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Improved Discoverability of Digital
Objects in Institutional Repositories
Using Controlled Vocabularies
University of Zambia
Lusaka, ZAMBIA
Bertha Chipangila · Eric Liswaniso · Andrew Mawila
Philomena Mwanza · Daisy Nawila · Robert M’sendo
Mayumbo Nyirenda · Lighton Phiri
ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
September 27–30, 2021
2/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
About Us (1/2)
3/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
About Us (2/2)
● The DataLab research group at
The University of Zambia is
composed of faculty staff and
students—undergraduate and
postgraduate—working in three
main areas
○ Data Mining
○ Digital Libraries
○ Technology-Enhanced Learning
http://datalab.unza.zm
4/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
Outline
● Motivation
● Problem Statement
● Methodology
● Results and Discussion
● Conclusion and Future Work
5/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
There is an Ever Increasing Amount of
Scholarly Research Generated
https://scholar.google.com
6/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
There is an Ever Increasing Amount of
Scholarly Research Generated
https://academic.microsoft.com
7/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
Discoverability Services Facilitate Findability
of Scholarly Research in IRs
http://open.uct.ac.za
http://dspace.unza.zm
8/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
Problem Statement
● There are numerous
inconsistencies with
digital object metadata
elements used to
describe subjects
○ Lack of use of controlled
vocabularies and subject
headings compromises
effective searching and
browsing of scholarly
research
9/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
Problem Statement
● There are numerous
inconsistencies with
digital object metadata
elements used to
describe subjects
○ Lack of use of controlled
vocabularies and subject
headings compromises
effective searching and
browsing of scholarly
research
10/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
Problem Statement
● There are numerous
inconsistencies with
digital object metadata
elements used to
describe subjects
○ Lack of use of controlled
vocabularies and subject
headings compromises
effective searching and
browsing of scholarly
research
11/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
Methodology
● Situational analysis to determine the implications of non-use
of controlled vocabularies
● Identification of subject-specific controlled vocabularies for
various disciplines
● Usability study of IRs integrated with controlled vocabularies
when compared with IRs without controlled vocabularies
● Implementation of multi-label subject classification model
for classifying ACM CCS concepts and arXiv subjects
12/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
Methodology: Situational Analysis
● Dublin Core encoded
metadata harvested
from three repositories
○ NDLTD Union Catalog
○ University of Cape
Town Computer
Science Document
Archive
○ University of Zambia
Institutional
Repository
13/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
Methodology: Identification of Subjects and
Usability Study
● 7 faculty interviewed to
determine appropriate
controlled vocabularies
● DSpace-powered IRs
set-up to conduct
controlled comparative
study
○ IR #1: LCSH subjects
○ IR #2: No subjects
○ System Usability Scale
used to assess usability
14/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
Methodology: Identification of Subjects and
Usability Study
● 7 faculty interviewed to
determine appropriate
controlled vocabularies
● DSpace-powered IRs
set-up to conduct
controlled comparative
study
○ IR #1: LCSH subjects
○ IR #2: No subjects
○ System Usability Scale
used to assess usability
● Within subject SUS study
conducted with 50
participants
15/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
Methodology: Multi-label Subject Classifier
Title + Abstract
F1 Score Hamming
Loss
Jaccard
Score
SGDClassifier TF-IDF 0.540 0.005 0.431
[...] [...] [...] [...] [...]
● Multi-label subject classification model implemented using
arXiv CoRR dataset and validated using the UCT@ CS
Document archive
○ Titles and Abstracts used as input features
16/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
Results and Discussion: Situational Analysis
(2/2)
● Analysis 1. Metadata preparation
and ingestion workflow based on
internal policy
● Analysis 2. Subject heading usage
is sparing. 92.1% of tags only
associated with one publication
● Analysis 3. Domain-specific
subject headings are not used.
Internally devised LCSH used
17/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
Results and Discussion: Situational Analysis
(1/2)
18/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
Results and Discussion: Situational Analysis
(1/2)
● Incidentally, the
problem manifests
itself in other
repositories and
downstream services
19/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
Results and Discussion: Comparative
Analysis (1/2)
20/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
Results and Discussion: Comparative
Analysis (1/2)
● SUS average scores
○ [66.2] Baseline
○ [68.9] Intervention
21/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
Results and Discussion: Comparative
Analysis (2/2)
22/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
Results and Discussion: Comparative
Analysis (2/2)
23/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
Results and Discussion: Multi-label Subject
Classification Model—Implementation
Title + Abstract
F1 Score Hamming
Loss
Jaccard
Score
SGDClassifier TF-IDF 0.540 0.005 0.431
[...] [...] [...] [...] [...]
● Approaches used: Binary Relevance, Classifier Chains and
One-Versus-Rest
● Estimators: MultinomialNB vs SGDClassifier vs RandomForest
● Features: TF vs TF-IDF; Title vs Abstract vs Title + Abstract
24/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
Results and Discussion: Multi-label Subject
Classification Model—Validation
● Model evaluated using CS
subject repository with
self-archiving
implemented
25/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
Results and Discussion: Multi-label Subject
Classification Model—Demonstration
C.2.4 · D.2.11 · F.1.1 · H.3.4 · H.3.5 ·
H.5.2
Computer Science - Artificial
Intelligence · Computer Science -
Computation and Language ·
Computer Science - General
Literature · Computer Science -
Human-Computer Interaction
● Six (6) arXiv and four (4)
ACM CCS subject predicted
by model
26/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
Conclusions and Future Work
● Integrating IRs with subject controlled vocabularies can
potentially complement self-archiving and, additionally, has
the benefit ensuring that IRs are usable and effective
● Potential future work and/or direction
○ Metadata cleaning, enhancement and augmentation of existing
descriptive metadata
○ Implementation of subject classification models for other
subject-specific controlled vocabularies
○ Automatic generation of subject classes for large-scale
repositories such as the NDLTD Union Catalog
27/30
September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
Q & A Session
● Comments, concerns and complaints?
[1] Phiri, L. (2018). Research Visibility in the Global South: Towards
Increased Online Visibility of Scholarly Research Output in
Zambia. IEEE International Conference in Information and
Communication Technologies.
[2] Phiri, L. (2020). A Multi-Faceted Multi-Stakeholder Approach for
Increased Visibility of ETDs in Zambia. Cadernos BAD, (1).
DOI: 10.1017/S0269888910000032
[3] Phiri, L. (2020). Automatic classification of digital objects for
improved metadata quality of electronic theses and dissertations
in institutional repositories. International Journal of Metadata,
Semantics and Ontologies, 14(3), 234-248.
DOI: 10.1504/IJMSO.2020.112804
Bibliography
lighton.phiri@unza.zm
http://datalab.unza.zm
http://lis.unza.zm/~lightonphiri
Improved Discoverability of Digital
Objects in Institutional Repositories
Using Controlled Vocabularies
University of Zambia
Lusaka, ZAMBIA
Bertha Chipangila · Eric Liswaniso · Andrew Mawila
Philomena Mwanza · Daisy Nawila · Robert M’sendo
Mayumbo Nyirenda · Lighton Phiri
ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021)
September 27–30, 2021

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Improved Discoverability of Digital Objects in Institutional Repositories Using Controlled Vocabularies

  • 1. Improved Discoverability of Digital Objects in Institutional Repositories Using Controlled Vocabularies University of Zambia Lusaka, ZAMBIA Bertha Chipangila · Eric Liswaniso · Andrew Mawila Philomena Mwanza · Daisy Nawila · Robert M’sendo Mayumbo Nyirenda · Lighton Phiri ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) September 27–30, 2021
  • 2. 2/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) About Us (1/2)
  • 3. 3/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) About Us (2/2) ● The DataLab research group at The University of Zambia is composed of faculty staff and students—undergraduate and postgraduate—working in three main areas ○ Data Mining ○ Digital Libraries ○ Technology-Enhanced Learning http://datalab.unza.zm
  • 4. 4/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) Outline ● Motivation ● Problem Statement ● Methodology ● Results and Discussion ● Conclusion and Future Work
  • 5. 5/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) There is an Ever Increasing Amount of Scholarly Research Generated https://scholar.google.com
  • 6. 6/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) There is an Ever Increasing Amount of Scholarly Research Generated https://academic.microsoft.com
  • 7. 7/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) Discoverability Services Facilitate Findability of Scholarly Research in IRs http://open.uct.ac.za http://dspace.unza.zm
  • 8. 8/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) Problem Statement ● There are numerous inconsistencies with digital object metadata elements used to describe subjects ○ Lack of use of controlled vocabularies and subject headings compromises effective searching and browsing of scholarly research
  • 9. 9/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) Problem Statement ● There are numerous inconsistencies with digital object metadata elements used to describe subjects ○ Lack of use of controlled vocabularies and subject headings compromises effective searching and browsing of scholarly research
  • 10. 10/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) Problem Statement ● There are numerous inconsistencies with digital object metadata elements used to describe subjects ○ Lack of use of controlled vocabularies and subject headings compromises effective searching and browsing of scholarly research
  • 11. 11/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) Methodology ● Situational analysis to determine the implications of non-use of controlled vocabularies ● Identification of subject-specific controlled vocabularies for various disciplines ● Usability study of IRs integrated with controlled vocabularies when compared with IRs without controlled vocabularies ● Implementation of multi-label subject classification model for classifying ACM CCS concepts and arXiv subjects
  • 12. 12/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) Methodology: Situational Analysis ● Dublin Core encoded metadata harvested from three repositories ○ NDLTD Union Catalog ○ University of Cape Town Computer Science Document Archive ○ University of Zambia Institutional Repository
  • 13. 13/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) Methodology: Identification of Subjects and Usability Study ● 7 faculty interviewed to determine appropriate controlled vocabularies ● DSpace-powered IRs set-up to conduct controlled comparative study ○ IR #1: LCSH subjects ○ IR #2: No subjects ○ System Usability Scale used to assess usability
  • 14. 14/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) Methodology: Identification of Subjects and Usability Study ● 7 faculty interviewed to determine appropriate controlled vocabularies ● DSpace-powered IRs set-up to conduct controlled comparative study ○ IR #1: LCSH subjects ○ IR #2: No subjects ○ System Usability Scale used to assess usability ● Within subject SUS study conducted with 50 participants
  • 15. 15/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) Methodology: Multi-label Subject Classifier Title + Abstract F1 Score Hamming Loss Jaccard Score SGDClassifier TF-IDF 0.540 0.005 0.431 [...] [...] [...] [...] [...] ● Multi-label subject classification model implemented using arXiv CoRR dataset and validated using the UCT@ CS Document archive ○ Titles and Abstracts used as input features
  • 16. 16/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) Results and Discussion: Situational Analysis (2/2) ● Analysis 1. Metadata preparation and ingestion workflow based on internal policy ● Analysis 2. Subject heading usage is sparing. 92.1% of tags only associated with one publication ● Analysis 3. Domain-specific subject headings are not used. Internally devised LCSH used
  • 17. 17/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) Results and Discussion: Situational Analysis (1/2)
  • 18. 18/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) Results and Discussion: Situational Analysis (1/2) ● Incidentally, the problem manifests itself in other repositories and downstream services
  • 19. 19/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) Results and Discussion: Comparative Analysis (1/2)
  • 20. 20/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) Results and Discussion: Comparative Analysis (1/2) ● SUS average scores ○ [66.2] Baseline ○ [68.9] Intervention
  • 21. 21/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) Results and Discussion: Comparative Analysis (2/2)
  • 22. 22/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) Results and Discussion: Comparative Analysis (2/2)
  • 23. 23/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) Results and Discussion: Multi-label Subject Classification Model—Implementation Title + Abstract F1 Score Hamming Loss Jaccard Score SGDClassifier TF-IDF 0.540 0.005 0.431 [...] [...] [...] [...] [...] ● Approaches used: Binary Relevance, Classifier Chains and One-Versus-Rest ● Estimators: MultinomialNB vs SGDClassifier vs RandomForest ● Features: TF vs TF-IDF; Title vs Abstract vs Title + Abstract
  • 24. 24/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) Results and Discussion: Multi-label Subject Classification Model—Validation ● Model evaluated using CS subject repository with self-archiving implemented
  • 25. 25/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) Results and Discussion: Multi-label Subject Classification Model—Demonstration C.2.4 · D.2.11 · F.1.1 · H.3.4 · H.3.5 · H.5.2 Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science - Computation and Language · Computer Science - General Literature · Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction ● Six (6) arXiv and four (4) ACM CCS subject predicted by model
  • 26. 26/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) Conclusions and Future Work ● Integrating IRs with subject controlled vocabularies can potentially complement self-archiving and, additionally, has the benefit ensuring that IRs are usable and effective ● Potential future work and/or direction ○ Metadata cleaning, enhancement and augmentation of existing descriptive metadata ○ Implementation of subject classification models for other subject-specific controlled vocabularies ○ Automatic generation of subject classes for large-scale repositories such as the NDLTD Union Catalog
  • 27. 27/30 September 27–30 , 2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) Q & A Session ● Comments, concerns and complaints?
  • 28. [1] Phiri, L. (2018). Research Visibility in the Global South: Towards Increased Online Visibility of Scholarly Research Output in Zambia. IEEE International Conference in Information and Communication Technologies. [2] Phiri, L. (2020). A Multi-Faceted Multi-Stakeholder Approach for Increased Visibility of ETDs in Zambia. Cadernos BAD, (1). DOI: 10.1017/S0269888910000032 [3] Phiri, L. (2020). Automatic classification of digital objects for improved metadata quality of electronic theses and dissertations in institutional repositories. International Journal of Metadata, Semantics and Ontologies, 14(3), 234-248. DOI: 10.1504/IJMSO.2020.112804 Bibliography
  • 30. Improved Discoverability of Digital Objects in Institutional Repositories Using Controlled Vocabularies University of Zambia Lusaka, ZAMBIA Bertha Chipangila · Eric Liswaniso · Andrew Mawila Philomena Mwanza · Daisy Nawila · Robert M’sendo Mayumbo Nyirenda · Lighton Phiri ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2021) September 27–30, 2021