers and fruits. Some
flavonoids have anti-viral and anti-inflammatory properties. Flavonoids
found in many plants like lemon and buckwheat are known to strengthen
capillaries and prevent leakage into tissues.
6. Minerals:-
Many plants have high levels of minerals because they can draw
minerals from the soil and can convert them into a form that is more
easily used by the human body. Mineral content is often the key factor in
a plant’s effectiveness as a medicine. One example of a plant high in
minerals is horsetail. The high silica content in horsetail plants is used
for arthritis because it supports the repair of connective tissue.
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9. 7. Phenols:-
Phenols are plant compounds that are thought to be produced to
protect against infection and herbivory by insects. They are often anti-
inflammatory and antiseptic and can have anti-viral properties. Phenols
vary in structure and range from salicylic acid (similar to aspirin) to
complex sugar-containing phenolic acids. Wintergreen and willow
contain salicylates. Members of the mint family often contain phenols.
8. Polysaccharides:-
Polysaccharides are found in all plants and comprised of multiple
units of sugar molecules linked together. For medicinal purposes, the
“sticky” polysaccharides produce mucilage or gums that are commonly
found in bark, roots, leaves, and seeds. These sticky polysaccharides
are able to soak up large quantities of water and form jelly like masses
that can be used to treat dry or irritated tissues such as skin and
mucous membranes.
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10. 9. Proanthocyanins:-
These compounds are pigments, which give fruits and flowers
red, purple, or blue hues and are closely related to tannins and
flavonoids. These compounds have been documented to be valuable
in protection of circulation specifically in the heart, eyes, and feet.
Red grapes, blackberries, and hawthorn berries all have high levels of
proanthocyanins.
10. Saponins:-
This group of active compounds obtains its name from the fact
that like soap, they produce lather when placed in water. There are
two main forms of saponins: steroidal and triterpenoid. Steroidal
saponins are very similar to the chemical structures of many of the
human body’s hormones including estrogen and cortisol. Examples
plants containing saponins include agave, wild yam, and several
members of the lily family. Several native plants are used in a process
to produce synthetic hormones for humans.
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11. 11. Tannins:-
Most plants produce tannins. Tannins serve as a deterrent to
herbivory by insects and grazing animals given that that they provide
a harsh unpalatable flavor. Tannins are also useful in curing leather
because of their tendency to contract and astringe tissues by binding
with precipitating proteins. Examples of plants high in tannins include
oak bark and black catechu.
12. Volatile oils:-
Volatile oils are extracted from plants and are used to produce
essential oils that play a very important role in medicinal botany.
These oils are often very complex and can be comprised of 100 or
more compounds. These oils have many uses. For example, tea tree
oil is a strong antiseptic. Resins and gums are often linked with
essential oils, however these are not volatile.
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12. 13. Vitamins:-
Many plants contain high levels of useful vitamins. Many well-
known fruits and vegetables have high levels of vitamin C and beta-
carotene. Lesser-known vitamin containing plants like watercress, rose
hips, and sea buckthorn have high levels of vitamins B, C, and E.
Herbal excipients:-
1. Colorants:-
In India, there are more than 450 plants that can yield dyes. In
addition to their dye-yielding characteristics, some of these plants also
possess medicinal value. The use of natural products together with their
therapeutic properties is as ancient as human civilization.
Example:- Natural dyes obtained from plants - Berry, flower, bark, leaf,
seed etc. (e.g. Catechu,
Indigofera, Myrobalan and Pomegranate).
Rajarambapu College of Pharmacy, Kasegaon.
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13. 2. Sweeteners:-
Artificial sweeteners may be derived through manufacturing of
plant extracts or processed by chemical synthesis. Sugar alcohols such
as erythritol, xylitol, and sorbitol are derived from sugars. In 2017,
sucralose was the most common sugar substitute used in the
manufacture of foods and beverages.
Example:-Stevia is used in many parts of the world as a non-caloric
sweetener. Along with sweetness, a bitter taste is also felt in humans.
3. Binders:-
Binder excipients are formulated to act as an adhesive to
literally “bind together” powders, granules and other dry ingredients
to impart to the product the necessary mechanical strength.
Example:- Gelatine , cellulose, cellulose derivatives, polyvinyl
pyrrolidone , starch, sucrose and polyethylene glycol.
Rajarambapu College of Pharmacy, Kasegaon.
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14. 4. Diluents :-
Diluents act as fillers in pharmaceutical tablets to increase
weight and improve content uniformity. Natural diluents include
starches, hydrolyzed starches, and partially pre-gelatinized starches.
Example:- anhydrous lactose, lactose monohydrate, and sugar alcohols
such as sorbitol, xylitol and mannitol.
5. Viscosity builders :-
Viscosity modifiers are designed to change the thickness or texture
of pharmaceutical ingredients. . A viscosity modifier can decrease the
thickness of a liquid to improve pour ability and ultimately make it
more palatable.
Example:- Gum, xanthan gum, and gelatin.
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15. 6. Disintegrants :-
Disintegrants are added to oral solid dosage forms to aid in
their de-aggregation. Disintegrants are formulated to cause a rapid
break-up of solids dosage forms when they come into contact with
moisture.
Example:- Lepidium sativum known as asaliyo and widely used as herbal
medicine and pharmaceutical excipient as disintegrating agent.
7. Flavors & perfumes :-
Flavoring materials are received from a number of sources, and
mostly from plants such as from flower, leaf, stem or bark. These
Flavoring agents have good importance within the business of
medication, they are additionally referred to as “masking agents” or
“bitter blockers”.
Example:- peppermint, clove, eucalyptus and citrus fruits, menthol,
nutmeg, cinnamon.
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