In general terms, why are financial statements important (Alternati.pdf
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In general terms, why are financial statements important? (Alternatively, if you believe they are not important, explain why not.) Solution Financial statement are important in every sense. Companies show they performance on finnancial statements. Investor scan judge how better the management is running business . Banks check the financial health of the company and decide to give loan or not. Regulators keep eye on accounting manipulation and false representation of any made. In a sense financial statements are the tools by which company communicates with the stakeholders and deliver their performance..
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Use the following information to answer questions 1-8. -Identify whet.pdf
Use the following information to answer questions 1-8. -Identify whether Class level, Time
Studying, Tutor, Midterm and Final Score are categorical or quantitative. Categorical Variables:
Quantitative variables: -Identify and draw one chart that is appropriate to how many students
used a tutor.
Solution
1) categorical: Tutor ,class level
quantitative:mid term score,final scor,studying time
2) john ,sophia,sarah ,andrew.
Until now, you have had to leave your team management program runnin.pdf
Until now, you have had to leave your team management program running on your computer
indefinitely since you did not want to lose the list of players. Finally, you are ready to add the
components to your team management program that will allow you to store the player’s
information on your computer’s hard drive, thus, allow you to shut down your program without
losing your data.
You will need to modify your program to:
include a Save option in the main menu which will prompt the program to write the player’s data
to a text file.
modify the startup code so that the program calls a function that reads the player’s data from the
text file into the list of member objects.
For this project:
You will submit your python code in either the original .py file, or copied into a .txt file.
A screenshot of your code having been executed (run). How to Take a Screenshot
Tips: Think about how you are going to write the data to the text file when you create the load
function. Your write function needs to read in the data in the same pattern as the load function,
otherwise the data will get jumbled.
****BELOW IS MY CURRENT WORK*** Im having issues printing the data (printmember)
and saving data. Am I using .keys() wrong? using PYTHON
class Team:
members = {}
member = \"\"
phone = \"\"
jersey = 0
def __init__(self, member, phone, jersey):
self.member = member
self.phone = phone
self.jersey = jersey
def setmember(self, member):
self.member = member
def setphone(self, phone):
self.phone = phone
def setjersey(self, jersey):
self.jersey = jersey
def getmember(self, member):
return self.member
def getphone(self, phone):
return self.phone
def getjersey(self, jersey):
return self.jersey
def displayData(self):
print(\"Name : \", self.member)
print(\"Phone Number : \", self.phone)
print(\"Jersey Number : \", self.jersey)
def displayMenu():
print(\"===========Main Menu===========\")
print(\"1. Display Members.\")
print(\"2. Add member\")
print(\"3. Remove member\")
print(\"4. Edit member\")
print(\"5. Save data.\")
print(\"6. Load data.\")
print(\"7. Exit Program\")
return int(input(\"Selection> \"))
def printmember(members):
if len(members) == 0:
print(\"No current members\")
else:
for x in members.keys():
members[x].diaplydata()
def addmember(members):
newMember = input(\"Enter Members Name : \")
newPhone = int(input(\"Phone Number : \"))
newJersey = int(input(\"Jersey Number : \"))
members[newMember] = (newMember, newPhone, newJersey)
print(\"Member has been added\")
return members
def removemember(members):
removemember = input(\"Please Enter Member to be Removed : \")
if removemember in members:
del members[removemember]
print(\"Member removed\")
else:
print(\"Member not found.\")
return members
def editmember(members):
oldmember = input(\"Enter the name of the member you want to edit: \")
if oldmember in members:
newmember = input(\"Enter the members new name : \")
newphone = int(input(\"Please enter new phone number : \"))
newjersey = input(\"Please enter new Jers.
What are the various methods for recruiting employees Why are some .pdf
What are the various methods for recruiting employees? Why are some better than others? In
what sense are they better?
(Bateman 363)
Bateman, Thomas, Scott Snell. Management: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World,
11th Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2015. VitalBook file.
The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
Solution
recruitment is the process of attracting the applications to a job from all the suitable candidates.
the moto of recruitment is to collect more number of related resumes to a job. there are different
methods in recruitment: usually they are divided as internal sources and external sources.
internal sources are: Job rotaion, promotions of the employees from one stage to another and one
department to another. here the recruiter only focuses on the existing employees of the
organisation. the positive thing here is, easy to recruit and the cost of recruitment also very less.
and as an existing employee the HR can estimate the abilities of the employee.
external sources: it is the process of attracting and selecting a person who is unrelated to the
orgnaisation. there are many methods:
walk ins/ drives: the suitable candidate can enters into organisation and faces the interview
campus drives: organisation goes to the college campus to attract new potential students and
offers them a job
appointing by consultancies: consultancies are the third party recruiters. they recurit employees
(off roles) by guidelines and requirements followed by an organisation
third party services: like government employment agencies
employee referrels: an existing employee can reffer a potential person for a position. if he selects
in the organisation, he is going to be provide some benefit by the organisation.
here every method has its own merrits and weakness. we can not say the one is superior is than
other and good or bad. based on the time availability and requirements of the organisation, they
can follow any of the above strategy..
Why is mobile computing so important to these three firms Evaluate .pdf
Why is mobile computing so important to these three firms? Evaluate the mobile strategies of
each firm (apple, google and facebook).
Solution
Mobile Computing is a technology that allows transmission of data, voice and video via a
computer or any other wireless enabled device without having to be connected to a fixed
physical link. The main concept involves mobile communication and mobile hardware.
Mobile computing is very important to Apple, Google and Facebook because it has saved Apple,
made Facebook and may upend Google. It has the following advantages:
(a) Location Flexibility: This has enabled users to work from anywhere as long as there is a
connection established. A user can work without being in a fixed position.
(b) Saves Time: The time consumed or wasted while travelling from different locations or to the
office and back, has been slashed. One can now access all the important documents and files
over a secure channel or portal and work as if they were on their computer.
(c) Enhanced Productivity: Users can work efficiently and effectively from whichever location
they find comfortable. This in turn enhances their productivity level.
(d) Ease of Research: Research has been made easier, since users earlier were required to go to
the field and search for facts and feed them back into the system. It has also made it easier for
field officers and researchers to collect and feed data from wherever they are without making
unnecessary trips to and from the office to the field.
(e) Entertainment: Video and audio recordings can now be streamed on-the-go using mobile
computing. It\'s easy to access a wide variety of movies, educational and informative material.
With the improvement and availability of high speed data connections at considerable cost, one
is able to get all the entertainment they want as they browse the internet for streamed data.
(f) Streamlining of Business Processes: Business processes are now easily available through
secured connections. Looking into security issues, adequate measures have been put in place to
ensure authentication and authorization of the user accessing the services.
At 2014’s WWDC, Apple announced Extensions, which allow app developers to expose a bit of
interface in other apps while the user is handling certain contexts.The main extensions of interest
are “share” and “action” Extensions, which are used in the context of other apps (technically
“Storage Provider” and “Custom Keyboard” do as well). Apple has always been concerned with
data privacy on iOS, and its implementation is a bit on the extreme side. Apps are very much
silos of data, and their ability to talk to one another is extremely limited. In the case of
Extensions, this means that Extensions only have access to the data provided to them by the
caller app.
Google made its strategy clear at I/O: It wants to be able to search app content and provide
results alongside the Web, and direct users into apps if they offer the most relevant experience..
When a heterozygous plant with round seeds is mated to a plant with .pdf
When a heterozygous plant with round seeds is mated to a plant with wrinkled seeds what
fraction of the progeny are homozygous?
2/3 or 1/4 or 3/4 or 1/2
Solution
1/2 of the progeny will be homozygous because in heterozygous condition the genotype will be
Rr and wrinkled seed will have rr genotype because it is expressed only in recessive condition.so
when a cross is made between both then half of the progeny will be homozygous recessive (rr)
and half will be heterozygous (Rr)..
What is the waiting time of each process for each of the scheduling a.pdf
What is the waiting time of each process for each of the scheduling algorithms?
Solution
First-Come, First-Served (FCFS) Scheduling
Process Burst Time
P1 24
P2 3
P3 3
Suppose that the processes arrive in the order: P1 , P2 , P3
The Gantt Chart for the schedule is:
P1
P2
P3
0 24 27 30
Waiting time for P1 = 0; P2 = 24; P3 = 27
SJF
Process Arrival Time Burst Time
P1 0.0 7
P2 2.0 4
P3 4.0 1
P4 5.0 4
SJF (non-preemptive)
P1
P3
P2
P4
0 7 8 12 16
Average waiting time = [0 +(8-2)+(7-4) +(12-5)] /4 =4
Example of Preemptive SJF
Proces Arrival Time Burst Time
P1 0.0 7
P2 2.0 4
P3 4.0 1
P4 5.0 4
SJF (preemptive)
P1
P2
P3
P2
P4
P1
0 2 4 5 7 11 16
Average waiting time = (9 + 1 + 0 +2)/4 =3
Round Robin (RR)
Each process gets a small unit of CPU time (time quantum), usually 10-100 milliseconds. After
this time has elapsed, the process is preempted and added to the end of the ready queue.
If there are n processes in the ready queue and the time quantum is q, then each process gets 1/n
of the
CPU time in chunks of at most q time units at once. No process waits more than (n-1)q time
units.
Performance
1. q large _ FIFO
2. q small _ q must be large with respect to context switch, otherwise overhead is too high.
Example of RR with Time Quantum = 4
Process Burst Time
P1 24
P2 3
P3 3
The Gantt chart is:
P1
P2
P3
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
0 4 7 10 14 18 22 26 30
Average waiting time = [(30-24)+4+7]/3 = 17/3 =5.66
P1
P2
P3.
The mayor of a town has proposed a plan for the construction of an a.pdf
The mayor of a town has proposed a plan for the construction of an adjoining bridge. A political
study took a sample of 1200 voters in the town and found that 37% of the residents favored
construction. Using the data, a political strategist wants to test the claim that the percentage of
residents who favor construction is more than 34%. Determine the P-value of the test statistic.
Round your answer to four decimal places.
Solution.
PROBLEM 5 Find the inverse of each ofthe following z-transforms .pdf
PROBLEM 5 Find the inverse of each ofthe following z-transforms
Solution
Inverse Z_transform can be calculated as following methods
1) Parial fraction method
2)Long division (Power Series Method)
3)By using Complex Power series method
Below problems are solved by using partial fraction methods.
Recommended
Use the following information to answer questions 1-8. -Identify whet.pdf
Use the following information to answer questions 1-8. -Identify whether Class level, Time
Studying, Tutor, Midterm and Final Score are categorical or quantitative. Categorical Variables:
Quantitative variables: -Identify and draw one chart that is appropriate to how many students
used a tutor.
Solution
1) categorical: Tutor ,class level
quantitative:mid term score,final scor,studying time
2) john ,sophia,sarah ,andrew.
Until now, you have had to leave your team management program runnin.pdf
Until now, you have had to leave your team management program running on your computer
indefinitely since you did not want to lose the list of players. Finally, you are ready to add the
components to your team management program that will allow you to store the player’s
information on your computer’s hard drive, thus, allow you to shut down your program without
losing your data.
You will need to modify your program to:
include a Save option in the main menu which will prompt the program to write the player’s data
to a text file.
modify the startup code so that the program calls a function that reads the player’s data from the
text file into the list of member objects.
For this project:
You will submit your python code in either the original .py file, or copied into a .txt file.
A screenshot of your code having been executed (run). How to Take a Screenshot
Tips: Think about how you are going to write the data to the text file when you create the load
function. Your write function needs to read in the data in the same pattern as the load function,
otherwise the data will get jumbled.
****BELOW IS MY CURRENT WORK*** Im having issues printing the data (printmember)
and saving data. Am I using .keys() wrong? using PYTHON
class Team:
members = {}
member = \"\"
phone = \"\"
jersey = 0
def __init__(self, member, phone, jersey):
self.member = member
self.phone = phone
self.jersey = jersey
def setmember(self, member):
self.member = member
def setphone(self, phone):
self.phone = phone
def setjersey(self, jersey):
self.jersey = jersey
def getmember(self, member):
return self.member
def getphone(self, phone):
return self.phone
def getjersey(self, jersey):
return self.jersey
def displayData(self):
print(\"Name : \", self.member)
print(\"Phone Number : \", self.phone)
print(\"Jersey Number : \", self.jersey)
def displayMenu():
print(\"===========Main Menu===========\")
print(\"1. Display Members.\")
print(\"2. Add member\")
print(\"3. Remove member\")
print(\"4. Edit member\")
print(\"5. Save data.\")
print(\"6. Load data.\")
print(\"7. Exit Program\")
return int(input(\"Selection> \"))
def printmember(members):
if len(members) == 0:
print(\"No current members\")
else:
for x in members.keys():
members[x].diaplydata()
def addmember(members):
newMember = input(\"Enter Members Name : \")
newPhone = int(input(\"Phone Number : \"))
newJersey = int(input(\"Jersey Number : \"))
members[newMember] = (newMember, newPhone, newJersey)
print(\"Member has been added\")
return members
def removemember(members):
removemember = input(\"Please Enter Member to be Removed : \")
if removemember in members:
del members[removemember]
print(\"Member removed\")
else:
print(\"Member not found.\")
return members
def editmember(members):
oldmember = input(\"Enter the name of the member you want to edit: \")
if oldmember in members:
newmember = input(\"Enter the members new name : \")
newphone = int(input(\"Please enter new phone number : \"))
newjersey = input(\"Please enter new Jers.
What are the various methods for recruiting employees Why are some .pdf
What are the various methods for recruiting employees? Why are some better than others? In
what sense are they better?
(Bateman 363)
Bateman, Thomas, Scott Snell. Management: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World,
11th Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2015. VitalBook file.
The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
Solution
recruitment is the process of attracting the applications to a job from all the suitable candidates.
the moto of recruitment is to collect more number of related resumes to a job. there are different
methods in recruitment: usually they are divided as internal sources and external sources.
internal sources are: Job rotaion, promotions of the employees from one stage to another and one
department to another. here the recruiter only focuses on the existing employees of the
organisation. the positive thing here is, easy to recruit and the cost of recruitment also very less.
and as an existing employee the HR can estimate the abilities of the employee.
external sources: it is the process of attracting and selecting a person who is unrelated to the
orgnaisation. there are many methods:
walk ins/ drives: the suitable candidate can enters into organisation and faces the interview
campus drives: organisation goes to the college campus to attract new potential students and
offers them a job
appointing by consultancies: consultancies are the third party recruiters. they recurit employees
(off roles) by guidelines and requirements followed by an organisation
third party services: like government employment agencies
employee referrels: an existing employee can reffer a potential person for a position. if he selects
in the organisation, he is going to be provide some benefit by the organisation.
here every method has its own merrits and weakness. we can not say the one is superior is than
other and good or bad. based on the time availability and requirements of the organisation, they
can follow any of the above strategy..
Why is mobile computing so important to these three firms Evaluate .pdf
Why is mobile computing so important to these three firms? Evaluate the mobile strategies of
each firm (apple, google and facebook).
Solution
Mobile Computing is a technology that allows transmission of data, voice and video via a
computer or any other wireless enabled device without having to be connected to a fixed
physical link. The main concept involves mobile communication and mobile hardware.
Mobile computing is very important to Apple, Google and Facebook because it has saved Apple,
made Facebook and may upend Google. It has the following advantages:
(a) Location Flexibility: This has enabled users to work from anywhere as long as there is a
connection established. A user can work without being in a fixed position.
(b) Saves Time: The time consumed or wasted while travelling from different locations or to the
office and back, has been slashed. One can now access all the important documents and files
over a secure channel or portal and work as if they were on their computer.
(c) Enhanced Productivity: Users can work efficiently and effectively from whichever location
they find comfortable. This in turn enhances their productivity level.
(d) Ease of Research: Research has been made easier, since users earlier were required to go to
the field and search for facts and feed them back into the system. It has also made it easier for
field officers and researchers to collect and feed data from wherever they are without making
unnecessary trips to and from the office to the field.
(e) Entertainment: Video and audio recordings can now be streamed on-the-go using mobile
computing. It\'s easy to access a wide variety of movies, educational and informative material.
With the improvement and availability of high speed data connections at considerable cost, one
is able to get all the entertainment they want as they browse the internet for streamed data.
(f) Streamlining of Business Processes: Business processes are now easily available through
secured connections. Looking into security issues, adequate measures have been put in place to
ensure authentication and authorization of the user accessing the services.
At 2014’s WWDC, Apple announced Extensions, which allow app developers to expose a bit of
interface in other apps while the user is handling certain contexts.The main extensions of interest
are “share” and “action” Extensions, which are used in the context of other apps (technically
“Storage Provider” and “Custom Keyboard” do as well). Apple has always been concerned with
data privacy on iOS, and its implementation is a bit on the extreme side. Apps are very much
silos of data, and their ability to talk to one another is extremely limited. In the case of
Extensions, this means that Extensions only have access to the data provided to them by the
caller app.
Google made its strategy clear at I/O: It wants to be able to search app content and provide
results alongside the Web, and direct users into apps if they offer the most relevant experience..
When a heterozygous plant with round seeds is mated to a plant with .pdf
When a heterozygous plant with round seeds is mated to a plant with wrinkled seeds what
fraction of the progeny are homozygous?
2/3 or 1/4 or 3/4 or 1/2
Solution
1/2 of the progeny will be homozygous because in heterozygous condition the genotype will be
Rr and wrinkled seed will have rr genotype because it is expressed only in recessive condition.so
when a cross is made between both then half of the progeny will be homozygous recessive (rr)
and half will be heterozygous (Rr)..
What is the waiting time of each process for each of the scheduling a.pdf
What is the waiting time of each process for each of the scheduling algorithms?
Solution
First-Come, First-Served (FCFS) Scheduling
Process Burst Time
P1 24
P2 3
P3 3
Suppose that the processes arrive in the order: P1 , P2 , P3
The Gantt Chart for the schedule is:
P1
P2
P3
0 24 27 30
Waiting time for P1 = 0; P2 = 24; P3 = 27
SJF
Process Arrival Time Burst Time
P1 0.0 7
P2 2.0 4
P3 4.0 1
P4 5.0 4
SJF (non-preemptive)
P1
P3
P2
P4
0 7 8 12 16
Average waiting time = [0 +(8-2)+(7-4) +(12-5)] /4 =4
Example of Preemptive SJF
Proces Arrival Time Burst Time
P1 0.0 7
P2 2.0 4
P3 4.0 1
P4 5.0 4
SJF (preemptive)
P1
P2
P3
P2
P4
P1
0 2 4 5 7 11 16
Average waiting time = (9 + 1 + 0 +2)/4 =3
Round Robin (RR)
Each process gets a small unit of CPU time (time quantum), usually 10-100 milliseconds. After
this time has elapsed, the process is preempted and added to the end of the ready queue.
If there are n processes in the ready queue and the time quantum is q, then each process gets 1/n
of the
CPU time in chunks of at most q time units at once. No process waits more than (n-1)q time
units.
Performance
1. q large _ FIFO
2. q small _ q must be large with respect to context switch, otherwise overhead is too high.
Example of RR with Time Quantum = 4
Process Burst Time
P1 24
P2 3
P3 3
The Gantt chart is:
P1
P2
P3
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
0 4 7 10 14 18 22 26 30
Average waiting time = [(30-24)+4+7]/3 = 17/3 =5.66
P1
P2
P3.
The mayor of a town has proposed a plan for the construction of an a.pdf
The mayor of a town has proposed a plan for the construction of an adjoining bridge. A political
study took a sample of 1200 voters in the town and found that 37% of the residents favored
construction. Using the data, a political strategist wants to test the claim that the percentage of
residents who favor construction is more than 34%. Determine the P-value of the test statistic.
Round your answer to four decimal places.
Solution.
PROBLEM 5 Find the inverse of each ofthe following z-transforms .pdf
PROBLEM 5 Find the inverse of each ofthe following z-transforms
Solution
Inverse Z_transform can be calculated as following methods
1) Parial fraction method
2)Long division (Power Series Method)
3)By using Complex Power series method
Below problems are solved by using partial fraction methods.
The Hazen-Williams hydraulic formula for the mass-flow rate, m throug.pdf
The Hazen-Williams hydraulic formula for the mass-flow rate, m through a pipe of diameter D
and length L is given by m = K rho D^2.63 (delta_p/L)^0.54 where delta_p is the pressure drop
and rho is the liquid\'s density. What are the base dimensions, SI units and US customary units of
the constant K?
Solution.
The first crop produced by african slave labor in the Caribbean was _.pdf
The first crop produced by african slave labor in the Caribbean was _______________.
Solution
A) plantations of sugarcane...
In mid 17 century, sugarcane was the major economic crop.
It was most efficiently grown on large plantations by many workers...
As a result,black men and women were taken to Caribbean from Africa,and made to work on
sugar plantations.
The degree of freedom table is available online. Please answer A&B f.pdf
The degree of freedom table is available online. Please answer A&B for question 2 In humans,
the dominant allele N causes an abnormal shape of the patella in the knee (n is the normal allele).
A separate gene affects finger length, and the dominant allele B causes abnormally short fingers,
whereas b gives normal length. A study focused on people who have both abnormal patellae and
short fingers (they most likely have the genotype N/n B/b). They inherited the N allele from one
parent and the B allele from the other parent. These N/n B/b individuals mated with normal
spouses. (The spouses had no history of abnormal patellae or short fingers in their families; they
can be assumed to be homozygous normal.) 40 progeny were boom; they are classified as
follows. Using the chi square test, determine whether there is significant linkage between the
B/b and the N/n gene. X^2 = P = linked? If you conclude there is linkage, what is the distance
between the two genes?
Solution
Answer:
a). N/n; B/b x n/n; b/b
N/n B/b : N/n b/b ; n/n B/b ; n/n b/b
1:1:1:1
Chi-square vale = 22.60
The degrees of freedom = 4-1 = 3
p value = 0.00004893
The genes are not linkedPhenotypeObserved(O)Expected (E)O-E(O-E)2(O-E)2/ENormal310-
749.004.90Abnormal knees and fingers210-864.006.40Abnormal knees
only1710749.004.90Abnormal fingers only1810864.006.404022.60.
the american red cross gives the following distribution for Blood Ty.pdf
the american red cross gives the following distribution for Blood Type in the U.S. population:
(a) Someone volunteers to give blood. What is the probability that this donor:
i. Has Type A or Type B blood?
ii. Is not Type O?
(b) Among four potential donors, what is the probability that:
i. All are Type O?
ii. No one is Type AB?
iii. Not all are Type A?
iv. At least one person is Type B?
(c) If you examine one person, are the events that the person is Type A and that the person is
Type B disjoint, independent or neither? Explain.
(d) If you examine two persons, are the events that one person is Type A and that the second is
Type B disjoint, independent or neither? Explain.
Blood TypePercentA40B11O45AB4
Solution
a)
i. As they are mutually exclusive events,
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) = 40% + 11% = 51% [answer]
****
ii.
P(not O) = 1 - P(O) = 1 - 0.45 = 0.55 = 55% [answer]
************************
b)
i. P(4 are O) = 0.45^4 = 0.04100625
ii. P(no one are type AB) = (1-0.04)^4 = 0.84934656
iii. P(not all are A) = 1 - P(all are A) = 1 - 0.40^4 = 0.9744
iv. P(at least one B) = 1 - P(all are not B) = 1 - (1-0.11)^4 = 0.37257759
***************************
c.
They are disjoint, as no person is both a type A and type B at the same time.
************
d.
Neither. Those two persons can be relatives, and their blood types can be related..
Suppose that the probability that a head appears when a coin is tosse.pdf
Suppose that the probability that a head appears when a coin is tossed is p and the probability
that a tail occurs is q = 1 - p. Person A tosses the coin until the first head appears and stops.
Person B does likewise. The results obtained by persons A and B are assumed to be independent.
What is the probability that A and B stop on exactly the same number toss.
Solution.
Suppose a student mbs a Teflon rod with wool and then briefly touches.pdf
Suppose a student mbs a Teflon rod with wool and then briefly touches it to an initially neutral
aluminum rod suspended by insulating threads. What would the net charge on the Teflon rod be
What would the net charge on the aluminum rod be After the student has touched the aluminum
rod with the rubbed Teflon rod. as described above, the student then holds the Teflon rod near
the aluminum rod. but does not allow them to touch. The student observes that when the rods are
close enough together, they attract as shown in the diagram. Which statement below correctly
explains what is observed The aluminum rod which has a net zero (neutral) charge has become
polarized. In a conductor, because the charges can move, the positive charges have been attracted
to the Teflon rod and negative charge is repelled toward the other end. Because the Teflon is
closer to the positively charged end. the net force is attractive. After the Teflon touched the
aluminum, it gave up all of its Negative charge and became positively charged, and the
aluminum rod became negatively charged. Since the aluminum and Teflon have opposite
charges, they are attracted to each other. The charge on the aluminum distributes itself evenly
over the surface. So the fact that the two rods are attracted to each other means that they must be
oppositely charged. Thus the aluminum rod has a net positive charge. Whenever two charged
objects are near each other, they become polarized: the opposite charges in each move towards
each other and the negative charges move away. This gives a net attractive force between the two
objects, since the polarized Teflon is attracted to the polarized aluminum. Negative charges in
the aluminum are repelled by the Teflon and positive charges are attracted to the Teflon. Since
the aluminum is a conductor, the charges can move which causes the aluminum to become
polarized. So. even though the aluminum is has a nonzero net charge (due to the initial touch by
the Teflon), because the force between charges is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them, the attractive force between the Teflon and the near end of the aluminum
is stronger than the repulsive force between the Teflon and the far end of the aluminum , the net
force is attractive.
Solution
Due to touch of teflon, its charge will reduce but will not go to zero. Some amount of its initial
charge will be transferred to Aluminum rod. So, aluminum rod will have a non-zero negative
charge.
For the next part last option is correct, which explains why the force is attractive rather than
repulsive..
Review the section Investigating Life Clues to the Origin of Langu.pdf
Review the section \"Investigating Life: Clues to the Origin of Language.\" Scientists know that
the mutations to FOXP2 arose before Neandertals. To determine how old the Neandertal fossils
are, researchers must use radiometric dating. They use an isotope with a half-life of 12,000 years,
and find that fossils from one Neandertal have 1/256^th (=1/2^8) of the isotope found In
currently living organisms. How old would you predict these Neandertal fossils to be? about
50,000 years about 200,000 years about 400,000 years about 10,000 years about 100,000 years
Solution
age of substannce = no of halflives passed * half life
here no of half lives passed are 8 beacuse 1/256 of orginal sample is left
and half life of isotope is 12000
so age would be 12000*8 years = 96000
so the rough age is about 100,000 (which is most close to 96000).
QUESTION 4 Choose true or false as applicable for each of the.pdf
QUESTION 4 Choose \"true\" or \"false\" as applicable for each of the following items as they
pertain to responsibility center reporting. In analyzing the operating results of an individual A.
TRUE B. FALSE center, it would be most meaningful to deduct common fixed costs in
calculating the operating income of the center A responsibility center manager could potentially
have control over costs, revenues, and/or assets invested Responsibility center operating income
includes the impact of controllable variable costs. C. Residual income is used in the numerator to
compute asset turnover in a ROI analysis. Inventory would typically be EXCLUDED as part of
assets invested the ROI calculation. - Residual income is equal to the difference CWhen using
residual income as a measure of The use of return on investment (ROI) as a between total
revenues and operating expenses. performance, it is not meaningtl to compare the residual
incomes of divisions of different sizes. performance measure could potentially lead a
responsibility center manager to accept a project that might be unfavorable for the company as a
whole.
Solution
1. False, because the common fixed cost would have been incurred whether individual center
existed or not.
2. True, an investment responsibility center manager could have responsibility for assets,
income, and expenses
3. True, variable cost is deducted
4. False, residual income is the profit earned in excess of required profit, we take profit as a
numerator.
5. False, inventory is added as current assets
6. False. residual income is the profit earned in excess of required profit
7. True, residual income in absolute terms may create distorted pictures
8. False, if the project is beneficial to the center than it is beneficial for the company also
generally. Exceptions can be there but in general not..
Problem 4 Briefly, explain the steps of the Alkaline Lysis “minipre.pdf
Problem 4: Briefly, explain the steps of the Alkaline Lysis “miniprep”.
Problem 5: Briefly, explain how qPCR can be used to quantify the level of gene expression
Solution
Problem 4 )
Alkaline lysis is a method used in molecular biology , to isolate plasmid DNA or other cell
components such as proteins by breaking the cells open. Bacteria containing the plasmid of
interest is first grown, and then allowed to lyse with an alkaline lysis buffer consisting of a
detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and a strong base sodium hydroxide. The detergent
cleaves the phospholipid bilayer of membrane and the alkali denatures the proteins which are
involved in maintaining the structure of the cell membrane. Through a series of steps involving
agitation, precipitation, centrifugation, and the removal of supernatant, cellular debris is removed
and the plasmid is isolated and purified.
Problem 5 )
PCR
is used directly to amplify genes. It is mainly used to detect alleles I.e variants of a gene that can
be used to
e.g. identify individuals (e.g. DNA fingerprinting)
identify subpopulations (e.g. tracking ivory poaching)
determine which variants are associated with a condition (e.g. drug efficacy)y
real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), also known as quantitative polymerase chain
reaction (qPCR), is a laboratory technique of molecular biology based on the polymerase chain
reaction (PCR). It monitors the amplification of a targeted DNA molecule during the PCR, i.e. in
real-time, and not at its end, as in conventional PCR. Real-time PCR can be used quantitatively
(quantitative real-time PCR), and semi-quantitatively, i.e. above/below a certain amount of DNA
molecules (semi quantitative real-time PCR).
Two common methods for the detection of PCR products in real-time PCR are: (1) non-specific
fluorescent dyes that intercalate with any double-stranded DNA, and (2) sequence-specific DNA
probes consisting of oligonucleotides that are labelled with a fluorescent reporter which permits
detection only after hybridization of the probe with its complementary sequence..
Please explain In a Drosophila dihybrid cross, a sepia male was mate.pdf
Please explain In a Drosophila dihybrid cross, a sepia male was mated to a apterous female.
Their phenotypically wild F_1 female produced the following offspring when crossed to
phenotypically wild F_1 males: Please set up a null hypothesis and use a Chi-square analysis to
see if the observation follows the Mendelian phenotypic ratio.
Solution
Answer:
Chi-Square value= 1.33
The degrees of freedom = 4-1 = 3
The probability level for df 3
Chi-Square value, 1.33 lies below 0.5 (probability), so we fail to reject null
hypothesis.PhenotypeObserved(O)Expected (E)O-E(O-E)2(O-E)2/EWild
type45045000.000.00Sepia16015010100.000.67Apterous140150-
10100.000.67sepia/aprerous505000.000.008008001.33.
Ganges River question The Ganges River, shown in Figure 4.57, has an.pdf
Ganges River question The Ganges River, shown in Figure 4.57, has an annual average flow rate
of 12,105 m3/s. The average temperature of the Ganges River was reported to be 24.68C. The
Ganges has become contaminated with raw sewage and industrial waste, so that the dissolved
oxygen in the river upstream of sewage discharges is 4.6 mg/L. Suppose that the raw sewage that
is untreated flows into the Ganges at a rate of 460 m3/s, the temperature is 258C, and the
dissolved oxygen in the sewage stream is completely depleted (i.e., DO 0). How would you
develop a plan for improving water quality in the Ganges River? 90\" 90 5 STAN 00 kn CHINA
BHU NDIA G.aga. Bana Bay of Bengal 20 Figure The Ganges River Basin Source: Based on
Rahaman, M.M. (2006) The Ganges water conflict: A comparative analysis of the 1977
Agreement and the 1996 Treaty
Solution
Ganges, the holiest river of India is 2500 kms long binding 5 different states of India and has a
huge cultural and spiritual signifincance. The Ganga River Basin is home to more than 600
million Indians which is the highest number of people supported by any river in the world.
However, this huge population has made the Ganges one of the most polluted rivers in the world.
Despite this iconic status and religious heritage, the Ganges today is facing formidable pollution
pressures and associated threats to its biodiversity and environmental sustainability. Increased
dumping of human waste, as well as industrial waste, is noted as the most common form of
pollution of the river. The studies indicate that a large proportion of pollution load in the river
came from the municipal wastewater generated in twenty-five Class I towns located on the banks
of the Ganges, each with a population exceeding 100,000. It constituted around 75% of the
pollution from all point-sources. Remaining 25% of the pollution from point-sources was mainly
due to untreated industrial effluent. Therefore, emphasis is to be given on interception and
diversion of wastewater and its treatment in Sewage Treatment Plants, before discharging into
river.
The data given are -
Annual average flow rate = Qr = 12105 m3/sec
DO in the river upstream of the sewage discharge = DOr = 4.6 mg/l
Flow rate of raw sewage flowing into the river = 460 m3/sec
DO of the mix is given by ( Qr x DOr + Qsewage x DOsewage ) / (Qr + Qsewage) which
according to the question gets depleted completely and one can observe the amount of sewage
that is being dump in the river every day.
Improving the water quality in Ganges can be initiated by preparing a plan, that guides
investment and choices. An obvious focus to be given on the critically polluted stretch and the
plan should prioritize the pollution hot spots and the investments with the greatest impact.Scarce
resources must be allocated to investments with the highest returns. The paucity of credible and
reliable water quality data on the Ganges must be rectified. The global experience shows that we
need good data, including.
Locomotion is important for many Bacteria Which of the following are .pdf
Locomotion is important for many Bacteria Which of the following are common forms of
motility? Transient Gliding Swimming Random walk Lateral Bacterial cells frequently
produce inclusions in the cytoplasm or periplasm. What are functions that these serve?
Exporting nutrients to the environment Nutrient reserve Producing membrane bound organelles
survival during desiccation or starvation signal transduction to neighboring cells Which of the
following cell wall polysaccharides are sensitive to lysozyme? Teichoic acid Chitin
Poptdoglycan Cellulose Pseudonmurein
Solution
Question 6) Gliding is the common form of the motility. This allows the bacteria to move over
the solid surface.It involves ejection of polysaccharide slime from exit points at both the ends of
the body.
Question 7) Nutrient reserve (Inclusion bodies are the reserve material for the later use, they
have glycogen which is a polymer that is carbohydrate reserve for carbohydrate and energy)
Question 8) Peptidoglycan (catalyze hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic
acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in a peptidoglycan in cell wall of the bacterial cell).
List the three subpathways of cellular respiration and the results o.pdf
List the three subpathways of cellular respiration and the results of each.
Solution
The 3 subpathways of cellular respiration are as follows:
1. Glycolysis followed by link reaction: Take place in the cytoplasm and results in one glucose
molecule being converted into two pyruvate molecules with a net yield of 2 ATP molecules. Two
NAD+ which act as hydrogen carriers are converted into NADH + H+
The link Reaction: Pyruvate from glycolysis is absorbed by the mitochondion. Pyruvate
undergoes oxidative decarboxylation, whereby hydrogen is removed to form NADH + H+, and
carbon dioxide is removed. The end result is an acetyl group, which is accepted by coenzyme A
to form Acetyl CoA.
2. Krebs cycle: Acetyl group is transferred from Acetyl CoA to oxaloacetate at the beginning of
the cycle to form a 6-carbon compound. The compound undergoes oxidative decarboxylation,
which is distributed through 6 reactions : 2 reactions result in CO2 and the remaining four result
in H+. Of the H+ produced, that from three of the four reactions goes to form NADH + H+ and
the remaining forms FADH2. ATP is also produced in one of these reactions and is termed a
substrate-level phosphorylation.
3. ETC (Electron Transport chain): is a series of electron carriers located in the membrane of the
mitochondia. NADH + H+ and FADH2 give their electrons to these carriers in the membrane,
which then \"carry\" the electron from one carrier to another. The elctron is losing enery as it is
passed from one carrier to another. While this is taking place, the concentration of H+ outside
the mitochondia is growing larger and larger and so must be fixed. The energy released as
electron pass along the transport chain is used to pump H+ accross the membrane of the
mitochondia. The flow of the H+ ions through an enzyme known as ATP synthase drives the
enzyme to produce ATP. At the end of ETC, the electrons are given to oxygen, which also
accepts excress hydrogens, to form water..
John Harbeck is confused about computing physical units. Explain to .pdf
John Harbeck is confused about computing physical units. Explain to John how physical units
are to be accounted for and physical units accounted for are determined.
Solution
Physical units are actual units which are shown as actual units irrespective of the stage of
completion. Physical units to be accounted for consist of beginning work in process inventory
and units started during the period irrespective of the fact which method has been used for
calculating the equivalent units. On the other hand units accounted for consists of units
completed and transferred out to next department or finished goods and ending work in process
inventory..
In your own words discuss the following 1a. In what ways are macr.pdf
In your own words discuss the following:
1a. In what ways are macromolecules essential to life?
1b. Describe the structures of four and describe their major roles in organisms?
2a. Briefly explain the overall processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
2b. Also include a brief explanation of autotrophs and heterotrophs?
Solution
1a. Macromolecules are large molecules that serve as a source of energy, form the basic structure
of the organism and also carries the genetic information of the organism.
1b.proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids are the four macromolecules
proteins structure
primary
they are chains of aminoacids
secondary
these aminoacids can assume a folded confirmation to form a alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet
structure
this depepnds on the hydrogen bnding and electrostatic interactions between adjascent
aminoacids in the polymer
tirtiary
A protein on a whole can have many secondary structures which depends on the length of the
protein and also on the nature of aminoacids present in them.
For example when a protein has 2 alpha helix, the two helices are connected through disulfide
bridge or electrostatic force or even a small beta pleated sheet
this forms the secondary structure
Quarternary structure
to achieve the function of the proteins it has to be folded in the correct conformation which is
achieved in the quarternary structure.
Carbohydrate
it is basically a hydrocarbon
hydrogen bonding between sugar molecules will result in formation of a chain of sugar called
carbohydrates or polysaccharides
the sugars in the carbohydrate chain can be a simple carbon chain, a 5 carbon ring structure
(pentose) or a six carbon ring structure.
lipids:
they are also hydrocarbon chains however they will have a carboxyl group attached to the main
carbon.
nucleic acids:
they areof 2 forms DNA and RNA they have a sugar in the backbone
deoxyribose sugar in DNA and ribose sugar in RNA they have 4 bases that are bound to the
sugar backbone through phosphate bonding
DNA adenin,e guaninie, cytosine, thymine
RNA thymine replaced with Uracil
DNA double stranded with the two strands bound with hydrogen bonding between the bases A_T
and G_C
Proteins are essential as receptors in cells, structure on membrane, antigen on bacteria and is the
major body building macromolecule
Lipids are very rich source of energy so the body in general stores them for future use and uses
them under conditions of starving. lipids also have structural role.
Carbohydrates are major source of energy and are mostly metabolised to provide ATP for the
bodies function
2a. photosynnthesis is a process of fixing atmospheric CO2 into sugar molecule that is powered
by sunlight.
It uses CO2 and releases oxygen while respiration uses oxygen and releases CO2
Energy is utilised in the process of photosynthesis and the generated sugars are further broken
down to meet the energy needs of the organism.
2b autotrophs are those which can generate their own energy like plan.
Identify the adaptations evolved in the common ancestor of land plan.pdf
Identify the adaptations evolved in the common ancestor of land plants that allowed the
successful colonization of land.
Select all that apply.
Evolution of a water-impermeable cuticle
Evolution of a carbohydrate energy-storage molecule
Evolution of gametangia
Evolution of a mechanism for structural support
A mutualistic association with a fungus that promotes nutrient uptake
Solution
Answer:
A mutualistic association with a fungus that promotes nutrient uptake
Evolution of gametangia
Evolution of a mechanism for structural support
Reason:
The origin of the ancestral alternating generations of gametangia (sporophytes & gamtephytes) &
root colonization and structural supporting tissue evolution are adaptations evolved in the
common ancestor of land plants that allowed the successful colonization of land. This has
explained as per the “antithetic” theory & homologous theory. Probably factors that permitted
early plants to successfully colonize land as the relative number of potential predators such as
herbivores based on predator-prey relationship. The relative number of competitors, the relative
availability of symbiotic partners such as Mycorrhizal mycelia are living on the roots surface of
the host plant as mutualistic symboints and enabling the host root colonization of land plants
with increased absorption of nutrients such as phosphates, nitrates, water etc. by providing the
surface area for absorption.
Fungal mycelia and ancient archaic prokaryotes are living on the roots surface of the host land
plants as mutualistic symboints in 500 millions of years ago and enabling the host root
colonization with increased abruption of nutrients such as phosphates, nitrates, water etc. by
providing the surface area for absorption. This process produced a vital photosynthesis rate by
increasing total gross primary productivity.
These land plants with differential reproductive ability to produce gametophytes enabled their
sexual reproduction (embryophytes, all vascular plants including angiosperms and
gymnosperms) to produce more progeny to generate higher rate of photosynthesis associated
with increased rate of colonization to produce oxygen gas to air-breathing animals..
How would you define the Mann-Whitney StatisticSolutionIn sta.pdf
How would you define the Mann-Whitney Statistic?
Solution
In statistics, the Mann–Whitney U test (also called the Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon (MWW),
Wilcoxon rank-sum test (WRS), or Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test) is anonparametric test of the
null hypothesis that two samples come from the same population against an alternative
hypothesis, especially that a particular population tends to have larger values than the other.
It can be applied on unknown distributions contrary to t-test which has to be applied only on
normal distributions, and it is nearly as efficient as the t-test on normal distributions..
Give me subjects to do presentation about (how civil related to el.pdf
Give me subjects to do presentation about (how civil related to electric major)
Give me subjects to do presentation about (how civil related to electric major)
Solution
Civil engineering is about things that you can relate in the real world. For example construction ,
transportation, environment etc. Whereas electrical engineering is about the devices and
appliances you use in daily life.
Civil being oldest of all engineering streams has its own place in this technological world. It has
evolved with time and became more efficient.
Electrical engineering is also one of the oldest stream of engineering.
Both civil and electrical engineering have mutual benefits. In civil engineering many electrical
based devices are used which are used to perform many test . Electrical engineering is use full in
almost every subject of civil like environment, structure, soil mechanics, transportation, fluid
mechanics etc.
In electrical engineering, civil also provide major contribution. In electrical engineering,
infrastructure plays important role from generation of electricity to its transmission, as well as its
use.
Both the disciplines involves a lot of maths, a lot of equations..
EthicsJohn mill stuart gave few objections on his Utilitarianism. .pdf
Ethics
John mill stuart gave few objections on his Utilitarianism. Four of them are them are following.
Discuss the following briefly in couple of sentences for each of the following. ( Just 100 words
all together)
1)standard is too high
2)a godless theory
3)label of expentiency
4)too much deliboration
Please do not provide answer from others work which may consider as plegarism
Solution
1. Standard is too high: The objectors to utilitarianism can’t be accused of always representing it
in a discreditable light. On the contrary, objectors who have anything like a correct idea of its
disinterested character sometimes find fault with utilitarianism’s standard as being too high for
humanity. To require people always to act from the motive of promoting the general interests of
society—that is demanding too much, they say. But this is to mistake the very meaning of a
standard of morals, and confuse the rule of action with the motive for acting. It is the business of
ethics to tell us what are our duties, or by what test we can know them; but no system of ethics
requires that our only motive in everything we do shall be a feeling of duty; on the contrary,
ninety-nine hundredths of all our actions are done from other motives.
2. A godless Theory: The objector attacks Mill by saying that Utilitarianism is a Godless
Doctrine and how is a theory supposed to hold up in society, which the majority is religious,
where the theory does not even utter God’s name? Mill supports Utilitarianism by stating that
this theory revolves around people’s overall happiness and this is what God desires, so in fact
this theory inludes God indirectly. Mill’s defense is a rather weak one. It makes sense at first, but
this is assuming that God is all loving and wants the best for everyone and as we concluded with
DCT, God is not all loving. So since the DCT theory does not hold and God is not all loving,
Mill’s defense is weak.
I believe that Mill argues his point to great effect despite the removal of God from the doctrine of
utility. Having rejected the “Divine Command Theory” in prior discussions, I, too, have
subscribed to the principle that mankind does not need a doctrine of ethics to interpret the will of
God.
3. Label of expentiency: Utilitarianism is often conflated with Expediency, and therefore
considered immoral. However, \"expedient\" usually refers to acting against what is right for the
sake of personal interest or short-term goals. Thus, instead of being useful, this meaning of
expediency is actually harmful. Mill would argue that hurting society is not truly expedient, and
that to act against society\'s interests is to be an enemy of morality.
4. Too much deliboration: Mill looks into morality as a social practice and not as autonomous
self-determination by reason, like other phillosphers. For others moral deliberation determines
those actions which we have the most reason to perform. Mill disagrees; for him, it makes sense
to say that “A is the right thing t.
Describe the similarities and differences (3 or 4 complete sentences.pdf
Describe the similarities and differences (3 or 4 complete sentences) in the synthesis “pathway”
(i.e. all the organelles and cellular components involved) between a protein that is NOT secreted
(i.e., functions within the cytoplasm) versus a protein that IS secreted
Solution
The process of protein synthesis and secretion starts from the endoplasmic reticulum. The
polypeptide chain is formed in the ribosomes, and then transferred to the Golgi apparatus, where
the final modifications are done. The Golgi apparatus sorts the modified poly peptide molecules
and packages into new transport vesicles which reach their particular destinations.
The proteins that are intended to be used within the cell (intracellular proteins) are produced by
the ribosomes that float freely in the cytoplasm.
The proteins that are intended to be secreted out of the cell are synthesized by the ribosomes of
the RER. This system contains “cisternae.” They are the fluid filled sacs, into which the
synthesized proteins are released.
They modify these proteins by different processes. The proteins generally contain endoplasmic
reticulum signal sequence at their N-terminus, which directs them to the rough endoplasmic
reticulum. They enter into the endoplasmic reticulum as the lipid end of the protein (first 30
amino acids are hydrophobic) is attracted by the lipid component of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Once they are in the ER, the hydrophobic chain is removed by the enzymatic process. The
secretory proteins are transported to the Golgi apparatus for further modification. From the trans-
Golgi vesicles, proteins move to cell membrane through small transportation vesicles
(exocytosis). Some of then may be degraded by lysosomes as a part of regulation of gene
expression..
How to Break the cycle of negative Thoughts
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
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The Hazen-Williams hydraulic formula for the mass-flow rate, m throug.pdf
The Hazen-Williams hydraulic formula for the mass-flow rate, m through a pipe of diameter D
and length L is given by m = K rho D^2.63 (delta_p/L)^0.54 where delta_p is the pressure drop
and rho is the liquid\'s density. What are the base dimensions, SI units and US customary units of
the constant K?
Solution.
The first crop produced by african slave labor in the Caribbean was _.pdf
The first crop produced by african slave labor in the Caribbean was _______________.
Solution
A) plantations of sugarcane...
In mid 17 century, sugarcane was the major economic crop.
It was most efficiently grown on large plantations by many workers...
As a result,black men and women were taken to Caribbean from Africa,and made to work on
sugar plantations.
The degree of freedom table is available online. Please answer A&B f.pdf
The degree of freedom table is available online. Please answer A&B for question 2 In humans,
the dominant allele N causes an abnormal shape of the patella in the knee (n is the normal allele).
A separate gene affects finger length, and the dominant allele B causes abnormally short fingers,
whereas b gives normal length. A study focused on people who have both abnormal patellae and
short fingers (they most likely have the genotype N/n B/b). They inherited the N allele from one
parent and the B allele from the other parent. These N/n B/b individuals mated with normal
spouses. (The spouses had no history of abnormal patellae or short fingers in their families; they
can be assumed to be homozygous normal.) 40 progeny were boom; they are classified as
follows. Using the chi square test, determine whether there is significant linkage between the
B/b and the N/n gene. X^2 = P = linked? If you conclude there is linkage, what is the distance
between the two genes?
Solution
Answer:
a). N/n; B/b x n/n; b/b
N/n B/b : N/n b/b ; n/n B/b ; n/n b/b
1:1:1:1
Chi-square vale = 22.60
The degrees of freedom = 4-1 = 3
p value = 0.00004893
The genes are not linkedPhenotypeObserved(O)Expected (E)O-E(O-E)2(O-E)2/ENormal310-
749.004.90Abnormal knees and fingers210-864.006.40Abnormal knees
only1710749.004.90Abnormal fingers only1810864.006.404022.60.
the american red cross gives the following distribution for Blood Ty.pdf
the american red cross gives the following distribution for Blood Type in the U.S. population:
(a) Someone volunteers to give blood. What is the probability that this donor:
i. Has Type A or Type B blood?
ii. Is not Type O?
(b) Among four potential donors, what is the probability that:
i. All are Type O?
ii. No one is Type AB?
iii. Not all are Type A?
iv. At least one person is Type B?
(c) If you examine one person, are the events that the person is Type A and that the person is
Type B disjoint, independent or neither? Explain.
(d) If you examine two persons, are the events that one person is Type A and that the second is
Type B disjoint, independent or neither? Explain.
Blood TypePercentA40B11O45AB4
Solution
a)
i. As they are mutually exclusive events,
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) = 40% + 11% = 51% [answer]
****
ii.
P(not O) = 1 - P(O) = 1 - 0.45 = 0.55 = 55% [answer]
************************
b)
i. P(4 are O) = 0.45^4 = 0.04100625
ii. P(no one are type AB) = (1-0.04)^4 = 0.84934656
iii. P(not all are A) = 1 - P(all are A) = 1 - 0.40^4 = 0.9744
iv. P(at least one B) = 1 - P(all are not B) = 1 - (1-0.11)^4 = 0.37257759
***************************
c.
They are disjoint, as no person is both a type A and type B at the same time.
************
d.
Neither. Those two persons can be relatives, and their blood types can be related..
Suppose that the probability that a head appears when a coin is tosse.pdf
Suppose that the probability that a head appears when a coin is tossed is p and the probability
that a tail occurs is q = 1 - p. Person A tosses the coin until the first head appears and stops.
Person B does likewise. The results obtained by persons A and B are assumed to be independent.
What is the probability that A and B stop on exactly the same number toss.
Solution.
Suppose a student mbs a Teflon rod with wool and then briefly touches.pdf
Suppose a student mbs a Teflon rod with wool and then briefly touches it to an initially neutral
aluminum rod suspended by insulating threads. What would the net charge on the Teflon rod be
What would the net charge on the aluminum rod be After the student has touched the aluminum
rod with the rubbed Teflon rod. as described above, the student then holds the Teflon rod near
the aluminum rod. but does not allow them to touch. The student observes that when the rods are
close enough together, they attract as shown in the diagram. Which statement below correctly
explains what is observed The aluminum rod which has a net zero (neutral) charge has become
polarized. In a conductor, because the charges can move, the positive charges have been attracted
to the Teflon rod and negative charge is repelled toward the other end. Because the Teflon is
closer to the positively charged end. the net force is attractive. After the Teflon touched the
aluminum, it gave up all of its Negative charge and became positively charged, and the
aluminum rod became negatively charged. Since the aluminum and Teflon have opposite
charges, they are attracted to each other. The charge on the aluminum distributes itself evenly
over the surface. So the fact that the two rods are attracted to each other means that they must be
oppositely charged. Thus the aluminum rod has a net positive charge. Whenever two charged
objects are near each other, they become polarized: the opposite charges in each move towards
each other and the negative charges move away. This gives a net attractive force between the two
objects, since the polarized Teflon is attracted to the polarized aluminum. Negative charges in
the aluminum are repelled by the Teflon and positive charges are attracted to the Teflon. Since
the aluminum is a conductor, the charges can move which causes the aluminum to become
polarized. So. even though the aluminum is has a nonzero net charge (due to the initial touch by
the Teflon), because the force between charges is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them, the attractive force between the Teflon and the near end of the aluminum
is stronger than the repulsive force between the Teflon and the far end of the aluminum , the net
force is attractive.
Solution
Due to touch of teflon, its charge will reduce but will not go to zero. Some amount of its initial
charge will be transferred to Aluminum rod. So, aluminum rod will have a non-zero negative
charge.
For the next part last option is correct, which explains why the force is attractive rather than
repulsive..
Review the section Investigating Life Clues to the Origin of Langu.pdf
Review the section \"Investigating Life: Clues to the Origin of Language.\" Scientists know that
the mutations to FOXP2 arose before Neandertals. To determine how old the Neandertal fossils
are, researchers must use radiometric dating. They use an isotope with a half-life of 12,000 years,
and find that fossils from one Neandertal have 1/256^th (=1/2^8) of the isotope found In
currently living organisms. How old would you predict these Neandertal fossils to be? about
50,000 years about 200,000 years about 400,000 years about 10,000 years about 100,000 years
Solution
age of substannce = no of halflives passed * half life
here no of half lives passed are 8 beacuse 1/256 of orginal sample is left
and half life of isotope is 12000
so age would be 12000*8 years = 96000
so the rough age is about 100,000 (which is most close to 96000).
QUESTION 4 Choose true or false as applicable for each of the.pdf
QUESTION 4 Choose \"true\" or \"false\" as applicable for each of the following items as they
pertain to responsibility center reporting. In analyzing the operating results of an individual A.
TRUE B. FALSE center, it would be most meaningful to deduct common fixed costs in
calculating the operating income of the center A responsibility center manager could potentially
have control over costs, revenues, and/or assets invested Responsibility center operating income
includes the impact of controllable variable costs. C. Residual income is used in the numerator to
compute asset turnover in a ROI analysis. Inventory would typically be EXCLUDED as part of
assets invested the ROI calculation. - Residual income is equal to the difference CWhen using
residual income as a measure of The use of return on investment (ROI) as a between total
revenues and operating expenses. performance, it is not meaningtl to compare the residual
incomes of divisions of different sizes. performance measure could potentially lead a
responsibility center manager to accept a project that might be unfavorable for the company as a
whole.
Solution
1. False, because the common fixed cost would have been incurred whether individual center
existed or not.
2. True, an investment responsibility center manager could have responsibility for assets,
income, and expenses
3. True, variable cost is deducted
4. False, residual income is the profit earned in excess of required profit, we take profit as a
numerator.
5. False, inventory is added as current assets
6. False. residual income is the profit earned in excess of required profit
7. True, residual income in absolute terms may create distorted pictures
8. False, if the project is beneficial to the center than it is beneficial for the company also
generally. Exceptions can be there but in general not..
Problem 4 Briefly, explain the steps of the Alkaline Lysis “minipre.pdf
Problem 4: Briefly, explain the steps of the Alkaline Lysis “miniprep”.
Problem 5: Briefly, explain how qPCR can be used to quantify the level of gene expression
Solution
Problem 4 )
Alkaline lysis is a method used in molecular biology , to isolate plasmid DNA or other cell
components such as proteins by breaking the cells open. Bacteria containing the plasmid of
interest is first grown, and then allowed to lyse with an alkaline lysis buffer consisting of a
detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and a strong base sodium hydroxide. The detergent
cleaves the phospholipid bilayer of membrane and the alkali denatures the proteins which are
involved in maintaining the structure of the cell membrane. Through a series of steps involving
agitation, precipitation, centrifugation, and the removal of supernatant, cellular debris is removed
and the plasmid is isolated and purified.
Problem 5 )
PCR
is used directly to amplify genes. It is mainly used to detect alleles I.e variants of a gene that can
be used to
e.g. identify individuals (e.g. DNA fingerprinting)
identify subpopulations (e.g. tracking ivory poaching)
determine which variants are associated with a condition (e.g. drug efficacy)y
real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), also known as quantitative polymerase chain
reaction (qPCR), is a laboratory technique of molecular biology based on the polymerase chain
reaction (PCR). It monitors the amplification of a targeted DNA molecule during the PCR, i.e. in
real-time, and not at its end, as in conventional PCR. Real-time PCR can be used quantitatively
(quantitative real-time PCR), and semi-quantitatively, i.e. above/below a certain amount of DNA
molecules (semi quantitative real-time PCR).
Two common methods for the detection of PCR products in real-time PCR are: (1) non-specific
fluorescent dyes that intercalate with any double-stranded DNA, and (2) sequence-specific DNA
probes consisting of oligonucleotides that are labelled with a fluorescent reporter which permits
detection only after hybridization of the probe with its complementary sequence..
Please explain In a Drosophila dihybrid cross, a sepia male was mate.pdf
Please explain In a Drosophila dihybrid cross, a sepia male was mated to a apterous female.
Their phenotypically wild F_1 female produced the following offspring when crossed to
phenotypically wild F_1 males: Please set up a null hypothesis and use a Chi-square analysis to
see if the observation follows the Mendelian phenotypic ratio.
Solution
Answer:
Chi-Square value= 1.33
The degrees of freedom = 4-1 = 3
The probability level for df 3
Chi-Square value, 1.33 lies below 0.5 (probability), so we fail to reject null
hypothesis.PhenotypeObserved(O)Expected (E)O-E(O-E)2(O-E)2/EWild
type45045000.000.00Sepia16015010100.000.67Apterous140150-
10100.000.67sepia/aprerous505000.000.008008001.33.
Ganges River question The Ganges River, shown in Figure 4.57, has an.pdf
Ganges River question The Ganges River, shown in Figure 4.57, has an annual average flow rate
of 12,105 m3/s. The average temperature of the Ganges River was reported to be 24.68C. The
Ganges has become contaminated with raw sewage and industrial waste, so that the dissolved
oxygen in the river upstream of sewage discharges is 4.6 mg/L. Suppose that the raw sewage that
is untreated flows into the Ganges at a rate of 460 m3/s, the temperature is 258C, and the
dissolved oxygen in the sewage stream is completely depleted (i.e., DO 0). How would you
develop a plan for improving water quality in the Ganges River? 90\" 90 5 STAN 00 kn CHINA
BHU NDIA G.aga. Bana Bay of Bengal 20 Figure The Ganges River Basin Source: Based on
Rahaman, M.M. (2006) The Ganges water conflict: A comparative analysis of the 1977
Agreement and the 1996 Treaty
Solution
Ganges, the holiest river of India is 2500 kms long binding 5 different states of India and has a
huge cultural and spiritual signifincance. The Ganga River Basin is home to more than 600
million Indians which is the highest number of people supported by any river in the world.
However, this huge population has made the Ganges one of the most polluted rivers in the world.
Despite this iconic status and religious heritage, the Ganges today is facing formidable pollution
pressures and associated threats to its biodiversity and environmental sustainability. Increased
dumping of human waste, as well as industrial waste, is noted as the most common form of
pollution of the river. The studies indicate that a large proportion of pollution load in the river
came from the municipal wastewater generated in twenty-five Class I towns located on the banks
of the Ganges, each with a population exceeding 100,000. It constituted around 75% of the
pollution from all point-sources. Remaining 25% of the pollution from point-sources was mainly
due to untreated industrial effluent. Therefore, emphasis is to be given on interception and
diversion of wastewater and its treatment in Sewage Treatment Plants, before discharging into
river.
The data given are -
Annual average flow rate = Qr = 12105 m3/sec
DO in the river upstream of the sewage discharge = DOr = 4.6 mg/l
Flow rate of raw sewage flowing into the river = 460 m3/sec
DO of the mix is given by ( Qr x DOr + Qsewage x DOsewage ) / (Qr + Qsewage) which
according to the question gets depleted completely and one can observe the amount of sewage
that is being dump in the river every day.
Improving the water quality in Ganges can be initiated by preparing a plan, that guides
investment and choices. An obvious focus to be given on the critically polluted stretch and the
plan should prioritize the pollution hot spots and the investments with the greatest impact.Scarce
resources must be allocated to investments with the highest returns. The paucity of credible and
reliable water quality data on the Ganges must be rectified. The global experience shows that we
need good data, including.
Locomotion is important for many Bacteria Which of the following are .pdf
Locomotion is important for many Bacteria Which of the following are common forms of
motility? Transient Gliding Swimming Random walk Lateral Bacterial cells frequently
produce inclusions in the cytoplasm or periplasm. What are functions that these serve?
Exporting nutrients to the environment Nutrient reserve Producing membrane bound organelles
survival during desiccation or starvation signal transduction to neighboring cells Which of the
following cell wall polysaccharides are sensitive to lysozyme? Teichoic acid Chitin
Poptdoglycan Cellulose Pseudonmurein
Solution
Question 6) Gliding is the common form of the motility. This allows the bacteria to move over
the solid surface.It involves ejection of polysaccharide slime from exit points at both the ends of
the body.
Question 7) Nutrient reserve (Inclusion bodies are the reserve material for the later use, they
have glycogen which is a polymer that is carbohydrate reserve for carbohydrate and energy)
Question 8) Peptidoglycan (catalyze hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic
acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in a peptidoglycan in cell wall of the bacterial cell).
List the three subpathways of cellular respiration and the results o.pdf
List the three subpathways of cellular respiration and the results of each.
Solution
The 3 subpathways of cellular respiration are as follows:
1. Glycolysis followed by link reaction: Take place in the cytoplasm and results in one glucose
molecule being converted into two pyruvate molecules with a net yield of 2 ATP molecules. Two
NAD+ which act as hydrogen carriers are converted into NADH + H+
The link Reaction: Pyruvate from glycolysis is absorbed by the mitochondion. Pyruvate
undergoes oxidative decarboxylation, whereby hydrogen is removed to form NADH + H+, and
carbon dioxide is removed. The end result is an acetyl group, which is accepted by coenzyme A
to form Acetyl CoA.
2. Krebs cycle: Acetyl group is transferred from Acetyl CoA to oxaloacetate at the beginning of
the cycle to form a 6-carbon compound. The compound undergoes oxidative decarboxylation,
which is distributed through 6 reactions : 2 reactions result in CO2 and the remaining four result
in H+. Of the H+ produced, that from three of the four reactions goes to form NADH + H+ and
the remaining forms FADH2. ATP is also produced in one of these reactions and is termed a
substrate-level phosphorylation.
3. ETC (Electron Transport chain): is a series of electron carriers located in the membrane of the
mitochondia. NADH + H+ and FADH2 give their electrons to these carriers in the membrane,
which then \"carry\" the electron from one carrier to another. The elctron is losing enery as it is
passed from one carrier to another. While this is taking place, the concentration of H+ outside
the mitochondia is growing larger and larger and so must be fixed. The energy released as
electron pass along the transport chain is used to pump H+ accross the membrane of the
mitochondia. The flow of the H+ ions through an enzyme known as ATP synthase drives the
enzyme to produce ATP. At the end of ETC, the electrons are given to oxygen, which also
accepts excress hydrogens, to form water..
John Harbeck is confused about computing physical units. Explain to .pdf
John Harbeck is confused about computing physical units. Explain to John how physical units
are to be accounted for and physical units accounted for are determined.
Solution
Physical units are actual units which are shown as actual units irrespective of the stage of
completion. Physical units to be accounted for consist of beginning work in process inventory
and units started during the period irrespective of the fact which method has been used for
calculating the equivalent units. On the other hand units accounted for consists of units
completed and transferred out to next department or finished goods and ending work in process
inventory..
In your own words discuss the following 1a. In what ways are macr.pdf
In your own words discuss the following:
1a. In what ways are macromolecules essential to life?
1b. Describe the structures of four and describe their major roles in organisms?
2a. Briefly explain the overall processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
2b. Also include a brief explanation of autotrophs and heterotrophs?
Solution
1a. Macromolecules are large molecules that serve as a source of energy, form the basic structure
of the organism and also carries the genetic information of the organism.
1b.proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids are the four macromolecules
proteins structure
primary
they are chains of aminoacids
secondary
these aminoacids can assume a folded confirmation to form a alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet
structure
this depepnds on the hydrogen bnding and electrostatic interactions between adjascent
aminoacids in the polymer
tirtiary
A protein on a whole can have many secondary structures which depends on the length of the
protein and also on the nature of aminoacids present in them.
For example when a protein has 2 alpha helix, the two helices are connected through disulfide
bridge or electrostatic force or even a small beta pleated sheet
this forms the secondary structure
Quarternary structure
to achieve the function of the proteins it has to be folded in the correct conformation which is
achieved in the quarternary structure.
Carbohydrate
it is basically a hydrocarbon
hydrogen bonding between sugar molecules will result in formation of a chain of sugar called
carbohydrates or polysaccharides
the sugars in the carbohydrate chain can be a simple carbon chain, a 5 carbon ring structure
(pentose) or a six carbon ring structure.
lipids:
they are also hydrocarbon chains however they will have a carboxyl group attached to the main
carbon.
nucleic acids:
they areof 2 forms DNA and RNA they have a sugar in the backbone
deoxyribose sugar in DNA and ribose sugar in RNA they have 4 bases that are bound to the
sugar backbone through phosphate bonding
DNA adenin,e guaninie, cytosine, thymine
RNA thymine replaced with Uracil
DNA double stranded with the two strands bound with hydrogen bonding between the bases A_T
and G_C
Proteins are essential as receptors in cells, structure on membrane, antigen on bacteria and is the
major body building macromolecule
Lipids are very rich source of energy so the body in general stores them for future use and uses
them under conditions of starving. lipids also have structural role.
Carbohydrates are major source of energy and are mostly metabolised to provide ATP for the
bodies function
2a. photosynnthesis is a process of fixing atmospheric CO2 into sugar molecule that is powered
by sunlight.
It uses CO2 and releases oxygen while respiration uses oxygen and releases CO2
Energy is utilised in the process of photosynthesis and the generated sugars are further broken
down to meet the energy needs of the organism.
2b autotrophs are those which can generate their own energy like plan.
Identify the adaptations evolved in the common ancestor of land plan.pdf
Identify the adaptations evolved in the common ancestor of land plants that allowed the
successful colonization of land.
Select all that apply.
Evolution of a water-impermeable cuticle
Evolution of a carbohydrate energy-storage molecule
Evolution of gametangia
Evolution of a mechanism for structural support
A mutualistic association with a fungus that promotes nutrient uptake
Solution
Answer:
A mutualistic association with a fungus that promotes nutrient uptake
Evolution of gametangia
Evolution of a mechanism for structural support
Reason:
The origin of the ancestral alternating generations of gametangia (sporophytes & gamtephytes) &
root colonization and structural supporting tissue evolution are adaptations evolved in the
common ancestor of land plants that allowed the successful colonization of land. This has
explained as per the “antithetic” theory & homologous theory. Probably factors that permitted
early plants to successfully colonize land as the relative number of potential predators such as
herbivores based on predator-prey relationship. The relative number of competitors, the relative
availability of symbiotic partners such as Mycorrhizal mycelia are living on the roots surface of
the host plant as mutualistic symboints and enabling the host root colonization of land plants
with increased absorption of nutrients such as phosphates, nitrates, water etc. by providing the
surface area for absorption.
Fungal mycelia and ancient archaic prokaryotes are living on the roots surface of the host land
plants as mutualistic symboints in 500 millions of years ago and enabling the host root
colonization with increased abruption of nutrients such as phosphates, nitrates, water etc. by
providing the surface area for absorption. This process produced a vital photosynthesis rate by
increasing total gross primary productivity.
These land plants with differential reproductive ability to produce gametophytes enabled their
sexual reproduction (embryophytes, all vascular plants including angiosperms and
gymnosperms) to produce more progeny to generate higher rate of photosynthesis associated
with increased rate of colonization to produce oxygen gas to air-breathing animals..
How would you define the Mann-Whitney StatisticSolutionIn sta.pdf
How would you define the Mann-Whitney Statistic?
Solution
In statistics, the Mann–Whitney U test (also called the Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon (MWW),
Wilcoxon rank-sum test (WRS), or Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test) is anonparametric test of the
null hypothesis that two samples come from the same population against an alternative
hypothesis, especially that a particular population tends to have larger values than the other.
It can be applied on unknown distributions contrary to t-test which has to be applied only on
normal distributions, and it is nearly as efficient as the t-test on normal distributions..
Give me subjects to do presentation about (how civil related to el.pdf
Give me subjects to do presentation about (how civil related to electric major)
Give me subjects to do presentation about (how civil related to electric major)
Solution
Civil engineering is about things that you can relate in the real world. For example construction ,
transportation, environment etc. Whereas electrical engineering is about the devices and
appliances you use in daily life.
Civil being oldest of all engineering streams has its own place in this technological world. It has
evolved with time and became more efficient.
Electrical engineering is also one of the oldest stream of engineering.
Both civil and electrical engineering have mutual benefits. In civil engineering many electrical
based devices are used which are used to perform many test . Electrical engineering is use full in
almost every subject of civil like environment, structure, soil mechanics, transportation, fluid
mechanics etc.
In electrical engineering, civil also provide major contribution. In electrical engineering,
infrastructure plays important role from generation of electricity to its transmission, as well as its
use.
Both the disciplines involves a lot of maths, a lot of equations..
EthicsJohn mill stuart gave few objections on his Utilitarianism. .pdf
Ethics
John mill stuart gave few objections on his Utilitarianism. Four of them are them are following.
Discuss the following briefly in couple of sentences for each of the following. ( Just 100 words
all together)
1)standard is too high
2)a godless theory
3)label of expentiency
4)too much deliboration
Please do not provide answer from others work which may consider as plegarism
Solution
1. Standard is too high: The objectors to utilitarianism can’t be accused of always representing it
in a discreditable light. On the contrary, objectors who have anything like a correct idea of its
disinterested character sometimes find fault with utilitarianism’s standard as being too high for
humanity. To require people always to act from the motive of promoting the general interests of
society—that is demanding too much, they say. But this is to mistake the very meaning of a
standard of morals, and confuse the rule of action with the motive for acting. It is the business of
ethics to tell us what are our duties, or by what test we can know them; but no system of ethics
requires that our only motive in everything we do shall be a feeling of duty; on the contrary,
ninety-nine hundredths of all our actions are done from other motives.
2. A godless Theory: The objector attacks Mill by saying that Utilitarianism is a Godless
Doctrine and how is a theory supposed to hold up in society, which the majority is religious,
where the theory does not even utter God’s name? Mill supports Utilitarianism by stating that
this theory revolves around people’s overall happiness and this is what God desires, so in fact
this theory inludes God indirectly. Mill’s defense is a rather weak one. It makes sense at first, but
this is assuming that God is all loving and wants the best for everyone and as we concluded with
DCT, God is not all loving. So since the DCT theory does not hold and God is not all loving,
Mill’s defense is weak.
I believe that Mill argues his point to great effect despite the removal of God from the doctrine of
utility. Having rejected the “Divine Command Theory” in prior discussions, I, too, have
subscribed to the principle that mankind does not need a doctrine of ethics to interpret the will of
God.
3. Label of expentiency: Utilitarianism is often conflated with Expediency, and therefore
considered immoral. However, \"expedient\" usually refers to acting against what is right for the
sake of personal interest or short-term goals. Thus, instead of being useful, this meaning of
expediency is actually harmful. Mill would argue that hurting society is not truly expedient, and
that to act against society\'s interests is to be an enemy of morality.
4. Too much deliboration: Mill looks into morality as a social practice and not as autonomous
self-determination by reason, like other phillosphers. For others moral deliberation determines
those actions which we have the most reason to perform. Mill disagrees; for him, it makes sense
to say that “A is the right thing t.
Describe the similarities and differences (3 or 4 complete sentences.pdf
Describe the similarities and differences (3 or 4 complete sentences) in the synthesis “pathway”
(i.e. all the organelles and cellular components involved) between a protein that is NOT secreted
(i.e., functions within the cytoplasm) versus a protein that IS secreted
Solution
The process of protein synthesis and secretion starts from the endoplasmic reticulum. The
polypeptide chain is formed in the ribosomes, and then transferred to the Golgi apparatus, where
the final modifications are done. The Golgi apparatus sorts the modified poly peptide molecules
and packages into new transport vesicles which reach their particular destinations.
The proteins that are intended to be used within the cell (intracellular proteins) are produced by
the ribosomes that float freely in the cytoplasm.
The proteins that are intended to be secreted out of the cell are synthesized by the ribosomes of
the RER. This system contains “cisternae.” They are the fluid filled sacs, into which the
synthesized proteins are released.
They modify these proteins by different processes. The proteins generally contain endoplasmic
reticulum signal sequence at their N-terminus, which directs them to the rough endoplasmic
reticulum. They enter into the endoplasmic reticulum as the lipid end of the protein (first 30
amino acids are hydrophobic) is attracted by the lipid component of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Once they are in the ER, the hydrophobic chain is removed by the enzymatic process. The
secretory proteins are transported to the Golgi apparatus for further modification. From the trans-
Golgi vesicles, proteins move to cell membrane through small transportation vesicles
(exocytosis). Some of then may be degraded by lysosomes as a part of regulation of gene
expression..
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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