Immunosuppressant are drugs or medicines that lower the body's ability to reject a transplanted organ. Another term for these drugs is anti-rejection drugs. There are 2 types of immunosuppressants: Induction drugs: Powerful antirejection medicine used at the time of transplant.
Drug induced Hypersensitivity reactions Presentation by Supriya SUCPPARUL UNIVERSITY
Injurious or pathologic, immune reactions are called Hypersensitivity Reactions
Hypersensitivity reactions may occur in two situations.
First responses to foreign antigens may be dysregulated or uncontrolled, resulting in tissue injury.
Second the immune responses may be directed against self antigens, as a result of the failure of self-tolerance (autoimmunity).
General Principles of treatment of Poisoningsak109shi
General Principles of treatment of poisoning
Clinical symptoms amd management of barbiturates, morphine, organophosphosphrous compound and lead, mercury and arsenic poisoning.
Immunosuppressant are drugs or medicines that lower the body's ability to reject a transplanted organ. Another term for these drugs is anti-rejection drugs. There are 2 types of immunosuppressants: Induction drugs: Powerful antirejection medicine used at the time of transplant.
Drug induced Hypersensitivity reactions Presentation by Supriya SUCPPARUL UNIVERSITY
Injurious or pathologic, immune reactions are called Hypersensitivity Reactions
Hypersensitivity reactions may occur in two situations.
First responses to foreign antigens may be dysregulated or uncontrolled, resulting in tissue injury.
Second the immune responses may be directed against self antigens, as a result of the failure of self-tolerance (autoimmunity).
General Principles of treatment of Poisoningsak109shi
General Principles of treatment of poisoning
Clinical symptoms amd management of barbiturates, morphine, organophosphosphrous compound and lead, mercury and arsenic poisoning.
Immunosupressants and Immunostimulants their pharmacology, uses etc. Basics of immunology, innate immune response, acquired immune response, role of complement in innate immune response. Major histocompatibility complex, antibody structure. classification of immunosupressants, their mechanism of action, uses and adverse effects.
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
2. Overview
Introduction
History
Types of immunity
Immunosuppresant classification
Types of immunosuppresant
Types of immunostumulants
Recent advances
Summary
Bibliography
3. Learning Objectives:
Different types of immunity.
Drugs used as immunosuppresants and there clinical
applications.
Drugs used as immunostimulants and there
application
4. Introduction
The word immunity is derived from latin word
immunes which means “ exempt from”.
Immunity is usually defined as a state of relative
resistance to an infection.
5. Immune system is important
To maintain normal healthy life.
Protect us from any invading organism.
11. Who are involved ?
Innate
Complement
Granulocytes
Monocytes/macrophages
NK cells
Mast cells
Basophils
Adaptive:
B and T lymphocytes
13. Autoimmunity
It occurs due to failure of the body to differentiate the tissues
of the body and foreign cells
Leading to formation of antibodies against self tissues leading to
tissue damage by activation of T and B lymphocytes
Rheumatoid Arthritis, S.L.E, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus,
Multiple Sclerosis etc…
14. Congenital or acquired
Acquired – d/t infections, drugs
Leading to increased susceptibiliy for infections with
increased severity of disease
Ex – AIDS,
X linked agammaglobulnaemia
Immunodeficiency diseases
16. DEFINITION
Immunomodulators are drugs which either suppress the
immune system –
Immunosuppressants
or
stimulate the immune system –
Immunostimulants
17. Immunosuppressants
Drugs which inhibit cellular / humoral or both type of
immune responses.
•
Prednisolone
• Azathioprine
• Mtx
• Mycophenolate mofetil
• Sirolimus
• Everolimus
• Cyclosporin
• Tacrolimus
Calcineurin
inhibitors
M-TOR inhibitors
Glucocorticoids
Antiproliferative
drugs
30. Uses
Prophylaxis of organ transplant rejection
along with other drugs.
Not recommended for liver transplant
Sirolimus coated stents - to reduce incidence
of coronary artery restenosis.
31. Toxicity
Increase in serum cholesterol, Triglycerides
Depress bone marrow ( thrombocytopenia, anaemia)
Diarrhoea
Liver damage
32. Everolimus
Newer congener
Shorter half life compared to sirolimus (40hrs)
Shorter time taken to reach steady state
Similar toxicity, drug interactions
33. Use :
1. Prophylaxis of kidney and liver transplant rejections
2. Advanced RCC
3. Pancreatic NET
35. Azathioprine
Purine antimetabolite
This purine synthase inhibitor acts after getting converted to 6-MP.
Immunosuppresant action – by preventing clonal expansion of T and
B lymphocytes.
Potent suppressant of CMI
Uses
Prevention of organ transplant rejection (3-5mg/kg/day) – combined
with cyclosporin
Autoimmune disease (1mg/kg/day)
36.
37. Toxicity
Bone marrow suppression- leukopenia,
thrombocytopenia, anemia
Increased susceptibility to infection
Hepatotoxicity
Alopecia
GI toxicity
Drug interaction: Allopurinol
38. Methotrexate
Folate antagonist
Potent immunosuppresant
Depresses cytokine production, chemotaxis and CMI
Use :
1. NHL
2. Bladder, breast, head and neck cancers
3. Autoimmune diseases
40. T, B cells are highly dependent on this pathway for cell
proliferation
Inhibits lymphocyte proliferation, Antibody formation,
CMI
MMF + glucocorticoids + sirolimus= non nephrotoxic
combination.
Can be used in patients developing cycl/Tacrolimus
toxicity.
42. Glucocorticoids
Potent immunosuppressant and anti inflammatory action.
Down regulation of IL-1, IL-2 &IL-6, TNF-alpha
Inhibition of T cell proliferation, chemotaxis is interfered
Also, decrease production of ac. Phase reactants from
macrophages and endothelial cells
Complement function is interfered.
Inhibits NF-KB (Nuclear Factor
Kappa light chain enhancer of
activated B cells)
44. Toxicity
Growth retardation
Avascular Necrosis of Bone
Risk of Infection
Poor wound healing
Cataract
Hyperglycemia
Hypertension
45. Biological agents
Recombinant proteins or poly/momoclonal antibodies
directed towards cytokines or lymphocyte antigens
which play role in immune response.
Supplementary or reserve drugs for autoimmune or
GVHD patients.
48. IL-1 Receptor Antagonist
IL-1 Levels increased in pts with active inflammation.
Anakinra
Rilonacept
Use – refractory RA ( not controlled by conventional
DMARDS)
49. Anti-IL-2 Receptor Antibodies
Daclizumab
Basiliximab
CD25 acts as a high affinity receptor for IL-2 through which
cell proliferation and differentiation takes place
Bind to IL-2 receptor on surface of activated T cells Block IL-
2 mediated T-cell activation
Uses
Prophylaxis of Acute organ rejection
Toxicity
Anaphylaxis, Opportunistic Infections
50. Anti-CD3 Monoclonal Antibody
Muromonab-CD3
Binds to CD3 glycoprotein, a component of T-cell
receptor complex involved in :
antigen recognition
cell signaling & proliferation
51. Uses
Acute organ transplant rejection ( Steroid resistant
cases)
Toxicity
“Cytokine release syndrome” with flu like symptoms
High fever, Chills, Headache, Tremor, myalgia,
arthralgia, weakness
Prevention: Corticosteroids
52. Anti-thymocyte Globulin (ATG)
Produced by gamma globulin fractions of serum
obtained from rabbits or horse after immunization with
human thymocytes.
It binds to T lymphocytes
Cause depletion of circulating T cells and apoptosis of
activated T cells – Potent immunosppresant
53. Uses
Induction of immunosuppression – transplantation
Treatment of acute transplant rejection (esp. in steroid
resistant cases)
Toxicity
Anaphylaxis
Risk of infection
54. Anti – D immune globulin
Its human IgG having high titer of antibodies against
Rh(D) antigen.
It binds to Rho antigens and does not allow them to
induce antibody formation in Rh negative individuals.
55. Given to Rh negative mothers within 72hrs of delivery/abortion to
prevent HDNB
59. Levamisole
Antihelminthic
Restores depressed immune function of B, T cells,
Monocytes, Macrophages
Adjuvant therapy with 5FU in colon cancer
- Aphthous ulcers
Not used now
Toxicity
Agranulocytosis
60. Thalidomide
Its an antiinflammatory, cytokine (TNF alpha, IL,
interferon) modulating drug with anxiolytic and antiemetic
property.
Teratogenic
USE:
Erythema nodusum leprosum
cancer associated cachexia
Multiple myeloma
61. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
Live, attenuated culture of BCG strain of
Mycobacterium Bovis
Enhances immunity by stimulating the
reticuloendothelial cells
Use – as ajuvant in cancer patients.
Adverse Effects
Hypersensitivity
Shock
Chills
62. GMCSF
Can stimulate prloiferation, differentiation and function
of myeloid stem lineages.
Rx- Sargomostin
It stimulates myelopoiesis
Use –
1. neutropenia induced in cancer chemotherapy
2. Myeloid reconstitution after BMT
64. G-CSF
The activity is restricted to neutrophils and their
stimulation, proliferation and fucntion.
RX- Filgrastin, Pegfilgrastim
Use : 1. treatment of severe neutropenia after
chemotherapy
2. Congential neutropenias
69. Immune Globulin
• Also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules
produced by plasma cells (white blood cells).
• They act as a critical part of the immune response by
specifically recognizing and binding to particular antigens,
such as bacteria or viruses, and aiding in their destruction
Types - IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE and IgD
71. Recent Advances
Voclosporin: semisynthetic analog of cyclosporin.
More potent & less nephrotoxic. (phase2b clinical
trials)
CC-122 (avadomide) - Derivative of thalodimide
- Clinical potential for multiple
myeloma and NHL
72. SCIG (Subcutaneous Ig) – FDA approved for CIDP
(Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy)
73. Summary
What is Immunity
Types of immunity – Auquired and innate
Abnormal immune responses – HSR, autoimmunity,
immunodefieciency
Various types of Immunosuppressants
Various types of Immunostimulants
74. References
1. Krensky A.M, Azzi J.R, Hafler D.A. Immunosuppresants and
tolerogens. In : Goodman & Gilman The pharmacological
basis of therapeutics, 13th ed, p 637-652.
2. Jebrock J, Revollo J. Immunosuppresants. In: Lippincott
illustrated reviews pharmacology, South Asian edition,
p663-972
3. Bascones-Martinez A, Mattila R, Gomez-Font R, Meurman
JH. Immunomodulatory drugs: Oral and systemic adverse
effects. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal. 2014
Jan;19(1):e24.
75. 5. Shin HS, Grgic I, Chandraker A. Novel Targets of
Immunosuppression in Transplantation. Clinics in
laboratory medicine. 2019 Mar 1;39(1):157-69.
4. Farmakidis C, Dimachkie MM, Pasnoor M, Barohn RJ.
Immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapies
for neuromuscular diseases. Part II: New and novel
agents. Muscle & nerve. 2020 Jan;61(1):17-25.
6. Tripathi KD, In: Essentials of medical
pharmacology, 8th ed, p 937-945