This document summarizes a journal article that proposes improving the Improved Switching Constant False Alarm Rate (IS-CFAR) radar detection system using wavelet de-noising. IS-CFAR aims to maintain a constant false alarm rate but struggles with non-homogeneous environments containing clutter or interfering targets. The paper introduces applying wavelet de-noising to the reference cells of IS-CFAR to reduce noise and better estimate the noise level. Simulation results show this Improved IS-CFAR with wavelet de-noising (I2S-CFAR) achieves around a 2.6dB higher signal-to-noise ratio compared to IS-CFAR for the same probability of detection, especially in non
Interference Cancellation by Repeated Filtering in the Fractional Fourier Tra...IJERA Editor
The Fractional Fourier Transform (FrFT) is a useful tool that separates signals-of-interest (SOIs) from
interference and noise in non-stationary environments. This requires estimation of the rotational parameter „a‟ to
rotate the signal to a new domain along an axis „ta‟, in which the interference can best be filtered out. The value
of „a‟ is typically chosen as that which minimizes the mean-square error (MSE) between the desired SOI and its
estimate or that minimizes the overlap between the signal and noise, projected onto the axis „ta‟. In this paper, we
extend this concept to perform repeated filtering, in multiple FrFT domains to reduce the MSE further than can
be done with a single FrFT. We perform this solely using MSE as the metric by which to compute „a‟ at each
stage, thereby simplifying the approach and improving performance over conventional single stage FrFT
methods or methods based solely on the frequency domain filtering, such as the Fast Fourier transform (FFT).
We show that the proposed method improves the MSE two or three orders of magnitude over the conventional
methods using L ≤ 3 stages of FrFT filtering
Distributed Architecture of Subspace Clustering and RelatedPei-Che Chang
Distributed Architecture of Subspace Clustering and Related
Sparse Subspace Clustering
Low-Rank Representation
Least Squares Regression
Multiview Subspace Clustering
RESOLVING CYCLIC AMBIGUITIES AND INCREASING ACCURACY AND RESOLUTION IN DOA ES...csandit
A method to resolve cyclic ambiguities and increase the accuracy and the resolution in the
direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation using the Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational
Invariance Technique (ESPRIT)algorithm is proposed. It is based on rotating the array and
sampling the received signal at multiple positions. Using this approach, the gain in accuracy
and resolution is addressed as function of the mean and variance of the DOA. Simulations
results are provided as a means of verifying this analysis.
Speech Processing in Stressing Co-Channel Interference Using the Wigner Distr...CSCJournals
The Fractional Fourier Transform (FrFT) can provide significant interference suppression (IS) over other techniques in real-life non-stationary environments because it can operate with very few samples. However, the optimum rotational parameter ‘a’ must first be estimated. Recently, a new method to estimate ‘a’ based on the value that minimizes the projection of the product of the Wigner Distributions (WDs) of the signal-of-interest (SOI) and interference was proposed. This is more easily calculated by recognizing its equivalency to choosing ‘a’ for which the product of the energies of the SOI and interference in the FrFT domain is minimized, termed the WD-FrFT algorithm. The algorithm was shown to estimate ‘a’ more accurately than minimum mean square error FrFT (MMSE-FrFT) methods and perform far better than MMSE Fast Fourier Transform (MMSE-FFT) methods, which only operate in the frequency domain. The WD-FrFT algorithm significantly improves interference suppression (IS) capability, even at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, we apply the proposed WD-FrFT technique to recovering a speech signal in non-stationary co-channel interference. Using mean-square error (MSE) between the SOI and its estimate as the performance metric, we show that the technique greatly outperforms the conventional methods, MMSE-FrFT and MMSE-FFT, which fail with just one non-stationary interferer, and continues to perform well in the presence of severe co-channel interference (CCI) consisting of multiple, equal power, non-stationary interferers. This method therefore has great potential for separating co-channel signals in harsh, noisy, non-stationary environments.
Interference Cancellation by Repeated Filtering in the Fractional Fourier Tra...IJERA Editor
The Fractional Fourier Transform (FrFT) is a useful tool that separates signals-of-interest (SOIs) from
interference and noise in non-stationary environments. This requires estimation of the rotational parameter „a‟ to
rotate the signal to a new domain along an axis „ta‟, in which the interference can best be filtered out. The value
of „a‟ is typically chosen as that which minimizes the mean-square error (MSE) between the desired SOI and its
estimate or that minimizes the overlap between the signal and noise, projected onto the axis „ta‟. In this paper, we
extend this concept to perform repeated filtering, in multiple FrFT domains to reduce the MSE further than can
be done with a single FrFT. We perform this solely using MSE as the metric by which to compute „a‟ at each
stage, thereby simplifying the approach and improving performance over conventional single stage FrFT
methods or methods based solely on the frequency domain filtering, such as the Fast Fourier transform (FFT).
We show that the proposed method improves the MSE two or three orders of magnitude over the conventional
methods using L ≤ 3 stages of FrFT filtering
Distributed Architecture of Subspace Clustering and RelatedPei-Che Chang
Distributed Architecture of Subspace Clustering and Related
Sparse Subspace Clustering
Low-Rank Representation
Least Squares Regression
Multiview Subspace Clustering
RESOLVING CYCLIC AMBIGUITIES AND INCREASING ACCURACY AND RESOLUTION IN DOA ES...csandit
A method to resolve cyclic ambiguities and increase the accuracy and the resolution in the
direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation using the Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational
Invariance Technique (ESPRIT)algorithm is proposed. It is based on rotating the array and
sampling the received signal at multiple positions. Using this approach, the gain in accuracy
and resolution is addressed as function of the mean and variance of the DOA. Simulations
results are provided as a means of verifying this analysis.
Speech Processing in Stressing Co-Channel Interference Using the Wigner Distr...CSCJournals
The Fractional Fourier Transform (FrFT) can provide significant interference suppression (IS) over other techniques in real-life non-stationary environments because it can operate with very few samples. However, the optimum rotational parameter ‘a’ must first be estimated. Recently, a new method to estimate ‘a’ based on the value that minimizes the projection of the product of the Wigner Distributions (WDs) of the signal-of-interest (SOI) and interference was proposed. This is more easily calculated by recognizing its equivalency to choosing ‘a’ for which the product of the energies of the SOI and interference in the FrFT domain is minimized, termed the WD-FrFT algorithm. The algorithm was shown to estimate ‘a’ more accurately than minimum mean square error FrFT (MMSE-FrFT) methods and perform far better than MMSE Fast Fourier Transform (MMSE-FFT) methods, which only operate in the frequency domain. The WD-FrFT algorithm significantly improves interference suppression (IS) capability, even at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, we apply the proposed WD-FrFT technique to recovering a speech signal in non-stationary co-channel interference. Using mean-square error (MSE) between the SOI and its estimate as the performance metric, we show that the technique greatly outperforms the conventional methods, MMSE-FrFT and MMSE-FFT, which fail with just one non-stationary interferer, and continues to perform well in the presence of severe co-channel interference (CCI) consisting of multiple, equal power, non-stationary interferers. This method therefore has great potential for separating co-channel signals in harsh, noisy, non-stationary environments.
This presentation contains the concepts of frequency domain filtering of digital images. This includes the different kinds of filters used in frequency domain analysis,their characteristics and various phenomenon such as aliasing, inverse filtering etc. The contents are taken from variety of sources like Gonzalez image processing book, Pratt image processing book and some on-line resources.
Estimating Human Pose from Occluded Images (ACCV 2009)Jia-Bin Huang
We address the problem of recovering 3D human pose from single 2D images, in which the pose estimation problem is formulated as a direct nonlinear regression from image observation to 3D joint positions. One key issue that has not been addressed in the literature is how to estimate 3D pose when humans in the scenes are partially or heavily occluded. When occlusions occur, features extracted from image observations (e.g., silhouettes-based shape features, histogram of oriented gradient, etc.) are seriously corrupted, and consequently the regressor (trained on un-occluded images) is unable to estimate pose states correctly. In this paper, we present a method that is capable of handling occlusions using sparse signal representations, in which each test sample is represented as a compact linear combination of training samples. The sparsest solution can then be efficiently obtained by solving a convex optimization problem with certain norms (such as l1-norm). The corrupted test image can be recovered with a sparse linear combination of un-occluded training images which can then be used for estimating human pose correctly (as if no occlusions exist). We also show that the proposed approach implicitly performs relevant feature selection with un-occluded test images. Experimental results on synthetic and real data sets bear out our theory that with sparse representation 3D human pose can be robustly estimated when humans are partially or heavily occluded in the scenes.
SαS noise suppression for OFDM wireless communication in rayleight channel IJECEIAES
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a form of multicarrier transmission technique widely used in the modern wireless network to achieve high-speed data transmission with good spectral efficiency. However, in impulsive noise environement BER performances of these systems, originally designed for a Gaussian noise model, are much degraded. In this paper, a new symmetric-alpha-stable (SαS) noise suppression technique based conjointly on adaptive modulation, convolutional coding (AMC) and Recursive Least Square (RLS) filtering is presented. The proposed scheme is applied on OFDM system in Rayleigh fading channel. The transmissions are analyzed under different combinations of digital modulation schemes (BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM) and convolutional code rates (1/2, 2/3, 3/4). Simulation results show that our proposed hybrid technique provides effective impulsive noise cancelation in OFDM system and exhibits better BER performance.
This presentation contains the concepts of frequency domain filtering of digital images. This includes the different kinds of filters used in frequency domain analysis,their characteristics and various phenomenon such as aliasing, inverse filtering etc. The contents are taken from variety of sources like Gonzalez image processing book, Pratt image processing book and some on-line resources.
Estimating Human Pose from Occluded Images (ACCV 2009)Jia-Bin Huang
We address the problem of recovering 3D human pose from single 2D images, in which the pose estimation problem is formulated as a direct nonlinear regression from image observation to 3D joint positions. One key issue that has not been addressed in the literature is how to estimate 3D pose when humans in the scenes are partially or heavily occluded. When occlusions occur, features extracted from image observations (e.g., silhouettes-based shape features, histogram of oriented gradient, etc.) are seriously corrupted, and consequently the regressor (trained on un-occluded images) is unable to estimate pose states correctly. In this paper, we present a method that is capable of handling occlusions using sparse signal representations, in which each test sample is represented as a compact linear combination of training samples. The sparsest solution can then be efficiently obtained by solving a convex optimization problem with certain norms (such as l1-norm). The corrupted test image can be recovered with a sparse linear combination of un-occluded training images which can then be used for estimating human pose correctly (as if no occlusions exist). We also show that the proposed approach implicitly performs relevant feature selection with un-occluded test images. Experimental results on synthetic and real data sets bear out our theory that with sparse representation 3D human pose can be robustly estimated when humans are partially or heavily occluded in the scenes.
SαS noise suppression for OFDM wireless communication in rayleight channel IJECEIAES
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a form of multicarrier transmission technique widely used in the modern wireless network to achieve high-speed data transmission with good spectral efficiency. However, in impulsive noise environement BER performances of these systems, originally designed for a Gaussian noise model, are much degraded. In this paper, a new symmetric-alpha-stable (SαS) noise suppression technique based conjointly on adaptive modulation, convolutional coding (AMC) and Recursive Least Square (RLS) filtering is presented. The proposed scheme is applied on OFDM system in Rayleigh fading channel. The transmissions are analyzed under different combinations of digital modulation schemes (BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM) and convolutional code rates (1/2, 2/3, 3/4). Simulation results show that our proposed hybrid technique provides effective impulsive noise cancelation in OFDM system and exhibits better BER performance.
BER Performance of Antenna Array-Based Receiver using Multi-user Detection in...ijwmn
Antenna promises to provide significant increases in system capacity and performance in
wireless systems. In this paper, a simplified, near-optimum array receiver is proposed,
which is based on the angular gain of the spatial filter. This detection is then analyzed by
calculating the exact error probability.The proposed model confirms the benefits of adaptive
antennas in reducing the overall interference level (intercell/intracell) and to find an
accurate approximation of the error probability. We extend the method that has been
proposed for propagation over Nakagami-m fading channels, the model shows good
agreements with simulation results.
Performance Comparison of Energy Detection Based Spectrum Sensing for Cogniti...irjes
With the rapid deployment of new wireless devices and applications, the last decade has witnessed a growing
demand for wireless radio spectrum. However, the policy of fixed spectrum assignment produces a bottleneck for more
efficient spectrum utilization, such that a great portion of the licensed spectrum is severely under-utilized. So the concept of
cognitive radio was introduced to address this issue.The inefficient usage of the limited spectrum necessitates the
development of dynamic spectrum access techniques, where users who have no spectrum licenses, also known as secondary
users, are allowed to use the temporarily unused licensed spectrum. For this purpose we have to know the presence or
absence of primary users for spectrum usage. So spectrums sensing is one of the major requirements of cognitive radio.Many
spectrum sensing techniques have been developed to sense the presence or absence of a licensed user. This paper evaluates
the performance of the energy detection based spectrum sensing technique in noisy and fading environments.The
performance of the energy detection technique will be evaluated by use of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves
over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading channels.
Mimo radar detection in compound gaussian clutter using orthogonal discrete f...ijma
This paper proposes orthogonal Discrete Frequency Coding Space Time Waveforms (DFCSTW) for
Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO) radar detection in compound Gaussian clutter. The proposed
orthogonal waveforms are designed considering the position and angle of the transmitting antenna when
viewed from origin. These orthogonally optimized show good resolution in spikier clutter with Generalized
Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) detector. The simulation results show that this waveform provides better
detection performance in spikier Clutter.
Channel and clipping level estimation for ofdm in io t –based networks a reviewIJARIIT
Internet of Things (IoT) is the idea to connect all devices to the internet. To implement such systems, we need to design
low cost and less complex transmitters and make the receiver side complex. Now days OFDM is mainly used for communication
due to its great advantages. But it faces the main problem such as PAPR due to the non-linear performance of High power
amplifiers. There are so many methods are available to reduce the effect of PAPR in OFDM transmission, among this clipping
is the simplest one. In this paper, we propose two algorithms to find the clipping level as well as the channel estimation. The
efficiency of these algorithms is evaluated by using CLRB calculation.
A New Approach for Speech Enhancement Based On Eigenvalue Spectral SubtractionCSCJournals
In this paper, a phase space reconstruction-based method is proposed for speech enhancement. The method embeds the noisy signal into a high dimensional reconstructed phase space and uses Spectral Subtraction idea. The advantages of the proposed method are fast performance, high SNR and good MOS. In order to evaluate the proposed method, ten signals of TIMIT database mixed with the white additive Gaussian noise and then the method was implemented. The efficiency of the proposed method was evaluated by using qualitative and quantitative criteria.
A review of literature shows that there is a variety of adaptive filters. In this research study, we propose a new type of an adaptive filter that increases the diversification used to compensate the chan-nel distortion effect in the MC-CDMA transmission. First, we show the expressions of the filter’s impulse responses in the case of a perfect channel. The adaptive filter has been simulated and experienced by blind equalization for different cases of Gaussian white noise in the case of an MC-CDMA transmission with orthogonal frequency baseband for a mobile radio downlink channel Bran A. The simulation results show the performance of the proposed identification and blind equalization algorithm for MC-CDMA transmission chain using IFFT.
DESPECKLING OF SAR IMAGES BY OPTIMIZING AVERAGED POWER SPECTRAL VALUE IN CURV...ijistjournal
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images are inherently affected by multiplicative speckle noise, due to the coherent nature of scattering phenomena. In this paper, a novel algorithm capable of suppressing speckle noise using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique is presented. The algorithm initially identifies homogenous region from the corrupted image and uses PSO to optimize the Thresholding of curvelet coefficients to recover the original image. Average Power Spectrum Value (APSV) has been used as objective function of PSO. The Proposed algorithm removes Speckle noise effectively and the performance of the algorithm is tested and compared with Mean filter, Median filter, Lee filter, Statistic Lee filter, Kuan filter, frost filter and gamma filter., outperforming conventional filtering methods.
DESPECKLING OF SAR IMAGES BY OPTIMIZING AVERAGED POWER SPECTRAL VALUE IN CURV...ijistjournal
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images are inherently affected by multiplicative speckle noise, due to the coherent nature of scattering phenomena. In this paper, a novel algorithm capable of suppressing speckle noise using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique is presented. The algorithm initially identifies homogenous region from the corrupted image and uses PSO to optimize the Thresholding of curvelet coefficients to recover the original image. Average Power Spectrum Value (APSV) has been used as objective function of PSO. The Proposed algorithm removes Speckle noise effectively and the performance of the algorithm is tested and compared with Mean filter, Median filter, Lee filter, Statistic Lee filter, Kuan filter, frost filter and gamma filter., outperforming conventional filtering methods.
Sending multimedia data (e.g. data, image and
video) using Power Line Communications (PLC) has been growing
significantly. In fact, impulsive noise (IN) causes significant
degradation which restricts communication performance in PLC.
In this paper, we propose to study the impact of IN on image
communication in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) based PLC. A strightforward conventional iterative
IN reduction algorithm, presented in [9] can be applied to
improve bit-error rate (BER) in OFDM system. But, this iterative
algorithm is insufficient to improve the visual quality Peak Signalto-
Noise Ratio (PSNR) performance in image communication.
First, we study its performance in terms of BER and PSNR using
a convolutional encoder (CE). Then, we modify its concept by
introducing CE and Viterbi decoder into the iterative algorithm.
Finally, we aim to show the impact of BER degradation on
visual quality PSNR performance of the reconstructed image.
Our results lay out that the proposed method provides good
PSNR and visual quality improvement than the conventional
algorithm with and without CE.
A Combined Voice Activity Detector Based On Singular Value Decomposition and ...CSCJournals
voice activity detector (VAD) is used to separate the speech data included parts from silence parts of the signal. In this paper a new VAD algorithm is represented on the basis of singular value decomposition. There are two sections to perform the feature vector extraction. In first section voiced frames are separated from unvoiced and silence frames. In second section unvoiced frames are silence frames. To perform the above sections, first, windowing the noisy signal then Hankel’s matrix is formed for each frame. The basis of statistical feature extraction of purposed system is slope of singular value curve related to each frame by using linear regression. It is shown that the slope of singular values curve per different SNRs in voiced frames is more than the other types and this property can be to achieve the goal the first part can be used. High similarity between feature vector of unvoiced and silence frame caused to approach for separation of the two categories above cannot be used. So in the second part, the frequency characteristics for identification of unvoiced frames from silent frames have been used. Simulation results show that high speed and accuracy are the advantages of the proposed system.
PROGRAMMA ATTIVITA’ DIDATTICA A.A. 2016/17
DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN INGEGNERIA STRUTTURALE E GEOTECNICA
____________________________________________________________
STOCHASTIC DYNAMICS AND MONTE CARLO SIMULATION IN EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
Lecture Series by
Agathoklis Giaralis, Ph.D., M.ASCE., P.E. City, University of London
Visiting Professor Sapienza University of Rome
Using Subspace Pursuit Algorithm to Improve Performance of the Distributed Co...Polytechnique Montreal
This paper applies a compressed algorithm to improve the spectrum sensing performance of cognitive radio technology.
At the fusion center, the recovery error in the analog to information converter (AIC) when reconstructing the
transmit signal from the received time-discrete signal causes degradation of the detection performance. Therefore, we
propose a subspace pursuit (SP) algorithm to reduce the recovery error and thereby enhance the detection performance.
In this study, we employ a wide-band, low SNR, distributed compressed sensing regime to analyze and evaluate the
proposed approach. Simulations are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Reduction of Azimuth Uncertainties in SAR Images Using Selective RestorationIJTET Journal
Abstract— A framework is proposed for reduction of azimuth uncertainty space borne strip map synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. In this paper, the azimuth uncertainty in SAR images is identified by using a local average SAR image, system parameter, and a distinct metric derived from azimuth antenna pattern. The distinct metric helps isolate targets lying at locations of uncertainty. The method for restoration of uncertainty regions is selected on the basis of the size of uncertainty regions. A compressive imaging technique is engaged to bring back isolated ambiguity regions (smaller regions of interrelated pixels), clustered regions (relatively bigger regions of interrelated pixels) are filled by using exemplar-based in-painting. The recreation results on a real Terra SAR-X data set established that the proposed method can effectively remove azimuth uncertainties and enhance SAR image quality.
Similar to Improving.of.is cfar.using.wavelet.de-noising.for.smoothing.the.noise.in.reference.cells (20)
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
1. Journal of Engineering and Development, Vol. 18, No.1, January 2014, ISSN 1813- 7822
164
Improving Of Is-Cfar Using Wavelet De-Noising For
Smoothing The Noise In Reference Cells
Asst. Lecturer. Hadi jameel Hadi
Al - Mustafa University College
Technical Computer Engineering Department
Asst. Prof. Dr. Waleed Khalid Abed Ali
AL-Mustansiriya University
College of Engineering Electrical Engineering Department
Abstract :
Constant false alarm rate (CFAR) algorithms allow RADAR systems to set detection
thresholds and isolated the target from noise or clutter to keeping the false alarm rate at
certain level. In this paper a technique added to Improved Switching IS-CFAR system is
used to reduce the non-homogenous effect and clutter wall, this technique is called wavelet
de-noising. The detection performance of Improving IS-CFAR using wavelet de-noising
(I2
S-CFAR) processor is compared with the IS-CFAR detectors for homogeneous, non-
homogenous and clutter wall. By using wavelet de-noising a gain in signal to noise ratio
(SNR) about 2.6dB achieved for the same probability of detection.
Keywords: Wavelet Shrinkage, IS-CFAR, reference cells, cell under test (CUT), I2
S-CFAR
"
ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ُﻌﺎﻟﺞﻣ ﺗﺣﺳﯾن
اﻹﻧذار
ﺗﻘﻠﯾص طرﯾﻘﺔ ﺑواﺳطﺔ ُﺣﺳـنﻣاﻟ اﻷﺑداﻟﻲ اﻟﺛﺎﺑت اﻟﻛﺎذب
اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺿوﺿﺎء ﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾل اﻟﻣوﯾﺟﺔ
اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ
"
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.
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.
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اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ
اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﻛﻠﯿﺔ
اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻛﻠﯿﺔ
اﻟﺧﻼﺻﺔ
ِاﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎء ْ ِﻦﻣ َ اﻟﮭﺪف َﺰلﻋو ِ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ ِتﻋﺘﺒﺎ ﻊْﺿَ ﻟﻮ ِ اﻟﺮادار ِﺔﻷﻧﻈﻤ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ِباﻟﻜﺎذ اﻹﻧﺬار ِﺔﻧﺴﺒ ُﺧﻮارزﻣﯿﺎت ُْﻤﺢﺴَﺗ
َو أ
اﻹﺷﺎرة
ﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮب ﻏﯿﺮ
ﻹﺑﻘﺎء
ﻧﺴﺒﺔ
اﻹﻧﺬار
ﻣﺤﺪد ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺎذب
.
ﺗﻢ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ھﺬا ﻓﻲ
إﺿﺎﻓﺔ
ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺔ
إﻟﻰ
ﻧﺴﺒﺔ
ﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ ِﺔاﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘ ِباﻟﻜﺎذ اﻹﻧﺬار
ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ
ﺣﺎﺋﻂ و ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ اﻟﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ
اﻹﺷﺎرات
ﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮب ﻏﯿﺮ
.
ﺗﻘﻠﯿﺺ ھﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ ھﺬه
اﻟﻤﻮﯾﺠﺔ
.
اﻟﻤﺘﺠ وﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺗﻢ
اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻊ وﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺘﮭﺎ ﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮب ﻏﯿﺮ واﻻﺷﺎرات ﺎﻧﺴﺔ
ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ رﺑﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ واﻟﺤﺼﻮل اﻟﻤﻮﯾﺠﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﺺ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺑﺪون
اﻹﺷﺎرة
إﻟﻰ
ﺑﻤﻘﺪار اﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎء
2.6dB
اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ
اﻟﻜﺸﻒ
.
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165
1. Introduction
The goal of CFAR constant false alarm rate algorithms is to set thresholds high enough to
limit false alarms to a tolerable rate. When received echo reached to CFAR processor it's
entrance to shift register called CFAR window that contain number of cells [1]
. The middle
cell of CFAR window is contained the target which called "cell under test" (CUT) and other
cells that surrounding (CUT) contain information about target environment and there are
called "reference cells" in either homogenous or non-homogenous environments [2]
. Since the
clutter added to noise power is not refer to any given location, a fix threshold detection
scheme cannot be applied to the echo in individual range cells if the false alarm rate is to be
controlled. This set the threshold based on local information of total noise power [3]
.
The most basic forms of the adaptive detection processors are well-known mean level
detector such as in 1998 a new adaptive coherent CFAR wavelet detector which can be used
as an additional independent detector for effective CFAR detection of point targets [4]
, in 2005
another preprocessing approach based on a non-linear compressing filter to reduce the noise
effect [5]
, in 2007 a CFAR detector based on de-noising via wavelet shrinkage [6]
, in 2008
improved the switching CFAR (S-CFAR) in order to fix the false alarm rate (FAR) not only
in the homogenous environment with thermal noise but also in a non-homogenous
environment. This CFAR is known as Improved Switching CFAR (IS-CFAR) [7]
and in 2013
a new composite of CFAR processor also known as Improved switching CFAR (IS-CFAR)
but it is different from first IS-CFAR in 2008 because it have a new algorithm [8]
.
The word wavelet stands for small wave. Wavelets have been introduced for
representation of functions in a more efficient manner than Fourier series. Wavelets are
generated from one single function, called mother wavelet, by translation and dilation.
Wavelets have found applications in data compression, noise removal, pattern recognition,
fast computation etc. [9]
.
The wavelet transform is really a family of transforms that satisfy specific conditions.
The wavelet transform can be described as a transform that has basis functions that are shifted
and expanded versions of themselves, because of this, the wavelet transform contain both
frequency information and time information.
The major goal of noise reduction is to restore the original signals from noisy
environments. The wavelet transform has been shown to be a powerful tool for noise
reduction due to its capability of sparse representation1. Wavelet based scheme via hard
shrinkage and soft shrinkage [10]
.
2. Improved Switching CFAR (IS-CFAR)
In IS-CFAR method, the reference cells is divided into the leading window (called A for
simplification) and lagging windows (called B for simplification). Each of windows A and B
contained from N/2 reference cells, the block diagram of IS-CFAR is illustrated in Figure
(1) [8]
.
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The reference cells in window A and B are partitioned into two sets , ⁄ and , ⁄ ,
respectively by comparing leading window A with the result from multiplication of the Cell
Under Test (CUT) with scale factor ( ) if the leading window A more than the result from
multiplication save X , in S , else neglect it and if the length of S , called n , and same
thing for lagging window B to generate S , and n ,
[8]
.
Where S , ⁄ denotes S , or S , , S , ⁄ denotes S , or S , , X , ⁄ denotes X , or X ,
for simplification. After all of the reference cells in window A and B have been compared
with αX , let n , and n , denote the numbers of cells contained in S , and S , , respectively
[8]
.
In next step threshold will be calculated according to block diagram in Figure (1) then
compare with cell under test (CUT) to make decision.
Fig .(1). Block diagram of (IS-CFAR)
As described earlier, non-homogeneities are the main problem of CFAR detection. In
CFAR detection, two kinds of non-homogeneities, i.e. interfering targets and clutter-edge are
considered. Interfering targets are strong signals related to targets appeared in reference cells
and cause an incorrect estimation of the level of the noise in CFAR processor and so decrease
the probability of detection. Clutter-edge is the situation in which power of the clutter in
reference cells changes from one level to another level, instantaneously. Also, it causes an
incorrect estimation of the level of the noise and changes the probability of false alarm [6]
.
X0
XK, A<αX0 XK,B<αZ0
Square law
detector
Leading Window A Lagging Window B
I Q
Decision
K=1, 2, …………., N/2 K=1, 2, ……, N/2
CUT
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In this paper a new tool of CFAR detector to reduce the non-homogenous effect on
probability of detection and to reduce clutter wall effect.
To plot probability of detection in non-homogenous environment the equation (1) will
used, probability of detection in homogenous environment is obtained by set M = 0 & M =
0 & σ = 0. The probability of false alarm is obtained by set M = 0 & M = 0 & σ =
0 & σ = 0 [8]
.
= ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ( )
⁄
,
( ⁄ )
,
×
( , , )
,
( , , )
,
,
,
∑ ∑
( )
( )
+ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ( )
⁄
,
( )
⁄
,
×
( , , )
,
( , , )
,
⁄
,
⁄
,
∑ ∑
( )
( )
+ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ( )
⁄
,
( )
⁄
,
×
( , , )
,
( , , )
,
⁄
,
,
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
( ) , ,
( )
,
,
+ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ( )
⁄
,
( )
⁄
,
×
( , , )
,
( , , )
,
,
⁄
,
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
( ) , ,
( )
,
,
....….. (1)
Where W1, W2, W3 and W4 is obtained from equations (2), (3), (4) and (5).
=
( ) ( )
− ( ) ( )
………….… (2)
=
( ) ( )
− ( ) ( )
..……………. .(3)
=
⁄
( )
⁄
( )
− ( ) ( )
……………. (4)
=
⁄
( )
⁄
( )
− ( ) ( )
… … . . … … …. (5)
To determine W1, W2, W3 and W4 ρ , ρ , ρ and ρ must calculate from following equations.
= = − − + + + ………….………… (6)
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= = + − ( + ) − ( , + , ) + + + +
( ) ( )
……………………………....…….. (7)
= − ( − + + ) ..……………………………………….. (8)
= − ( + ) …………………………………………. (9)
=
⁄
− ( ⁄ − , + + ) ……….. ………………………...…….. (10)
=
⁄
⁄ − , + + …………………………...….………… (11)
, = ( , , − + ) ……..……………………..………….. (12)
, = ( , , − + ) ……………………………………...…. (13)
= + ……………………….……………… (14)
= , + , ...……………………………………… (15)
= + ………………………………….…….. (16)
Where ζ, ε, ψ and φ must be greater than zero and the negative number is neglected,
n , , n , , m, n, d, c, b, f is counters of sum.
σ : Signal to noise ratio
σ : Interference to noise ratio
N : Threshold integer
M : Number of interference target in leading window A
M : Number of interference target in leading window B
n , : Number of reference cells stored in S ,
n , : Number of reference cells stored in S ,
3. Improving IS-CFAR using wavelet de-noising (I2
S-CFAR)
Wavelet shrinkage is discovered by Donoho and Johnstone to remove the noise that
comes from weather.
Wavelet de-noising block put on input Y for estimation of probability of detection for
given Pfa using wavelet de-noising and before square law detector on [I & Q]. First operator
in de-noising block is discrete wavelet decomposition. The wavelet family, which is used in
this algorithm, can be selected from Symlet, Coiflet, Daubechies or other families. The
second operator is to choose the threshold of de-noising which shrinks wavelet coefficients,
there is classified in to two main types hard and soft threshold. We used soft threshold that
classified to this types Universal threshold, Stein's Unbiased Risk Estimation (SURE) and
Block threshold (BT).
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Fig .(2). Wavelet De-noising Block Diagram
At the end the third operator is used to reconstruct the signal and use all performance of
first operator as shown in Figure (2).
The block diagram, which shows the implementation of wavelet block with IS-CFAR, is
depicted in Figure (3). The basic idea of algorithm is that its first stage the free signal X is
made from de-noising block that contain only target is subtracted from the original signal (Y-
X to get Z) in next step the result from subtract (Z) applied to square law detector (SLD).
Wavelet family “dB2” is used for signal decomposition, because of less computational
complexity due to its short impulse response in order to separate the signal from local noise
phenomena. In this study, four levels of decomposition for DWT are used because this is very
enough to give an accurate result. SURE shrinkage method is used for simplification if
compare it with other methods and it gives a accurate result. Flow chart of drawing
probability of detection in I2
S-CFAR shows in Figure (4).
CUT can be selected from de-noised signal (X) or original signal (Y) but because of some
information loss in de-noising algorithm, it is recommended to use the original signal (Y), as
CUT.
Therefore, for improving of IS-CFAR using wavelet de-noising (I2
S-CFAR) the scaling
factor is different from the scaling factor of normal IS-CFAR to get the same probability of
false alarm. Scaling factor depends on some parameters such as:
• wavelet family
• levels of signal decomposition
• number of reference cells
• method of de-noising
• statistical parameters of noise
• probability of false alarm
• threshold integer (NT)
• The parameter ( )
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Fig .(3) I2
S-CFAR Block diagram
4. Estimation of Probability of Detection Algorithm for given PFA
using Wavelet de-noising
4.1. Step -1-
The value of all CFAR parameters can be calculated from the basic criteria of IS-CFAR.
Probability of false alarm, alpha and substitute vector from Beta values are assumed to
calculate the value of Beta in order to draw curve between Beta and probability of false alarm.
Varying values of in the range [14, 26], and using equation (1) for IS-CFAR, we
obtained the curve which relates the two parameters. The required values of are Extracted
according to the correspondence values of [10 , 10 ] from the probability of false
alarm curve.
4.2. Step -2-
In this step a simulation is made using trial and error program to obtain the values of
which corresponds to the obtained value of from step -1-.
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The reference cells will occupied by White Addition Gaussian Noise (AWGN) which
contain real named I channel and imaginary part named Q channel, while the distribution of
signal in cut will be exponential distribution for swerling II or chi-square for swerling III with
noise power. The number of iteration equal to 1⁄ .
Every row in array acts as a reference window and the threshold (Thr) can be determined
for every row by applying the IS-CFAR statistic to get (I2
S-CFAR) and compare it with cell
under test (CUT) (X0) if cell under test (CUT) is more than threshold choose hypothesis H1
and if else choose hypothesis H0.
≶ ……………………………….…………...………………….………..... (17)
The summation hypothesis H1 is found for all iterations and divide the summation on
number of iteration to get the probability of false alarm.
The obtained result contain values of = 0, which were eliminated, and the rest value
of which correspond to required value [10 , 10 ] were found for a range of , which
are equal to calculated from step -1- or less.
4.3. Step -3-
In this step the wavelet block is combined with the IS-CFAR block. The input noise is
taken from step -2- limited for the part of calculated from step -1- or less.
The noise array is entered to de-noising block to subtract its output from the original
signal. Now every row in the result from subtracting acts as a CFAR window.
The threshold (Thr) can be determined for every row by applying the IS-CFAR statistic
to get (I2
S-CFAR) and to be compared with cell under test (CUT) (X0). If cell under test
(CUT) is more than threshold choosing hypothesis H1, and if none choose hypothesis H0.
The summation hypothesis H1 is found for all iterations and the summation is divided on
number of iterations to get the probability of false alarm.
The results of simulation give a new range of with respect to the required value of .
In correspondence with step -2-, the max value of is taken.
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Fig .(4) Flow Chart of improving of IS-CFAR using wavelet de-noising
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4.4. Step -4-
Plot curve between probability of detection and signal to noise ratio (SNR) in case of
wavelet de-noising by using alpha & beta from step -3- and the same algorithm of probability
of false alarm in case (I2
-SCFAR) except for using signal power instead of noise power to
determine probability of detection in homogenous environment.
To draw probability of detection in non-homogenous environment same algorithm in
homogenous environment is used except for replacing (M) columns from input array by other
columns which have same distribution of cell under test (CUT) (M is number of interference
target). Flow chart of drawing probability of detection in I2
S-CFAR is shown in Figure (4).
5. Simulation Results and Discussions
The obtained relation between probability of false alarm and is illustrated in Figure
(5).
Fig .(5) Probability of false alarm of IS-CFAR Swerling II
If the number of reference cells (N = 24) and the threshold integer (NT = 7). Table (1)
depicted the drive values of probability of false alarm = 10 with respect to in range
of are between (0.05 and 10) for IS-CFAR without using wavelet de-noising.
Table 1 Values of and at = , N=24, NT=7
0.05 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 10
20.03 22 19.8 18.74 18.69 18.69
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Tables (2) represent the values of and for improving IS-CFAR using wavelet de-
noising (I2
S-CFAR) at probability of false alarm = 10 .
Table 2 Values of and at = , N=24, NT=7
0.05 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 10
41.98 22.84 22.46 23.62 19.53 20.4
Detection characteristics curves in homogenous case, swerling II case and multi alpha can
be plotted using Table (2) for = 10 as show in Figure (6).
Fig .(6) I2
S-CFAR Probability of Detection Homogeneous Environment
Swerling case II and =
The max probability of detection is obtained for = 0.9 in swerling case II at =
10 .
Figure (7) show the probability of detection curves are plotted for IS-CFAR and I2
S-
CFAR at = 10 in Homogenous Environment threshold integer (NT=7), optimum alpha
for I2
S-CFAR ( =0.9), scale factor for IS-CFAR ( =0.05) and swerling case II radar target.
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Fig .(7) Comparison of detection characteristics in Homogenous Environment
From Figure (7), the probability of detection is equal to the range [0.5, 0.7] when the
signal to noise ratio (SNR) in the range [14dB, 17dB] at = 10 and optimum alpha for
I2
S-CFAR. The probability of detection is equal to the range [0.5, 0.7] when the signal to
noise ratio (SNR) in the range [14.8dB, 17.75dB] for IS-CFAR.
It shows that IS-CFAR and I2
S-CFAR have nearly same performance in homogeneous
scenario.
Figure (8) show the probability of detection curves are plotted for IS-CFAR and I2
S-
CFAR at = 10 in Non-Homogenous Environment, threshold integer (NT=7), optimum
alpha for I2
S-CFAR ( =0.9), scale factor for IS-CFAR ( =0.05), and (one interference
target in leading window (A) and two interference target in lagging window (B) (M =
1 & M = 2)).
Fig .(8). Comparison of detection characteristics in Non-Homogenous
Environment
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From Figure (8), the probability of detection is equal to the range [0.5, 0.7] when the
signal to noise ratio (SNR) in the range [13.8dB, 16.6dB] at = 10 , (no interference
target in leading window (A) and one interference target in lagging window (B) ( =
0 & = 1)) and optimum alpha for I2
S-CFAR. The probability of detection is equal to the
range [0.5, 0.7] when the signal to noise ratio (SNR) in the range [16.41dB, 19.41dB] for IS-
CFAR.
Figure (9) show detection characteristics in clutter wall on this performance alpha (
=0.05) for IS-CFAR, threshold integer (NT=7), optimum alpha for I2
S-CFAR ( =0.9) signal
to noise ratio (SNR = 15dB) and clutter to noise ratio (CNR = 10dB).
Fig .(9) Comparison of detection characteristics in clutter wall
As shown from Figure (9) a less degradation is noticed, the range of probability of
detection fluctuation is kept in certain range about (0.575-0.42) for = 10 from before
clutter wall to after it for I2
S-CFAR as a compared with IS-CFAR that has the range of
probability of detection fluctuation about (0.525-0.01).
The variation of slope curve in Figure (9) when the number of reference cells equal
(N/2), is due to that the clutter to noise ratio enters to the cell under test (CUT)
The degradation in probability of detection can be attributed to a masking effect by the
clutter region before the clutter wall. The decrease in probability of detection after the clutter
wall can be accounted by the clutter to noise ratio (CNR).
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6. Conclusions
1. For homogenous case using wavelet de-noising for IS-CFAR with given probability of
false alarm, I2
S-CFAR1, P = 10 and swerling case II to ensure the probability of
detection is equal to the range [0.5, 0.7] when the signal to noise ratio (SNR) in the range
[14dB, 17dB]. With respect to IS-CFAR without using wavelet de-noising the probability
of detection is equal to the range [0.5, 0.7] when the signal to noise ratio (SNR) in the
range [14.8dB, 17.75dB].
2. for non-homogenous case using wavelet de-noising for IS-CFAR with given probability
of false alarm, I2
S-CFAR, P = 10 and swerling case II to ensure the probability of
detection is equal to the range [0.5, 0.7] when the signal to noise ratio (SNR) in the range
[13.8dB, 16.6dB] at (M=3). With respect to IS-CFAR without using wavelet de-noising
the probability of detection is equal to the range [0.5, 0.7] when the signal to noise ratio
(SNR) in the range [16.41.6dB, 19.41dB] at (M=3).
3. For clutter wall case Improving IS-CFAR using wavelet de-noising for I2
S-CFAR SWII,
P = 10 , SNR=15dB, CNR=10dB, the range of probability of detection fluctuation is
kept in certain range about (0.575-0.42) for from before clutter wall to after it but for
Improving IS-CFAR without using wavelet de-noising the range of probability of
detection fluctuation influence a large degradation in certain range about (0.525-0.01) for
from before clutter wall to after it.
4. Implementation of wavelet to improve IS-CFAR has disadvantages related with increase
complexity of circuit and increase time processing.
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