The document discusses finite and non-finite verbs. A finite verb is one that can show tense, while a non-finite verb cannot show tense. Examples of finite verbs are go, went, and do. Examples of non-finite verbs are to go, done, and going. For a clause to be a main clause, it must have a subject and finite verb. Phrases do not have subjects or finite verbs. It also discusses main clauses and subordinate clauses. A main clause can stand alone as a sentence, having a subject and verb. A subordinate clause depends on the main clause for its meaning and cannot stand alone, though it also has a subject

2. Finite & Non Finite Verb
যেই Verb দিয়ে Tense যেনা োে যেটা Finite Verb
 যেই Verb দিে Tense যেনা োে না যেটা Non Finite Verb
Example of Finite Verb: Go, Went, Do etc.
Ex of Non Finite Verb: to go, done, going etc.
(c) rakib 2

3. (c) rakib 3
 যেখায়ন Subject ও Finite Verb থাকয়ে
Ex1: They traced out that formula used in cooking that food.
Ex2: You can’t deny his approach to be guilty.
Phrase
 একগুচ্ছ শব্দ োর দিতয়র Subject ও Finite Verb থায়ক না
Ex1: They traces out the formula that was used in cooking that food.
Ex 2: They can’t deny that his approach was guilty.

4. 4
MAIN CLAUSES & SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
A main clause has a subject and a verb and can stand independently as a sentence:
Main clause
Subject + Verb (+ ...)
The admissions office telephoned.
Subject Verb
A subordinate clause has a subject and a verb, but it is dependent (and hence, also known as dependent
clause) on the main clause for its meaning. A subordinate clause cannot stand independently:
The admissions office telephoned after you left.
Main clause Subordinate clause
Main clauses
Subject + Verb
Subordinate clause
Subject + Verb
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5. 5
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9. TYPE -1

10. condition
als
As if / as
though
Used
to
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11. 1.Conditional
sentences
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12. The modals will, would, can and could often appear in conditional
sentences. Usually conditional sentences contain the word it. There
are two types of conditionals:
12
CONDITIONALS
Real
Conditionals
(Possibly True)
Unreal
Conditionals
(Not True)
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13. REAL CONDITIONS (POSSIBLY True)
✘ FUTURE TIME
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If+ subject + simple present tense + will + [verb in simple form]
Can
May
Must
Examples:
a) If I have the money, I will buy a new car.
b) We will have plenty of time to finish the project before dinner if it is
only ten o'clock now
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14. ✘ Habitual fact & Scientific Truth
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If + subject + simple present tense... + simple present tense...
Example: If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients in the hospital in
the afternoon. (no modal)
Exercise-01
★John usually walks to school if he (will have /has/would have/would have
had) enough time.
★If you heat the ice, ice (will turn/turn/turns/would turn)into water.
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15. ✘ COMMAND
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If + subject + simple present tense ... + command
form...
* Remember that the command form consists of the simple form of the verb.
Example:
1. If you go to the Post Office, please mail this letter for me.
2. Please call me if you hear from Jane.
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16. UNREAL CONDITIONS (NOT TRUE)
✘ PRESENT OR FUTURE TIME
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+ would
If + subject + simple past tense ... + could + [verb in simple form]
+ might
EXAMPLES:
a) If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend.
(I don't have the time. I'm not going to the beach with you.)
b)He would tell you about it if he were here.
(He won't tell you about it. He's not here.)
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17. 17
✘ PAST TIME
+ would
If + subject + past perfect.. + could + have + [verb in past participle]
+ might
Example:
A. If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
(We didn't know that you were there.) (We didn't write you a letter.)
B.She would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer.
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18. ✘ NOTE: It is also possible to indicate a past unreal condition without using the
word if. In this case, the auxiliary had is placed before, rather than after, the
subject. This clause will usually come first in the sentence.
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Had + subject + [verb in past participle]
Example:
A. Had we known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
B. Had she found the right buyer, she would have sold the house.
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19. Unless A_© if …. not (hw` bv) | ZvB
Unless Øviv †h Clause ïiæ nq †m Clause G
not ব্যeüZ nq bv|
✘ Unless you read attentively …………

20. “As though/ As if
→যেন ”
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21. 21
★Present Indefinite/ perfect Tense + As though / As if + Past
Indefinite Tense (be verb "were" হয়ে)
★ Past Indefinite / perfect Tense + As though / As if + Past Perfect Te
EXAMPLES:
i) Royana walks as if she was a model ➡Incorrect
Royana walks as if she were a model. ➡Correct
ii) Aanuska spoke as if she passed the master degree.
➡Incorrect.
Aanuska spoke as if she had passed the master degree. -
➡ Correct
iii) A.) Anzali talked with me so closely as though she loved me since birth.
B. ) Anzali talked with me so closely as though she had loved me since birth.
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22. 22
✘ 1. Henry talks to his dog as if it _____(Understand) him.
✘ 2. If they had left the house earlier, they_____ (be; negative) so late getting to the airport that they could not
check their baggage.
✘ 3. If I finish the dress before Saturday,I _____ (give) it to my sister for her birthday.
✘ 4. If I had seen the movie, I _____ (tell) you about it last night.
✘ 5. Had Bob not interfered in his sister's marital problems, there _____ (be) peace between them.
✘ 6. He would give you the money if he _____ (have) it.
✘ 7.Salwa always answers the phone if she _____ (be) in her office
✘ 8.Shormy would answer the phone if she _____ (be) in her office right now.
✘ 9. I would not be a student in this class if English_____ (be) my native language.
✘ 10.If I _____ (have) enough money, I would have gone with you.
✘ 11.Arifa answers as if she ____ (be) a jack of all trade.
✘ 12.All the competitors were told to walk fast but Tanha walked as if she ______ (be) a drowsy.
Exercise:
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23. Used to
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24. USED to
✘ ★অতীয়তর অিযাে েুঝায়ত used to + V1 েয়ে।
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Example:
When Dalia was young, he used to swim once a day.
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25. ✘ ★ আোর used to এর পূয়ে েযকান be verb ব্া get েেয়ে verb + ing হয়ে।
✘ ➡এটট present/ past / future যেয়কান Tense এর যেয়ে েযেহৃত হয়ত পায়র।
✘ Example:
 - Tomal is used to swimming everyday.
 -Masud was used to swimming everyday
 -Sayeed will be used to swimming everyday.
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26. ★ Wood is used to _____ furniture
a)make
b)makes
c)made
d)making
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✔✔✔ ব্স্তুব্াচক অভ্যস্ত অর্থ েব্যব্হৃত হর্ত পার্ে না।
★ Subject ব্স্তুব্াচক হর্ে be verb / got/ get + used to + V1 হর্ব্।
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27. 27
Exercise:
1.I used to_____( live) in a flat when I was a child.
2.Cheiko is used to..... (eat) American food now.
3.Alvaro can't get used to...... (study).
4. He used to....... (dance) every night, but now he
studies.
5. Adam is used to....... (sleep) late on weekends.
6.CNG is used to..... (Power) vehicle.
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28. 1. Provided/ Provided that / Providing that
Provided/ Provided that / Providing that - Gi A_© hw` Ges Zv if Gi A_©
cÖKvk K‡i
• The plane will take off in time provided …………
• I will agree to go providing that ………
• He will shine in life provided that ………………………
• The money was refunded only when proof was provided that ……………

29. ……no sooner had ….…than/
scarcely had…when/
hardly had…when+ past indefinite tense.
Examples:
 No sooner had I gone out ______________
 Scarcely had we reached the station ______________
 Hardly had he reached the college__________________
Rule -02

30. SO THAT/ IN ORDER THAT
এ যেয়ে first clause-এে verb-এে tense অনুোয়ী main verb এর আয়ে may/might or
can/could েয়ে।
Example:
 Incomplete: The workers work hard so that____________
 Complete: The workers work hard so that they may/can earn a decent salary.
 Salman went to a hair shop in order that she could sell her hair.
Rule -03

31. sub + verb + too + adj/ adv + to + verb + …………
 Example:
 The boy is too weak ……….
Ans: The boy is too weak to work.
 He is too dishonest ………….
Ans: He is too dishonest to speak the truth.
Rule -04

32. By + Time থাকয়ে Future Perfect Tense হে।
By 2030, Bangladesh __________________________
Rule -05

33. Advice Can’t help consider Like enjoy Finish
mind recommend practice prefer resist regret
Would you mind understand stop suggest avoid Keep
Ex: 1.She enjoys ( to do /doing) the work .
(c)rakib
Rule -06

34. Complete the sentences using suitable clauses/phrases.
a) Unless they had been taking medical help,___________
b) Answering creative questions require calibre. Sometimes they are too
multi-disciplinary __________________
c) We offer special discount before any festival. Should you book with
us,____________________
d) I am taking preparation for admissions. My mother would rather I
__________________
e) Because he is not attentive to study __________________

35. Should can also go at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, if
is dropped.
1.Should it rain, there will be no picnic today. (= If it should rain, there will be no picnic today.)
2.Should she arrive, ask her to wait.
3.Should she fail the test, she will lose her job. (= If she should fail the test, she will lose her job.)

36. িদেষ্যৎ ো েতেমান হয়ে Present Ind
অতীত হয়ে Past perfect
েদি that থায়ক তয়ে
 Future- Would rather that + Present Ind
 Present- Would rather that + Past Ind
 Past- Would rather that + Past perfect

37.  I would rather stay here tonight.
 I would rather have stayed here last night.
 I would rather starve than beg.
 I would rather that you call me tomorrow.
 Jane would rather that it were winter now.
 Jim would rather that jill had gone to class yesterday

38. START A SENTENCE WITH BECAUSE
 Because it was raining, we decided not to go out for dinner.
 Because the flight delays, she missed the wedding.
 Because of the severe storm, my internet went down.
• Because Sentence এর শুরুয়ত থাকয়ে
োধারণত main clause এ Past Indefinite হে ।

39. Complete the sentences using suitable clauses/phrases.
a) The darkness of night prevails everywhere. I don't know whether -----
(b) Flood is a natural calamity. Neither the government -----.
c)Koli is an intelligent girl. We don't know -----.
(d) If winter comes, -----?
(e) Skiing is a popular sports at that time when ___________________. Many people like it.

40. (f) Market is a place where__________________. We visit it every day.
(g) Load shedding hampers our normal life. The development of our country will be seriously
affected_________________
(h) People observe 21" February all over the world -----
(i) The Pakistan armies were so cruel that -----
(j) We could have been successful -----

41. 1. As you sow, so you reap. (যেমন কম ে
, যতমন ফে)
2. United we stand; divided we fall. (একতাই শক্তি)
3. Danger comes where it is feared. (িে করয়ে দেপি আপদনই এয়ে
পয়র)
4. Strike the iron while it is hot. (যঝাপ েুয়ঝ যকাপ মার)
5. A man is known by the company he keeps. (েঙ্গ যিয়খ মানুষ্ যেনা
োে)

42. • Where there is hope, there is life. (আশাই জীেন)
• All that glitters is not gold. (েকেক করয়েই যোনা হে না)
• Where there is a will, there is a way. ( ইচ্ছা থাকয়ে উপাে হে )
• What is lotted cannot be blotted. (িায়েযর দেখন না োে খণ্ডন)
• Empty vessels sound much. (খাদে কেদে োয়জ যেদশ)

43. • We should be satisfied with what we have. (আমায়ির ো আয়ে তাই দনয়ে েন্তুষ্ট থাকা
উদেত)
• God helps those who help themselves. (ঈশ্বর তায়ির োহােয কয়রন োরা
দনয়জয়ির োহােয কয়র)
• The more you read, the more you learn. (েত যেদশ পড়য়ে, তত যেদশ দশখয়ে)
• A drowning man catches at a straw. ( েতেণ শ্বাে, ততেণ আঁশ।)
• A stitch in time saves nine. (েময়ের এক যফাঁড়, অেময়ের িশ

44. • Faults are thick where love is thin. (োয়ক যিখয়ত নাদর, তার েেন োঁকা)
• Fools rush in where angels fear to tread. (হাদত য াড়া যেে তে, দপঁপড়া েয়ে কত
তে)
• Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown. (যে দশয়র মুক
ু ট থায়ক যে দশর স্বক্তিয়ত
থায়ক না)
• The wearer best knows where the shoe pinches. (োর জ্বাো যে-ই জায়ন)
• A child who burns its hand dreads the fire. ( র যপাড়া েরু দেঁিুয়র যম যিখয়ে