The document discusses various aspects of immunopharmacology including the immune response, cells involved, immune modifiers, and immunization approaches. It describes several classes of immunosuppressive drugs like glucocorticoids, calcineurin inhibitors, antiproliferative agents, antibodies, and their mechanisms and uses. Some immunostimulants like levamisole, thalidomide, BCG, interferons, interleukin-2 are also mentioned along with their effects. The summary concludes with a brief overview of active and passive immunization approaches including vaccines, immune globulins, and Rho(D) immune globulin.
Immunosuppressants are drugs which inhibit cellular/humoral or both types of immune responses and have their major use in organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases.
Immunosuppressants drugs and their mechanism of action in organ transplantati...Sreedhar Reddy
immunosuppressants are drugs used to supress immune system
1)introduction and classification 2)mechanism with flow chat 3) use of immunosuppressants and adverse effects and contraindications
immunosuppressant mainly used to treat autoimmune disorder and organ transplantation
Role of biological agents in immunosuppression in Autoimmune rheumatoid arthritis and organ transplantation
inhibition of humoral and cellular immune response
Immunosuppressants are drugs which inhibit cellular/humoral or both types of immune responses and have their major use in organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases.
Immunosuppressants drugs and their mechanism of action in organ transplantati...Sreedhar Reddy
immunosuppressants are drugs used to supress immune system
1)introduction and classification 2)mechanism with flow chat 3) use of immunosuppressants and adverse effects and contraindications
immunosuppressant mainly used to treat autoimmune disorder and organ transplantation
Role of biological agents in immunosuppression in Autoimmune rheumatoid arthritis and organ transplantation
inhibition of humoral and cellular immune response
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
2. The Immune Response - why and how ?
{ Discriminate: Self / Non self
{ Destroy:
z Infectious invaders
z Dysregulated self (cancers)
{ Immunity:
z Innate, Natural
z Adaptive, Learned
3. Who are involved ?
{ Innate
z Complement
z Granulocytes
z Monocytes/macrophages
z NK cells
z Mast cells
z Basophils
{ Adaptive:
z B and T
lymphocytes
z B: antibodies
z T : helper,
cytolytic,
suppressor.
7. Immunosuppressants
{ Glucocorticoids
{ Calcineurin inhibitors
z Cyclosporine
z Tacrolimus
{ Antiproliferative / antimetabolic agents
z Sirolimus
z Everolimus
z Azathioprine
z Mycophenolate Mofetil
z Others – methotrexate, cyclophosphamide,
thalidomide and chlorambucil
8. { Antibodies
z Antithymocyte globulin
z Anti CD3 monoclonal antibody
{ Muromonab
z Anti IL-2 receptor antibody –
{ Daclizumab, basiliximab
z Anti TNF alpha – infliximab, etanercept
9. Glucocorticoids
{ Induce redistribution of lymphocytes –
decrease in peripheral blood lymphocyte
counts
{ Intracellular receptors – regulate gene
transcription
{ Down regulation of IL-1, IL-6
{ Inhibition of T cell proliferation
{ Neutrophils, Monocytes display poor
chemotaxis
{ Broad anti-inflammatory effects on
multiple components of cellular immunity
16. Drug Interaction : Cyclosporine
{ CYP 3A4
z Inhibitors: CCB, Antifungals,
Antibiotics, HIV PI, Grape juice
z Inducers: Rifampicin, Phenytoin
{ Additive nephrotoxicity: NSAIDs
17. Tacrolimus
{ Inhibits T-cell activation by
inhibiting calcineurin
{ Use
z Prophylaxis of solid-organ allograft
rejection
18. Toxicity - Tacrolimus
{ Nephrotoxicity
{ Neurotoxicity-Tremor, headache, motor
disturbances, seizures
{ GI Complaints
{ Hypertension
{ Hyperglycemia
{ Risk of tumors, infections
{ Drug interaction
z Synergistic nephrotoxicity with cyclosporine
z CYP3A4
19. Antiproliferative and Antimetabolic
drugs
{ Sirolimus
{ Everolimus
{ Azathioprine
{ Mycophenolate Mofetil
{ Others:
z Methotrexate
z Cyclophosphamide
z Thalidomide
z Chlorambucil
20. Sirolimus
{ Inhibits T-cell activation and
Proliferation
{ Complexes with an immunophilin,
Inhibits a key enzyme in cell cycle
progression – mammalian target of
rapamycin (mTOR)
21.
22. Sirolimus
Uses
{ Prophylaxis of organ transplant rejection
along with other drugs
Toxicity
{ Increase in serum cholesterol, Triglycerides
{ Anemia
{ Thrombocytopenia
{ Hypokalemia
{ Fever
{ GI effects
{ Risk of infection, tumors
{ Drug Interactions: CYP 3A4
23. Everolimus
{ Shorter half life compared to
sirolimus
{ Shorter time taken to reach steady
state
{ Similar toxicity, drug interactions
24. Azathioprine
{ Purine antimetabolite
{ Incorporation of false nucleotide
6 Thio-IMP 6Thio-GMP 6Thio-GTP
{ Inhibition of cell proliferation
{ Impairment of lymphocyte function
Uses
{ Prevention of organ transplant
rejection
{ Rheumatoid arthritis
25. Toxicity - Azathioprine
{ Bone marrow suppression-
leukopenia, thrombocytopenia,
anemia
{ Increased susceptibility to infection
{ Hepatotoxicity
{ Alopecia
{ GI toxicity
{ Drug interaction: Allopurinol
26. Mycophenolate Mofetil
{ Prodrug Æ Mycophenolic acid
{ Inhibits IMPDH – enzyme in guanine
synthesis
{ T, B cells are highly dependent on
this pathway for cell proliferation
{ Selectively inhibits lymphocyte
proliferation, function – Antibody
formation, cellular adhesion,
migration
27. Uses - Mycophenolate Mofetil
{ Prophylaxis of transplant rejection
{ Combination: Glucocorticoids
Calcineurin Inhibitors
{ Toxicity
{ GI, Hematological
z Diarrhea, Leucopenia
{ Risk of Infection
28. Drug Interaction
{ Decreased absorption when co-
administered with antacids
{ Acyclovir, Gancyclovir compete with
mycophenolate for tubular secretion
29. FTY720
{ S1P-R agonist – sphingosine 1 receptor
{ Reduce recirculation of lymphocytes from
lymphatic system to blood and peripheral
tissues
{ “Lymphocyte homing” – periphery into
lymph node
{ Protects graft from T-cell-mediated attack
Uses
{ Combination immunosuppression therapy
in prevention of acute graft rejection
32. Antibodies
{ Antithymocyte Globulin
{ Monoclonal antibodies
z Anti-CD3 Monoclonal antibody (Muromonab-CD3)
z Anti-IL-2 Receptor antibody (Daclizumab,
Basiliximab)
z Campath-1H (Alemtuzumab)
{ Anti-TNF Agents
z Infliximab
z Etanercept
z Adalimumab
{ LFA-1 Inhibitor (lymphocyte function associated)
z Efalizumab
33. Anti-thymocyte Globulin
{ Purified gamma globulin from serum of
rabbits immunized with human thymocytes
{ Cytotoxic to lymphocytes & block lymphocyte
function
Uses
{ Induction of immunosuppression –
transplantation
{ Treatment of acute transplant rejection
Toxicity
{ Hypersensitivity
{ Risk of infection, Malignancy
34. Anti-CD3 Monoclonal Antibody
{ Muromonab-CD3
{ Binds to CD3, a component of T-cell
receptor complex involved in
z antigen recognition
z cell signaling & proliferation
49. Levamisole
{ Antihelminthic
{ Restores depressed immune
function of B, T cells, Monocytes,
Macrophages
{ Adjuvant therapy with 5FU in colon
cancer
Toxicity
{ Agranulocytosis
50. Thalidomide
{ Birth defect
{ Contraindicated in women with
childbearing potential
{ Enhanced T-cell production of
cytokines – IL-2, IFN-γ
{ NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against
tumor cells
USE:
{ Multiple myeloma
51. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
{ Live, attenuated culture of BCG
strain of Mycobacterium Bovis
{ Carcinoma Bladder
Adverse Effects
z Hypersensitivity
z Shock
z Chills
52. Interferons
{ Antiviral
{ Immunomodulatory activity
{ Bind to cell surface receptors –
initiate intracellular events
z Enzyme induction
z Inhibition of cell proliferation
z Enhancement of immune activities
z Increased Phagocytosis
58. Active immunization
Vaccines
{ Administration of antigen as a
whole, killed organism, or a specific
protein or peptide constituent of an
organism
{ Booster doses
{ Anticancer vaccines – immunizing
patients with APCs expressing
tumor antigen.
59. Immune Globulin
Indications
{ Individual is deficient in antibodies
– immunodeficiency
{ Individual is exposed to an agent,
inadequate time for active
immunization
z Rabies
z Hepatitis B
60. { Nonspecific immunoglobulins
z Antibody-deficiency disorders
{ Specific immune globulins
z High titers of desired antibody
z Hepatitis B, Rabies, Tetanus
61. Rho (D) Immune Globulin
{ Antibodies against Rh(D)
antigen on the surface of
RBC
{ Rh-negative women may be
sensitized to “Foreign” Rh
antigen on fetal RBC
{ Anti-RH Antibodies
produced in mother can
damage subsequent fetuses
by lysing RBC’s
{ Hemolytic disease of
newborn
