Yei traditional wedding ceremony is a marriage that holds fast the traditions and
customs of the indigenous people. Marriage is a sacred thing in determining a life
partner so it must be decided together in the male family. In the implementation of Yei
tribal marriages using traditional processions, national law processions, and
religious law processions
IRJET - IoT based Agriculture Monitoring and Smart Irrigation System (Cro...IRJET Journal
1) The document describes an IoT-based smart agriculture system that monitors soil conditions, provides automated irrigation, and suggests suitable crops.
2) Sensors are deployed to measure temperature, humidity, and moisture levels, and this data is sent to an Arduino board. If the soil moisture is low, a water pump is automatically activated.
3) In addition to irrigation control, the system also analyzes sensor readings to provide crop suggestions to farmers based on temperature and humidity conditions. Guest users can also obtain crop suggestions by entering a location.
IRJET- Crop Yield Prediction and Disease Detection using IoT ApproachIRJET Journal
This document proposes a system to predict crop yields and detect diseases using an IoT approach. The system would use sensors to monitor soil moisture levels, weather conditions, and other environmental factors. This data would be sent to a Raspberry Pi controller and stored in a database. Farmers could access this information through a mobile app to make informed decisions. The system would also automatically predict potential crop diseases based on changing conditions and provide prevention methods to farmers. This precision agriculture approach aims to help farmers save time and resources through better decision making supported by real-time sensor data analysis.
IRJET- Sugarcane Disease Detection and Controlling using Image ProcessingIRJET Journal
This document discusses using image processing to detect and control sugarcane diseases. It begins with an introduction to the importance of agriculture and identifying plant diseases. The authors then describe their methodology which involves image acquisition, pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction using color analysis and k-means clustering, and classification. Their results show detecting diseases by pixel range analysis is more efficient than color feature extraction. The system could help farmers identify diseases early and apply the proper pesticides to increase sugarcane production. Future work includes developing a user-friendly app to provide real-time disease detection and solutions for farmers.
IRJET- A Review on Crop Field Monitoring and Disease Detection of Unhealthy P...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using image processing techniques to detect diseases in crop plants by analyzing images of leaves. It discusses how this could help farmers more quickly and accurately identify unhealthy plants. The system would analyze images of leaves to extract features and detect affected areas, matching images to determine the disease and providing solutions. This would help farmers monitor crop health more efficiently compared to relying solely on expert observation. The proposed system architecture involves sensors to collect field data, cloud storage of crop and treatment information, and a mobile app for farmers to access recommendations and market prices. This automation could help increase crop yields by enabling timely treatment of diseases.
IRJET- IoT based Leaf Disease Detection and Fertilizer RecommendationIRJET Journal
This document describes an IoT-based system for detecting leaf diseases and recommending fertilizer treatments. The system uses image processing techniques to analyze photos of plant leaves taken by a camera. Sensors monitor soil moisture levels and the system can automatically water plants if levels are low. When diseases are detected in leaf images, the system recommends appropriate pesticides and a pump sprays the treatment. The system is intended to help farmers more efficiently identify and respond to plant diseases.
Cotton Mitra – An Agricultural Advisory System for Cotton CropIRJET Journal
This document describes an agricultural advisory system called Cotton Mitra that was developed to help cotton farmers in Maharashtra, India. The system uses semantic web technologies like RDF, OWL, and SPARQL to build an ontology knowledge base containing information on cotton crops. It consists of a web ontology, web services, and an Android mobile app. The ontology stores crop data, the web services provide communication between components, and the app provides a user-friendly interface for farmers. The system aims to address the lack of knowledge among farmers by providing expert advice and recommendations on issues like weather, diseases, and pesticides.
IRJET- A Review on E- Health Agricultural Monitoring System through WSNIRJET Journal
This document reviews several existing studies on using wireless sensor networks (WSN) for e-health agricultural monitoring systems. It discusses how WSN can automatically monitor soil moisture, temperature, pH levels and other factors to precisely control irrigation in agricultural fields. It summarizes several prior works that developed WSN-based prototypes to remotely sense environmental data and automate irrigation based on sensors for soil moisture, temperature and pH. The goal is more efficient water management to maximize crop yields while minimizing water usage and labor costs.
IRJET- Patient Health Monitoring using IoT with Machine LearningIRJET Journal
This document describes a patient health monitoring system using IoT and machine learning. The system collects data on heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature from sensors connected to a Raspberry Pi. The sensor data is sent to the cloud for storage and analysis. Machine learning algorithms like K-Nearest Neighbors are used to analyze the sensor data, predict abnormalities, and estimate health conditions. The system was able to accurately predict health conditions from sensor data by training machine learning models on a dataset.
IRJET - IoT based Agriculture Monitoring and Smart Irrigation System (Cro...IRJET Journal
1) The document describes an IoT-based smart agriculture system that monitors soil conditions, provides automated irrigation, and suggests suitable crops.
2) Sensors are deployed to measure temperature, humidity, and moisture levels, and this data is sent to an Arduino board. If the soil moisture is low, a water pump is automatically activated.
3) In addition to irrigation control, the system also analyzes sensor readings to provide crop suggestions to farmers based on temperature and humidity conditions. Guest users can also obtain crop suggestions by entering a location.
IRJET- Crop Yield Prediction and Disease Detection using IoT ApproachIRJET Journal
This document proposes a system to predict crop yields and detect diseases using an IoT approach. The system would use sensors to monitor soil moisture levels, weather conditions, and other environmental factors. This data would be sent to a Raspberry Pi controller and stored in a database. Farmers could access this information through a mobile app to make informed decisions. The system would also automatically predict potential crop diseases based on changing conditions and provide prevention methods to farmers. This precision agriculture approach aims to help farmers save time and resources through better decision making supported by real-time sensor data analysis.
IRJET- Sugarcane Disease Detection and Controlling using Image ProcessingIRJET Journal
This document discusses using image processing to detect and control sugarcane diseases. It begins with an introduction to the importance of agriculture and identifying plant diseases. The authors then describe their methodology which involves image acquisition, pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction using color analysis and k-means clustering, and classification. Their results show detecting diseases by pixel range analysis is more efficient than color feature extraction. The system could help farmers identify diseases early and apply the proper pesticides to increase sugarcane production. Future work includes developing a user-friendly app to provide real-time disease detection and solutions for farmers.
IRJET- A Review on Crop Field Monitoring and Disease Detection of Unhealthy P...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using image processing techniques to detect diseases in crop plants by analyzing images of leaves. It discusses how this could help farmers more quickly and accurately identify unhealthy plants. The system would analyze images of leaves to extract features and detect affected areas, matching images to determine the disease and providing solutions. This would help farmers monitor crop health more efficiently compared to relying solely on expert observation. The proposed system architecture involves sensors to collect field data, cloud storage of crop and treatment information, and a mobile app for farmers to access recommendations and market prices. This automation could help increase crop yields by enabling timely treatment of diseases.
IRJET- IoT based Leaf Disease Detection and Fertilizer RecommendationIRJET Journal
This document describes an IoT-based system for detecting leaf diseases and recommending fertilizer treatments. The system uses image processing techniques to analyze photos of plant leaves taken by a camera. Sensors monitor soil moisture levels and the system can automatically water plants if levels are low. When diseases are detected in leaf images, the system recommends appropriate pesticides and a pump sprays the treatment. The system is intended to help farmers more efficiently identify and respond to plant diseases.
Cotton Mitra – An Agricultural Advisory System for Cotton CropIRJET Journal
This document describes an agricultural advisory system called Cotton Mitra that was developed to help cotton farmers in Maharashtra, India. The system uses semantic web technologies like RDF, OWL, and SPARQL to build an ontology knowledge base containing information on cotton crops. It consists of a web ontology, web services, and an Android mobile app. The ontology stores crop data, the web services provide communication between components, and the app provides a user-friendly interface for farmers. The system aims to address the lack of knowledge among farmers by providing expert advice and recommendations on issues like weather, diseases, and pesticides.
IRJET- A Review on E- Health Agricultural Monitoring System through WSNIRJET Journal
This document reviews several existing studies on using wireless sensor networks (WSN) for e-health agricultural monitoring systems. It discusses how WSN can automatically monitor soil moisture, temperature, pH levels and other factors to precisely control irrigation in agricultural fields. It summarizes several prior works that developed WSN-based prototypes to remotely sense environmental data and automate irrigation based on sensors for soil moisture, temperature and pH. The goal is more efficient water management to maximize crop yields while minimizing water usage and labor costs.
IRJET- Patient Health Monitoring using IoT with Machine LearningIRJET Journal
This document describes a patient health monitoring system using IoT and machine learning. The system collects data on heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature from sensors connected to a Raspberry Pi. The sensor data is sent to the cloud for storage and analysis. Machine learning algorithms like K-Nearest Neighbors are used to analyze the sensor data, predict abnormalities, and estimate health conditions. The system was able to accurately predict health conditions from sensor data by training machine learning models on a dataset.
IRJET- AIMS: Automatic Irrigation Monitoring System using WSNIRJET Journal
The document describes an automatic irrigation monitoring system using a wireless sensor network. It aims to minimize water wastage in irrigation by continuously monitoring soil moisture and temperature and supplying water only as needed to different areas of a field. Sensor nodes placed throughout the field will measure soil parameters and send data via WiFi to a central valve controlling node. If the soil is dry, the node will signal the controller to open the relevant valve and supply water. This system allows for more precise watering than traditional methods and reduces both water and labor costs for farmers.
Visual Product Identification For Blind PeoplesIRJET Journal
1) The document presents a prototype system to assist blind people in reading printed text on handheld objects. It uses a camera, data processing, and audio output.
2) A motion-based method is used to isolate the object of interest from other objects in the camera view. Text localization and recognition algorithms are then used to extract and identify text from the isolated region.
3) The system is evaluated on its ability to localize and recognize text from images of objects with complex backgrounds, and on its usability with blind users. Future work will focus on improving text localization and the user interface.
Agricultural research has strengthened the optimized
economical profit, internationally and is very vast and
important field to gain more benefits.
In future agriculture is the only scope for all the people. But
today number of people having land, but they don’t know how
to yield the crops.
So many of people are doing useless agriculture by
cultivating the crop on improper soil. To implement the
application to identify the types of soil,water source of that
land whether that land is based on rain or bore water. And
suggest what of crop is suitable for that soil. So through this
application provide application for the people to know about
the agriculture. There is no any application to know about the
cultivation. However, it can be enhanced by the use of different
technological resources, tool, and procedures. Predict the type
of crop which one is suitable for that particular soil, weather
condition, temperature and so on. So for, using machine
learning with the set of data set are identified the crop for the
corresponding soil.
IRJET- Motion Based Message Conveyor for Physically Disabled PeopleIRJET Journal
The document describes a motion-based message conveyor system for physically disabled people. The system uses an accelerometer placed on a movable body part of a disabled person. When the person moves their body in a particular direction due to a problem, the accelerometer detects the motion and sends a message like "Some Problem" to a receiver using an Arduino, RF transmitter, and LCD display. The receiver then displays the message and activates a buzzer for help. The system also continuously monitors and displays the person's temperature using a temperature sensor. The goal is to help physically disabled people communicate problems and emergency needs to caretakers through simple motions.
I have to develop a web based system of Horticultural Information System that is for Horticultural department of B.A. College of Agriculture, AAU To develop a measure the circumference of tree canopy based on given diameter of tree canopy and second objective is retrieve and remove duplicates questions from excel file ( means remove duplication). Also set and download subject and unit wise question from database in excel file
Smart system monitoring on soil using internet of things (IOT)IRJET Journal
This document describes a smart system for monitoring soil conditions using sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT). Sensors placed in agricultural land would measure the soil's pH rate, temperature, and moisture levels. This data would be sent to the cloud and then relayed to registered farmers via their mobile devices. The system aims to reduce farmers' workload by automatically monitoring soil and alerting them to abnormalities. It could also recommend pesticides to improve cultivation based on pH readings. The system is designed to help farmers better manage their land even from a distance through IoT-connected soil monitoring and analytics.
This document describes an automatic balcony gardening system using IoT. The system allows users to control planters remotely using a web application. Sensors measure temperature, soil moisture, and provide fertilizer suggestions. Water and fertilizer levels are automatically controlled to prevent overwatering or excessive fertilizer. An emergency mode activates if the user does not respond to ensure plants continue receiving water and nutrients. The system aims to reduce manual labor for balcony gardens while optimizing plant growth conditions using IoT connectivity and remote monitoring capabilities.
A STUDY ON DEVELOPING A SMART ENVIRONMENT IN AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION TECHNIQUEijasa
Maintaining a good irrigation system is a necessity in today’s water scarcity environment. This paper describes a new approach for automated Smart Irrigation (SIR) system in agricultural management. Using
various types of sensors in the crop field area, temperature and moisture value of the soil is monitored.Based on the sensed data, SIR will automatically decide about the necessary action for irrigation and also notifies the user. The system will also focus on the reduction of energy consumption by the sensors during communication.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on an automatic irrigation system with remote monitoring and control. The system uses a microcontroller-based circuit to automate irrigation based on soil moisture sensors. It allows farmers to remotely control irrigation via a GSM modem and mobile phone. The system aims to save water, labor costs, and prevent crop destruction by automatically and remotely controlling irrigation only when needed based on soil moisture levels. It provides advantages like reduced costs, improved crop yields, and easy control of irrigation from anywhere.
Despite the perception people may have regarding the agricultural process, the reality is that today’s agriculture
industry is data-centered, precise, and smarter than ever. The rapid emergence of the Internet-of-Things (IoT)
based technologies redesigned almost every industry including ‘‘smart agriculture’’ which moved the industry
from statistical to quantitative approaches. Such revolutionary changes are shaking the existing agriculture
methods and creating new opportunities along a range of challenges. This article highlights the potential of
wireless sensors and IoT in agriculture, as well as the challenges expected to be faced when integrating this
technology with the traditional farming practices. IoT devices and communication techniques associated with
wireless sensors encountered in agriculture applications are analyzed in detail. What sensors are available for
specific agriculture application, like soil preparation, crop status, irrigation, insect and pest detection are
listed.For the sake of obtaining the interest data, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are used to collect the
interest data in the farm field and send the obtained data to the servers via wireless communication. Since the
WSNs usually operate in the unlicensed spectrum ,the available resource elements (REs) are scarce especially
when a large number of sensor nodes are deployed in the farm field.
PlantTalk is an IoT-based intelligent hydroponic plant system that can be controlled through a smartphone. It uses sensors to measure environmental conditions and actuators to control the environment. The system is designed so that various sensors and actuators can be flexibly selected and integrated through a smartphone. It also allows plant intelligence to be easily created using sensor data to automatically control actuators. As an example, the system is shown to more quickly lower CO2 levels compared to a traditional system.
IRJET - Prototype Android based Real Time Crop Information Collection SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a prototype Android-based system for real-time crop information collection. The system allows farmers to enter crop and farming practice data directly into a mobile application. Location data is collected using GPS. Data is stored locally and in the cloud for analysis. The goals are to streamline data collection, provide recommendations to farmers, and analyze crop yields in different areas. The system architecture includes modules for location selection, map access, crop selection/forms, photos, and PDF report generation. Future work could expand language support and improve efficient data collection and management to reduce manual work.
This document summarizes a project seminar presentation on automatic control of drip irrigation systems and soil monitoring using wireless technology. The presentation aims to design an irrigation system that can autonomously control the irrigation process and conserve water. It proposes a system using sensors to monitor soil moisture, temperature, and water pressure, and transmitting this data wirelessly to a control unit that regulates water and fertilizer distribution through drip irrigation. The system aims to improve on traditional manual irrigation techniques that are unreliable due to India's variable climate and make more efficient use of agricultural resources.
Wildlife entering in to populated areas has
recently become very Popular. The space for wild
animals is decreasing as humans are encroaching
forests. It creates great loss to property and life
when wild animals enter in to cities. We use latest
advances in technology such as Internet of Things
(IoT) to create an alert system of possible wildlife
leaving the forest and also the message will send to
the users Mobile to alert them. We use low cost
motion detectors and Passive Infrared sensors to
achieve this. We relay information of such motion
to a control centre to take further actions. We also
include making loud noise through speakers in
which the animals cannot enter in to land. The
basic idea of IoT is to connect different sensors
and establish communication and also provide
services. In this article, we make use of several IoT
devices at the periphery of natural reserve to
create an alert system. This system can also be
used to find out smugglers and other people
illegally entering in to the forest.
IRJET- A Novel Approach to Smart FarmingIRJET Journal
1) The document presents a novel approach for smart farming using data analytics and IoT technologies. It aims to help farmers overcome agricultural challenges by predicting the success or failure ratio of crop cultivation.
2) Data from soil sensors and environmental sensors would be analyzed to determine the natural resources in the soil and predict which crops are best suited to a particular land area.
3) This approach provides farmers with smart agricultural practices to improve yields and helps address issues from a lack of knowledge about soil resources and challenges in choosing suitable crops.
Rural engineering process : Development of farms by automationShashank Kapoor
Hi All, In this Project we have used Arduino Microcontroller and Raspberry pi as processor for automation control of watering of fields and monitor through IOT devices, we have use different sensors like pumps, Humidity sensor, Temperature sensor, digital anemometer to calculate various reading like transpiration and wind velocity to get high productivity in farm fields.
This project was developed by Sauparna Datta, Ambrish Tiwari, Suvo Das, and Subhajit Bhattacharjee to create an automatic plant irrigation system that waters plants without human interference. The system aims to save water by preventing unplanned water usage and controlling the appropriate amount of water distributed. The motivation was to help agricultural economies that struggle with lack of rain and water scarcity. The system would benefit travelers and farmers by automating irrigation to apply precise water amounts at optimal times.
IRJET - A Survey on Suggesting Pesticides for Farmers using Data MiningIRJET Journal
This document discusses developing a website to help farmers in India choose the appropriate pesticides for their crops and land conditions. It aims to address the key issues farmers face, like using pesticides that do not work well and resulting in lost crops and income. The proposed website would collect data on different land areas, crop conditions, and effective pesticides. It would use data mining techniques like association rule mining to analyze the data and provide recommendations to farmers on suitable pesticides when they input details about their land and crops. The system is intended to educate farmers and help them make informed decisions to increase crop yields.
IRJET- Design and Development of Automatic Drip Irrigation SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that designed and developed an automatic drip irrigation system controlled remotely using a mobile phone application. The system uses an Arduino board connected to a GSM module and relays to allow a user to control irrigation from their phone by exchanging messages. A soil moisture sensor is used to continuously monitor moisture levels and determine if and how much irrigation is needed to optimize water usage. The system is designed to be wireless using GSM communication, and allows the user to control irrigation from anywhere using their mobile phone.
IRJET- Agriculture Irrigation Water Demand Forecasting using Lora TechnologyIRJET Journal
1) The document proposes an automated irrigation system for agriculture that uses LoRa technology to forecast water demand and remotely control irrigation.
2) Sensors would measure soil moisture and temperature, and a controller would transmit this data using LoRa to a receiver. The receiver could then automatically operate pumps to irrigate based on the sensor readings.
3) This system aims to minimize labor, optimize water use, and allow farmers to remotely monitor and control irrigation from a distance, improving agricultural management.
This document describes a smart agricultural system that uses sensors to automatically irrigate plants. Soil moisture and temperature/humidity sensors provide data to a microcontroller, which sends alerts to an Android device via Bluetooth if the soil is dry or temperature/humidity levels fluctuate. This smart irrigation system aims to efficiently use water resources, boost crop cultivation, and increase agricultural income in India by automating irrigation based on real-time sensor readings rather than a fixed schedule. It provides remote monitoring and control of irrigation via a mobile app to help farmers maximize yields.
IRJET- Automated Irrigation using IoT and Plant Disease Detection using Image...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an automated irrigation system using IoT and a plant disease detection system using image processing and machine learning. The automated irrigation system uses sensors to monitor soil moisture levels and controls irrigation via actuators like valves when moisture levels drop below a threshold. This reduces water use compared to manual irrigation. The plant disease detection system acquires images of plant leaves and uses techniques like preprocessing, segmentation, and feature extraction to classify diseases based on symptoms. Algorithms like KNN are used for classification. The systems aim to optimize irrigation and identify diseases early to improve crop yields.
IRJET- AIMS: Automatic Irrigation Monitoring System using WSNIRJET Journal
The document describes an automatic irrigation monitoring system using a wireless sensor network. It aims to minimize water wastage in irrigation by continuously monitoring soil moisture and temperature and supplying water only as needed to different areas of a field. Sensor nodes placed throughout the field will measure soil parameters and send data via WiFi to a central valve controlling node. If the soil is dry, the node will signal the controller to open the relevant valve and supply water. This system allows for more precise watering than traditional methods and reduces both water and labor costs for farmers.
Visual Product Identification For Blind PeoplesIRJET Journal
1) The document presents a prototype system to assist blind people in reading printed text on handheld objects. It uses a camera, data processing, and audio output.
2) A motion-based method is used to isolate the object of interest from other objects in the camera view. Text localization and recognition algorithms are then used to extract and identify text from the isolated region.
3) The system is evaluated on its ability to localize and recognize text from images of objects with complex backgrounds, and on its usability with blind users. Future work will focus on improving text localization and the user interface.
Agricultural research has strengthened the optimized
economical profit, internationally and is very vast and
important field to gain more benefits.
In future agriculture is the only scope for all the people. But
today number of people having land, but they don’t know how
to yield the crops.
So many of people are doing useless agriculture by
cultivating the crop on improper soil. To implement the
application to identify the types of soil,water source of that
land whether that land is based on rain or bore water. And
suggest what of crop is suitable for that soil. So through this
application provide application for the people to know about
the agriculture. There is no any application to know about the
cultivation. However, it can be enhanced by the use of different
technological resources, tool, and procedures. Predict the type
of crop which one is suitable for that particular soil, weather
condition, temperature and so on. So for, using machine
learning with the set of data set are identified the crop for the
corresponding soil.
IRJET- Motion Based Message Conveyor for Physically Disabled PeopleIRJET Journal
The document describes a motion-based message conveyor system for physically disabled people. The system uses an accelerometer placed on a movable body part of a disabled person. When the person moves their body in a particular direction due to a problem, the accelerometer detects the motion and sends a message like "Some Problem" to a receiver using an Arduino, RF transmitter, and LCD display. The receiver then displays the message and activates a buzzer for help. The system also continuously monitors and displays the person's temperature using a temperature sensor. The goal is to help physically disabled people communicate problems and emergency needs to caretakers through simple motions.
I have to develop a web based system of Horticultural Information System that is for Horticultural department of B.A. College of Agriculture, AAU To develop a measure the circumference of tree canopy based on given diameter of tree canopy and second objective is retrieve and remove duplicates questions from excel file ( means remove duplication). Also set and download subject and unit wise question from database in excel file
Smart system monitoring on soil using internet of things (IOT)IRJET Journal
This document describes a smart system for monitoring soil conditions using sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT). Sensors placed in agricultural land would measure the soil's pH rate, temperature, and moisture levels. This data would be sent to the cloud and then relayed to registered farmers via their mobile devices. The system aims to reduce farmers' workload by automatically monitoring soil and alerting them to abnormalities. It could also recommend pesticides to improve cultivation based on pH readings. The system is designed to help farmers better manage their land even from a distance through IoT-connected soil monitoring and analytics.
This document describes an automatic balcony gardening system using IoT. The system allows users to control planters remotely using a web application. Sensors measure temperature, soil moisture, and provide fertilizer suggestions. Water and fertilizer levels are automatically controlled to prevent overwatering or excessive fertilizer. An emergency mode activates if the user does not respond to ensure plants continue receiving water and nutrients. The system aims to reduce manual labor for balcony gardens while optimizing plant growth conditions using IoT connectivity and remote monitoring capabilities.
A STUDY ON DEVELOPING A SMART ENVIRONMENT IN AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION TECHNIQUEijasa
Maintaining a good irrigation system is a necessity in today’s water scarcity environment. This paper describes a new approach for automated Smart Irrigation (SIR) system in agricultural management. Using
various types of sensors in the crop field area, temperature and moisture value of the soil is monitored.Based on the sensed data, SIR will automatically decide about the necessary action for irrigation and also notifies the user. The system will also focus on the reduction of energy consumption by the sensors during communication.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on an automatic irrigation system with remote monitoring and control. The system uses a microcontroller-based circuit to automate irrigation based on soil moisture sensors. It allows farmers to remotely control irrigation via a GSM modem and mobile phone. The system aims to save water, labor costs, and prevent crop destruction by automatically and remotely controlling irrigation only when needed based on soil moisture levels. It provides advantages like reduced costs, improved crop yields, and easy control of irrigation from anywhere.
Despite the perception people may have regarding the agricultural process, the reality is that today’s agriculture
industry is data-centered, precise, and smarter than ever. The rapid emergence of the Internet-of-Things (IoT)
based technologies redesigned almost every industry including ‘‘smart agriculture’’ which moved the industry
from statistical to quantitative approaches. Such revolutionary changes are shaking the existing agriculture
methods and creating new opportunities along a range of challenges. This article highlights the potential of
wireless sensors and IoT in agriculture, as well as the challenges expected to be faced when integrating this
technology with the traditional farming practices. IoT devices and communication techniques associated with
wireless sensors encountered in agriculture applications are analyzed in detail. What sensors are available for
specific agriculture application, like soil preparation, crop status, irrigation, insect and pest detection are
listed.For the sake of obtaining the interest data, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are used to collect the
interest data in the farm field and send the obtained data to the servers via wireless communication. Since the
WSNs usually operate in the unlicensed spectrum ,the available resource elements (REs) are scarce especially
when a large number of sensor nodes are deployed in the farm field.
PlantTalk is an IoT-based intelligent hydroponic plant system that can be controlled through a smartphone. It uses sensors to measure environmental conditions and actuators to control the environment. The system is designed so that various sensors and actuators can be flexibly selected and integrated through a smartphone. It also allows plant intelligence to be easily created using sensor data to automatically control actuators. As an example, the system is shown to more quickly lower CO2 levels compared to a traditional system.
IRJET - Prototype Android based Real Time Crop Information Collection SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a prototype Android-based system for real-time crop information collection. The system allows farmers to enter crop and farming practice data directly into a mobile application. Location data is collected using GPS. Data is stored locally and in the cloud for analysis. The goals are to streamline data collection, provide recommendations to farmers, and analyze crop yields in different areas. The system architecture includes modules for location selection, map access, crop selection/forms, photos, and PDF report generation. Future work could expand language support and improve efficient data collection and management to reduce manual work.
This document summarizes a project seminar presentation on automatic control of drip irrigation systems and soil monitoring using wireless technology. The presentation aims to design an irrigation system that can autonomously control the irrigation process and conserve water. It proposes a system using sensors to monitor soil moisture, temperature, and water pressure, and transmitting this data wirelessly to a control unit that regulates water and fertilizer distribution through drip irrigation. The system aims to improve on traditional manual irrigation techniques that are unreliable due to India's variable climate and make more efficient use of agricultural resources.
Wildlife entering in to populated areas has
recently become very Popular. The space for wild
animals is decreasing as humans are encroaching
forests. It creates great loss to property and life
when wild animals enter in to cities. We use latest
advances in technology such as Internet of Things
(IoT) to create an alert system of possible wildlife
leaving the forest and also the message will send to
the users Mobile to alert them. We use low cost
motion detectors and Passive Infrared sensors to
achieve this. We relay information of such motion
to a control centre to take further actions. We also
include making loud noise through speakers in
which the animals cannot enter in to land. The
basic idea of IoT is to connect different sensors
and establish communication and also provide
services. In this article, we make use of several IoT
devices at the periphery of natural reserve to
create an alert system. This system can also be
used to find out smugglers and other people
illegally entering in to the forest.
IRJET- A Novel Approach to Smart FarmingIRJET Journal
1) The document presents a novel approach for smart farming using data analytics and IoT technologies. It aims to help farmers overcome agricultural challenges by predicting the success or failure ratio of crop cultivation.
2) Data from soil sensors and environmental sensors would be analyzed to determine the natural resources in the soil and predict which crops are best suited to a particular land area.
3) This approach provides farmers with smart agricultural practices to improve yields and helps address issues from a lack of knowledge about soil resources and challenges in choosing suitable crops.
Rural engineering process : Development of farms by automationShashank Kapoor
Hi All, In this Project we have used Arduino Microcontroller and Raspberry pi as processor for automation control of watering of fields and monitor through IOT devices, we have use different sensors like pumps, Humidity sensor, Temperature sensor, digital anemometer to calculate various reading like transpiration and wind velocity to get high productivity in farm fields.
This project was developed by Sauparna Datta, Ambrish Tiwari, Suvo Das, and Subhajit Bhattacharjee to create an automatic plant irrigation system that waters plants without human interference. The system aims to save water by preventing unplanned water usage and controlling the appropriate amount of water distributed. The motivation was to help agricultural economies that struggle with lack of rain and water scarcity. The system would benefit travelers and farmers by automating irrigation to apply precise water amounts at optimal times.
IRJET - A Survey on Suggesting Pesticides for Farmers using Data MiningIRJET Journal
This document discusses developing a website to help farmers in India choose the appropriate pesticides for their crops and land conditions. It aims to address the key issues farmers face, like using pesticides that do not work well and resulting in lost crops and income. The proposed website would collect data on different land areas, crop conditions, and effective pesticides. It would use data mining techniques like association rule mining to analyze the data and provide recommendations to farmers on suitable pesticides when they input details about their land and crops. The system is intended to educate farmers and help them make informed decisions to increase crop yields.
IRJET- Design and Development of Automatic Drip Irrigation SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that designed and developed an automatic drip irrigation system controlled remotely using a mobile phone application. The system uses an Arduino board connected to a GSM module and relays to allow a user to control irrigation from their phone by exchanging messages. A soil moisture sensor is used to continuously monitor moisture levels and determine if and how much irrigation is needed to optimize water usage. The system is designed to be wireless using GSM communication, and allows the user to control irrigation from anywhere using their mobile phone.
IRJET- Agriculture Irrigation Water Demand Forecasting using Lora TechnologyIRJET Journal
1) The document proposes an automated irrigation system for agriculture that uses LoRa technology to forecast water demand and remotely control irrigation.
2) Sensors would measure soil moisture and temperature, and a controller would transmit this data using LoRa to a receiver. The receiver could then automatically operate pumps to irrigate based on the sensor readings.
3) This system aims to minimize labor, optimize water use, and allow farmers to remotely monitor and control irrigation from a distance, improving agricultural management.
This document describes a smart agricultural system that uses sensors to automatically irrigate plants. Soil moisture and temperature/humidity sensors provide data to a microcontroller, which sends alerts to an Android device via Bluetooth if the soil is dry or temperature/humidity levels fluctuate. This smart irrigation system aims to efficiently use water resources, boost crop cultivation, and increase agricultural income in India by automating irrigation based on real-time sensor readings rather than a fixed schedule. It provides remote monitoring and control of irrigation via a mobile app to help farmers maximize yields.
IRJET- Automated Irrigation using IoT and Plant Disease Detection using Image...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an automated irrigation system using IoT and a plant disease detection system using image processing and machine learning. The automated irrigation system uses sensors to monitor soil moisture levels and controls irrigation via actuators like valves when moisture levels drop below a threshold. This reduces water use compared to manual irrigation. The plant disease detection system acquires images of plant leaves and uses techniques like preprocessing, segmentation, and feature extraction to classify diseases based on symptoms. Algorithms like KNN are used for classification. The systems aim to optimize irrigation and identify diseases early to improve crop yields.
IRJET- Crop Disease Detector using Drone and MatlabIRJET Journal
This document describes a system for detecting crop diseases using images captured by drones and processed with MATLAB. The system uses image processing techniques like background subtraction, filtering, segmentation, and feature extraction to detect infected parts of plant leaves and analyze features of pests. The system was tested on detecting black sigatoka disease on banana trees and whiteflies on rose and cotton crops. It was able to detect diseases three times faster and cover more leaf area than traditional detection methods. The goal is to automate early pest detection in agriculture to help farmers take preventative measures.
This document discusses a proposed smart farming system using IoT that allows remote monitoring of farms. Sensors would monitor soil moisture, temperature, humidity and other field conditions. If conditions drop below thresholds, a raspberry pi control unit would automatically activate water pumps via a relay module to irrigate the fields. Farmers could also control irrigation manually via a mobile app. The system aims to optimize water usage, increase crop yields, and allow farmers to remotely monitor field conditions through an automated and intelligent irrigation process.
IRJET- Greensworth: A Step Towards Smart CultivationIRJET Journal
This document describes a mobile app called GreensWorth that aims to help crop growers through various smart cultivation features. The app includes disease detection using convolutional neural networks to identify plant diseases from images. It also uses decision tree regression for weather prediction based on multiple weather attributes. Additionally, the app provides a crops guide, disease library, and global community forum to help users with cultivation expertise and advice. The developers believe the comprehensive guidance from these tools will encourage more interest in gardening and agriculture.
IRJET- Smart Crop-Field Monitoring and Automation Irrigation System using...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed smart crop field monitoring and automated irrigation system using IoT technologies. The system uses sensors to monitor soil moisture levels and temperature in crop fields. A Raspberry Pi device collects data from the sensors via an IoT network. The system aims to automate irrigation by turning pumps on and off based on the sensor data, allowing for more precise watering that reduces water usage while maximizing crop yields. It also aims to allow remote monitoring of crop fields using the sensor data collected on the cloud. The system is meant to help modernize agriculture and make it more efficient through precision farming techniques enabled by IoT.
Agriculture is essential to the prosperity of agricultural countries like India.
Thus, the suggested strategy is to use automation and internet of thing (IoT)
technology to make agriculture smart. Applications enabled by the IoTs
include irrigation decision assistance, crop growth monitoring and selection,
and more. an Arduino-powered technology that boosts agricultural
productivity. This study's main goal is to find the least quantity of water
necessary to grow crops. Most farmers squander a lot of time on the fields
rather than concentrating on the water that plants have access to at the right
moment. The suggested system determines the required amount of water
based on the data obtained from the sensors. Two sensors provide data on
the soil's temperature, humidity, amount of sunlight each day, and soil
temperature to the base station. The suggested systems must determine the
amount of water required for irrigation based on these criteria. The system's
main benefit is the use of precision agriculture (PA) in conjunction with
cloud computing, which will maximise the use of water fertilisers while
maximising crop yields and also assist in determining field weather
conditions.
An IOT Based Smart Irrigation System Using Soil Moisture And Weather PredictionJose Katab
This document presents a smart irrigation system using soil moisture sensors, weather data, and an IoT approach. The system aims to optimize water usage through automated irrigation control based on real-time sensor measurements and weather predictions. Soil moisture and environmental condition data is collected using sensors and sent wirelessly to a server. A prediction algorithm analyzes the sensor data along with weather forecasts to determine irrigation needs. The system was deployed on a pilot scale and initial results found the prediction algorithm to have improved accuracy and less error compared to traditional approaches. The smart irrigation system has potential to help farmers better manage water resources through precision agriculture.
Water is an essential thing for crops and plants in agriculture. In traditional agriculture systems are take large amount of time to watering the crops lands and also have a lots of water wastes. Avoiding these problems drip irrigation systems are introduced. Drip irrigation technique is the best and efficient technique to supply the water to plants/crops in effective manner. In our IoT based smart and automatic drip irrigation system is solve the problems in existing systems and also provide the many features to farmers. This system is using Wemos D1 ESP 8266 which controls all sensors and send and receive the sensing values through the internet. In this paper explains the over view installation, system design and working of system. Shilpa. A"Smart Drip Irrigation System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12888.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/12888/smart-drip-irrigation-system/shilpa-a
IRJET-Development of Smart Irrigation SystemIRJET Journal
1. The document describes the development of a smart irrigation system that uses soil moisture sensors and a microcontroller to automate watering.
2. The system aims to improve water efficiency in agriculture by only turning on the water pump when the soil moisture falls below a set threshold.
3. Farmers can monitor the soil moisture levels and irrigation status remotely using a smartphone app that receives data from the system over WiFi.
IRJET - Farm Field Monitoring Using IoT-A Survey PaperIRJET Journal
This document discusses using IoT technology to monitor farm fields. It reviews several existing research papers on IoT-based farm monitoring systems that use sensors to measure soil moisture, temperature, humidity and other factors. However, many of these systems have limitations such as high costs, lack of scalability, and sensors that cannot withstand harsh agricultural field conditions. The document proposes a new IoT farm monitoring system with sensors connected to a microcontroller and cloud platform. This would allow farmers to monitor field conditions remotely using a mobile app or LCD display and receive notifications. The system aims to help farmers increase crop yields while reducing water waste and crop losses.
IRJET- An Effective Automated Irrigation Control and Monitoring System us...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed automated irrigation control and monitoring system using Raspberry Pi. The system would use various sensors to measure soil moisture, temperature, humidity and detect pests or fires. If measurements are outside thresholds, the system could automatically adjust irrigation or send alerts. It would also use a webcam and edge detection to monitor crop growth and detect pests. Farmers could remotely monitor conditions and control irrigation using a mobile app via GSM connectivity. The goal is to help farmers more efficiently irrigate crops and respond quickly to issues.
IRJET- Factors in Selection of Construction Project Management Software in IndiaIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed secure intelligent drip irrigation system using IoT, cloud, and mobile applications. The system would use soil moisture sensors, a camera, and PIR sensors to automate irrigation based on soil moisture levels while also monitoring crop growth and detecting intruders. Farmers could control irrigation and check soil moisture levels through a mobile app. The system would operate using both solar and electric power to send sensor data even during power outages. This would help farmers efficiently irrigate crops while protecting the field in a low-cost automated system.
This document describes a project to develop an automatic inspection robot for agriculture using IoT. The robot would be capable of monitoring crops, inspecting soil moisture levels according to seed varieties, and informing farmers using sensors to check humidity levels. It discusses the need for agricultural automation and reviews previous related works involving wireless sensor networks. The proposed system would use an Arduino, sensors for temperature, humidity and soil moisture, a motor driver and RFID tags/reader. An Android app would allow remote control of the robot's movement. The goal is to help farmers easily monitor crop conditions and optimize water and fertilizer use.
1. The document describes a smart irrigation system that uses IoT technology to optimize water usage for agriculture. It uses soil moisture sensors to detect moisture levels and an ESP8266 WiFi module to control a submersible water pump remotely via an Android app. This allows watering based on crop needs and avoids wasting water.
2. The system was implemented using an ESP8266 WiFi module, soil moisture sensor, relay, and submersible water pump. The sensor detects moisture and sends data to the ESP8266 module, which controls the pump via the relay. Farmers can monitor soil moisture and operate the pump remotely using the Android app.
3. This smart irrigation system saves both water and labor compared
Use of closed loop system using Arduino for different parameters in farmingjournalBEEI
The GDP (Gross domestic product) of most countries in the world are base on the regular basis of agriculture contribution of that particular country. The current weather conditions in the world and crop loss are the main reason for its contribution to GDP. New technologies and advanced fertilizers are now used in farming though these technologies and advanced fertilizers do not reach farmers till now. In this paper, a concept for the automated watering system in agriculture is introduce which uses wireless sensors technology for the detection of moisture in the soil suitable for agriculture using a smartphone application which will play a critical role in agriculture. The automatic watering to plants using the Arduino system and android app is use. Even this application of Android will provide information to the farmers related to agriculture like costs of seeds, level of moisture required, amount of water needed, which type of soil required, forecast weather, fertilizers to be used and pesticides required.
This document summarizes a research paper on a smart irrigation system that uses sensors and a microcontroller to automate watering. The system aims to save water by only providing it when needed based on soil moisture levels and temperature readings. It can operate in either a self-mode where the sensors control the pump, or a manual mode where a user sends SMS commands to control the pump remotely. Additional features include animal detection using a buzzer, short circuit protection, and status updates sent to users. The system aims to improve water efficiency and reduce labor for farmers.
IRJET- A Review Paper on Design and Development of Automatic Drip Irrigation ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design and development of an automatic drip irrigation system. The system uses soil moisture sensors to monitor soil moisture levels and control solenoid valves and a water pump to irrigate only when needed. It aims to automate irrigation and optimize water usage. The system can be controlled wirelessly using a GSM module from a mobile phone. When the soil reaches its maximum moisture threshold, the motors automatically stop and a message is sent. The major advantages are avoiding water wastage, optimizing plant growth, and reducing labor needs and errors.
Similar to IMPLEMENTATION OF MARRIAGE BY INDIGENOUS LAW TO YEI TRIBE COMMUNITIES (20)
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MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
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Business law for the students of undergraduate level. The presentation contains the summary of all the chapters under the syllabus of State University, Contract Act, Sale of Goods Act, Negotiable Instrument Act, Partnership Act, Limited Liability Act, Consumer Protection Act.
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2. D. Rama Prabha, Ram Swaminathan, Kalepu Chaitanya, W. Razia Sultana
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becomes an important agricultural input. Also, it is important to create a scientific and
technically advanced irrigation method so that large tracts of land are not affected by salinity,
alkalinity and water logging-the ill effects of outdated practices. Currently, there are many
irrigation models which are coming up in this field, but their adoption rate is very less. As
most of the systems involve high investment and are complex in nature. Hence, there is a need
to create a low-cost, feasible system which can address the above issues and will benefit the
small and medium scale farmer’s. Also, an application has been created which can help in
detecting the diseases in the early stages, by carefully analysis of the affected region of the
leaves. Thereby, helping to identify the crop damaging diseases and this will in turn aid in the
process of taking preventive measures so that there is optimal growth of the plant and
productivity is high.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
There has been work done in this field to improve the agriculture sector. By only using the
Arduino Uno, there has been an attempt to automate the irrigation system [1]. An attempt to
control the irrigation system by using Arduino-based phones has been proposed, the
application uses the GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) [3]. A system which focuses on
drip irrigation, and controls the pipes outlet with the use of Raspberry Pi and Arduino Uno
has been proposed [5]. In Malaysia, smart home garden irrigation system has been
implemented by using Raspberry Pi, but it cannot be applied for agriculture fields and large
tea gardens [6]. Another system has also been proposed for home garden irrigation uses the
Zig-Bee model for wireless communication, it sends across messages to the concerned parties
regarding the soil moisture level from time to time [7]. There have been efforts also made to
help in the identification of plant diseases. An FCM based clustering model to identify
potential diseases in rice crop has been made which can monitor plant growth [2]. Exclusively
for pomegranate’s leaf disease detection, a system using support vector machine has been
developed [4]. Some systems have attempted to simplify the process by using a voice
controlled irrigation system [8]. The only drawback with this is that it is not completely
automated; command has to be given for the system to work. Some papers have focused on
specific irrigation methods such as drip irrigation [9].
This paper also emphasises the use of a wireless network. Agriculture can be classified
into few major phases such as germinating seeds, irrigating etc. Some systems have
automated more than one process providing a multi-purpose system [10]. This paper has
completely focused on irrigation of sugarcane crop and fuzzy logic has been used for decision
making [11]. The same method though cannot be applied for other plants. Similarly, another
paper focuses only on the pest prediction and control of disease in apple trees [12]. Smartness
in the irrigation system together with smartness in energy system is designed [13]. A wireless
sensor network is created to efficiently monitor and identify the status of water for irrigation
and the water level of the crops [14]. A wireless sensor networks with simple processors has
been designed for smart irrigation purpose. A smart environment has been created to
implement the smartness in the agriculture systems [15].
A closed loop system for irrigation is developed to monitor the cotton plant. This system
identifies the water level in the cotton crop irrigation system [16]. In summer the chestnut
trees growth has been affected by the reduction in the soil water content. Using drip irrigation
and micro sprinkling method the chestnut trees are protected [17]. Each leaf have different
pattern and identifying individual leave is a challenging task. In this paper segmentation
algorithm has been applied to identify the leaves [18]. In pomegranate leaf phytoplasma
disease has been detected using phylogenetic analysis. The disease in the earlier stage of
pomegranate leaf is detected by molecular characterization [19]. For oleander leaves a
3. Arduino Based Smart Irrigation System and Plant Leaf Disease Detection Using MATLAB
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Backpropagation Neural Network has been applied to help the cultivator to find the leaves. It
is an efficient tool to differentiate the genotypes [20].
This paper is an attempt which can successfully address the issues of cost and feasibility
of implementation of smart irrigation system for large fields, along with this system a model
which can aid the farmers in identifying the diseases by the analysis of the leaves using K-
means algorithm has been developed, the system can be trained for numerous types of crops
and disease.
3. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The flow chart of the smart irrigation setup of this system is show in Fig.1. This shows the
way in which order the model will work.
Figure 1 Shows the block diagram of the smart irrigation system
The soil moisture sensor is used to determine the amount of humidity content in the soil.
The analog value which has to be maintained can be set manually by trial and error method,
which takes into consideration the type of crop and other environmental conditions. If the soil
is wet, it will send a low input voltage and if the soil is dry, it will send high input voltage.
This analog value is converted to digital for further analysis, by the Arduino Uno (micro-
controller). By using a HC-05 blue tooth module this data is transferred to another micro-
controller which in turn is located at the rear end, near the water tank. It controls the operation
of the water pump. So, water from the tank is pumped into the farm and as soon as the
required water level is reached, the soil moisture senses the humidity level of soil and then
this information is relayed through the same process, this again eventually stops the water
pump. From time to time, the soil moisture level and the status of the motor is sent to the
farmer or the concerned parties, with the help of the SIM-800, the global system for mobile
communication (GSM) module to their mobile phones as a SMS.
For the next phase of the project, to identify the diseases associated with the plants. In this
paper, there is specific focus and analysis on the leaves, as most of the major diseases
occurring in the plant show symptoms on the leaves. Data of the leaves has been collected
which have been affected by various illnesses to train the system. After image acquisition, the
images have been enhanced by increasing contrast, using the partial stretching enhancement.
As shown in the flow chart, Fig.2:
4. D. Rama Prabha, Ram Swaminathan, Kalepu Chaitanya, W. Razia Sultana
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Figure 2 Shows the block diagram of the Image Processing technique
In the project, 13 parameters are used for the feature extraction of the image, such as: -
Contrast, Correlation, Energy, Homogeneity, Mean, Standard deviation, Entropy, RMS (Root
mean square), Variance, Smoothness, Kurtosis, Skewness, IDM (Inverse difference
movement).
The above system can be trained for various crops depending on the requirements. This
model can help to predict the diseases quite early based on the symptoms appearing on leave
to reduce the damage caused.
4. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
To make this system many software and hardware components are essential. Some of them
are-
4.1. Soil Moisture Sensor
The soil moisture sensor used here is YL-69 (Fig.3), the advantage it offers is high sensitivity
and low power consumption. It works on the principle of conductivity or resistivity of the
soil, the current passing through the two probes helps to determine the moisture content of
soil. The indicator factor is that if there is high resistance, then the water content in soil is less,
and vice-versa.
Figure 3 Soil moisture sensor (YL-69)
The size of this sensor is 60*20*5mm, depth of detection is 37mm; the temperature under
which it can operate is around 10 to 30 degrees Celsius and the operating voltage ranges from
3.3-5 Volts.
4.2. GSM Module
GSM Module is basically a GSM (Global System for Mobile) Modem which is connected to a
PCB board. The board also has pins to attach mic and speaker, to take out +5V or other values
of power and ground connections. It is used in the project for wireless data transmission for
alerting and messaging purposes. This module is compatible with Arduino UNO and can be
interfaced quite easily. The main purpose of this module is to relay the information to the
mobile from control unit and vice-versa. The SIM-800 is a complete Quad-Band GSM/GPRS
solution in a SMT type; it can be embedded for customer applications. It can transmit data,
5. Arduino Based Smart Irrigation System and Plant Leaf Disease Detection Using MATLAB
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voice or SMS as and when required with very low power consumption. The module can
support Quad-band 850/900/1800/1900MHz. It is controlled by the AT (AT stands for
attention) commands. The supply voltage range is around 3.4 to 4.4 voltage and the device
can operate from -40 to 85 degrees Celsius.
4.3. Arduino Uno
This is an easy to use open-source electronics platform based on hardware and software. The
Arduino boards are able to read inputs such as, a finger on a button, light on a sensor and
other similar activities and can turn it into an output that is it can activate a motor, turn on a
LED, send across information etc. This micro-controller board is based on the ATmega328P
(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), a 16
MHz quartz crystal,6 analog inputs, a USB connection, a power jack, a reset button and an
ICSP header. It can be connected to a computer with a USB cable or it can be powered with
an AC-to-DC adapter or a battery to start it.
An open-source known as Arduino Software (IDE) is used to create code and transfer it to
the board. It can run on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. The Arduino language is a set of
C/C++ function that can be called from the code.
4.4. HC-05 Module
This is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module. It is designed for
transparent wireless serial connection setup. This Bluetooth module can be used in a master or
slave configuration, which makes it a feasible solution for wire-less communication. The
default factory setting is Slave for this specific module. The role of the module can be
configured only by the AT commands only. Only the master module can initiate a connection
to the other devices, whereas the slave cannot.
Figure 4 Master- Slave HC-05 Module
This Module comes with an integrated antenna, an edge connector and programmable
(input and output) control. The IEEE specific code for the Bluetooth is IEEE802.15, it has 6
pins, and the default pin-code for auto-pairing is “1234”. By default, it gets connected
automatically to the last device in power. The slave default baud rate is 9600, data bits are 8
and there is no parity.
4.5. MATLAB Software
MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a high performing language for technical computing. A
proprietary programming language developed by MathWorks. The MATLAB allows matrix
manipulations, plotting of functions and graphs, also for data extrapolation, image processing,
implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs
6. D. Rama Prabha, Ram Swaminathan, Kalepu Chaitanya, W. Razia Sultana
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written in other languages. The program is usually written in C/C++ or Java, the operating
system can be Windows, Linux and macOS. MATLAB has a group of application-specific
arrangements called toolboxes. Important to most clients of MATLAB, toolboxes enable the
client to learn and apply specific technology. Toolboxes are complete accumulations of
MATLAB functions (M-records) that stretch out the MATLAB condition to tackle specific
classes of issues. Regions in which the toolboxes are accessible include control systems,
fuzzy logic, signal processing, wavelets, simulation, neural networks and many others.
5. RESULT AND ANALYSIS
The first step is to connect the soil moisture sensor with the Arduino board, in which the code
is dumped. By, trial and error method the analog value which has to be maintained can be set;
this value will be based on crop requirements and other environmental factors which are taken
into consideration. The code in the Arduino Software (IDE) is written in C language. The
output displayed on the screen, is as shown in Table-1: -
Table 1 Basic output of the system
S.NO Soil Condition Sensor Output GSM Output Motor State
1 Dry High Low soil Moisture
detected Motor
turned ON
On
2 Wet Low Soil Moisture is
Normal Motor
turned OFF
Off
This information has to be transmitted again to the farmer or the concerned parties, so that
they are always aware above the condition of the soil and the status of the pump. So, that their
activities related to the farm can be planned accordingly, to achieve this objective. The GSM
module has been interfaced with the Arduino board, so that data is sent to the mobile in the
SMS format. This was done with the help of the AT commands. The message being sent to
the mobile of farmer can be in any language and can be changed according to our needs. The
SMS sent to the mobile number signified in the code is as show the Fig.5: -
Figure 5 Screenshot of the SMS
The devised master-slave system using the HC-05 module enables wireless data transfer
between the two ends. The Arduino board near the soil moisture sensor end detects the
humidity content of the soil, and then triggers the master module, which in turn relays the
message to the other pair of HC-05 module located at the other end. This information is then
processed by the Arduino board present at the other end, near the tank. Again, based on the
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condition of soil (the input data received) the pump is turned on or switched off by the micro-
controller. The system worked well without any problems.
For the disease detection, the MATLAB software with SVM (Support Vector Machine)
has been used. The system has been trained for plant diseases related to grape and strawberry.
During training, for feature extraction we considered 13 parameters as shown in the Table-2: -
Table-2 Table comprising of the parameters considered for disease detection system
contrast Correlation energy homogeneity Mean SD entropy rms variance smooth kurtosis skewness IDM
0.078876 0.978321 0.762589 0.974878 14.84385 47.81168 1.709878 5.574773 2150.696 1 15.59777 3.632011 255
0.466835 0.865708 0.796721 0.959196 14.15012 48.13958 1.365848 4.313618 1632.216 1 15.7654 3.674427 255
0.367584 0.910197 0.757318 0.962547 16.44411 51.41943 1.667891 5.340374 2305.041 1 13.79264 3.402522 255
0.541238 0.751034 0.538239 0.922202 17.97166 37.66352 2.582884 7.403698 1306.813 1 10.4951 2.588339 255
0.512776 0.710321 0.894702 0.971681 17.1185 35.52045 2.843172 10.45046 1162.225 1 27.60328 4.682011 255
0.697626 0.873892 0.487259 0.910412 31.56037 56.45961 2.982981 8.114045 2844.325 1 4.400836 1.612926 255
0.488618 0.958014 0.268706 0.940314 71.85277 83.07288 5.120415 11.46161 5682.676 1 1.826999 0.649677 255
0.430913 0.896565 0.765986 0.965598 17.43762 52.46393 1.878881 5.728899 2052.447 1 12.8361 3.273623 255
0.576072 0.909153 0.710405 0.958389 23.81361 60.20883 1.673428 5.436237 3230.313 1 6.958173 2.334859 255
0.746201 0.90982 0.52789 0.900746 40.04733 73.85749 2.911928 7.533026 4465.177 1 3.993152 1.587334 255
0.88943 0.826304 0.818493 0.96507 16.41812 55.65341 1.300243 4.322796 2841.536 1 12.32038 3.301014 255
0.413971 0.970172 0.410585 0.972992 76.61838 97.98215 3.843924 9.364152 6332.289 1 1.517145 0.599022 255
0.08629 0.94908 0.884848 0.993442 8.575495 35.45269 0.717587 2.515133 1110.396 1 18.75243 4.105919 255
1.045052 0.816676 0.619172 0.920878 26.94916 60.87399 2.481799 6.955969 3471.252 1 6.628791 2.20753 255
The image data set which has been used to train the system has been obtained from plant
village social media site. Then random pictures of leaves affected by diseases and that of
healthy ones forms the training set for this model. The images are segmented using the K-
means clustering algorithm. This algorithm works to minimize the objective function, here the
objective function is:-
J=∑ ∑ i
(j)
-cj
2
Where the function is a chosen distance measure between a given data point and the
cluster centre, this an indicator of the distance of the n data points from their respective cluster
centres. The algorithm helps to separate the image into groups or clusters, for further analysis.
In this case, a set of three different clusters are obtained, from which it is required to choose
the ROI (region of interest), to identify the type of disease as shown in Fig.6: -
Figure 6 Screenshot of the output screen
8. D. Rama Prabha, Ram Swaminathan, Kalepu Chaitanya, W. Razia Sultana
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On selecting the cluster region which shows the diseased parts, the type of disease, the
percentage of affected region of the leaf and the accuracy of system in identifying the disease
is obtained. This system is able to produce up to 95 percent accuracy of linear kernel, as
shown in the Fig.7:
Figure 7 Screenshot of the final output provided by diseases detection system
The following table shows the output for few of the leaves (healthy and unhealthy) which
have been tested by using the disease detection algorithm. The classification results, along
with the other parameters have been compiled and are as follows for the leaves shown in
Table-3:
Table 3 Classification results for various leaves
Figure Classification Result Accuracy of
Kernel
Affected
Region
Grape healthy 95.1613 NA
Grape Leaf blight
(Isariopsis Leaf Spot)
96.7742 42.3764
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Strawberry healthy 96.7742 NA
Strawberry Leaf scorch 96.7742 53.8165
The graph below shows the relation between mean square error (mse) and epoch. It is the
performance characteristic graph of the system (Fig.8): -
Figure 8 Screenshot of the performance graph of leaf disease detection system
6. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the process of creating a feasible, low cost smart irrigation system which can
lower power, labour and water consumption has been discussed. By the use of this system, the
frequent visits to the farm will come down greatly, enabling the farmer to focus on other
activities. This system will also, update the farmer from time-to-time about the status of the
pump and the water content level of soil, by sending a message to the mobile with the help of
GSM Module. This model will also help to identify the type of diseases occurring in the plant,
by using the images of the leaves. The system will be able to determine the specific type of
disease based on the symptoms shown in the leaves. This system has been made in mind
keeping the scattered and less land holdings possessed by Indian farmers, so the emphasis is
more on cost effectiveness and simplicity. If implemented this system can also increase the
fertility level of the soil, and will aid in maintaining the optimal growth of plant. Even
problems occurring due to bad irrigation systems, such as run off of the fertilizers and top soil
10. D. Rama Prabha, Ram Swaminathan, Kalepu Chaitanya, W. Razia Sultana
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will come down along with that other problems such as water clogging and alkaline water
beds will be reduced.
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