This document provides an overview of limits, fits, and tolerances in manufacturing. It defines key terms like basic size, tolerance, allowance, and describes different types of fits (clearance, interference, transition) and how they are specified using hole basis and shaft basis systems. It also discusses interchangeability and selective assembly, explaining how classifying components by size within their tolerance ranges enables proper assembly of mating parts from different sources.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
This document discusses measurement of surface finish. It begins with basic concepts of surface roughness and factors that influence surface finish like machining variables, tool geometry, workpiece and tool materials. It describes different types of surface irregularities from first to fourth order. There are two main methods to measure surface finish - qualitative methods like visual inspection and quantitative methods using instruments like stylus profilometers. Key parameters to analyze surface roughness include Ra, Rz, and RMS. Surface roughness is important for functions like friction, wear and lubrication.
This document discusses different methods for measuring force, including scales and balances, elastic force meters, load cells, proving rings, and dynamometers. It provides details on the principles and workings of various force measurement devices:
- Scales and balances measure force by balancing an unknown force against a known gravitational force using standard masses. Unequal arm beam balances relate the length of the beam to the measured force.
- Elastic force meters measure the deflection of an elastic member like a spring when an unknown force is applied and relate it to the measured force.
- Load cells translate an applied force into a fluid pressure that is then measured, allowing highly accurate force measurement. Hydraulic and pneumatic load cells work on
1) Comparators are used to quickly and consistently measure dimensional variations in mass produced parts by comparing parts to a master part.
2) A comparator works by first adjusting to zero using a gauge block, then placing the workpiece to determine the dimensional difference.
3) All comparators have a sensing device, magnifying system, and display scale to sense input, amplify signals, and provide readable output.
This document provides information on various tools used for angular measurement in engineering. It discusses simple protractors, vernier bevel protractors, sine bars, and angle gauges. The vernier bevel protractor allows measuring angles to the nearest minute using a vernier scale. It has a stock, dial, blade, and locking screws. A sine bar measures angles based on trigonometric relationships between the bar length and height of slip gauges. It requires accessories and is limited to angles above 45 degrees. Angle gauges can be combined in different configurations to measure angles from 0 to 90 degrees and minutes.
This document discusses various linear measurement instruments categorized as either non-precision or precision tools. Non-precision tools like steel rules and calipers provide measurements to the nearest line on the tool. Precision tools like vernier calipers, micrometers, and slip gauges provide highly accurate measurements. The document describes the parts and operating principles of vernier calipers, micrometers, height gauges, and slip gauges. It also provides formulas for calculating measurements and measurement errors using these precision tools.
Line standards and end standards are two categories of instruments used to directly measure linear dimensions.
A line standard measures the distance between the centers of two engraved lines, such as a ruler. It allows for quick measurements over a wide range but lacks precision due to line thickness and susceptibility to parallax errors.
An end standard measures the distance between two parallel flat surfaces, such as slip gauges or a micrometer anvil. It provides highly accurate measurements of close tolerances but is more time-consuming and the faces can wear over time. End standards have a built-in datum for alignment and are not subject to parallax.
This document provides an overview of limits, fits, and tolerances in manufacturing. It defines key terms like basic size, tolerance, allowance, and describes different types of fits (clearance, interference, transition) and how they are specified using hole basis and shaft basis systems. It also discusses interchangeability and selective assembly, explaining how classifying components by size within their tolerance ranges enables proper assembly of mating parts from different sources.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
This document discusses measurement of surface finish. It begins with basic concepts of surface roughness and factors that influence surface finish like machining variables, tool geometry, workpiece and tool materials. It describes different types of surface irregularities from first to fourth order. There are two main methods to measure surface finish - qualitative methods like visual inspection and quantitative methods using instruments like stylus profilometers. Key parameters to analyze surface roughness include Ra, Rz, and RMS. Surface roughness is important for functions like friction, wear and lubrication.
This document discusses different methods for measuring force, including scales and balances, elastic force meters, load cells, proving rings, and dynamometers. It provides details on the principles and workings of various force measurement devices:
- Scales and balances measure force by balancing an unknown force against a known gravitational force using standard masses. Unequal arm beam balances relate the length of the beam to the measured force.
- Elastic force meters measure the deflection of an elastic member like a spring when an unknown force is applied and relate it to the measured force.
- Load cells translate an applied force into a fluid pressure that is then measured, allowing highly accurate force measurement. Hydraulic and pneumatic load cells work on
1) Comparators are used to quickly and consistently measure dimensional variations in mass produced parts by comparing parts to a master part.
2) A comparator works by first adjusting to zero using a gauge block, then placing the workpiece to determine the dimensional difference.
3) All comparators have a sensing device, magnifying system, and display scale to sense input, amplify signals, and provide readable output.
This document provides information on various tools used for angular measurement in engineering. It discusses simple protractors, vernier bevel protractors, sine bars, and angle gauges. The vernier bevel protractor allows measuring angles to the nearest minute using a vernier scale. It has a stock, dial, blade, and locking screws. A sine bar measures angles based on trigonometric relationships between the bar length and height of slip gauges. It requires accessories and is limited to angles above 45 degrees. Angle gauges can be combined in different configurations to measure angles from 0 to 90 degrees and minutes.
This document discusses various linear measurement instruments categorized as either non-precision or precision tools. Non-precision tools like steel rules and calipers provide measurements to the nearest line on the tool. Precision tools like vernier calipers, micrometers, and slip gauges provide highly accurate measurements. The document describes the parts and operating principles of vernier calipers, micrometers, height gauges, and slip gauges. It also provides formulas for calculating measurements and measurement errors using these precision tools.
Line standards and end standards are two categories of instruments used to directly measure linear dimensions.
A line standard measures the distance between the centers of two engraved lines, such as a ruler. It allows for quick measurements over a wide range but lacks precision due to line thickness and susceptibility to parallax errors.
An end standard measures the distance between two parallel flat surfaces, such as slip gauges or a micrometer anvil. It provides highly accurate measurements of close tolerances but is more time-consuming and the faces can wear over time. End standards have a built-in datum for alignment and are not subject to parallax.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters and endorphins which elevate and stabilize mood.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Making meditation a part of a daily routine, even if just 10-15 minutes per day, can have mental and physical health benefits over time by helping people feel more relaxed and focused.
This document describes how to use a Vernier caliper to take precise measurements and calculate percentage error. It explains the parts of a Vernier caliper including internal and external jaws, depth rod, and main and Vernier scales. It provides the formula for calculating least count and how to determine measurements based on main scale reading, Vernier scale reading, and least count. The document also discusses types of errors in Vernier calipers and the procedure for taking accurate measurements and calculating percentage error.
This document discusses errors in measurement and different types of errors. It explains that there are five main elements that can cause errors: standards, work pieces, instruments, persons, and environment. There are three types of errors: systematic errors, which occur due to imperfections and are of fixed magnitude; random errors, which occur irregularly; and statistical analysis can be used to analyze random errors through calculations of mean, range, deviation, and standard deviation. Systematic errors include instrumental errors from faulty instruments, environmental errors from external conditions, and observational errors from human factors like parallax.
This document discusses the characteristics of measuring instruments, dividing them into static and dynamic characteristics. Static characteristics describe instruments that measure non-fluctuating quantities, and include scale range, accuracy, precision, error, calibration, resolution, threshold, sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility, readability, linearity, drift, and hysteresis. Dynamic characteristics apply to instruments that measure fluctuating quantities over time, and consist of speed of response, measuring lag, fidelity, and overshoot.
This document provides an introduction to measurement and metrology. It discusses the basics of measurement including defining standards of units such as length, time, current and temperature. There are four categories of standards based on accuracy from primary to working standards. Measurement involves comparing an unknown quantity to a standard. There are direct and indirect methods of measurement. Metrology includes theoretical and practical problems related to measurement and establishes measurement standards. The three types of metrology are scientific, industrial, and legal.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters and endorphins which elevate and stabilize mood.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Making meditation a part of a daily routine, even if just 10-15 minutes per day, can have mental and physical health benefits over time by helping people feel more relaxed and focused.
This document describes how to use a Vernier caliper to take precise measurements and calculate percentage error. It explains the parts of a Vernier caliper including internal and external jaws, depth rod, and main and Vernier scales. It provides the formula for calculating least count and how to determine measurements based on main scale reading, Vernier scale reading, and least count. The document also discusses types of errors in Vernier calipers and the procedure for taking accurate measurements and calculating percentage error.
This document discusses errors in measurement and different types of errors. It explains that there are five main elements that can cause errors: standards, work pieces, instruments, persons, and environment. There are three types of errors: systematic errors, which occur due to imperfections and are of fixed magnitude; random errors, which occur irregularly; and statistical analysis can be used to analyze random errors through calculations of mean, range, deviation, and standard deviation. Systematic errors include instrumental errors from faulty instruments, environmental errors from external conditions, and observational errors from human factors like parallax.
This document discusses the characteristics of measuring instruments, dividing them into static and dynamic characteristics. Static characteristics describe instruments that measure non-fluctuating quantities, and include scale range, accuracy, precision, error, calibration, resolution, threshold, sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility, readability, linearity, drift, and hysteresis. Dynamic characteristics apply to instruments that measure fluctuating quantities over time, and consist of speed of response, measuring lag, fidelity, and overshoot.
This document provides an introduction to measurement and metrology. It discusses the basics of measurement including defining standards of units such as length, time, current and temperature. There are four categories of standards based on accuracy from primary to working standards. Measurement involves comparing an unknown quantity to a standard. There are direct and indirect methods of measurement. Metrology includes theoretical and practical problems related to measurement and establishes measurement standards. The three types of metrology are scientific, industrial, and legal.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.