In this article Author analysis prospects and problems of joining Eurasian Economic Union EAEU for Uzbekistan by providing literature analysis of uzbek scientists and specialists. Besides, some possible effects of joining Uzbekistan into Eurasian Economic Union are also studied. Mirzoumid Khamdamov "Possibilities of Uzbekistan’s Access to Eurasian Economic Union" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49088.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/49088/possibilities-of-uzbekistan’s-access-to-eurasian-economic-union/mirzoumid-khamdamov
The Impact of Uzbekistan’s Membership into Eurasian Economic Union on Textile...ijtsrd
This article analyzes impact of changes in tariff policy on imports of textile and clothing products as a result of Uzbekistan’s accession to Eurasian Economic Union and changes in tariff revenues from imports of these products. The results show that although Uzbekistan’s accession to Eurasian Economic Union has resulted in a slight increase in imports of textiles and garments, a sharp change in imports can be observed in certain groups of goods. It is also expected that reduction of import tariffs and tax rates on textiles and garments will lead to a reduction in customs revenues to state budget, but an increase in customs revenues due to abolition of existing tariff preferences in country after integration. Mingishov Laziz "The Impact of Uzbekistan’s Membership into Eurasian Economic Union on Textile and Sewing Industry" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47714.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/47714/the-impact-of-uzbekistan’s-membership-into-eurasian-economic-union-on-textile-and-sewing-industry/mingishov-laziz
Prospects for Developing System of State Promotion of Export in the Republic ...ijtsrd
In this article, the author researches Chinese experience of promoting export, areas of state regulation of exports, support for local producers and export support and developed proposals for export promotion in Uzbekistan. Comparative analysis of the economic development of the People’s Republic of China, its impact on international trade and the system of state promotion for exports between Uzbekistan and China, the main problems in the development of the export support system of Uzbekistan and exports promotion in Uzbekistan by exploring the possibilities of using the Chinese experience in the development of the export promotion system. Sarvar Inagamov "Prospects for Developing System of State Promotion of Export in the Republic of Uzbekistan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49082.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/49082/prospects-for-developing-system-of-state-promotion-of-export-in-the-republic-of-uzbekistan/sarvar-inagamov
The Essence of Structural Changes in the Economy of the Stateijtsrd
The article contains structural transformations, which are the priority of all stages of reforming the state economy. The article indicates that the priority task of the state is the modernization, technical and technological re equipment of the most important sectors of the economy, ensuring the acceleration of the growth rate of industrial production. Mukhammedova Zarina Murodovna "The Essence of Structural Changes in the Economy of the State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45173.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/45173/the-essence-of-structural-changes-in-the-economy-of-the-state/mukhammedova-zarina-murodovna
Main directions of improvement of the process of investment attractionSubmissionResearchpa
this fast-changing world, conflicts of interest and rivalry between countries are growing. In such a difficult international environment, it is important to keep our country competitive in the region and in the world by Bustonov Mansurjon Mardonakulovich and Abdurakhmanova Mukhtasar Fazliddin qizi 2020. Main directions of improvement of the process of investment attraction. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 6 (Jun. 2020), 19-25. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i6.395. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/395/372 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/395
Definition of investment strategy for sustainable development of regional eco...SubmissionResearchpa
This article is discussed that the theoretical foundations of determining the investment strategy for sustainable development of the region’s economy, as well as the current situation, analysis and future plans. by Rakhimberdiev Oybek Alisher ugli 2020. Definition of investment strategy for sustainable development of regional economies. International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 4 (Mar. 2020), 108-115. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i4.241. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/241/234 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/241
This research paper is devoted to the Impact of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the Export of Kazakhstan. The aim of this study is to understand the problems and consequences that Kazakhstan will face in obtaining WTO membership and to analyze of the influence of the WTO on Kazakhstan's exports by studying the experience of several WTO members
The document summarizes a research paper on why Azerbaijan needs strategic reform of its foreign policy towards the European Union. It notes that Azerbaijan's economy has been negatively impacted by decreased oil prices, as oil/gas accounts for over 90% of exports. Closer ties with the EU could help diversify Azerbaijan's economy and overcome the current downturn. The EU is Azerbaijan's main trading partner and investor. Stronger collaboration in areas like energy, trade, finance, visa liberalization, tourism and labor could stimulate economic diversification in Azerbaijan and improve standards. However, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict poses an obstacle. In conclusion, EU assistance has benefited sectors in Azerbaijan, and a new agreement could further economic ties.
Opportunities to Improve the Functioning of Free Economic Zones in Expanding ...ijtsrd
The subject of the study of this article is a set of economic relations that arise in the process of attracting investment to the regions and increasing the efficiency of their use in an innovative economy. This article analysis the methods and tasks of state regulation of investment attraction and effective use of investments in Jizzakh region. Dilshod Komilov "Opportunities to Improve the Functioning of Free Economic Zones in Expanding the Scope of Investment" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33086.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/market-economy/33086/opportunities-to-improve-the-functioning-of-free-economic-zones-in-expanding-the-scope-of-investment/dilshod-komilov
The Impact of Uzbekistan’s Membership into Eurasian Economic Union on Textile...ijtsrd
This article analyzes impact of changes in tariff policy on imports of textile and clothing products as a result of Uzbekistan’s accession to Eurasian Economic Union and changes in tariff revenues from imports of these products. The results show that although Uzbekistan’s accession to Eurasian Economic Union has resulted in a slight increase in imports of textiles and garments, a sharp change in imports can be observed in certain groups of goods. It is also expected that reduction of import tariffs and tax rates on textiles and garments will lead to a reduction in customs revenues to state budget, but an increase in customs revenues due to abolition of existing tariff preferences in country after integration. Mingishov Laziz "The Impact of Uzbekistan’s Membership into Eurasian Economic Union on Textile and Sewing Industry" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47714.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/47714/the-impact-of-uzbekistan’s-membership-into-eurasian-economic-union-on-textile-and-sewing-industry/mingishov-laziz
Prospects for Developing System of State Promotion of Export in the Republic ...ijtsrd
In this article, the author researches Chinese experience of promoting export, areas of state regulation of exports, support for local producers and export support and developed proposals for export promotion in Uzbekistan. Comparative analysis of the economic development of the People’s Republic of China, its impact on international trade and the system of state promotion for exports between Uzbekistan and China, the main problems in the development of the export support system of Uzbekistan and exports promotion in Uzbekistan by exploring the possibilities of using the Chinese experience in the development of the export promotion system. Sarvar Inagamov "Prospects for Developing System of State Promotion of Export in the Republic of Uzbekistan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49082.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/49082/prospects-for-developing-system-of-state-promotion-of-export-in-the-republic-of-uzbekistan/sarvar-inagamov
The Essence of Structural Changes in the Economy of the Stateijtsrd
The article contains structural transformations, which are the priority of all stages of reforming the state economy. The article indicates that the priority task of the state is the modernization, technical and technological re equipment of the most important sectors of the economy, ensuring the acceleration of the growth rate of industrial production. Mukhammedova Zarina Murodovna "The Essence of Structural Changes in the Economy of the State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45173.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/45173/the-essence-of-structural-changes-in-the-economy-of-the-state/mukhammedova-zarina-murodovna
Main directions of improvement of the process of investment attractionSubmissionResearchpa
this fast-changing world, conflicts of interest and rivalry between countries are growing. In such a difficult international environment, it is important to keep our country competitive in the region and in the world by Bustonov Mansurjon Mardonakulovich and Abdurakhmanova Mukhtasar Fazliddin qizi 2020. Main directions of improvement of the process of investment attraction. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 6 (Jun. 2020), 19-25. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i6.395. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/395/372 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/395
Definition of investment strategy for sustainable development of regional eco...SubmissionResearchpa
This article is discussed that the theoretical foundations of determining the investment strategy for sustainable development of the region’s economy, as well as the current situation, analysis and future plans. by Rakhimberdiev Oybek Alisher ugli 2020. Definition of investment strategy for sustainable development of regional economies. International Journal on Integrated Education. 2, 4 (Mar. 2020), 108-115. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i4.241. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/241/234 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/241
This research paper is devoted to the Impact of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the Export of Kazakhstan. The aim of this study is to understand the problems and consequences that Kazakhstan will face in obtaining WTO membership and to analyze of the influence of the WTO on Kazakhstan's exports by studying the experience of several WTO members
The document summarizes a research paper on why Azerbaijan needs strategic reform of its foreign policy towards the European Union. It notes that Azerbaijan's economy has been negatively impacted by decreased oil prices, as oil/gas accounts for over 90% of exports. Closer ties with the EU could help diversify Azerbaijan's economy and overcome the current downturn. The EU is Azerbaijan's main trading partner and investor. Stronger collaboration in areas like energy, trade, finance, visa liberalization, tourism and labor could stimulate economic diversification in Azerbaijan and improve standards. However, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict poses an obstacle. In conclusion, EU assistance has benefited sectors in Azerbaijan, and a new agreement could further economic ties.
Opportunities to Improve the Functioning of Free Economic Zones in Expanding ...ijtsrd
The subject of the study of this article is a set of economic relations that arise in the process of attracting investment to the regions and increasing the efficiency of their use in an innovative economy. This article analysis the methods and tasks of state regulation of investment attraction and effective use of investments in Jizzakh region. Dilshod Komilov "Opportunities to Improve the Functioning of Free Economic Zones in Expanding the Scope of Investment" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33086.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/market-economy/33086/opportunities-to-improve-the-functioning-of-free-economic-zones-in-expanding-the-scope-of-investment/dilshod-komilov
According to the World Bank’s latest Ukraine Economic Update, Ukraine’s economy grew by 2.3 % in 2016 (after around 16% cumulative real GDP contraction in the previous two years) and grew by 2.4% in the first half of 2017. The recovery was supported by a bumper harvest and a pickup from low levels in manufacturing, construction, and key services.
Chinese Experience of Regulating and Encouraging Foreign Tradeijtsrd
In this article, the author researches Chinese experience of promoting export, areas of state regulation of exports, support for local producers and export support and developed proposals for export promotion in Uzbekistan. Comparative analysis of the economic development of the People's Republic of China, its impact on international trade and the system of state promotion for exports between Uzbekistan and China, the main problems in the development of the export support system of Uzbekistan and exports promotion in Uzbekistan by exploring the possibilities of using the Chinese experience in the development of the export promotion system. Sarvar Inagamov "Chinese Experience of Regulating and Encouraging Foreign Trade" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47627.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/47627/chinese-experience-of-regulating-and-encouraging-foreign-trade/sarvar-inagamov
Ukraine. Turn to Growth. Investment Climate Outlook - Mid 2017DIA_investment
2016 was a year of macroeconomy stabilization in Ukraine. This year shows the expected growth. Much of this progress reflects the authorities’ efforts and proves the viability and prospects of the chosen path of economic reform. The government has pursued a policy aimed at deregulating entrepreneurial activity, improving the business climate, optimizing public sector governance, and ensuring the harmonization of national legislation with EU legislation. As a result capital investment in the first half of 2017 exceeded pre-crisis level, the net FDI amounted to $1,156 million and was mostly directed towards the real sector of the economy. The 1H 2017 also brought numerous significant transactions and announcements of new investments.
The Balkan Barometer, published for the first time in 2015, surveys 7,000 citizens and 1,400 businesses in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia and The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, on a wide range of issues dealing with the political, socio-economic, business and investment climate, infrastructure, rule of law and other developments in the region.
De Facto Consultancy conducted survey in Montenegro.
This document is the Pakistan Economic Survey 2022-23, which summarizes Pakistan's economic performance during the outgoing fiscal year 2022-23. It discusses the various challenges Pakistan faced, including the Russia-Ukraine war, climate change impacts like devastating floods, and domestic policy tightening measures. The survey notes that economic growth slowed due to these factors but the government took timely policy actions to stabilize the economy and tackle fiscal and external imbalances. It provides an overview of Pakistan's macroeconomic indicators and the government's commitments to continued reforms, development programs, and supporting economic recovery.
Sustainable development of the regions is presently an often discussed theme, mainly due to the worldwide situation. The goal of the contribution is therefore to find regions in Slovakia and Ukraine that have the possibility to have mutually advantageous ways of cooperation. The selection of the regions results from the comparison of European Union (EU) Member State’s situations and not EU Member State situations. The situation in the regions is compared according to the regional gross domestic product per capita, the unemployment rate in the region and the average monthly wage of employees in the regions. The results of the contribution show possible cooperation of the analyzed regions in business, mainly in the area of industrial production, with unemployment decreasing. The use of the results is in the area of finding strategies for improvement and cooperation.
MTBiz is for you if you are looking for contemporary information on business, economy and especially on banking industry of Bangladesh. You would also find periodical information on Global Economy and Commodity Markets.
Trends in the main macroeconomics indicators of BangladeshFahad Aziz
The document analyzes trends in major macroeconomic indicators in Bangladesh since the 1970s. It finds that GDP growth has increased since the 1990s and averaged around 6% in the last 5 years. There has been a structural shift from an agriculture-led economy to an industry-led economy. Revenue as a percentage of GDP has gradually increased but remains one of the lowest in the world. Financial deepening, as measured by the money to GDP ratio, has increased steadily. The government has reformed debt management and developed the domestic bond market.
1) ABBANK is a commercial bank in Vietnam that has experienced significant growth over the last 5 years, expanding from a rural bank to an urban bank with 118 offices nationwide.
2) ABBANK aims to grow annually at 35-40% through 2016 by diversifying products/services and partnering with other Vietnamese and international banks.
3) ABBANK's vision is to become a leading commercial bank in Vietnam offering universal banking services with a focus on retail banking and adopting international best practices.
In the latest reports, Bangladesh GDP expanded 5.2 % in June 2020. Its GDP deflator (implicit price deflator) increased 4.5 % in June 2020. Bangladesh GDP Per Capita reached 1,970.0 USD in June 2020. Its Gross Savings Rate was measured at 30.1 % in June 2020. For Nominal GDP contributions, Investment accounted for 31.8 % in June 2020. Public Consumption accounted for 6.2 % in June 2020. Private Consumption accounted for 68.5 % in June 2020.
THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE DISCLOSURE IN THE SERVICE SECTOR ON ASEAN E...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The service sector can be a driving force for the economy of a country by relying on human
resources owned by that country or from other countries. For example, countries that are members of ASEAN
can take advantage of the service sector to improve their economy by relying on the human resources of each
country and the human resources of the countries that are members of ASEAN. This research was conducted on
10 ASEAN members, namely Brunei Darrussalam, the Philippines, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia,
Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The type of data used is quantitative data in the form of secondary
data. Data collection is done through records or reports from relevant sources or agencies.
Keywords:export, import, GDP
This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kosovo. It provides background on Kosovo's economy and trends in FDI flows. Key points include:
- FDI continues to be important for development in Kosovo and sector restructuring/allocation of FDI is a priority.
- Major sectors that have attracted FDI are financial services, transport, real estate, energy, manufacturing, construction and mining. The largest investors are from European Union countries like Slovenia, Germany and the UK.
- Ensuring sustainable development and equitable allocation of resources, including addressing environmental concerns caused by some FDI, are important challenges.
- FDI can help development by bringing technology and skills, but also needs to avoid
The Relation Between Exports of Main Products And Economic Growth of Key Econ...inventionjournals
This paper clarifies the literature of key product export growth and regional economic growth. The paper analyses impacts of key product export on regional economic growth and vice versa. The paper provides recent empirical evidence of the relation. Besides an evaluation of the recent relation between export growth and economic growth in Viet Nam, the paper assesses the relation between key product export and economic growth during 1996-2012 period based on quantitative and qualitative approaches. With constructed models, the paper examines the relation between key product export and economic growth and concludes that it is positive. The research findings show that key product export in every economic region contributes positively to regional economic growth although it varies in different regions. Based on existing literature and empirical analysis, the paper provides a number of strategies to improve key product export contribution to key economic regions in the most effective manner and vice versa. The paper creates a fundament for researchers and policy makers both regionally and nationally in order for developing effective orientations, policies and measures for promoting export and sustainable eoconomic development.
Iftekhar's papers on an evalution of the trade relations of bangladesh with a...iftekharchy
- The document analyzes Bangladesh's trade relations with ASEAN countries from 1999-2010. It finds that while Bangladesh's exports to ASEAN have increased over time, the growth has been moderate, averaging only 1.6% of Bangladesh's total exports. Meanwhile, Bangladesh's imports from ASEAN have increased more sharply, averaging 16% of Bangladesh's total imports. As a result, Bangladesh's trade deficit with ASEAN countries has also increased over time, with the average growth rate of the deficit being 18%. The document concludes by recommending some policy changes to help improve Bangladesh's trade balance, especially with ASEAN nations.
Structural Changes and Problems of Economic Growth of the National Economyijtsrd
The article outlines the structural shifts and problems of economic growth, which are characterized by the presence of significant disparities between the most important structural elements and the predominance of regressive development trends in strategically promising basic sectors of the corresponding infrastructure. Mukhammedova Zarina Murodovna "Structural Changes and Problems of Economic Growth of the National Economy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46254.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/46254/structural-changes-and-problems-of-economic-growth-of-the-national-economy/mukhammedova-zarina-murodovna
This document provides a summary of the key points from a report published by the OECD on competitiveness in South East Europe. The report assesses 15 policy dimensions related to competitiveness in 6 economies in the region - Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo, Montenegro, and Serbia. It provides indicators to benchmark performances within the region and against the EU. The report was developed through cooperation between SEE governments, regional networks, and the OECD, and acknowledges progress made while calling for more strategic policymaking and stakeholder engagement to further boost competitiveness.
An evaluation of the trade relations of bangladesh with aseanAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the trade relations between Bangladesh and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It finds that while Bangladesh's imports from ASEAN have increased at an average annual rate of 16%, Bangladesh's exports to ASEAN have only increased at 1.6% annually on average. Bangladesh also has a large and growing trade deficit with ASEAN, averaging an 18% annual increase. The document aims to evaluate Bangladesh's current trade performance with ASEAN and provide policy recommendations to improve the trade relationship in order to reduce Bangladesh's dependence on exports to Western countries.
The positive impact of fdi in many sectors of the economy that Kosovo but not...nakije.kida
This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kosovo and its impact on various sectors of the economy as well as on living standards and the environment. It notes that while FDI has had a positive impact on many sectors, it has not significantly improved living standards or addressed all environmental concerns. The document provides background on Kosovo's economy and trends in FDI inflows in recent years. It examines factors that attract investment and sectors that have received FDI. While recognizing FDI as an important factor for development, it also argues that policies are needed to ensure sustainable development, equitable growth across regions, and protection of the environment.
1) The document analyzes macroeconomic indicators and forecasts for the Polish economy from 2013-2023. It finds that Poland experienced the second fastest economic growth in the EU from 2004-2018 at an average annual rate of 3.92%.
2) Key indicators like GDP, employment, exports, and consumer spending have grown in recent years, but productivity and wages in agriculture remain low compared to other sectors. Further fiscal consolidation is needed to reduce the budget deficit and debt.
3) The economy is projected to remain strong in the short-term, supported by monetary and fiscal policies as well as EU transfers. However, risks include a potential slowdown in the global economy and challenges in reducing unemployment over the long-run
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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Ukraine. Turn to Growth. Investment Climate Outlook - Mid 2017DIA_investment
2016 was a year of macroeconomy stabilization in Ukraine. This year shows the expected growth. Much of this progress reflects the authorities’ efforts and proves the viability and prospects of the chosen path of economic reform. The government has pursued a policy aimed at deregulating entrepreneurial activity, improving the business climate, optimizing public sector governance, and ensuring the harmonization of national legislation with EU legislation. As a result capital investment in the first half of 2017 exceeded pre-crisis level, the net FDI amounted to $1,156 million and was mostly directed towards the real sector of the economy. The 1H 2017 also brought numerous significant transactions and announcements of new investments.
The Balkan Barometer, published for the first time in 2015, surveys 7,000 citizens and 1,400 businesses in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia and The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, on a wide range of issues dealing with the political, socio-economic, business and investment climate, infrastructure, rule of law and other developments in the region.
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This document is the Pakistan Economic Survey 2022-23, which summarizes Pakistan's economic performance during the outgoing fiscal year 2022-23. It discusses the various challenges Pakistan faced, including the Russia-Ukraine war, climate change impacts like devastating floods, and domestic policy tightening measures. The survey notes that economic growth slowed due to these factors but the government took timely policy actions to stabilize the economy and tackle fiscal and external imbalances. It provides an overview of Pakistan's macroeconomic indicators and the government's commitments to continued reforms, development programs, and supporting economic recovery.
Sustainable development of the regions is presently an often discussed theme, mainly due to the worldwide situation. The goal of the contribution is therefore to find regions in Slovakia and Ukraine that have the possibility to have mutually advantageous ways of cooperation. The selection of the regions results from the comparison of European Union (EU) Member State’s situations and not EU Member State situations. The situation in the regions is compared according to the regional gross domestic product per capita, the unemployment rate in the region and the average monthly wage of employees in the regions. The results of the contribution show possible cooperation of the analyzed regions in business, mainly in the area of industrial production, with unemployment decreasing. The use of the results is in the area of finding strategies for improvement and cooperation.
MTBiz is for you if you are looking for contemporary information on business, economy and especially on banking industry of Bangladesh. You would also find periodical information on Global Economy and Commodity Markets.
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1) ABBANK is a commercial bank in Vietnam that has experienced significant growth over the last 5 years, expanding from a rural bank to an urban bank with 118 offices nationwide.
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In the latest reports, Bangladesh GDP expanded 5.2 % in June 2020. Its GDP deflator (implicit price deflator) increased 4.5 % in June 2020. Bangladesh GDP Per Capita reached 1,970.0 USD in June 2020. Its Gross Savings Rate was measured at 30.1 % in June 2020. For Nominal GDP contributions, Investment accounted for 31.8 % in June 2020. Public Consumption accounted for 6.2 % in June 2020. Private Consumption accounted for 68.5 % in June 2020.
THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE DISCLOSURE IN THE SERVICE SECTOR ON ASEAN E...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The service sector can be a driving force for the economy of a country by relying on human
resources owned by that country or from other countries. For example, countries that are members of ASEAN
can take advantage of the service sector to improve their economy by relying on the human resources of each
country and the human resources of the countries that are members of ASEAN. This research was conducted on
10 ASEAN members, namely Brunei Darrussalam, the Philippines, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia,
Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The type of data used is quantitative data in the form of secondary
data. Data collection is done through records or reports from relevant sources or agencies.
Keywords:export, import, GDP
This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kosovo. It provides background on Kosovo's economy and trends in FDI flows. Key points include:
- FDI continues to be important for development in Kosovo and sector restructuring/allocation of FDI is a priority.
- Major sectors that have attracted FDI are financial services, transport, real estate, energy, manufacturing, construction and mining. The largest investors are from European Union countries like Slovenia, Germany and the UK.
- Ensuring sustainable development and equitable allocation of resources, including addressing environmental concerns caused by some FDI, are important challenges.
- FDI can help development by bringing technology and skills, but also needs to avoid
The Relation Between Exports of Main Products And Economic Growth of Key Econ...inventionjournals
This paper clarifies the literature of key product export growth and regional economic growth. The paper analyses impacts of key product export on regional economic growth and vice versa. The paper provides recent empirical evidence of the relation. Besides an evaluation of the recent relation between export growth and economic growth in Viet Nam, the paper assesses the relation between key product export and economic growth during 1996-2012 period based on quantitative and qualitative approaches. With constructed models, the paper examines the relation between key product export and economic growth and concludes that it is positive. The research findings show that key product export in every economic region contributes positively to regional economic growth although it varies in different regions. Based on existing literature and empirical analysis, the paper provides a number of strategies to improve key product export contribution to key economic regions in the most effective manner and vice versa. The paper creates a fundament for researchers and policy makers both regionally and nationally in order for developing effective orientations, policies and measures for promoting export and sustainable eoconomic development.
Iftekhar's papers on an evalution of the trade relations of bangladesh with a...iftekharchy
- The document analyzes Bangladesh's trade relations with ASEAN countries from 1999-2010. It finds that while Bangladesh's exports to ASEAN have increased over time, the growth has been moderate, averaging only 1.6% of Bangladesh's total exports. Meanwhile, Bangladesh's imports from ASEAN have increased more sharply, averaging 16% of Bangladesh's total imports. As a result, Bangladesh's trade deficit with ASEAN countries has also increased over time, with the average growth rate of the deficit being 18%. The document concludes by recommending some policy changes to help improve Bangladesh's trade balance, especially with ASEAN nations.
Structural Changes and Problems of Economic Growth of the National Economyijtsrd
The article outlines the structural shifts and problems of economic growth, which are characterized by the presence of significant disparities between the most important structural elements and the predominance of regressive development trends in strategically promising basic sectors of the corresponding infrastructure. Mukhammedova Zarina Murodovna "Structural Changes and Problems of Economic Growth of the National Economy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46254.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/46254/structural-changes-and-problems-of-economic-growth-of-the-national-economy/mukhammedova-zarina-murodovna
This document provides a summary of the key points from a report published by the OECD on competitiveness in South East Europe. The report assesses 15 policy dimensions related to competitiveness in 6 economies in the region - Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo, Montenegro, and Serbia. It provides indicators to benchmark performances within the region and against the EU. The report was developed through cooperation between SEE governments, regional networks, and the OECD, and acknowledges progress made while calling for more strategic policymaking and stakeholder engagement to further boost competitiveness.
An evaluation of the trade relations of bangladesh with aseanAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the trade relations between Bangladesh and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It finds that while Bangladesh's imports from ASEAN have increased at an average annual rate of 16%, Bangladesh's exports to ASEAN have only increased at 1.6% annually on average. Bangladesh also has a large and growing trade deficit with ASEAN, averaging an 18% annual increase. The document aims to evaluate Bangladesh's current trade performance with ASEAN and provide policy recommendations to improve the trade relationship in order to reduce Bangladesh's dependence on exports to Western countries.
The positive impact of fdi in many sectors of the economy that Kosovo but not...nakije.kida
This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kosovo and its impact on various sectors of the economy as well as on living standards and the environment. It notes that while FDI has had a positive impact on many sectors, it has not significantly improved living standards or addressed all environmental concerns. The document provides background on Kosovo's economy and trends in FDI inflows in recent years. It examines factors that attract investment and sectors that have received FDI. While recognizing FDI as an important factor for development, it also argues that policies are needed to ensure sustainable development, equitable growth across regions, and protection of the environment.
1) The document analyzes macroeconomic indicators and forecasts for the Polish economy from 2013-2023. It finds that Poland experienced the second fastest economic growth in the EU from 2004-2018 at an average annual rate of 3.92%.
2) Key indicators like GDP, employment, exports, and consumer spending have grown in recent years, but productivity and wages in agriculture remain low compared to other sectors. Further fiscal consolidation is needed to reduce the budget deficit and debt.
3) The economy is projected to remain strong in the short-term, supported by monetary and fiscal policies as well as EU transfers. However, risks include a potential slowdown in the global economy and challenges in reducing unemployment over the long-run
Similar to Possibilities of Uzbekistan’s Access to Eurasian Economic Union (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
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CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
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(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
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2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD49088 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec 2021 Page 1614
programs for the implementation of the Action
Strategy1
.
Uzbekistan has embarked on the path of
transformation and building a more open and market-
oriented economy. The Government of the Republic
is undertaking large-scale reforms in the socio-
economic sphere aimed at improving the investment
climate, which has significantly increased the
international image of the country. For example, in
2019, Uzbekistan was named the country of the year
by the British edition of The Economist due to the
democratic reforms that were implemented after the
change of power in the country. The comprehensive
reforms carried out in the economy in recent years
have ensured relatively stable rates of economic
growth2
.
In 2019, economic growth accelerated to 5.6%. On
the supply side, the largest contribution to GDP
growth was made by the service sector (1.7
percentage points), which increased by 5.1%
compared to 2018. The share of the service sector in
the sectoral structure of GDP was 35.5%. The
industry saw an increase in value added by 6.6%, the
contribution of industrial production to GDP growth
amounted to 1.6 percentage points. The share of
industry in GDP decreased compared to the previous
year and amounted to 30%. In 2019, there was a
positive growth rate of agricultural production at the
level of 2.5%, the contribution of this industry to
GDP growth was 0.7 percentage points, while its
share in GDP decreased to 28.1%. There was also a
significant increase in the volume of construction
works by 19%, the contribution of the construction
industry to GDP growth was 1 percentage point, and
its share in the GDP structure increased to 6.4%. On
the demand side, investments remained the main
factor of economic growth – gross fixed capital
accumulation increased by 33.9% compared to the
previous year3
.
1
Указ Президента Республики Узбекистан «О
стратегии действий по дальнейшему развитию
Республики Узбекистан» от 7 февраля 2017 года
№УП-4947 https://www.lex.uz/ru/docs/3107042
2
The Economist’s country of the year. Which nation
improved the most in 2019?
https://www.economist.com/leaders/2019/12/21/which-
nation-improved-the-most-in-2019
3
Сиражиддинов Н., Султанова Г.К. , Мингишев Л.У.
Резюме научно-исследовательской работы по теме:
«Социально-экономическое развитие Республики
Узбекистан и Евразийское партнерство: стратегия и
анализ тенденций»
http://inveb.ru/attachments/article/529/%D0%A3%D0%B
7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1
The reforms of recent years aimed at stimulating
exports, optimizing imports and, in general, the policy
implemented in the country in order to achieve a
balanced foreign trade, led to an increase in the
republic’s foreign trade turnover by the end of 2019
to 42.2 billion US dollars, which increased by 8.7
billion US dollars, or 26.2% more than in 2018. This
result is recorded as the highest indicator in the
history of the country. Of the total WTO volume,
exports reached 17.9 billion US dollars (growth rate -
128.0%), and imports – 24.3 billion US dollars
(growth rate - 124.9%). The passive balance of
foreign trade turnover in the amount of $6.4 billion
was noted. One third of the WTO volume falls on the
CIS countries and in recent years there has been a
downward trend in this indicator. This, in turn,
indicates the expansion of the geography of foreign
economic relations4
.
The issue of Uzbekistan’s accession to the Eurasian
Economic Union (EAEU) has been actively discussed
in the last few months. The following benefits were
announced during public discussions: improving the
status of our migrant workers in Russia and other
EAEU countries, increasing the export of Uzbek
products, primarily fruits and vegetables, to the
EAEU and attracting investments from the EAEU
member states into the economy of Uzbekistan.
At the same time, joining the EAEU is often
considered as an alternative to joining the WTO, i.e.
the EAEU is presented as a “mini-WTO”. Supporters
of such a “mini-WTO” suggest that the EAEU will
help Uzbekistan, among other things, significantly
reduce the size of the shadow market, get rid of the
monopoly of the domestic automotive industry,
reduce duties, eliminate discriminatory excise taxes,
and improve competition due to closer integration
with the EAEU countries.
However, it remains unclear how these goals will be
coupled with the expected strengthening of
protectionist policies towards export-oriented
industries of goods and services. Such
“strengthening” is aimed at reducing imports by
increasing duties, excise taxes, the use of non-tariff
barriers, etc. How will such “strengthening” relate to
the negotiations with the EAEU and at the same time
the WTO? What should (or should not) be expected
from deeper integration with the EAEU while
%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%
D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5.pdf
4
Данные Государственного комитета по статистике
Республики Узбекистан
http://web.stat.uz/open_data/ru/makroko'rsatkichlar1_ru.p
df, Центрального банка Республики Узбекистан
https://cbu.uz/ru/monetary-policy/annual-inflation/
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD49088 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec 2021 Page 1615
postponing the issue of WTO accession? Do we
always clearly understand what the EAEU is and
what awaits us there?
Participation in integration processes is natural in the
modern world, however, it is very important to
understand the sequence in the stages of integration.
When WTO member countries are ready to
participate in a deeper degree of integration on certain
issues/sectors, this is quite a consistent solution. But
the situation in which a country strives for a deep
degree of integration without passing legislative and
institutional reforms within the framework of WTO
accession is a rather paradoxical solution.
Nevertheless, there is no deep understanding in
society of what the EAEU is, what its ultimate goals
are and at what stage it is on integration issues. In this
article we will try to clarify some aspects of the
EAEU activities. We will also discuss the degree of
Uzbekistan’s readiness to participate in various
integration processes taking place in the EAEU. We
do not consider here the political aspects of the
expediency or inexpediency of Uzbekistan’s
accession to the EAEU, focusing only on trade,
economic and legal aspects.
As a source of data on the situation in the EAEU, this
material uses the study by Yuri Kofner “Did the
Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) create a common
market for goods, services, capital and labor within
the Union?”. This study provides a lot of data and
facts, with an appropriate analysis of not only the
existing situation on the “four freedoms” in the
EAEU, but also the prospects for their
implementation in the future. To date, this is one of
the most in-depth analyses of the real situation in the
EAEU5
.
The welfare effect of joining the EAEU
In the end, whether or not Uzbekistan will join the
EAEU will depend on whether Uzbekistan will
receive a real increase in well-being from integration
within the EAEU. In any regional integration
processes, two largely contradictory effects arise - the
effect of creating and the effect of rejecting trade.
They are best considered on the example of the
Customs Union (they are also called static effects,
distinguishing from dynamic effects that occur in the
long term).
The effect of creating a trade. As a result of the
creation of the customs union, a situation may arise
when goods that have traditionallybeen purchased on
5
Умида Хакназар, Зиёдулло Парпиев “ЕАЭС:
Вступать нельзя откладывать”
https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2020/01/30/eeu/
the domestic market will be more expensive than the
same goods produced abroad. If before the creation of
the Customs Union, local producers were protected
by import duties, which made it unprofitable to
purchase goods abroad, then after their abolition
within the Customs Union, foreign goods turned out
to be cheaper than local ones, and consumers began to
buy it from abroad6
.
As a result of the substitution of an internal producer
by an external producer, trade arises where it did not
exist before. This leads to the fact that resources will
be used more efficiently. Thus, the creation of trade
(trade creation) is the reorientation of local consumers
from a less efficient internal source of supply of
goods to a more efficient external source (import),
which became possible as a result of the elimination
of import duties within the Customs Union.
Such effects as reduced transport costs; access to new
markets; free movement of labor resources between
countries create trade. At the same time, the effect of
creating trade for Uzbekistan is reduced due to the
fact that the country is already a member of the CIS
Free Trade Zone and conducts duty-free trade with
the CIS countries, including the EAEU member
states7
. This fact means that Uzbekistan will not
receive significant benefits due to the removal of
customs barriers in the event of joining the EAEU.
The effect of trade rejection. The creation of the
customs union means granting mutual trade
preferences by its members to each other, but not to
other countries. As a result of the mutual elimination
of customs duties, both the effect of creating trade
and the effect of rejecting trade may arise, which is
essentially the opposite of the effect of creating trade,
since the source of supply of goods from countries
participating in integration is not always the most
effective source.
Often, countries that do not participate in integration,
but are fenced off from it by a common customs
barrier of integrating countries, could ensure the
supply of the same goods at significantly lower
prices. Thus, the deviation of trade (trade diversion) is
the reorientation of local consumers from the
purchase of goods from a more efficient non-
integration source of supply to a less effective intra-
integration source, which occurred as a result of the
elimination of import duties within the Customs
Union.
6
Умида Хакназар, Зиёдулло Парпиев “ЕАЭС:
Вступать нельзя откладывать”
https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2020/01/30/eeu/
7
Умида Хакназар,«Присоединение Узбекистана к зоне
свободной торговли СНГ: союз без обязательств?»
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD49088 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec 2021 Page 1616
The effect of trade deviation is manifested, on the
one hand, through a decrease in the welfare of the
population, faced with a rise in the cost of imported
goods, and on the other, through a decrease in
government revenues. Let’s focus on this effect in
more detail8
.
In cases where Uzbekistan’s import duties before
joining are lower than the EAEU tariffs (for example,
on aircraft), a sharp increase in prices should be
expected due to the adoption of the union tariffs. All
countries, with the exception of Russia, have
experienced such an increase in prices. For example,
before Kazakhstan joined the Customs Union in 2011,
the average level of import duties was 6.2%, with the
formation of the ETT, the average level of import
duties on goods from third countries became 10.6%.
Armenia and Kyrgyzstan also experienced a jump in
prices due to higher tariffs of the EAEU. The increase
in tariffs leads to a decrease in trade and there is a
decrease in the welfare of the country.
In cases when the initial level of tariffs in Uzbekistan
is higher than in the EAEU ETT, they are reduced to
the level of ETT. For Uzbekistan, this can increase
prosperity by increasing trade (creating trade), but it
should also be expected that those industries that
flourished under high protectionism may turn out to
be economically untenable.
The answer to the question whether the accession of
Uzbekistan will have a positive impact on well-being
depends on which effect - the effect of creating or
rejecting trade - prevails in each particular case.
In addition to the static effects that manifest
themselves immediately after the country’s accession
to the Customs Union, there are also dynamic effects
of economic integration that manifest themselves in
the longer term. These effects can also be both
positive and negative. Let’s briefly list both negative
and positive dynamic effects
For a long time in economics, the theory of the
‘second best’ was considered another weighty
argument in favor of joining regional customs unions.
For example, the best option for Uzbekistan is to join
the WTO, but it is not available due to the lack of
political will or the influence of all-powerful
lobbyists. Then the theory of the «second best» says
that a less desirable, but more affordable option for
integration into the world economy is to join the
EAEU.
8
Умида Хакназар, Зиёдулло Парпиев “ЕАЭС:
Вступать нельзя откладывать”
https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2020/01/30/eeu/
However, by eliminating tariffs within the customs
Union, at the same time the Customs Union maintains
high barriers in relation to third countries. It may turn
out that instead of integrating into the world
economy, the country is integrating into the regional
economy with dubious prospects. The theory of the
«second best» may be illusory, and there is no
alternative to the policy of multilateral free trade, that
is, the WTO.
Uzbekistan’s position towards the EAEU is twofold:
on the one hand, the EAEU member states want
Uzbekistan to become a full-fledged member of the
EAEU. On the other hand, Uzbekistan’s trade regime,
which has been formed over 25 years of import
substitution and protectionism policy, does not allow
the country to actively integrate into the process of
creating a full-fledged economic union. As noted
above, in order to demand corrections and
improvements in legal and institutional regulation
within the framework of the EAEU, it is necessary to
demonstrate a steady desire expressed in concrete
reforms in the field of economic liberalization.
In this sense, WTO accession can become an
effective mechanism for reforming the regulatory and
institutional system affecting trade and its further
strengthening. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to
accelerate the process of joining the WTO and make
more active use of trade development opportunities
within the framework of the CIS Ozone Free Trade
Agreement. In this regard, serious investments will be
required in training and retraining of personnel in all
areas related to international trade.
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