European imperialism in Africa was driven by industrialization's demand for raw materials, nationalism's desire for global power and prestige, and the belief that Europeans were destined to civilize native populations. This resulted in the diffusion of some European customs into Africa alongside some African influences on Europe, though economic development primarily benefited Europeans who extracted resources using cheap African labor. Independence later brought political instability as new nations struggled with power divides and dictatorships amid ethnic complexities.

1. Imperialism in Africa

2. Causes

7. Effects