This research paper is devoted to the Impact of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the Export of Kazakhstan. The aim of this study is to understand the problems and consequences that Kazakhstan will face in obtaining WTO membership and to analyze of the influence of the WTO on Kazakhstan's exports by studying the experience of several WTO members
The main goal of this research was identifying non-resource non-energy goods with the highest
export potential for export to China from all the variety and complexity of the product range that Russia is able
to export. Under the new bilateral cooperation framework Russia is able to unleash its export potential and
effectively diversify its exports to China, while China - to receive a profitable supplier for the long term.
An important question amongst economists is: what is the impact of accession to the World Trade Organization on the economies of member countries? Using a comparative analysis, econometric approach, and data from Saudi Arabia, this study proves that trade patterns have changed in some areas and remained unchanged in others as a result of accession to the WTO. The study proves that accession to the WTO has resulted in a remarkable increase in trade share and that accession to the WTO has a positive and significant effect on economic activity.
Chinese Experience of Regulating and Encouraging Foreign Tradeijtsrd
In this article, the author researches Chinese experience of promoting export, areas of state regulation of exports, support for local producers and export support and developed proposals for export promotion in Uzbekistan. Comparative analysis of the economic development of the People's Republic of China, its impact on international trade and the system of state promotion for exports between Uzbekistan and China, the main problems in the development of the export support system of Uzbekistan and exports promotion in Uzbekistan by exploring the possibilities of using the Chinese experience in the development of the export promotion system. Sarvar Inagamov "Chinese Experience of Regulating and Encouraging Foreign Trade" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47627.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/47627/chinese-experience-of-regulating-and-encouraging-foreign-trade/sarvar-inagamov
Iraq faces structural reforms designed to effect transition from opaque administrative structures to competitive markets. The process has already begun with a series of measures announced by the Coalition Provisional Authority for Iraq. The paper provides arguments in favor of establishing liberal, preferably free trade regime based on past foreign trade performance indicating that there is not much to protect, Saddam Hussein’s legacy of negotiated free trade agreements with most Arab countries and domestic political economy considerations. It also argues in favor of radical reforms in measures shaping business climate as well as explores institutional measures to lock-in a current liberal trade regime.
Authored by: Bartlomiej Kaminski
Published in 2003
This paper employs a standard Tobin-Markowitz framework to analyse the determinants of capital flows into the CIS countries. Using data from 1996-2006, we find that the Russian financial crisis of 1998 has had a profound impact on capital flows into the CIS (both directly and indirectly). Firstly, it introduced a structural shift in the investors' behaviour by shifting the focus from the external factors to the internal ones, e.g. domestic interest and GDP growth rates. Secondly, it also drastically changed the impact of a number of explanatory variables on capital flows into the CIS. Political risk was found to be the second most important determinant of capital flows into the CIS. Additionally, we report some strong evidence of co-movement between portfolio flows into the CIS and CEEC, coupled with strong complementarity between global stock market activity and portfolio inflows into the CIS. Interestingly, external factors tend to be of a higher significance than internal factors for the largest members (Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan) of the CIS; whereas domestic variables tend to have a greater impact on the capital flows into the smaller CIS countries.
Authored by: Oleksandr Lozovyi
Published in 2007
The main goal of this research was identifying non-resource non-energy goods with the highest
export potential for export to China from all the variety and complexity of the product range that Russia is able
to export. Under the new bilateral cooperation framework Russia is able to unleash its export potential and
effectively diversify its exports to China, while China - to receive a profitable supplier for the long term.
An important question amongst economists is: what is the impact of accession to the World Trade Organization on the economies of member countries? Using a comparative analysis, econometric approach, and data from Saudi Arabia, this study proves that trade patterns have changed in some areas and remained unchanged in others as a result of accession to the WTO. The study proves that accession to the WTO has resulted in a remarkable increase in trade share and that accession to the WTO has a positive and significant effect on economic activity.
Chinese Experience of Regulating and Encouraging Foreign Tradeijtsrd
In this article, the author researches Chinese experience of promoting export, areas of state regulation of exports, support for local producers and export support and developed proposals for export promotion in Uzbekistan. Comparative analysis of the economic development of the People's Republic of China, its impact on international trade and the system of state promotion for exports between Uzbekistan and China, the main problems in the development of the export support system of Uzbekistan and exports promotion in Uzbekistan by exploring the possibilities of using the Chinese experience in the development of the export promotion system. Sarvar Inagamov "Chinese Experience of Regulating and Encouraging Foreign Trade" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47627.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/47627/chinese-experience-of-regulating-and-encouraging-foreign-trade/sarvar-inagamov
Iraq faces structural reforms designed to effect transition from opaque administrative structures to competitive markets. The process has already begun with a series of measures announced by the Coalition Provisional Authority for Iraq. The paper provides arguments in favor of establishing liberal, preferably free trade regime based on past foreign trade performance indicating that there is not much to protect, Saddam Hussein’s legacy of negotiated free trade agreements with most Arab countries and domestic political economy considerations. It also argues in favor of radical reforms in measures shaping business climate as well as explores institutional measures to lock-in a current liberal trade regime.
Authored by: Bartlomiej Kaminski
Published in 2003
This paper employs a standard Tobin-Markowitz framework to analyse the determinants of capital flows into the CIS countries. Using data from 1996-2006, we find that the Russian financial crisis of 1998 has had a profound impact on capital flows into the CIS (both directly and indirectly). Firstly, it introduced a structural shift in the investors' behaviour by shifting the focus from the external factors to the internal ones, e.g. domestic interest and GDP growth rates. Secondly, it also drastically changed the impact of a number of explanatory variables on capital flows into the CIS. Political risk was found to be the second most important determinant of capital flows into the CIS. Additionally, we report some strong evidence of co-movement between portfolio flows into the CIS and CEEC, coupled with strong complementarity between global stock market activity and portfolio inflows into the CIS. Interestingly, external factors tend to be of a higher significance than internal factors for the largest members (Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan) of the CIS; whereas domestic variables tend to have a greater impact on the capital flows into the smaller CIS countries.
Authored by: Oleksandr Lozovyi
Published in 2007
The paper examines the economic implications of Belarus' participation in the newly created EURASEC Customs Union. The results of the calculations show that after the introduction of a common external tariff (CET) the level of tariff protection in Belarus has not increased noticeably. The reduction in the volume of imports from non-CIS countries equal to USD 1.1 bn (8% of Belarusian non-CIS import in 2008) will be mainly brought about by cancellation of used cars imports from non-member countries. The analyses revealed that Belarusian budget can benefit from participation in the Customs Union (CU). The amount of possible gain will be about 28.3% of total budget revenues from customs duties and customs charges in 2008 due to the fact that approximately 40% of Russian imports may go through customs clearance in Belarus owning to less bureaucracy at the border with respect to Russia, and the revenues from customs charges, which is not planned to be distributed among member countries, will be transferred to Belarusian budget. However, it is unlikely that CU membership will increase foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow to Belarus, since in the case of South-South regional trade agreements (the type of EURASEC countries CU) FDI usually goes to the bigger country, i.e. to the bigger market. Therefore, most probably that in the regional arrangement in question Russia followed by Kazakhstan will be the main beneficiaries of foreign direct investments.
Authored by: Irina Tochitskaya
Published in 2010
This paper analyses the impact of exchange rate regimes on the real sector. While most studies in this field have so far concentrated on aggregate variables, we pursue a sectoral approach distinguishing between the tradable and nontradable sectors. Firstly, we present a survey of the relevant theoretical and empirical literature. This demonstrates that evaluations of exchange rate regimes and their impact on the real economy are largely dependant on specific assumptions concerning, in particular, the parameters of a utility function, the nature of the price adjustment process and the characteristics of analysed shocks. Secondly, we conduct an empirical analysis of the behaviour of the tradable and nontradable sectors under different exchange rate regimes for seven Central and Eastern European countries. We find no firm evidence of a differential impact of given exchange rate regimes on the dynamics of output and prices in the two sectors. We proffer a conceptual and technical interpretation of this.
Authored by: Przemyslaw Kowalski, Wojciech Paczynski, Łukasz Rawdanowicz
Published in 2003
The paper analyses possible consequences of the EU enlargement on the EU – CIS-7 trade. It considers current situation in trade between two country groups, describes the factors limiting this trade, and discusses the opportunities for the trade associated with the EU accession of the Central and East European countries with strong historical ties to the CIS-7. The paper concludes that the EU enlargement creates some potential for expansion of trade and, importantly, exports from CIS-7 to Europe.
Authored by: Roman Mogilevsky
Published in 2004
Border Economic Zones and Development Dynamics in Thailand: A Comparative Stu...Dr.Choen Krainara
Special border economic zones in Thailand and the Greater Mekong Sub-region; Cross-border cooperation in the Greater Mekong Sub-region การพัฒนาเขตเศรษฐกิจพิเศษในประเทศไทยเชื่อมโยงกับประเทศเพื่อนบ้าน การพัฒนาเขตเศรษฐกิจพิเศษในอนุภูมิภาคลุ่มน้ำโขง
A new pricing revolution underway in iron oreTim Hard
Iron ore pricing has been through the death of 'annual benchmarks', a shift to quarterly pricing, then indexed linked. More tonnes are now priced off of derivatives, rather than bilateral trade now.
A new, more subtle 'technical' revolution is underway today, in the the interplay between floating price transactions and the ever-growing derivatives market.
Brexit is an abbreviation for “British exit,” meaning the United Kingdom’s (UK’s) decision on June
23, 2016, to leave the European Union (EU). The national vote’s result surprised global markets and caused
immediate turmoil. As the UK has a large and traditional financial market and is a gateway to the EU for
international investment and trade, people have much fear, which has caused serious recession all over the world.
Japan, which has taken advantage of the relationship between Japan and UK and between the UK and EU, is not
an exception. This paper examines the impact of Brexit on Japanese activity in the UK and EU. The gravity
model of international trade was employed for empirical analysis. This model states that bilateral trade flows
based on the economic sizes and distances between two units can be used to examine reasons for international
trade. Empirical analysis in this paper indicates that Brexit has impacted Japanese international trade considering
the relationship between the UK and EU.
he paper examines theoretical literature, recent EMU accession examples, and current CEECs performance in search of the optimal currency regime for meeting the Maastricht criteria. Currency board arrangements seems to provide the fastest convergence. For other regimes, the markets may have theoretical and historical reasons to believe in the government's temptation to devalue on the ERM-2 entry. The government should announce the final date, and, possibly indicate the final exchange rate for the regime switch to avoid excessive currency and yield volatility. It should also underscore the central bank’s and EU authorities importance (even if non-existent) in the parity setting process to avoid excessive domestic debt inflation premium ahead of the accession. Recent experience shows that it will be easy to get rid of the remaining influence of cross rates on CEECs exchange rates.
Authored by: Mateusz Szczurek
Published in 2003
Prospects for Developing System of State Promotion of Export in the Republic ...ijtsrd
In this article, the author researches Chinese experience of promoting export, areas of state regulation of exports, support for local producers and export support and developed proposals for export promotion in Uzbekistan. Comparative analysis of the economic development of the People’s Republic of China, its impact on international trade and the system of state promotion for exports between Uzbekistan and China, the main problems in the development of the export support system of Uzbekistan and exports promotion in Uzbekistan by exploring the possibilities of using the Chinese experience in the development of the export promotion system. Sarvar Inagamov "Prospects for Developing System of State Promotion of Export in the Republic of Uzbekistan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49082.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/49082/prospects-for-developing-system-of-state-promotion-of-export-in-the-republic-of-uzbekistan/sarvar-inagamov
The Impact of Uzbekistan’s Membership into Eurasian Economic Union on Textile...ijtsrd
This article analyzes impact of changes in tariff policy on imports of textile and clothing products as a result of Uzbekistan’s accession to Eurasian Economic Union and changes in tariff revenues from imports of these products. The results show that although Uzbekistan’s accession to Eurasian Economic Union has resulted in a slight increase in imports of textiles and garments, a sharp change in imports can be observed in certain groups of goods. It is also expected that reduction of import tariffs and tax rates on textiles and garments will lead to a reduction in customs revenues to state budget, but an increase in customs revenues due to abolition of existing tariff preferences in country after integration. Mingishov Laziz "The Impact of Uzbekistan’s Membership into Eurasian Economic Union on Textile and Sewing Industry" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47714.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/47714/the-impact-of-uzbekistan’s-membership-into-eurasian-economic-union-on-textile-and-sewing-industry/mingishov-laziz
The paper examines the economic implications of Belarus' participation in the newly created EURASEC Customs Union. The results of the calculations show that after the introduction of a common external tariff (CET) the level of tariff protection in Belarus has not increased noticeably. The reduction in the volume of imports from non-CIS countries equal to USD 1.1 bn (8% of Belarusian non-CIS import in 2008) will be mainly brought about by cancellation of used cars imports from non-member countries. The analyses revealed that Belarusian budget can benefit from participation in the Customs Union (CU). The amount of possible gain will be about 28.3% of total budget revenues from customs duties and customs charges in 2008 due to the fact that approximately 40% of Russian imports may go through customs clearance in Belarus owning to less bureaucracy at the border with respect to Russia, and the revenues from customs charges, which is not planned to be distributed among member countries, will be transferred to Belarusian budget. However, it is unlikely that CU membership will increase foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow to Belarus, since in the case of South-South regional trade agreements (the type of EURASEC countries CU) FDI usually goes to the bigger country, i.e. to the bigger market. Therefore, most probably that in the regional arrangement in question Russia followed by Kazakhstan will be the main beneficiaries of foreign direct investments.
Authored by: Irina Tochitskaya
Published in 2010
This paper analyses the impact of exchange rate regimes on the real sector. While most studies in this field have so far concentrated on aggregate variables, we pursue a sectoral approach distinguishing between the tradable and nontradable sectors. Firstly, we present a survey of the relevant theoretical and empirical literature. This demonstrates that evaluations of exchange rate regimes and their impact on the real economy are largely dependant on specific assumptions concerning, in particular, the parameters of a utility function, the nature of the price adjustment process and the characteristics of analysed shocks. Secondly, we conduct an empirical analysis of the behaviour of the tradable and nontradable sectors under different exchange rate regimes for seven Central and Eastern European countries. We find no firm evidence of a differential impact of given exchange rate regimes on the dynamics of output and prices in the two sectors. We proffer a conceptual and technical interpretation of this.
Authored by: Przemyslaw Kowalski, Wojciech Paczynski, Łukasz Rawdanowicz
Published in 2003
The paper analyses possible consequences of the EU enlargement on the EU – CIS-7 trade. It considers current situation in trade between two country groups, describes the factors limiting this trade, and discusses the opportunities for the trade associated with the EU accession of the Central and East European countries with strong historical ties to the CIS-7. The paper concludes that the EU enlargement creates some potential for expansion of trade and, importantly, exports from CIS-7 to Europe.
Authored by: Roman Mogilevsky
Published in 2004
Border Economic Zones and Development Dynamics in Thailand: A Comparative Stu...Dr.Choen Krainara
Special border economic zones in Thailand and the Greater Mekong Sub-region; Cross-border cooperation in the Greater Mekong Sub-region การพัฒนาเขตเศรษฐกิจพิเศษในประเทศไทยเชื่อมโยงกับประเทศเพื่อนบ้าน การพัฒนาเขตเศรษฐกิจพิเศษในอนุภูมิภาคลุ่มน้ำโขง
A new pricing revolution underway in iron oreTim Hard
Iron ore pricing has been through the death of 'annual benchmarks', a shift to quarterly pricing, then indexed linked. More tonnes are now priced off of derivatives, rather than bilateral trade now.
A new, more subtle 'technical' revolution is underway today, in the the interplay between floating price transactions and the ever-growing derivatives market.
Brexit is an abbreviation for “British exit,” meaning the United Kingdom’s (UK’s) decision on June
23, 2016, to leave the European Union (EU). The national vote’s result surprised global markets and caused
immediate turmoil. As the UK has a large and traditional financial market and is a gateway to the EU for
international investment and trade, people have much fear, which has caused serious recession all over the world.
Japan, which has taken advantage of the relationship between Japan and UK and between the UK and EU, is not
an exception. This paper examines the impact of Brexit on Japanese activity in the UK and EU. The gravity
model of international trade was employed for empirical analysis. This model states that bilateral trade flows
based on the economic sizes and distances between two units can be used to examine reasons for international
trade. Empirical analysis in this paper indicates that Brexit has impacted Japanese international trade considering
the relationship between the UK and EU.
he paper examines theoretical literature, recent EMU accession examples, and current CEECs performance in search of the optimal currency regime for meeting the Maastricht criteria. Currency board arrangements seems to provide the fastest convergence. For other regimes, the markets may have theoretical and historical reasons to believe in the government's temptation to devalue on the ERM-2 entry. The government should announce the final date, and, possibly indicate the final exchange rate for the regime switch to avoid excessive currency and yield volatility. It should also underscore the central bank’s and EU authorities importance (even if non-existent) in the parity setting process to avoid excessive domestic debt inflation premium ahead of the accession. Recent experience shows that it will be easy to get rid of the remaining influence of cross rates on CEECs exchange rates.
Authored by: Mateusz Szczurek
Published in 2003
Prospects for Developing System of State Promotion of Export in the Republic ...ijtsrd
In this article, the author researches Chinese experience of promoting export, areas of state regulation of exports, support for local producers and export support and developed proposals for export promotion in Uzbekistan. Comparative analysis of the economic development of the People’s Republic of China, its impact on international trade and the system of state promotion for exports between Uzbekistan and China, the main problems in the development of the export support system of Uzbekistan and exports promotion in Uzbekistan by exploring the possibilities of using the Chinese experience in the development of the export promotion system. Sarvar Inagamov "Prospects for Developing System of State Promotion of Export in the Republic of Uzbekistan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49082.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/49082/prospects-for-developing-system-of-state-promotion-of-export-in-the-republic-of-uzbekistan/sarvar-inagamov
The Impact of Uzbekistan’s Membership into Eurasian Economic Union on Textile...ijtsrd
This article analyzes impact of changes in tariff policy on imports of textile and clothing products as a result of Uzbekistan’s accession to Eurasian Economic Union and changes in tariff revenues from imports of these products. The results show that although Uzbekistan’s accession to Eurasian Economic Union has resulted in a slight increase in imports of textiles and garments, a sharp change in imports can be observed in certain groups of goods. It is also expected that reduction of import tariffs and tax rates on textiles and garments will lead to a reduction in customs revenues to state budget, but an increase in customs revenues due to abolition of existing tariff preferences in country after integration. Mingishov Laziz "The Impact of Uzbekistan’s Membership into Eurasian Economic Union on Textile and Sewing Industry" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47714.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/47714/the-impact-of-uzbekistan’s-membership-into-eurasian-economic-union-on-textile-and-sewing-industry/mingishov-laziz
The paper looks at a five-year experience of the membership of the Kyrgyz Republic in WTO. It provides an analysis of the pre-accession trade policies, the commitments taken by the Government of the country in the accession process and the post-accession record of foreign trade and investments in Kyrgyzstan. The paper considers also regional trade agreements in Central Asia, the extent to which these agreements influence the trade performance and the potential conflict related to the simultaneous membership in WTO and in regional economic cooperation structures. The paper concludes that neither of standard assumptions on consequences of WTO accession holds true with regards to Kyrgyzstan; so far the WTO membership had neutral effect for exports, imports and investment flows. The WTO accession’s main impact on the economy consists in reorienting the Government and businesses from protectionist policies to structural reforms towards increased competitiveness of Kyrgyz produce.
Authored by: Roman Mogilevsky
Published in 2004
Possibilities of Uzbekistan’s Access to Eurasian Economic Unionijtsrd
In this article Author analysis prospects and problems of joining Eurasian Economic Union EAEU for Uzbekistan by providing literature analysis of uzbek scientists and specialists. Besides, some possible effects of joining Uzbekistan into Eurasian Economic Union are also studied. Mirzoumid Khamdamov "Possibilities of Uzbekistan’s Access to Eurasian Economic Union" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49088.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/49088/possibilities-of-uzbekistan’s-access-to-eurasian-economic-union/mirzoumid-khamdamov
Komonditi Export Mining Sector Analysis of Southeast Sulawesitheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This paper discloses major developments of Ukrainian foreign trade for the recent years, shows the behavior of main factors which influenced foreign trade, presents results of modeling as well as short-term forecasts.
In this paper we describe the structure of Ukrainian merchandise trade, exchange rate movements and their impact on the merchandise trade balance. Then we discuss developments of the world economy and forecasts for international trade. Finally, we present the model of Ukrainian merchandise foreign trade followed by the forecasts produced by the model.
From the practical point of view, our work was aimed at building a model that would help to predict the influence of the price (real exchange rate) and income (GDP) changes both domestically and abroad on the Ukrainian Merchandise Trade. The results were planned to use in the monthly and quarterly models of Ukrainian economy developed and operated by CASE and Ukrainian government.
Authored by: Yurij M. Kuz'myn
Published in 2000
This paper investigates the evolution and determinants of manufactured exports and FDI in MED-11 countries over the period 1985-2009 as well as the prospects of their evolution under different scenarios pertaining to the evolution of the determinants. The econometric analysis confirmed the role of exchange rate depreciation, the openness of the economy and the quality of institution and infrastructure in fostering manufactured exports and FDI inflows in the Region. The prospects' assessment suggested that a scenario of deeper integration with the EU entails superior performance regarding manufactured exports and FDI than status quo or less integration with the EU but greater regional integration.
Authored by: Khalid Sekkat
Published in 2012
Over the past 30 years, the success of a number of SEZs in developing countries has inspired other developing countries to turn to SEZs as a way of making their development strategies more outward-oriented. However, developing countries have had varied results with this strategy: Some SEZs have emerged as dynamic engines of growth, while others have created little benefit, and turned out to be net drains on government resources. The Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is one of the countries, which recently, in the year 2011, adopted a national SEZ strategy. Against the background of Lao’s on-going efforts to enhance its national SEZ strategy, the primary objective of the study “Guideline How to Successfully Implement Special Economic Zones in Lao PDR – A Global and Chinese Best Practice Approach” is a closer examination of success factors and pitfalls of international SEZ experience in general and the Chinese case Shenzhen in particular, subsequently deriving policy implications for successfully establishing SEZs in Lao PDR.
Quarterly newsletter with information on economic cooperation and integration in Asia from the GIZ programme Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration in Asia (RCI). In our newsletter we share information about our programme activities, and further input on the programme’s focus areas such as regionalism, trade facilitation and port cooperation in Asia.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF EXPORT AND IMPORT DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN INDIAN E...chelliah paramasivan
International trade is a major concept welfare of labour intensive, capital, investment and technology resources promote marketing background throughout world. International trade exchanges of goods and services between countries developing economy inflation. International trade is exchanges of capital good and consumed product transfer across the international borders or territiores. International trade is lockdown period faliure of commercial activities not supply of home appliance products, natural resources during COVID-19 pandemic in Indian economy. Government of India not finalised the export and import extend the marketing network, working capital and reduction of economy growth rate. This paper highlighted is international trade of export and import during COVID-19 pademic in Indian economy.
Similar to Impact of WTO Membership on the Kazakhstan's Export (20)
Many countries have seen the importance of financial education by making financial
education a national strategy. In Vietnam, although the National Strategies for Inclusive Financial
Education has been proposed since 2017 and officially included in the National Financial Inclusion
Strategy in 2020, however, financial education is still quite new, and many people are not aware of
the necessity of financial l
Today, in the rapidly emerging globalization process, increasing the competitiveness of enterprises
depends on increasing of their firm performance. Although there are many methods and techniques affecting
firm performance, Information technology (IT) capabilities has become one of the most widely used method,
especially in dealing with supply chain matters of a firm. The aim of our study is to express whether innovation
and organization learning is effective as intermediate variable to the effects of IT capabilities at firm’s
performance. The opinion which claim
Globally, the number of startup companies has rapidly expanded during the last 5-8 years. Offering
products and/or services that greatly enhance the lives of its clients is a major focus for these firms. In India,
local and federal government initiatives have provided new enterprises and entrepreneurs with much
momentum and assistance, helping India become the world's top startup location. The Government of India
(GOI) launched the "Startup India" campaign in 2015 to promote entrepreneurship and support businesses to
achieve this goal (Babu, S., Sridevi, K.,2019). An IBM Center for Business Value and Oxford Economics study
in 2018 found that 90% of Indian companies fail within the first five years of operation. Potential difficulties
that startups may run across, both generally and specifically in the Indian market, have been described by
several authors.
Behaviour finance is the study of how psychological phenomena affect financial behaviour. This
financial science is used in making financial decisions. Amid the development of the digital economy, paylater
innovation has emerged. It is feared that the ease of use of paylater can have a negative impact, one of which is
the attitude of impulsive buying. This research will analyze the effect of financial literacy, self-control, risk
perception, and percieved ease of use on impulsive buying behaviour. This research is based on Decision Affect
Theory, which is a theory that discusses financial decision behaviour that is influenced by self-emotion. This
research is uses purposive sampling wi
Improving the business environment is one of the key strategies to promote local and regional
economic development. However, which factors affect the business environment of the provinces is still
controversial. Using survey data from 400 investors and managers and a multivariate regression analysis
method, this study has identified the factors affecting the business environment of Hai Phong province. The
analysis results show that there are 09 factors affecting the business environment of Hai Phong City, including
entry costs, land access and tenure, transparent, informal charges, time cost, pro-activeness, business support
services, labor training and legal institutions. In
The effect of work attitude and innovation ability on employee innovation performance is of great
significance for improving the innovation ability of manufacturing enterprises and building an "Innovative
Country" in China.This article theoretical analysis was conducted on the mechanism by which the work attitude
of employees in manufacturing enterprises affects innovation performance and the mediating mechanism of
innovation ability. Based on data from Chinese manufacturing enterprises, empirical analysis was conducted
using SEM models. Resear
The concept of organizational resilience continues to grow in focus and importance, but there
has yet to be an agreed upon measure of organizational resilience. Organizational resilience can be seen as a
corporation’s ability to adapt to change and maintain flexibility within their supply chain. Resilience and
flexibility at all organizational levels is necessary, in a proactive manner, to turn resilience into a competitive
advantage
In this paper, by using the basic method of differential geometry, combined with the optimization
theory and the basic technique of data analysis, the definition, basic properties and statistical characteristics of
nonlinear correlation coefficients on manifolds are studied and given, test the rationality and validity of the
nonlinear correlation coefficient defined in this paper. Therefore, the study of this paper has certain theoretical
value and potential practical significance.
This study aims to analyze and prove whether there is a positive and significant influence
between product quality and poki prices on purchasing decisions for Kobba brand coffee. The survey was
conducted using 53 respondents who were buyers who had purchased Kobba brand coffee more than once.
Information from respondents was obtained through a list of questions that were sent and returned by
respondents
In this paper, we introduce a universal framework for mean-distortion robust risk measurement and
portfolio optimization. We take accounts for the uncertainty based on Gelbrich distance and another uncertainty
set proposed by Delage & Ye. We also establish the model under the constraints of probabilistic safety
criteria and compare the different frontiers and the investment ratio to each asset. The empirical analysis in the
final part explores the impact of different parameters on the model results.
Despite the attainment of the famous Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of reducing the number
of poor people across the globe a significant number still live below the poverty line. The problem of poverty is
more endemic in developing countries like Nigeria. Several intervention efforts have been in place to address
the poverty question which persists partly due to serious financial exclusion and unethical activities of informal
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Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
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Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
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If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
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I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
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Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
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Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
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how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
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how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)
Impact of WTO Membership on the Kazakhstan's Export
1. International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM)
Volume 3 Issue 2 February 2018, P.P.67-71
ISSN: 2456-4559
www.ijbmm.com
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 67
Impact of WTO Membership on the Kazakhstan's Export
Assilov Balzhigit*
, Yan Zhi Jun**
Nanjing University of Science and Technology
CORRESPONDENCE: Yan Zhi Jun, School of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Science
and Technology, Nanjing, P. R. China
ABSTRACT: This research paper is devoted to the Impact of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the
Export of Kazakhstan. The aim of this study is to understand the problems and consequences that Kazakhstan
will face in obtaining WTO membership and to analyze of the influence of the WTO on Kazakhstan's exports by
studying the experience of several WTO members. WTO membership is a great opportunity for Kazakhstan to
improve its economic and business environment and gain more political strength and power over other
countries in the international arena.
KEYWORDS: Economy of Kazakhstan, Export Trade, Kazakhstan, World Trade Organization.
I. INTRODUCTION
Kazakhstan is increasingly drawn into the orbit of globalization; the country is building an open
democratic society, a form of liberal economic system that has extensive contacts with many countries of the
world. So, date 27 July 2015, it became historically significant for Kazakhstan. On this day in Geneva, the
President of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev signed a Protocol on Accession of Kazakhstan to the WTO.
The World Trade Organization established in 1995, replaced the General agreement on tariffs and trade
(GATT). WTO is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between countries.
The foundation activities are the WTO agreements, signed by most countries and ratified in their parliaments.
The purpose of the organization is to help producers of goods and services, exporters and importers in
conducting business.
Accession of Kazakhstan to the WTO opens producers’ great opportunities. It is worth noting that this event is
of high importance for the economy of the country, because more than 90% of foreign trade turnover of the
Republic of Kazakhstan is trade with countries-members of WTO. This is especially important for domestic
export-oriented enterprises, because there are no more barriers for access to international markets.
As we know, the WTO can bring benefits and disadvantages as well. But how the WTO will impact
Kazakhstan's economy, especially how it will affect export as a trade indicator, for example, trade determines
the country's economic development; exports play a very important role worldwide and for each state.
II. EXPORT OF THE KAZAKHSTAN: AN OVERVIEW
Kazakhstan is becoming a more active participant in world trade. On the background of Kazakhstan's
accession to WTO the interest of many global players to the trading capabilities of the country increases.
External trade of Kazakhstan for the last ten years rapidly developed. External sector remains a dynamic sector
of the national economy, stimulating the growth of the local economy and providing a solution to important
social and economic problems.
Currently, the export potential of Kazakhstan has clear raw material dependence and is formed due to fuel,
metallurgical, chemical complex. In the structure of Kazakhstan's exports the main share of oil and oil products,
nonferrous metals, ferrous metals, ore, a certain portion of exports crops. Open trade policy is objectively
necessary for Kazakhstan, which has a small domestic market and requires access to expanding global markets.
2. Impact of WTO Membership on the Kazakhstan's Export
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 68
Kazakhstan's exports reached a peak in 2012, amounting to 86.4 billion U.S. dollars. Later, in 2016 the cost of
Kazakhstan's exports fell by about two times compared to 2012, Such a sharp drop in exports was observed only
in the crisis year 2009, Exports of goods of the Republic of Kazakhstan by the end of 2016 amounted to 36.8
billion U.S. dollars (Figure 1).
"It is important to note that, with the fall of raw material prices and the export volume fell. In this case, if the
primary sector can fairly safely to regain its position in the global market with the growth of prices for raw
materials, the non-oil sector to recover lost export position much more difficult. This is due to objective features
of production of manufactured goods, which complicates the conditions of export:
- High sensitivity to transport costs and time of transportation and logistics;
- High dependence on prices and access to imported intermediate resources;
- A large dependence on the level of technology, knowledge-intensity of production, quality and cost of labor.
Figure 1: Kazakhstan’s Exports in 2007-2016
Figure 2: The Geography of Kazakhstan’s Exports in 2016
Exactly half of the exports of Kazakhstan are directed to the EU countries – 18.5 billion US dollars. It should be
noted that the EU had the largest decrease in exports, both in monetary terms and in percentage 5.8 billion U.S.
dollars and 50% respectively. In China delivered 11% of total exports of Kazakhstan. The export share is
delivered to the EEU was 11%, in CIS countries – 7%. In the rest of the world was heading for 21% of exports
(Figure 2).
3. Impact of WTO Membership on the Kazakhstan's Export
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 69
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The model of gravity was one of the famously successes in the empirical economics. Its application has
now become standard for the evaluation of various issues in trade, investment, migration, currency unions, etc.
In particularly, it used as an alternative or supplement to the models of CGE. The model of gravity was also
used to assess the impact of the WTO on the multilateral trading models (Rose (2002a) and Subramanian and
Wei, 2003), which assessed the sign and the value of the “WTO dummy” after monitoring the traditional
“gravity effects". In the same way, I will use the “Kazakhstan-centered” model of gravity to analyze
Kazakhstan's trade determinants and patterns, with particular emphasis on the role of the WTO.
Specification of the standard model of gravity binds total trade turnover or imports and exports as an
independent variable to distance and GDP as dependent variables. Most models of gravity also included
additional independent variables such as population, GDP or dummy variables denoting borders, former
colonies, and membership in free trade areas, currency unions, etc. To distinguish the importance of the WTO
regarding export it is necessary to control over the membership of the exporting countries. The base model will
be defined as follows:
𝐿𝑛 𝑋𝑖 = 𝑙𝑛 𝐷𝑖 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑌𝑘𝑎𝑧 ∗ 𝑌𝑖 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑦 𝑘𝑎𝑧 ∗ 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑈𝑆𝑆𝑅𝑖 + 𝐶𝑂𝑀𝐸𝐶𝑂𝑁𝑖 + 𝐸𝐸𝑈𝑖 +
+𝐵𝑂𝑅𝐷𝐸𝑅𝑖 + 𝑊𝑇𝑂𝑖
where X means export from Kazakhstan to the country i; D is the distance between countries i and Kazakhstan,
and the two terms Y denote the products of Kazakhstan's and i partner's GDPs and y is GDPs per capita
respectively; USSR and COMECON means the partner states former status as Soviet Republics or former
members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; EEU means for the states included in the Eurasian
Economic Union; BORDER represents the boundaries of the status in bordering states, and reflects the variable
WTO membership of partner states to the WTO. This model focuses in this way: how do these countries trade
and not just trade? This study adds an additional level of detail, focusing on how trade has changed as a result of
WTO membership.
IV. THE RESULT OF THE RESEARCH
The impacts of WTO to export and import are differently. As a example bellow did analyze of several
developed and developing countries such as Kyrgyzstan and China. There is a figure of China’s trade balance as
a High-income state and Kyrgyzstan’s trade balance as a developing state and Kazakhstan’s data for research
the influence of the WTO to the Kazakhstan's export. This research paper devoted to the influence of WTO's
membership to the export of Kazakhstan by studying the several member states of the WTO. WTO's affects to
the country's imports and exports in different ways, depending on the level of its economic development.
Figure 3: Trade Balance of China
High-income states have stable and significantly higher levels of imports and exports. Countries with middle
and low incomes have not benefited from the WTO. Studies show that after accessing the WTO, China and
4. Impact of WTO Membership on the Kazakhstan's Export
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 70
Kyrgyzstan increased exports and imports. But affects of WTO to the trade balance is different developing and
developed countries.
China's exports unexpectedly rose 0.1% from a year earlier to 196.81 billion US dollars in November 2016, after
falling 7.3% in the previous month and beating market estimates for a 5% drop. This was the first increase in 8
months. China's imports grew by 6.7% year-on-year to 129.12 billion US dollars in November 2016, the biggest
gain since September 2014, compared with a fall of 1.4% in October and market expectations of a decline of
1.3%. Trade balance in China amounted to an average of 88.98 HML US dollars from 1978 until 2016. In
October 2016, the trade surplus amounted to 49.06 billion US dollars.
Figure 4: Trade Balance of Kyrgyzstan
Exports of Kyrgyzstan averaged 86.88 million US dollars from 1993 to 2016, while Kyrgyzstan's Imports
averaged 180.86 million dollars from 1993 to 2016. Yes, after accessing the WTO (1998) exports and imports of
Kyrgyzstan increased, but the trade balance of Kyrgyzstan (in figure 4) decreased. This means that the WTO has
not been profitable for Kyrgyzstan's foreign trade, as well as for the economy. But for China, joining the WTO
was successfully, through country reforms, trade policies, competitive enterprises, and the ability of the Chinese
people to work hard.
V. CONCLUSION
According to the study, according to research by data for exports, imports and trade balance of
developed and developing states, states with low and middle income aren't benefiting from the WTO, as did
states with a high level of income. The WTO is intended for doing business for those who export more than
import. The country should be compatible with the world, as Kazakhstan can mainly offer the world only raw
materials, and Kazakhstan does not yet have compatible brands, technologies and products. For this reason
today the Kazakhstan faces the same fate as Kyrgyzstan. Even in the short accession period, the trade surplus
fell by 24 percent within one year. WTO increases Kazakhstan's imports due to reduction of import tariffs in
accordance with WTO requirements, reduction of Kazakhstan's exports due to the competitiveness. But I think
that for Kazakhstan it is important to conduct trade between WTO members on a non-discriminatory basis, due
to the large involvement of our country in the world export of oil, petroleum products, natural gas, electricity
and coal. Accession to the WTO will give us the greatest advantages with 162 member states and will give us a
number of advantages in the field of export licensing, standards, anti-dumping and countervailing duty
applications and will contribute to the growth of foreign economic activity of the state in the future, as well as
consider state strategies, there is still a chance to be compatible, increase exports and benefit from WTO
accession.
VI. Acknowledgements
I am so pleased to thank Allah the almighty for blessing me to complete well this research work. I
would like to express the deepest gratitude to every single person who has provided me invaluable assistance. It
is a pleasure to thank those who made this research paper possible.
5. Impact of WTO Membership on the Kazakhstan's Export
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 71
First of all, I would like pay special thankfulness the Chinese Government for offering me the opportunity to
study in China. Another sincere gratitude for staff of Nanjing University of Science and Technology, especially
School of Economics and Management for ensuring me a chance to study in International Trade.
Secondly, I would like to express the deepest warmth and appreciation to my supervisor Yan Zhi Jun, for his
vital support and assistance. His encouragement, guidance, patience and excellent advice made it possible
achieve the goal.
Thirdly, my sincere thank goes to my family, who raised me up with great love, patience, and support through
whole life. I will always be grateful for what they have been doing to me. In addition, I would like also thank all
my teachers, who taught me this three year period, and my friends for their moral and academic support dining
the completion of the research work.
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