An entity-relationship diagram (ERD) models relational data using entities, attributes, and relationships. ERDs provide a graphical representation of data that helps design relational database schemas. The relational model then structures the data from the ERD into tables, rows, and columns to enable storage, queries, and updates of the data. Properly normalizing the data into multiple tables avoids data anomalies that can arise from redundancy in a flat file structure. Together, ERDs and the relational model provide an effective way to conceptualize, design, and manage structured data in a database.

1. In Memory Database Essay
A No–SQL (often interpreted as Not Only SQL) database provides a mechanism for storage and
retrieval of data that is modelled in means other than the tabular relations used in relational
databases. Motivations for this approach include simplicity of design, horizontal scaling and finer
control over availability.
What is In Memory Database?
An in–memory database (IMDB; also main memory database system or MMDB or memory resident
database) is a database management system that primarily relies on main memory for computer data
storage. It is contrasted with database management systems that employ a disk storage mechanism.
Main memory databases are faster than disk–optimized databases since the internal optimization
algorithms are simpler and execute ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are two factors hastening the use of in–memory technology, and DataStax introduced the
latest database management system (DBMS) to add in–memory processing capabilities.
DataStax Enterprise is a highly scalable DBMS based on open source Apache Cassandra. Its
strengths are flexible NoSQL data modeling, multi–data–center support, and linear scalability on
clustered commodity hardware. Customers like eBay, Netflix, and others typically run globally
distributed deployments at massive scale.
Use cases for the new feature include scenarios in which semi–static data experience frequent
overwrites. Examples include sites or apps with top–10 or top–20 lists that are constantly updated,
online games with active leader boards, online gambling sites, or online shopping sites with active
"like," "want," and "own" listings.
DataStax is following in familiar footsteps, as lots of DBMS vendors are adding in–memory
features. Microsoft, for example, has extensively previewed an In–Memory OLTP option (formerly
project Hekaton) that will be included in soon–to–be–launched Microsoft SQL Server 2014. And
Oracle has announced that it, too, will add an in–memory option for its flagship 12c database.
General release of that option isn't expected until early next
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3. Sql Server Vs Oracle : Sql
SQL Server vs Oracle
Background of SQL:
A group that was commissioned by IBM created a simplified version of DSL/Alpha (DSL/Alpha
was proposed by Dr. Edgar F. Ted Codd for manipulating the data in relational database) and named
it as SQUARE. With few additional functionalities to SQUARE they created a new language called
SEQUEL. Later on SEQUEL was renamed as SQL (Structured Query Language). In 1980s,
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) began to work on the SQL language and by the end
of 1986 they first published the standard SQL language. Later on new standards have been released
in SQL during 1989 to till date.
Background of Microsoft SQL Server: Microsoft SQL Server is a Relational Database management
system that was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fully managed Microsoft SQL server is recommended for colleges, or other groups that require SQL
server but doesn't have proper hardware or software to support the database. Background of Oracle:
Oracle is a US based multinational computer technology corporation which develops and markets
computer hardware and software products. Oracle develop tools for database development,
Enterprise System Software and many other tools. Oracle is the second largest software corporation
in terms of their revenue after Microsoft. Larry Ellison is the co–founder of Oracle Corporation with
Bob Miner and Ed Oates under the name Software Development Laboratories. Later on they
changed the name to Relational Software Inc in the year 1979 by developing some DBMS
functionalities to the former one. Slowly they rename it to Oracle in the year 1995. He also served as
CEO of Oracle till mid of September 2014.
Oracle database is an object relational database management system produced and marketed by
Oracle Corporation. The Oracle RDBMS stores the data logically in the form of tablespaces and
physically in the form of data files. Tablespaces can contain variour types of memory segments such
as data segments, Index segments etc. Segments in turn contains one or more extents. Extents
contains groups of contiguous data blocks. Data blocks form the basic units of Data storage. Oracle
is planning for newer versions of database
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5. Database Vs. Relational Database Model
One size fits all. The developers go to for all data. You need only a relational database. This is the
false assumption that you will see when it comes to database models. The relational database model
is great for data that normally can fit into a table, or shows relationships between data, but not all
data falls into that category. There are a few options for these situations. You can use an object–
oriented database, a hierarchical database, a network database, and a flat–file database. The first
alternative is known as the object–oriented. In a document–oriented database model, each individual
record, and all of the data associated with that record, is thought of as a document. In this type of
database, everything that is related to a database object, or document, is grouped together. This
keeps the database organized, and easier to find things that are related to each other. Each document
is encoding data in some format or encoding. The most common formats include XML, JSON and
BSON. These are just some of the formats available, but these seem to be the most popular formats
that are being used.
A document can have single, or even multiple fields. These fields can vary from document to
document, which gives each document a lot of flexibility. There is no need to worry about
constraints, like we see in our relational database, but validation documents can be made to enforce
rules as needed. This type of database can typically accept multiple languages, instead of just
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7. Relational Model: Alan Page Fiske's Theory
RELATIONAL MODELS THEORY Introduction Alan Page Fiske catalyzed the advocacy of the
relational model 's theory (RMT) in 1991. The theory states that there are four natural ways of
interrelating with other people. The author established the four models in his article structures of
social life. Fiske affirms that the models work together in varying combinations and control almost
all transactions by human beings (Bolender, 2010, p.60). He further asserts that the models unify
ideas on moral judgment, social justice, religious, political ideology, and social conflict. It also
informs the reactions to misfortunes and transgression. He explains that they are the foundation of
human sociality (Bolender, 2010, p.60). The four models of relations as identified by Fiske include
market pricing, equality matching, authority ranking, and communal sharing. The theory suggests
the four models as the first cognitive models which represent, comprehends, evaluates, and
constructs social relationships (Haslam, 2004, p.3). Therefore, the models do not define the type of
relationships that exists between individuals in principle; the models are not empirically independent
but are a contingent matter regarding the degree of their association as they operate in a culture
(Fiske and Fiske, 2007, p.284). The culture adopted by different communities varies according to
the combination of the four models. Fiske (1999) argues that everyone except the person with
mental incapacitation who will confuse
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9. Questions On Online Analytical Processing
CHAPTER 3
On–Line Analytical Processing
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) applications and tools are those that are designed to ask
"complex queries of large multidimensional collections of data." OLAP is used for data mining, as
well as the discovery of undiscerned relationship between data items. Since not all transactional data
is needed for trend analysis, the OLAP database doesn't have to be as large as a data warehouse.
With the use of Open Database Connectivity (ODBC), data can be imported from existing relational
databases to create a multidimensional database for OLAP.
The Need for OLAP: What drives the OLAP system is the multidimensional nature of the business
problem. These problems are characterized by retrieving a very ... Show more content on
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The OLAP Guidelines:
Dr. E.F. Codd the "father" of the relational database model, created a list of rules or yardstick needed
to measure any set of OLAP systems. Users should priorities these rules according to their needs to
match their business requirements.
These rules are:
1) Multidimensional Conceptual View: The OLAP system should provide an appropriate
multidimensional data model that matches the business problems as well as its requirements.
2) Transparency: The OLAP tool should be transparent to users. These transparency helps to
improve efficiency and productivity of users by providing them with the front–end tools that are
familiar to them.
3) Accessibility: The OLAP tool should only provide access to data needed to perform a specific
analysis.
4) Consistent Reporting Performance: Its important to ensure that users doesn't experience any form
of degradation in performance due to increase in the size of database.
5) Client/server Architecture: The OLAP system should use the client server architecture to ensure
optimum performance, flexibility, adaptability and interoperability.
6) Generic Dimensionality: The OLAP tool should ensure that the data dimensions entering should
be equivalent to both the structure and operation capabilities.
7) Dynamic Sparse Matrix Handling: The OLAP too should be able to manage the sparse matrix that

10. is, the system should be able to deduce the distribution of data and adjust the storage so as to
achieve and
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12. Essay on Computer Forurm
Chapter 5 Normalization of Database Tables Discussion Focus Why are some table structures
considered to be bad and others good and how do you recognize the difference between good and
bad structures? From an information management point of view, possibly the most vexing and
destructive problems are created through uncontrolled data redundancies. Such redundancies
produce update and delete anomalies that create data integrity problems. The loss of data integrity
can destroy the usefulness of the data within the database. (If necessary, review Chapter 1, Section
1.4.4, "Data Redundancy", to make sure that your students understand the terminology and that they
appreciate the dangers of data redundancy.) Table structures are ... Show more content on
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Unfortunately, normalization is only a part of the "good design to implementation" process. For
example, normalization | |does not detect the presence of synonyms. | | | |Remind your students that
normalization takes place in tandem with data modeling. The proper procedure is to follow these
steps: | |Create a detailed description of operations. | |Derive all the appropriate business rules from
the description of operations. | |Model the data with the help of a good tool such as Visio's Crow's
Foot option to produce an initial ERD. This ERD is the initial database blueprint.| |Use the
normalization procedures to remove data redundancies. This process may produce additional
entities. | |Revise the ERD created in step
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14. Relational Data Models Versus No Sql Data Model
Relational Data Model Versus No SQL Data Model
Rutu Patel
CSIT 555 Database Systems
Midterm Research Paper
[1] INTRODUCTION:
The term database can be defined as the collection of systematic, well–ordered and structured data
that can be easily and efficiently handled, retrieved and upgraded on a periodic basis depending on
its requirements. The structure and organization of any database is based upon its respective
database model.
A unique database model is implemented by each database depending upon the logical structure of
the data that is being handled by that database. There are numerous distinct database models out in
the market at present that allow the application developers to effectively manage the data. The most
widely welcomed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fundamental theory of logical relations among the grouped data is incorporated in the relational
database model. This method offers numerous advantages such as keeping the structured data in an
organized and logically related manner, ease of data handling in case of related data or information,
simplicity of data management and many more. In general, it can be stated that those database
systems that assimilate the technique of relational SQL data model can execute in a productive and
precise method.
[3] THE NO SQL DATABASE SYSTEM AND KEY–VALUE STORE DATA MODEL:
The term "No SQL" is considered in a much wider vision which means "Not Only SQL". This can
be elaborated in the sense that the concept of No SQL does not consider the complete elimination of
SQL language, rather it focuses on supporting other SQL like queries. The No SQL Database
basically follows a model–free approach. The leading advantage of implementing the No SQL
database is eliminating all the restrictions of the rigorously followed structured model in the
relational database system. In No SQL approach, there are many flexibilities of choosing eligible
data structure according to the information or data that has to be handled. Some of the widely
followed data models of the No SQL database are key value stores, column family stores, document
database, graph database, etc. The fundamental concept behind the development of the key–value
store data model is to create a data model that
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16. Knapp's Relational Development Model
What forms of communication was Knapp's ideal of Relational Development model were identified.
Explain each stage and apply relevant examples.
According to Knapp's model of Relational Development, he described the stages in which a
relationship goes within the make up and break up steps of coming together and coming apart. This
blog will discuss each stage with examples.
When there is a bond between two individuals, the first overall part is the coming together stage. It
is when both parties interact with one another in the process of forming a relationship, this is called
Initiating. For example, the likeness of one another, their personality and what makes you like the
person, it is the combination of you and the other person. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Although the bonding stage is most likely where people intend to keep their relationship going
forever, sometimes it does not happen. Until now, the rank of divorce couples is higher than the rate
of committed couples.
Therefore, just like the coming together stages of a relationship there are five stages to coming apart.
The first sign of a relationship coming to an end is Differentiating, meaning the couple's
commonalities and differences are affecting them. In the course of this stage, the impetus of
"working together" stance instantly move from "couple" to "individualistic". Temporary
estrangement become a solution. For that reason, the relationship shifts rapidly from differences to
setting boundaries on the couple's interaction. This is called the Circumscribing stage, which means
to know everything you need to know about your partner but you avoid it by going around the
problem. It is like saying your partner isn't sincere so you avoid the problem and not sort it out
which includes less communication.
The fourth stage is Stagnating, simply means that once you find out your partner is unfaithful you
remain to do nothing about it. For instance, you know your partner is playing around so you let it
carry on until action is taken. Which eventually comes down to the final stage which is Terminating.
This is where relationship ends completely. Though it is hard to avoid relationships from getting to
this stage of
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18. Relational Turbulence Model Essay
Social support is one of the key tenants in anyone's life. Social support proves to be more important
for those who are dealing with mental health issues such as depression. The relational turbulence
model is very important in understanding how the relationship between those with depression and
their families. The relationship turbulence model Knobloch and Delaney (2012) implies that the
model shows how people with depressive symptoms should handle relational uncertainty and
interference from their partners. Relational uncertainty can be defined as how unsure people are
with the status of their relationship with someone (Knobloch and Delaney 2012). It is important to
understand this model in order to comprehend how those with depression are affected by the people
around them. In this paper I will be researching in what ways do relational uncertainty and
emotional support affect younger and older populations with depression. It is important to
understand the difference between age cohorts in terms of dealing with their depression.
According to Stahl et al. (2017) a substantial amount of older adults live on their own, in 2010 it
was reported that 11 million older adults lived alone. And within that statistic the rates of older ...
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2017). Although not the same concept as having familial support it is seen that those who have
better relationships within their neighborhood have less depressive symptoms. "In addition to the
physical aspect of one's neighborhood, feelings of neighborhood belonging, and social cohesion is
also associated with good mental health" (Stahl et al. 2017; 1065). It can be argued that community
involvement and being mildly integrated with society led to a better quality of life for older adults
with
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20. Entity-Relationship Diagrams and the Relational Model
Review Entity–Relationship Diagrams and the Relational Model
CS 186, Fall 2007, Lecture 2 R & G, Chaps. 2&3
A relationship, I think, is like a shark, you know? It has to constantly move forward or it dies. And I
think what we got on our hands is a dead shark.
Woody Allen (from Annie Hall, 1979)
Why use a DBMS? OS provides RAM and disk
Review
Why use a DBMS? OS provides RAM and disk
– Concurrency – Recovery – Abstraction, Data Independence – Query Languages – Efficiency (for
most tasks) – Security – Data Integrity
Data Models
DBMS models real world Data Model is link between user's view of the world and bits stored in
computer Many models exist We think in terms of..
– Relational Model (clean and common) – ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
– Owner entity set and weak entity set must participate in a one–to–many relationship set (one
owner, many weak entities). – Weak entity set must have total participation in this identifying
relationship set. name ssn lot cost pname age
Basically means "at least one" name ssn Employees lot Manages since did dname budget
Departments
Works_In
Means: "exactly one" since Employees
Policy
Dependents
Weak entities have only a "partial key" (dashed underline)

21. Binary vs. Ternary Relationships ssn name lot Covers pname age
Binary vs. Ternary Relationships (Contd.)
Previous example illustrated a case when two binary relationships were better than one ternary
relationship.
If each policy is owned by just 1 employee:
Employees
Dependents
Bad design
Key constraint on Policies would mean policy can name ssn only cover 1 dependent! Think through
all the constraints in the 2nd diagram! policyid lot
Policies cost pname age
Employees Purchaser
Dependents
Beneficiary
An example in the other direction: a ternary relation Contracts relates entity sets Parts, Departments
and Suppliers, and has descriptive attribute qty. No combination of binary relationships is an
adequate substitute. (With no new entity sets!)
Better design policyid Policies cost
Binary vs. Ternary Relationships (Contd.) qty Parts Contract Departments
Summary so far
Entities and Entity Set (boxes) Relationships and Relationship sets
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23. Application Software And Relational Databases
Computer software can be divided into two main categories: application software and system
software.
Application Software:
Application Software includes programs that do real work for user.
Example:
Payroll systems, Inventory Control, Manage student database, Word Processor, Spreadsheet and
Database Management System etc.
Application software consists of the programs for performing tasks particular to the machine's
utilization. Examples of application software include spreadsheets, database systems, desktop
publishing systems, program development software, and games." Application software is generally
what we think of when someone speaks of computer programs. This software is designed to solve a
particular problem for users.
System ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The information handled and manipulated by the other layers of an n–tier system is basically stored
in a structured manner in a database. Take an example of any organization. How do you think they
store their employee and customer information? Yes, they store it in a database. Imagine a website
and where do you think the site maintains the login information about its users? The answer is again,
a database.
A relational database contains tables which are linked together. Each table contains records which
contain fields. A query can filter your records to show just the ones that meet certain criteria or to
arrange them in a particular order.
[pic]
Relational Databases – An Introduction
One of the most popularly used database models is the relational model. It was developed by Edgar
Codd in 1969. This model provides a declarative method for specification of data and queries. In a
relational model of a database, the database users directly state the information they want to be
retrieved from it and abstract away from the responsibility of describing the data structures that are
used to store data. A database that confirms to the relational database model is known as a relational

24. database.
A relational database is a collection of relations or tables. The rows of a table in a relational database
are known as tuples and each column of a table is called an attribute. By definition, a relation
becomes a set of tuples having the same attributes. Operations,
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26. A Brief Note On Internet And Cloud Technology
Analysis on Database
Yakub Baba Mahammad ymahamma@kent.edu 810787990 NoSQL DB over Relational DB
Abstract:
As the use of Internet and cloud technology have increase a lot, traditional database are inefficient
for storing large amount of data and the demand for data bases which are efficient in storage and
retrieval are increasing more. Using concurrent processing data retrieval is fast and NoSQL process
using concurrent processing. Introduction:
Present day most of the clients are using the traditional databases like Oracle, DB2 etc and are
experiencing problems in storage and performance. A large number of changes are required so that
they can overcome all the drawback of the traditional database and researches are carrying out
which is resulting in the database which differ from the normal database characteristics. Various
number of clients are changing to NoSQL to overcome the drawbacks they are facing in traditional
Database. So NoSQL have increasing demand because of following properties:
Concurrent processing
Databases are required ot process at the high speed and less delay with the major goal of satisfying
the client in terms of performance.
Scalability, Reliability and Availability:
With the large number of simultaneous and great need of information storage for large data storage
and guarantee fast continuous administration. Concurrent query processing is done which is more
efficient, retrieves the data quickly and update the database without
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28. Microsoft Sql Database Management System
Introduction and Methodology
Microsoft SQL Database Administrator Database plays a major role in any organization. As a
Database administrator(DBA) he/she is responsible in developing, implementing and maintaining
the databases and DBA 's are also responsible in updating, backup 's and security of the databases.
The first Database Management System was developed in the late 1960 's by two firms based on
their network data model but in the early 1970's a scientist of IBM introduced Relational database
theory after six years IBM completed prototype on RDBMS (relational database management
system). Oracle created the first versatile Relational Database Management Systems In 1983, which
allowed organizations to use their DBMS on different machines including mainframes,
workstations, and Pc 's. In 1993 Microsoft first created a database application called Access for
Macintosh machines. Microsoft SQL server is a RDBMS which is used to store and retrieve the data
by other software applications. There are 12 types of servers concentrated on various types of user 's
from single computer to large networks (Microsoft SQL DBA). I have pursued my under graduation
in Information Technology, during my course work I was more interested in databases and I have
developed special interest in making it as my career. I have learned basics of all database concepts
and I have attended extra tuitions and seminars to get in depth knowledge about it. In the last
semester of my master's program I
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30. The 's Model Of Relational Development
Throughout an individual 's life, they will be consistently forming and breaking relationships with
other people. Relationships that a person will develop can go through some or all the stages of
Knapp 's model of relational development. When a relationship is progressing through Knapp 's
different stages, the individuals in a relationship will go through the different types of dialectic
tension and conflict. In the movie, The Boy in the Striped Pajamas, two relationships are needed to
be analyzed to fulfill the coming together phase, the coming apart phase, the three dialectic tensions,
and the different types of conflict.
In the movie, Bruno and Shmuel, the two main characters, can be seen going through the five
coming together stages: initiating, experimenting, intensifying, integrating, bonding. In the initiating
stage, two people meet and exchange typical pleasantries such as hello and nice to meet you. Bruno
and Shmuel go through this phase by saying phrases like "hello" and "what is your name?" at the
fence of the concentration camp. The next stage is experimenting, which is when two people
exchange small talk to see if they have anything in common. This stage comes right after the
initiating stage and continues to their next meeting when Bruno starts asking Shamel questions such
as do you likes games and how old are you. The third stage is the intensifying stage which is when
two individuals are more likely to touch and the range of topics increase. The intensifying
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32. What Is Super Key in Dbms
What Is Super Key In Dbms?
Superkey – A superkey is defined in the relational model as a set ofattributes of a relation variable
(relvar) for which it holds that inall relations assigned to that variable there are no two distincttuples
(rows) that have the same values for the attributes... in Software
What Is Super Key In Dbms Give Example?
A superkey is a combination of attributes that can be uniquely used to identify a database
record.With primary key if any other attribute is added then that combination is called super key in
other words,primary key is the minimum possible... in SQL & Databases
What Is The Primary Key, Super Key, Foreign Key And ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An attribute alone that can identify uniquely in a relation is called Primary Key.
There can be several key 's in a given relation, that can be identified uniquely. Those can be called
Candidate keys.
Great Answer Not Helpful Report
Ruwindada 9 months ago
[pic]
0 Super key is a subset of candidate key.it may be or may not be irreduceable.
Great Answer Not Helpful Report
Girl_cool 9 months ago
[pic]
0 A super key is the set of one or more attribute that allow us to identify uniquely entity in an entity
set.
E.g the customer_id attribute of the entity set customer is sufficient to distinguish one customer
entity from another.
Great Answer Not Helpful Report
Guest 6 months ago Ads by Google Chrysler Skim Code Reader Read and Re–Program Skim
Modules CAN and NON CAN www.getskim.com
Levels of abstractions Database Management WinSQL – A Homogeneous Solution for
Heterogeneous Environment. www.synametrics.com
[pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic]Find Answers for: Discuss The Different Levels Of Abstraction In A
Database Management System
[pic]
0

33. There are views as to how users see the relevant data. Levels of abstraction include single
conceptual or logical schema and the physical schema. Basically the Conceptual Schema within a
Database Management System defines logical structure while physical schema defines/describes the
indexes and flies used. Conceptual
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35. The Relational Model For Data Storage
Abstract
The relational model, which uses predefined tabular relations to store data, has remained the
preeminent model for data storage since it was first implemented in the early 1980s. However, due
to the proliferation of the Internet, today data flows in and out of organizations quickly, and most of
this data is in a semi–structured state that is designed for communication over http. It is difficult to
fit this complex data into a flat two dimensional array. For that reason, it is imperative that
companies have the ability to store data in a semi–structured format compatible with modern
network communications as well as various platforms and devices. The market has realized this and
responded with document stores that support formats, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the proliferation of the Internet in the late twentieth century has changed the database
landscape rapidly and drastically.
Today, interconnected networks around the globe stream data to a profusion of devices that range
from powerful mainframe supercomputers, and massive grids of commodity machines to
smartphones and tiny single–board computers embedded in home appliances. Most of the flow of
data is done through the Internet or over other large TCP/IP networks that utilize HTTP
communications. For that reason, most of this data is in a semi–structured state that is designed not
for storage in a relational database, but for communication over HTTP. This data often arrives and
leaves in a voluminous stream. It is therefore difficult for organizations to convert the data quickly
to and from a format that is conforms to the rigid tabular structure of a relational schema.
Support for semi–structured data is integral to the collection and storage of data in the Internet age.
While the relational model is sill a good long term storage solution, organizations must be able to
store and query semi–structured data that is in a format compatible with HTTP communication
because almost all modern devices use this medium of communication. While XML can serve as a
solution to this problem, JSON, a condensed format that is based on the well–known JavaScript
language, has many benefits over XML which I will
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37. Annotated Bibliography On Hierarchical Database
Hierarchical Database Kind of database model which is designed in a hierarchy completely access to
data beginning at the highest of hierarchical then changes to down such as customer to order. Also
this system relation records together same a family tree that each record has just one owner. The
hierarchical typical structure has levels which shows one –to – many also relationship between a
parent and children divisions. The main key this models which following by each parent can have
many children as well each child has simply one parent. This models most common if you compared
with network and relational database because can be manage by huge amounts of data for difficult
projects. Advantages Speed very efficiency Data ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The application standard to use this kind of database is the structured query language (SQL) This
statements are used for both communication with queries for information from a relational database
this schema set of tables contain data built into predefined categories. Each table contains one or
more data categories in columns, each row contains a unique instance of data for the categories
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39. Association Quiz
Answer the following: a. What is an association, and what kinds of associations are possible among
application entities? An association is a connection between two active record models. Given in
model a, there is: i. Belongs_to: b | a contains a foreign key for a record in the b table. With this, a.b
would give to the b record that a has the key for. ii. Has_one: b | There is at most one record b which
has a foreign key for a record in a. A.b would give you the b record that has this a's key iii.
Has_many: b | There are zero or more records in the b table which has a foreign key which points to
a record in a. A.b would give you a collection of b records that have this a's key as a foreign key iv.
Has_many: b :through c | Table c has at least 2 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
vi. Has_and_belongs_to_many: b | There is Join Table, this is a many–to– many association. A.b
returns a collection of b records whose ids are in the same row as this a's id on the join table b.
Identify and describe the mechanism provided by relational databases to model associations. One
record has a foreign key for another record in a different table.A foreign key is the id of a record in a
different table. This is done through BU CS–545 Spring 2016 Final 287 convention. If table a
belongs to b, then there is a column in a called b_id, which can hold an integer. Each valid slot in
b_id contains an integer for which there is a record in b with that id, recalling that each record must
have a unique id. In has_many_and_belongs to, a third table must be created, called a join table,
which contains a foreign key for both a and b. By convention, this table is called AB, the names of
the tables being joined, in alphabetical order, and has the columns a_id and b_id. Using the through
association substitutes and
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41. Applying Normalized Tables And The Model Of The Entity...
then be able to identify the dependencies between the attributes, and then create normalized tables
directly based on those dependencies. More often than not this can be done mentally or on paper
before the tables are even added to the actual design.
Normalization appropriates the affiliation amongst all of the attributes within the entity table to
achieve its goal. Since the Entity Relationship Diagram will also contain the appropriations amongst
the attributes, as a common base to identify the entity type structure, than it is possible to then apply
the normalization principles, all during the conceptual data modeling phase. Enacting Normalization
during the Entity Relationship Diagram can then improve the conceptual model, and therefore ...
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The relationship are then indicated by the common columns, or the domains, in the data tables are
related. The Transitive Dependency within an entity type takes place of the non entity attributive
attributes have dependency amongst there selves. Multi – Valued dependency likeness in the Entity
Relationship Diagram can take place when the attributes within the entity example have more than
one value. This is a potential instance when some attributes within an entity examples have the
maximum cardinality of n, or more than 1. When the attribute has lots of values in an entity
example, this can be setup either as the composite key modifier of the entity type, or then split into
the weak entity type.
Normalized Entity Relationship represents the dependency approach in Entity Relationship Diagram
toward the intended use in the application of normal form. Normalization is a many step occurrence
that begins with "unnormalized" relations.The first set up in normalization is to appropriate the data
into a two dimensional table. In an unnormalized relation the data can repeat within the columns. To
be able to move to a first normal form a relation must also contain only the atomic values at each of
the rows and columns. So this means no repeating groups, and a set of columns will be named the
Candidate key when its value can
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43. Programming
CS 2203 Unit 1 – 8 Self Quiz Review Questions
The main purpose of the information model is to inform software developers and provide protocol–
specific constructs.
Select one:
True
False
Question 2
Which term describes each two–dimensional table or file in the relational model?
Select one:
a. Database
b. Relational Database
c. Data Warehouse
d. None of the Above
Question 3
If a relation has more than one candidate key the one chosen to represent the relation is called the:
Select one:
a. primary key
b. foreign key
c. alternate key
d. candidate key
Question 4
The first hierarchial DBMS was ____ and was released by IBM in 1968?
Select one:
a. IMS (Information Management System)
b. SQL
c. DB2
d. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
list all those who are resident and all those who have one child
b. list all those with 1 child
c. list all those who are resident
d. list only those who have one child as well as all those who are resident

44. Question 4
In strict relational terminology, an attribute is
Select one:
a. a table
b. a field
c. an entity
d. a record
Question 5
The entity integrity constraint says that if a relation R2 includes a foreign key FK matching the
primary key PK of other relation R1, then every value of FK in R2 must either be equal to the value
of PK in some tuple of R1 or be wholly null.
Select one:
True
False
Question 6
The primary key does not have to be unique in relations that have a one to many relationship.
Select one:
True
False
Question 7
A foreign key can accept a null value unless otherwise restricted by a null constraint.
Select one:
True
False
Question 8
Integrity constraints are rules that help ensure the
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46. An Analysis Of The Strengths And Weaknesses Of The Big Six...
Comparison Summary
DBMS Server Comparison Supplement
An Analysis Of The Strengths And Weaknesses Of The Big Six Database Servers. In 1991 I
performed a thorough evaluation and comparison of the four major DBMSs at the time: Informix,
Ingres, Oracle, and Sybase. This comparison was done for a client building a huge distributed
database application, currently in its second phase of d evelopment, with the first phase running
successfully country–wide. At that stage, the distinguishing criteria were query optimizers, triggers,
views, and support for distributed databases. Some products had these features, but some others'
marketing per sonnel were just talking about them. For example, declarative integrity was a "future"
that was at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To explain further, I review a few of the features in this comparison supplement.
Relational Data Model
Although the DBMS products reviewed here can rightfully claim to be relational, their support of
the relational data model must be scrutinized closely. Obviously they all support the basic relational
concepts, such as data stored in tables and accessed b y high–level set operations, mostly through
SQL. However, not one of the Big Six supports domains. It is crucial that these products address this
fundamental concept of the relational data model. You must be able to define your domains and then
specify y our table columns, and preferably also your stored procedure variables and parameters, in
terms of the domains. This process is necessary to ensure tight type–checking, as you can do in
some programming languages. If a "small" (in terms of market share) product such as Interbase
could implement domains five years ago, surely the Big Six should be able to "get it right" today.
All of the Big Six can rightfully claim that they support declarative integrity constraints. Except for
domain constraints, they all support declarative key, column, and referential–integrity constraints.
But you must investigate these claims closely as well. Only Informix and Oracle support cascading
delete as a referential–integrity constraint violation option, and only DB2 supports the
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48. Relational Turbulence Model
Base on my marriage of six–years, my previous marriage and witnessing how my close friends
interact in their relationships, I can conclude that I agree and relate to most of the author's
description on Social Exchange Theory. Just like explained in the comparison level, we all believe
that we have outcomes that we are entitled to in any relationship we have. (Miller, 2015, p. 177) For
example, in my friendships, if I put 'X' amount of effort in a friendship, I expect my friend to put the
at least the equal amount of effort. I would not consider my happy and successful six–year marriage
to have had costs. We have invested so much into our relationship though. Maybe I feel this way due
to the fact that I know my wife and I are such a great fit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I think its very immature to think a serious–committed relationship is easy and never gets tough.
The relational turbulence model best describes how my wife and I were. When she moved in with
me before we got married, we were spending more time together and the turbulence increased. Even
though there was turbulence we never thought it was anything to end the relationship over. We knew
it would take time to learn each other's routines and characteristic. (Miller, 2015, p.193) I have seen
many individuals end their relationship just because it got challenging or because it wasn't fairly tale
perfect. I have friends who are searching for the fairy tale, although they always set the other person
up for failure with ridiculous expectations. My perspective is that is when you truly learn about your
partner and see them for who they really are. I would say that the first two years living together way
the hardest but the turbulence went dramatically diminished after that. In my situation, I know my
wife and I feel that staying together through the tough times was worth the long term rewards. I
believe it has been the rocky times that has really brought us
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50. Relational Model Of Church Planting
If writing about churches starting churches were a chemistry experiment, "relational models" of
church planting would be the catalyst that causes the experiment to boil over.
Relational models focus on sending Christians into their communities to gather and disciple people
who are not involved in churches. If enough people are gathered, new congregations may form.
While the general idea may sound intriguing, the specific models inspire frustration and fear for
numerous leaders of established churches.
Pastors who are frustrated their churches, where the Gospel is preached and fellowship shared each
week, are somehow not considered "missional communities."
Church leaders who see "house churches" as gatherings of disenchanted church members ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While Baby Boomers trusted institutions less than the previous generation, Boomers still were
raised in a culture of institutions. Get Hers were not.
Get X senior pastors are not very interested in church planting strategy. They are very interested in
organic groups and networks of relationships. So relational models are often as close as they will get
to intentionally starting new churches.
$100,000 Question
For years I've asked church planters variations of the same question: If you were starting a new
church today, would you rather have a $100,000 donation or 10 committed leaders? The answer is
overwhelmingly the leaders.
So the challenge for churches is how to pull together seven to 10 leaders with a shared passion for
connecting people to Jesus in the same community. Once again the relational models for starting
new churches meet the need.
Do the Math
Research shows new churches are much more likely to survive if they are self–supporting within
three years of forming. One key to self–sustainability is regularly gathering 150 in
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52. Sql Vs. Oracle Server
SQL vs. Oracle Server
Dheeraj Balamoori
Wilmington University Abstract
Databases are most paramount part in today 's organizations. In the event that the servers are down
for quite a while and data is not accessible there would be enormous misfortune to the organization
regarding income and good will. Thus, databases play an essential part in today 's business. There
are various relational database management systems (RDBMS) like Microsoft Access, Sybase,
MySQL and oracle but out of all databases Oracle and MS SQL are the widely used applications
throughout the globe. Oracle databases are unique for having large and abnormal state abilities to
handle the circumstances like data inaccessibility, support issues, information and system failures
and so forth. Microsoft SQL Server database has the usefulness of high information accessibility and
security however is not viable as of Oracle 's because it has good depth in high data availability. As
Oracle is having more enterprise applications the databse is used widely for most of the top financial
companies like bank of America, HDFC Bank, National Australia Bank
Introduction
Since their presentation in the 1980s, relational database administration frameworks (RDBMS) have
turned into the standard database sort for an assortment of commercial ventures. As their name
suggests, these systems are focused around the social model that sorts out information into
gatherings of tables alluded to as relations.
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54. Relational Model Of Social Capital
ach–and the typical structural approach to social networks analyses– social capital is defined more
by its function than by its structure (Coleman, 1988;
Whitener, 2000). That is, social capital is based on relationships, which are created through
interpersonal exchange (Bourdieu, 1986). In this manner social capital requires an interpersonal lens
that is grounded in a relational model of leadership
(Drath & Palus, 1994). At the heart of this relational model are commitments in the form of mutual
obligations, which are supported by reciprocated trust and respect (Brower, Schoorman, & Tan,
2000).
Commitments, trust, and respect correspond roughly to three different aspects of social capital
proposed by Nahapiet and Ghoshal (1998): structural, relational, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The structural dimension pertains primarily to social interactions typically assessed by means of
network ties (Tsai & Ghoshal, 1998). The social structure of interactions–and an actor's location in
relation to his or her contacts– has been shown to provide resources to the actor as well as the
organization (Burt,
1992). This structure is formed as a result of the commitments among all parties in a given social
network. The relational dimension of social capital refers to functional assets that are rooted in
networked relationships, such as trust and trustworthiness
(Tsai&Ghoshal, 1998), which describe the kind of personal relationships developed through a
history of interactions. This is a particularly interesting dimension.
Whereas trust is an attribute of the relationship, trustworthiness rests in the intrapersonal qualities of
the individual (Barney & Hansen, 1994). This highlights the importance of developing both
intrapersonal and interpersonal competence, and of linking leader development with leadership
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56. Project Deliverable 3: Database Analysis
Project Deliverable 3: Database and Programming Design
A quality database design makes the flow of data seamless. The database schema is the foundation
of the relational database. The schema defines the tables, fields, relationships, views, indexes, and
other elements. Envisioning the primary business function should facilitate creating the schema and
how that information should flow throughout all areas of the firm. ("Strayer, iCampus," n.d., p. 1).
Database Design Basics
The database itself is a compilation of information organized so that it can easily be accessed,
managed, and updated. Computer databases typically contain a collection of data records or files
that allow users the ability to read/write access, specify report generation, ... Show more content on
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One rule is required when creating database tables. Several constraints related to specific standards
are in use in creating a database schema. To be classified as a relational table it must first have a
primary key. A primary key cannot accept null values, and a table can only have one primary key. A
foreign key refers to a set of one or more columns in another table that refers to the primary key.
There aren't any unique codes, configurations, or table definitions you need to place to officially
"designate" a foreign key. Unlike the primary key, a foreign key can take null values, and a table can
have more than one foreign key ("PF, FK," n.d., p.
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58. A Report On Relational Databases
NoSQL was created in the response to relational databases not being able to handle the scale and
changing challenges of modern applications, they also cannot take advantage of the cheap, easy
storage abilities and also the processing power accessible now. NoSQL includes a variety of
different technologies that were developed in response to the surge of data stored by users, objects
and products. They were also developed to contend with the rising frequency that the data is
accessed and the performance and processing needs. [7]
NoSQL databases can be set into different categories such as
Document databases – Document databases pair each key with a complex data structure known as a
document. Documents can contain many different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The architecture used by NoSQL databases allows for the databases to be scaled efficiently rather
than the more strict architecture found in relational databases.
Pros and Cons
When comparing the benefits to downfalls of both SQL and NoSQL, there are 6 areas which need to
be looked at. These are how the systems allow for querying, how transactions are carried out, the
consistency the systems offer, how saleable they are, also how easily managed the systems are and
finally the schemas which are used by the systems.
SQL based databases support a ever expanding set of languages for queries, as well as the a massive
number of filters, sorting options, projections and index queries. NoSQL on the other hand allows
for all this as well but does not have the more powerful aggregation options which are available to
SQL based databases.
Transactions allow for changes to be made to databases and atomicity ensures that these changes are
done entirely. Having atomically made changes guaranties that these changes are never done
partially, this is important because without it multiple users could make transactions relating to the
same data and be working with different result causing data to be lost or new data being created,
some NoSQL platforms do not support transactions but most SQL platforms do.
Following the atomicity of the transactions consistency is also a big part of both types of platforms.
MySQL
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60. Relational Database Design And The No Sql Model As The...
application. Specifically, this report investigates the use of relational database design versus the no–
SQL model as the preferred basis of the new application.
The requirements to consider are:
1. Intensive Usage – Facebook has millions of users worldwide and produce billions of transactions.
2. Growth of the application is expected to be 10% per annum.
3.2 Definitions
It is important to look at the key characteristics of these two different models in order to understand
the conclusions of this report.
3.2.1 Relational Database Management Systems These systems are characterised by:
A highly structured design held together by a database schema that consists: o Data pairs are stored
as tuples within separate relations that are unique within the relation. o Tuples are identified
uniquely with a key. o Tuples of a relation are connected to another tuple(s).
Retrieval of data is achieved by a declarative programming language – SQL.
The database is managed by a DBMS that provides for data retrieval (above), storage management,
and transaction management.
Operations are organised into transactions that are "atomic" units that must complete in whole or not
at all.
(ref – db concepts and Database Design for Mere Mortals)
3.2.2 No–SQL
It is easier to compare no–SQL systems to the characteristics of traditional relational databases
because they have evolved from them. No–SQL models can be characterised by:
There is no real schema because the design to the
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62. Relational Database Model And No Sql Database System
COMPARISON OF RELATIONAL DATABASE MODEL AND NO SQL DATABASE SYSTEM:
The Relational database and the No SQL database are both appropriate database methods depending
on the way they are being implemented and the purpose of the business for which they are being
incorporated. However, both the database approaches have distinct wide variety of characteristics,
based on which they can be compared and contrasted in the following way.
STRUCTURE OF DATA: The data structure of a relational database comprises of table structure.
Every table is identified by a unique name or label. The data tables are described as the collection of
rows and columns. Each row of the table is known as the record and each column is known as the
field of the specific data table. All the data sets are well organized and logical linked to each other
through definite and unique relationships. A table, therefore can also be defined as the "structured
collection of relationships". The fundamental aim of developing No SQL database systems is to
easily and effectively handle vast quantity of data or information in advanced web–scale
applications. In order to achieve this purpose, the No SQL systems are designed as the schema–free
database systems. There are different modes to define the No SQL databases that typically depend
on the requirements of the data that has to be managed. The main No SQL data structures include
column database, key–value store database, document store database, graph database and
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64. Relational Database System ( Rdbms ) Essay
A relational database is a group of data which classified into a set of tables that can be accessed in
several ways without having to reconstruct the tables' oftenly.Relational Database was proposed by
Edgar Codd around the time 1969 since then it has become very prevalent for commercial
applications. In the 20th century there were countless Relational Database System (RDBMS) ,take
for instance: IBM.DB2 and Oracle. Glossary The following are the main terms and concepts related
to the named model: 1. Attributes –they describe the facts, details or characteristics of an entity. The
attributes that maybe contained in an invoice might be name, number and paid/unpaid. 2. Table –this
is where data is stored for processing and output .The table is defined as a collection of correlating
data consisting of rows and columns. For example, the CUSTOMER or PURCHASES table may
entail the customer first name, last name, address and the product that the customer purchased or
wishes to purchase. 3. Field–this is a column in a table that is constructed to save and maintain
particular information about records that are stored in the table. They can include name, age and
salary fields. 4. Record– commonly called a record, usually referred to as a 'slot' or space that
resides in a table, it is most commonly recognized as a horizontal entity. For instance, the
CUSTOMER's table will consists of numerous related records. Cust_Fname Cust_Age
Cust_Address Stacy 20 Clarkia Drive 5. Reports–this is
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66. SQL Database Advantages And Disadvantages
Firstly, SQL databases store related data in tables and SQL queries can be used to retrieve large
amount of records from a database by using SELECT statement quickly and efficiently.
In SQL database, structure and data type are conform to a fixed schema. The columns must be
decided and locked before data entry whereas each row must contain data in its column. To store a
new data item, the entire database must be altered, during which time the database must be taken
offline.
Furthermore, SQL is a portable system runs in program on mainframes, PCs, laptops, servers and
mobile phones. Database that use SQL is compatible in every device because it runs in local
systems, intranet and internet.
SQL is easy to learn and understand. It is because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ACID properties enable the system to manage a certain characteristic for each transaction. Every
transaction is assured that these characteristics are in place. Therefore, SQL can also guarantee the
stability, security and predictability both of the entire database and every particular transaction.
Disadvantage of SQL
Although there are many advantages by using the SQL database system, but there are still have
drawbacks in using the SQL database system. First, when the size of the database or number of users
increases, RDBMS that used SQL will suffer from drop in performance which makes the real time
unstructured data processing more challenging. It is because old RDBMS are not able to handle the
amount of transactions that modern databases are capable of dealing with every second. For
example, Internet leaders like Amazon or Alibaba deal with the large amount of data will bottleneck
a RDBMS in a matter of minutes.
Next, SQL database is facing difficulty in interface. It is because SQL database is more complicated
than only adding a few lines of code. SQL also need more features that implemented in proprietary
way. Although SQL databases meet the ANSI and ISO standards, but some databases go one step
further by allowing extensions to suit special needs to ensure vendor
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68. Database Security
– 1 –
Database Security *)
GÜNTHER PERNUL
Institut für Angewandte Informatik und Informationssysteme
Abteilung für Information Engineering
Universität Wien
Vienna, Austria
1. Introduction
1.1 The Relational Data Model Revisited
1.2 The Vocabulary of Security and Major DB Security Threats
2. Database Security Models
2.1 Discretionary Security Models
2.2 Mandatory Security Models
2.3 Adapted Mandatory Access Control Model
2.4 Personal Knowledge Approach
2.5 Clark and Wilson Model
2.6 A Final Note on Database Security Models
3. Multilevel Secure Prototypes and Systems
3.1 SeaView
3.2 Lock Data Views
3.3 ASD_Views
4. Conceptual Data Model for Multilevel Security
4.1 Concepts of Security Semantics
4.2 Classification ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
· Authorization, Access Controls
Authorization is the specification of a set of rules that specify who has which type of access to what
information. Authorization policies therefore govern the disclosure and modification of information.
Access controls are
– 3 – procedures that are designed to control authorizations. They are responsible to limit access to
stored data to authorized users only.
· Integrity, Consistency
An integrity policy states a set of rules (i. e. semantic integrity constraints) that define the correct
states of the database during database operation and therefore can protect against malicious or
accidental modification of information. Closely related issues to integrity and consistency are
concurrency control and recovery. Concurrency control policies protect the integrity of the database

69. in the presence of concurrent transactions. If these transactions do not terminate normally due to
system crashes or security violations recovery techniques are used to reconstruct correct or valid
database states.
· Auditing
The requirement to keep records of all security relevant actions issued by a user is called auditing.
Resulting audit records are the basis for further reviews and examinations in order to test the
adequacy of system controls and to recommend any changes in the security policy.
In this Chapter such a broad perspective of database security is not taken.
Instead, main focus is directed towards aspects related to
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71. Kroenke Ch2 Solutions Essay
Chapter 3 and 4 and Relational Algebra Chapter 3: 1. Consider the relation (20 points): PERSON_2
(Name, Sibling, Shoe_Size, Hobby) Assume that the following functional dependencies exist: Name
 Sibling Name  Shoe_Size Name  Hobby a. Describe deletion, modification, and insertion
anomalies for this relation. Consider the following relation: Name Sibling Shoe_Size Hobby Jones
Fred E Model boats Jones Fred E Scuba Diving Jones Sally E Model boats Jones Sally E Scuba
Diving Jones Frank E Model boats Jones Frank E Scuba Diving Greene Nikki B Embroidery Chau
Jonathan C Scuba diving Chau Eileen C Scuba diving Deletion anomaly: If a Name drops a Hobby,
one line must be deleted for each Sibling. For example, if ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Assume that students can have multiple nicknames. a. State any multivalued dependencies. We will
assume that Number  Name where name is not unique (i.e., there may be more than one "John
Smith", each with a different student number). Then the multivalued dependencies are: Number 
Sibling Number  Nickname Note: We can not assume that Name  Nickname because Name
is not unique. For example, one John Smith may have the nickname "Johnny" while another John
Smith has the nickname "Joe". If Name  Nickname then John Smith  ("Johnny", "Joe")
which means that both nicknames apply to both John Smiths. But this is not the case – each John
Smith has only one nickname, and they are not the same. b. State the functional dependencies. We
will assume that Number  Name where name is not unique (i.e., there may be more than one "John
Smith", each with a different student number). Then the functional dependencies are: Number 
Name Number  Dorm Number  RoomType RoomType  DormCost Note: This assumes that
only RoomType  DormCost – that is, the cost of a certain type of dorm room is the same no matter
what dorm the student is living in. An alternate assumption would be that (Dorm, RoomType) 
DormCost, where the cost of the type of dorm room varies form dorm to dorm. c. Transform this
table into two or more tables such that each table is
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73. Relational Database Model And Key Value Store Data Model...
COMPARISON OF RELATIONAL DATABASE MODEL AND KEY–VALUE STORE DATA
MODEL OF NO SQL DATABASE SYSTEM: The Relational database system and the key–value
store model of No SQL database systems are both appropriate database methods depending on the
way they are being implemented and the purpose of the business for which they are being
incorporated. However, both the database approaches have distinct wide variety of characteristics,
based on which they can be compared and contrasted in the following way.
STRUCTURE OF DATA: The data structure of a relational database comprises of table structure.
Every table is identified by a unique name or label. The data tables are described as the collection of
rows and columns. Each row of the table is known as the record and each column is known as the
field of the specific data table. All the data sets are well organized and logical linked to each other
through definite and unique relationships. A table, therefore can also be defined as the "structured
collection of relationships". The fundamental aim of developing No SQL database systems is to
easily and effectively handle vast quantities of data or information in advanced web–scale
applications. In order to achieve this purpose, the No SQL systems are designed as the schema–free
database systems. There are different modes to define the No SQL databases that typically depend
on the requirements of the data that has to be managed. The data model for key–value store No SQL
database is
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

75. Database And Unstructured Data Of A Business Perspective
1. Introduction
Nowadays, terabytes to petabytes of data that is been stored and transmitted by numerous sources
and organizations have realized that these data contain tangible value that has the potential to change
the fortunes of a business. Top firms leverage their business through the valuable insights gained
through these data to assist them in their decision making process. The huge chucks of data consists
structured, semi structured and unstructured data. Organizations have switched their focus more on
exploring semi structured and unstructured data that is generated through social media activities,
personal media information and geo location data.
NoSQL database is a type of database that provides a means for storage and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to its flexibility, these databases provides horizontal scalability and distributed
computing that led to adoption of NoSQL databases in the firms. The SQL databases uses Structured
Query Language whereas NOSQL databases use Unstructured Query Language which varies from
database to database.
1.2 Features of NoSQL Databases:
Schema on Read: There is no definite schema on the underlying data in the databases and it leads to
high flexibility on the storage
Nonrelational: In traditional databases there are relations between the tables. For example, a list of
transaction details can be connected to a separate list of delivery details. With a NoSQL database,
this information is stored as an aggregate – a single record with everything about the transaction,
including the delivery address
Commodity hardware: With a NoSQL database, cheap commodity hardware can be used. Adding
more of these cheap servers allows NoSQL databases to scale to handle more data.
Highly distributable: With a NoSQL database, a cluster of servers can be used to hold a single large
database
2. Different Types of NOSQL databases
There are many types of non–relational databases but more often than not, they fall under one of the
following categories:
2.1 Document Model
In a document model, data is stored in documents. This uses a type of notation called JSON
(JavaScript Object Notation) and is closely associated with the object
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77. An Inverse Of A Relational Model
with range queries and bitmaps.
2.4 Column Store Model
In this model, data is stored in sections of columns instead of rows. This is almost an inverse of a
relational model. The names of the column need not be predefined, i.e. the structure isn 't fixed,
which helps in great scalability and performance. Columns in a row are stored in order according to
their keys. A super–column also might be used which is nothing but a column containing nested
sub–columns.
2.4.1 Cassandra:
Apache Cassandra is open source NoSQL database and it was found in Facebook. Cassandra 's data
model offers the convenience of column indexes with the performance of log–structured updates. It
provides horizontal scalability and the downtime is lesser compared to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Instead of using tables connected by keys, this model stores each record and its related data in the
same document thereby eliminating the need of JOIN queries as in a relational model. Whereas
Cassandra is a column oriented data model and each row in the table is not required to have same
number of columns. The columns can be empty and it can have any number of columns and thus
there are wide rows. Cassandra consists of keyspaces similar to databases to relational databases and
column family that is similar to tables in relational databases.
Key value store is a concept of storing the data value inside a key and Redis uses this concept. A
particular benefit of key–value stores is their simplicity and It supports such as data structures such
as strings, hashes, lists, sets, sorted sets with range queries and bitmaps. Whereas in Neo4j, the
application data is stored in the form graphs, nodes and relationships. Neo4j Graph database follows
Property Graph Model to store and manage data. Data has to be represented in Nodes, Relationships
and Properties. Relationships connects nodes and it can be unidirectional or bidirectional. Properties
are key–value pairs.
3.2 Replication Mode:
Replication is done in order to increase availability and not to provide a single point of failure.
Different databases follow different methods to
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79. Models Of Relational Models
Relational Models
In–depth review on relational models theory reveals four relational models that people use
(unconsciously) "to plan and to generate their own action, to understand, remember, and anticipate
others' action, to coordinate the joint production of collective action and institutions, and to evaluate
their own and others' actions" (Bridoux & Stoelhorst, 2016:232). This theory gives insight on how
mental representations of relationships affect contributions to joint value creation.
Communal Sharing (CS): actor is characterized by a fusion of the self with the community. In this
type of relational models, the community identity is psychologically salient while the personal
identity is rendered invisible/pushed to the background. In CS frame, everybody sees ... Show more
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In addition, the relational theory emphasize further that the four models are sufficient enough to
generate the very high diversity in social relationships observed in practice based on the following
two reasons. First, actors' relationship behavior/disposition may be different if found in different
domain of their relationship, and it outcomes variety across relationships (Fiske & Haslam, 2005;
Fiske, 2012; Bridoux & Stoelhorst, 2016). Second, the cultural context (i.e., organizational, ethnic
national, etc.), ascertain the precise implementation rules of the relational models. In other words,
when, how, and with whom to implement each relational model ( e.g,. in order to operate EM, actors
must have a shared understanding of the exact proper interval between receiving and giving in
return; Bridoux & Stoelhorst,
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81. Relational Model 's Theory Of Social Life Essay
Introduction Alan Page Fiske catalyzed the advocacy of the relational model 's theory (RMT) in
1991. The theory states that there are four natural ways of interrelating with other people. The
author established the four models in his article structures of social life. Fiske affirms that the
models work together in varying combinations and control almost all transactions by human beings
(Bolender, 2010, p.60). He further asserts that the models unify ideas on moral judgment, social
justice, religious, political ideology, and social conflict. It also informs the reactions to misfortunes
and transgression. He explains that they are the foundation of human sociality (Bolender, 2010,
p.60). The four models of relations as identified by Fiske include market pricing, equality matching,
authority ranking, and communal sharing. The theory suggests the four models as the first cognitive
models which represent, comprehends, evaluates, and constructs social relationships (Haslam, 2004,
p.3). Therefore, the models do not define the type of relationships that exists between individuals in
principle; the models are not empirically independent but are a contingent matter regarding the
degree of their association as they operate in a culture (Fiske and Fiske, 2007, p.284). The culture
adopted by different communities varies according to the combination of the four models. Fiske
(1999) argues that everyone except the person with mental incapacitation who will confuse the
models understands
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83. Database Management System And Microsoft Sql Server Vs....
DBMS
Database Management System or DBMS is a collecting computer program used for creating,
deleting, editing and maintaining collections of different data records. There are many different
types of database management systems; they are used to stored, managed database model. Different
DBMS systems are Relational Database System, Flat Files Base Database Management,
Hierarchical Database Management Systems, Network Database Management System and Object–
oriented Database Management Systems. () Relational Database System includes Oracle Database,
Microsoft SQL Server, IBM DB2, mySQL, IBM DB2, SAP Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise, and
Teradata, etc.
Oracle Database vs. Microsoft SQL Server vs. Teradata:
Oracle database is a "collection of data treated as a unit" (Oracle.com). Oracle database system store
and retrieve related information. Oracle Database was the first database designed for enterprise grid
computing, the most flexible and cost effective way to manage information and applications.
Microsoft SQL Server is a software product with the main function of storing and retrieving data as
requested by other software applications which may run either on the same computer or on another
computer across a network (including the Internet) ( )
Teradata is analytic data platforms, marketing applications, and related services. Its analytics
products are meant to consolidate data from different sources and make the data available for
analysis.
RDSM Differences
Oracle database
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