This document discusses impedance matching in electronics. It begins by explaining the concept of impedance matching arose from trying to maximize power transfer from electrical generators to loads. It then discusses how impedance matching is important for situations where the load impedance is fixed, such as transmitting radio frequency signals over coaxial cables to antennas or receiving signals with fixed-impedance inputs. The document provides examples of when and why impedance matching is useful, such as matching the impedance of coaxial cables to antenna impedances to maximize power or signal transfer.
An Explicit Approach for Dynamic Power Evaluation for Deep submicron Global I...IDES Editor
As the VLSI process technology is shrinking to the
nanometer regime, power consumption of on-chip VLSI
interconnects has become a crucial and an important issue.
There are several methodologies proposed to estimate the onchip
power consumption using Voltage Mode Signaling
technique (VMS). But the major drawback of VMS is that it
increases the power consumption of on-chip interconnects
compared to current mode signaling (CMS). A closed form
formula is, thus, necessary for current mode signaling to
accurately estimate the power dissipation in the distributed
line. In this paper, we derived an explicit dynamic power
formula in S-domain based on Modified Nodal Analysis
(MNA) formulation. The usefulness of our approach is that
dynamic power consumption of an interconnect line can be
estimated accurately and efficiently at any operating
frequency. By substituting s=0 in the vector of node voltages
in our model results similar solution as that of Bashirullah
et. al. Comparison of simulation results with other
established models justifies the accuracy of our approach.
An Explicit Approach for Dynamic Power Evaluation for Deep submicron Global I...IDES Editor
As the VLSI process technology is shrinking to the
nanometer regime, power consumption of on-chip VLSI
interconnects has become a crucial and an important issue.
There are several methodologies proposed to estimate the onchip
power consumption using Voltage Mode Signaling
technique (VMS). But the major drawback of VMS is that it
increases the power consumption of on-chip interconnects
compared to current mode signaling (CMS). A closed form
formula is, thus, necessary for current mode signaling to
accurately estimate the power dissipation in the distributed
line. In this paper, we derived an explicit dynamic power
formula in S-domain based on Modified Nodal Analysis
(MNA) formulation. The usefulness of our approach is that
dynamic power consumption of an interconnect line can be
estimated accurately and efficiently at any operating
frequency. By substituting s=0 in the vector of node voltages
in our model results similar solution as that of Bashirullah
et. al. Comparison of simulation results with other
established models justifies the accuracy of our approach.
A 10 d bm 25 dbm, 0.363 mm2 two stage 130 nm rf cmos power amplifierVLSICS Design
This paper proposes a 2.4 GHz RF CMOS Power amplifi
er and variation in its main performance
parameters i.e, output power, S-parameters and powe
r added efficiency with respect to change in supply
voltage and size of the power stage transistor. The
supply voltage was varied form 1 V to 5 V and the
range
of output power at 1dB compression point was found
to be from 10.684 dBm to 25.08 dBm respectively.
The range of PAE is 16.65 % to 48.46 %. The width o
f the power stage transistor was varied from 150 μm
to 500 μm to achieve output power of range 15.47 dB
m to 20.338 dBm. The range of PAE obtained here is
29.085 % to 45.439 %. The total dimension of the la
yout comes out to be 0.714 * 0.508 mm
2
.
A 10 d bm 25 dbm, 0.363 mm2 two stage 130 nm rf cmos power amplifierVLSICS Design
This paper proposes a 2.4 GHz RF CMOS Power amplifi
er and variation in its main performance
parameters i.e, output power, S-parameters and powe
r added efficiency with respect to change in supply
voltage and size of the power stage transistor. The
supply voltage was varied form 1 V to 5 V and the
range
of output power at 1dB compression point was found
to be from 10.684 dBm to 25.08 dBm respectively.
The range of PAE is 16.65 % to 48.46 %. The width o
f the power stage transistor was varied from 150 μm
to 500 μm to achieve output power of range 15.47 dB
m to 20.338 dBm. The range of PAE obtained here is
29.085 % to 45.439 %. The total dimension of the la
yout comes out to be 0.714 * 0.508 mm
2
.
High Voltage Gain Boost Converter for Micro source Power Conversion systemIDES Editor
In this paper, a new boost converter is introduced.
In the proposed converter, a coupled inductor and voltage lift
technique is used for raising the voltage gain .The designed
converter especially for large voltage conversion ratio
applications. By combining coupled inductor and voltage lift
technique, the energy stored in the leakage inductor is
recycled, therefore reduce the switch turn- off voltage and
implement soft switching turn-on operation. The operating
principles and steady-state analyses of continuous –conduction
mode is discussed in detail. A 250W Converter Operating at
50KHZ with 25V input and 240V output simulation is presented
to demonstrate the performance.
Genetic Algorithm based Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation Reducing ...IDES Editor
This paper proposes a genetic algorithm
optimization technique for optimal placement of distributed
generation in a radial distribution system to minimize the total
power loss and to improve the voltage sag performance. Load
flow algorithm and three phase short circuit analysis are
combined appropriately with GA, till access to acceptable
results of this operation. The suggested method is programmed
under MATLAB software. The implementation of the algorithm
is illustrated on a 34-node radial distribution system. Placement
of two DGs with fixed capacity has been considered for example.
Only the three phase symmetrical faults are considered for sag
analysis though other fault types are more common.
Introduction:
This document will explain the nature of the ReGenX Generator design and operation.
It will explain how the ReGenX Generator's Load Current Delay is created.
This document will explain why Magnetic Fields are a form of Energy.
And how this energy is created.
And why the Law of Conservation of Energy does not apply in Electromechanics.
This document will explain how and why the ReGenX Generator operates at Infinite Efficiency.
And why all machines operate at 100% efficiency.
And why all electric generators, motors and transformers operate at over 100% efficiency.
This document will explain why the scientific community made a mistake when it allowed Electromagnetics to be incorporated into Newtonian Mechanics.
And how the Newtoinian Mechanics model is inadequate at explaining electric generator performance.
Improvement of Load Power Factor by Using CapacitorIOSRJEEE
Series and parallel capacitors in the power system effect reactive power to improve power factor and voltage because of increasing the system capacity and reducing losses. Reactive power of series capacitor is the same to the current. There are certain unpleasant aspects in the capacitor series. Generally, the cost to install a series capacitor is higher than parallel capacitor. It is caused by complex protection equipment for series capacitor and designing series capacitors for greater power than parallel capacitor to solve the future cost. Installation of capacitors is important to reduce of a system reactive power. Transmission line would be most economical if it is used to send active power where the need of reactive power can be obtained by distribution system in substation level. This will allow user in optimum transmission line, improve operational performance and reduce energy losses. It requires a system and planning carefully to fulfill the need of system reactive power in the same way with active power planning and it is programmed an additional generator capacity.
Power factor correction the easiest, biggest, green initiativeRoss Welsh V.A.
Poor power factor costs our community in increased electricity charges and unnecessary
greenhouse gases. Incentives for customers to maintain the required power factor varies across
Australia fromthose that are charged a penaltyby wayofa kilovoltamperes(kVA) demand charge
to those that should comply with the local service rules, legislated or National Electricity Rules
requirements.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
From Siloed Products to Connected Ecosystem: Building a Sustainable and Scala...
impmatch
1. Electus Distribution Reference Data Sheet: IMPMATCH.PDF (1)
IMPEDANCE MATCHING: A PRIMER
From time to time you’ll come across the term
‘impedance matching’ in various areas of electronics, and
especially in fields like RF and audio engineering.
However even in these fields it’s often misused, probably
because many people don’t really understand the
concepts behind it.
In this primer we’ll try to clarify what impedance
matching is really all about, why it’s important in some
situations — and not important in others.
Textbooks usually explain the idea of impedance
matching with a very simple example of an electrical
generator feeding a resistive load, as shown in Fig.1.
Because the generator has an internal resistance of its
own (R G ) — as all real generators do — this tends to
dissipate some of the generator’s output power as heat, Fig.1: A generator driving a load resistance R L —
whenever we connect a load to its output terminals. So and its own internal resistance R G.
the full mechanical power fed into the generator can’t
be drawn from it as electrical power, because some will
impedance. And the idea of matching the load and
always be wasted in R G .
generator resistance became one of matching the source
When early electrical engineers were faced with this and load impedance — impedance matching .
problem, they naturally enough did everything they
Now this may sound simple and straightforward, but
could to reduce the internal resistance of their
it’s important to remember where the idea came from,
generators. However they were inevitably still left with
and also realise what exactly is going on when we do
SOME internal resistance, because it’s impossible to
match load and generator/source resistances or
reduce the resistance to zero unless you run the
impedances. True, the POWER transferred to the load
generator at a temperature of close to absolute zero
will be a maximum; but at the same time, the actual
(0Kelvins, or -273°C).
power being dissipated in the generator’s internal
Once they had minimised the internal resistance, their resistance is EXACTLY THE SAME as that reaching the
next step was to see if there was some way that they load! In other words, HALF the total power from the
could minimise the amount of power wasted in it, by generator is now being turned into heat inside R G ,
varying the resistance of the load. And what they because its resistance is now half the total connected
discovered is shown in the Fig.2, which plots the amount across the generator. The ‘other half ’ is the load
of power transferred into the load R L as its resistance is resistance R L .
varied. As you can see, the amount of power reaches a
For exactly the same reason, R G and R L will now be
peak or MAXIMUM when the load resistance is the
acting as a 2:1 voltage divider across the generator —
same as — or ‘matches’ the generator resistance. It falls
so that only HALF the generator’s output voltage (E G )
away for values both higher and lower than this figure,
will be appearing across the load. In terms of voltage
showing that matching the two is clearly desirable if we
transfer, then, matching the impedances isn’t particularly
want to maximise the power able to reach the load.
efficient: it actually gives a 6dB loss.
So this is where the idea of matching the resistance of
Does this mean that impedance matching really only
the load to that of the generator came from. Before
applies to generators in power stations? No, and in fact
long, it was extended to cover the general situation of
it doesn’t really apply there either — or at least, not
any load impedance connected to a source of electrical
simply. All it really means is that as you draw more and
energy or voltage (EMF), with its own internal source
more power from a generator by reducing the load
resistance, a point is reached where half the
generator’s output power is being wasted inside it.
Obviously with very high power generators it’s not a
good idea to load them even this heavily — let alone
dropping the R L even further, where even more power
is lost inside the generator than reaches the load. (See
the blue curve in Fig.2, showing the power lost in the
generator.) Most power station generators are loaded
with an R L somewhat higher than R G , to waste as little
power as possible.
So when IS impedance matching a good idea? Glad
you asked. Basically it’s for situations rather different
from that in Fig.1, where we’re stuck with a particular
load or cable impedance, and we still want to either
maximise the power transferred into the load, or
minimise the amount of power reflected back from it
into the cable, or both.
Fig.2: How the power fed to the load varies as the load RF CABLE MATCHING
resistance is varied (red plot), and what happens to the For example in many RF situations, we tend to have
power wasted in R G (blue plot). a relatively fixed LOAD impedance — say a resonant
2. Electus Distribution Reference Data Sheet: IMPMATCH.PDF (2)
quarter-wave antenna, with an impedance of
50 ohms resistive. To minimise interference
we also have to use coaxial cable to
connect the antenna to a transmitter or
receiver.
Now as you may be aware, coaxial cable
behaves as a transmission line at radio
frequencies, and as a result it has its own
characteristic impedance . This simply means
that because of the inductance-to-
capacitance (or L/C) ratio of the cable, RF
energy tends to move along it with a
particular ratio between the electric and
magnetic fields (i.e., voltage to current). Fig.3: A transmitter or other source of RF feeding power to an
In most cases when the energy reaches antenna, via a coaxial cable or other transmission line. Here’s
the end of the cable, we want as much as where impedance matching IS important...
possible to transfer into our load — the
antenna, in the case of a transmitter, or the
thing is to ensure that the transmitter output stage will
input RF stage in the case of a receiver. For a
feed as much RF energy as possible into the cable’s
transmitter this gives the highest power efficiency, while
input impedance. There can even be an advantage in
for a receiver it gives the best noise performance.
deliberately mismatching the impedances (i.e., having the
And guess what? To ensure this optimum energy transmitter impedance much lower than the cable), to
transfer, we need to match the characteristic impedance minimise power loss in the final stage and also ensure
of the cable to the impedance/resistance of the load. So that if RF is reflected back from the antenna end, most
for a 75Ω antenna or receiver input, we need to use of it is bounced right back up again. So this situation is a
75Ω coaxial cable. For a 50Ω antenna we need to use bit like the generator in a power station...
50Ω cable, and so on. (see Fig.3)
This, then, is an area where impedance matching IS VIDEO INTERCONNECTIONS
quite important. Because what happens if the cable and
antenna (or receiver) impedances are NOT matched is Now let’s consider another area where impedance
that some of the RF energy reaching the end of the matching again tends to be quite important: video
cable won’t be transferred into the load, but is interconnections. Here we’re dealing with signals which
REFLECTED back along the cable, towards the source. span from DC up to about 6MHz or so — well into the
This can set up standing waves in the cable (another ‘RF’ range. And we also tend to find ourselves using
cause of power loss, and possibly cable damage), and can coaxial cables, to reduce interference. So again we need
to match the cable impedance and the
load impedance, to prevent signal
reflection. With video, these reflections
can cause ringing and ghosting in the
final picture. (RingIng is multiple edges
on outlines in the picture, while
ghosting is multiple images — each
shifted horizontally.)
Most video equipment is designed to
be interconnected with 75Ω cables, and
has inputs which are designed to
present this same input impedance. So
matching tends to occur automatically,
providing you use the correct cables.
Fig.4: Video interconnections, where impedance matching is again How about video outputs — are
quite important. these impedance matched too? Yes,
generally they are, not because it
results in maximum signal transfer but
because with video signals we DON’T want any signal
also cause overheating in the transmitter output stage. reflected back from the load to be reflected back all
In a receiver, the mismatch degrades the effective over again — this would make ringing even worse. So
receiver gain and noise figure. often the video outputs of cameras, VCRs, DVD players
How do you ensure correct impedance matching in and so on are fitted with a 75Ω series resistor inside, to
this type of RF situation? Generally the cable impedance provide ‘back termination’ for the cable (Fig.4). This is
is more or less fixed, and the antenna impedance may be just another name for impedance matching at the source
the same. But quite a few techniques have been evolved end of the output cable.
to ‘tweak’ the matching between the two: tuned stubs, Note that just as with our original generator in Fig.1,
quarter-wave transformers and so on. Similar things can this added impedance matching resistor produces an
be done at the input of a receiver. For details of these inevitable 6dB loss of signal — half the video output is
RF matching techniques you’ll have to refer to a good lost in the resistor. That’s the penalty of impedance
RF textbook, like The ARRL Handbook . matching at the source end, and it’s why the output
Notice though that so far we’ve only considered the buffer amplifier in video equipment is usually given a
situation at the LOAD end of the RF cable. How about gain of twice what is needed, to allow for the
the source end — isn’t impedance matching important unavoidable 6dB loss when a cable and correctly
there too? Less so, especially for transmitters. The main terminated load are connected.