Immunity
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The document discusses how the immune system works and how vaccination helps prevent diseases. It describes how the immune system produces antibodies to fight pathogens. Vaccines contain small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens to stimulate antibody production and confer immunity without causing illness. Common childhood vaccines protect against diseases that were once major killers but are now preventable through vaccination.
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Vaccinations provide artificial immunity by introducing harmless versions of viruses or bacteria into the body. This allows the immune system to develop antibodies without experiencing the actual disease. Natural immunity develops when a person contracts an illness and their body fights it off. The key difference is that vaccines contain dead or weakened germs while natural immunity results from surviving the live infection. Vaccinations train the immune system to quickly recognize and destroy pathogens it may encounter in the future through exposure to similar but harmless versions during the vaccination process.
Immunity lecture ppt
Immunity is the body's ability to recognize, destroy, and eliminate foreign antigens like bacteria and viruses. Antigens induce an immune response that leads to the formation of antibodies that specifically react with that antigen. Antibodies are immunoglobulins, including IgG, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgE, that react with the antigens that stimulate their production. Vaccines are generally safe and effective, but all immune responses carry some risk of adverse reactions, like minor local reactions, irritability, fever or gastrointestinal upset. Herd immunity occurs when vaccinating a portion of a population provides indirect protection to unvaccinated individuals by making it difficult for diseases to spread from person to person.
BIO30s 4_13_bodysresponsetoallergensvirusesvaccines
Mucus acts as a physical barrier to foreign pathogens in the following ways:
Mucus traps pathogens trying to enter the body through various openings. It entangles them and slows their movement. Mucus also contains antibodies and enzymes that can destroy pathogens. Finally, mucus is constantly moved by cilia up and out of the body, sweeping pathogens away from vulnerable tissues.
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Most infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms like viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Viruses are the smallest and can only reproduce inside living cells, while bacteria are a bit larger and can grow on their own. Fungi come in many varieties from bread mould to mushrooms. Microbes spread disease through various means like coughing, contaminated food or water, mosquito bites, and sexual contact. Understanding how diseases spread can help prevent their transmission.
Rabies
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Vaccinations provide artificial immunity by introducing harmless versions of viruses or bacteria into the body. This allows the immune system to develop antibodies without experiencing the actual disease. Natural immunity develops when a person contracts an illness and their body fights it off. The key difference is that vaccines contain dead or weakened germs while natural immunity results from surviving the live infection. Vaccinations train the immune system to quickly recognize and destroy pathogens it may encounter in the future through exposure to similar but harmless versions during the vaccination process.
Immunity lecture ppt
Immunity is the body's ability to recognize, destroy, and eliminate foreign antigens like bacteria and viruses. Antigens induce an immune response that leads to the formation of antibodies that specifically react with that antigen. Antibodies are immunoglobulins, including IgG, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgE, that react with the antigens that stimulate their production. Vaccines are generally safe and effective, but all immune responses carry some risk of adverse reactions, like minor local reactions, irritability, fever or gastrointestinal upset. Herd immunity occurs when vaccinating a portion of a population provides indirect protection to unvaccinated individuals by making it difficult for diseases to spread from person to person.
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Mucus acts as a physical barrier to foreign pathogens in the following ways:
Mucus traps pathogens trying to enter the body through various openings. It entangles them and slows their movement. Mucus also contains antibodies and enzymes that can destroy pathogens. Finally, mucus is constantly moved by cilia up and out of the body, sweeping pathogens away from vulnerable tissues.
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Most infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms like viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Viruses are the smallest and can only reproduce inside living cells, while bacteria are a bit larger and can grow on their own. Fungi come in many varieties from bread mould to mushrooms. Microbes spread disease through various means like coughing, contaminated food or water, mosquito bites, and sexual contact. Understanding how diseases spread can help prevent their transmission.
Rabies
Rabies is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain and is almost always fatal once symptoms appear. It is transmitted through the saliva of infected mammals, most often through bites. The rabies virus travels along nerve pathways from the site of exposure to the brain. Early symptoms are non-specific but later symptoms involve neurological dysfunction including anxiety, confusion and fear of water. Post-exposure treatment involves thoroughly cleaning the wound, administering rabies immunoglobulin to provide immediate antibodies, and a course of rabies vaccines to develop active immunity. Prevention focuses on vaccinating pets and avoiding contact with wild animals.
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This document discusses several diseases and toxins: H1N1 virus, E. coli bacteria, botulism, and nicotine. It describes the causes and effects of each, as well as prevention methods. H1N1 virus infects cells and forces them to replicate the virus. E. coli is usually harmless but too much can be deadly. Botulism is a rare but serious illness caused by a bacteria that paralyzes muscles. Nicotine is highly addictive and causes various health problems. Prevention includes handwashing, cooking food thoroughly, and avoiding smoking.
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Vaccination
IMMUNIZATION
PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
Passive Natural Immunization
Passive artificial immunization
2. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
Active Natural Immunization
Vaccine
Vaccination:
Types of vaccine
Routes of Administration
Scheme of immunization
Periods of maintained immunity due to vaccines
Toxoids
Immunization-vaccination
This document provides an overview of immunization and vaccines. It discusses the history of vaccines dating back to ancient India and China. Immunization works by stimulating the body's immune system to protect against disease, either through passive transfer of antibodies or active immune response development. The document outlines the different types of vaccines including live-attenuated, killed/inactivated, subunit, toxoid, and conjugate vaccines. It also discusses routes of vaccine administration and lists common contraindications for vaccination. The overall purpose is to explain how vaccines provide immunity against infectious diseases.
Immunity and vaccine technology
Vaccines provide protective immunity and immunological memory to individuals, families and communities against any infectious disease.
Vaccines are cheap, cost – effective , easily administered and adaptable to mass vaccination.
Viral diseases can be managed through vaccination.
1.vaccine delivery system
The document discusses vaccine delivery systems. It begins by introducing vaccines and how they work, preparing the immune system to recognize and fight pathogens. It then discusses different types of vaccines and delivery methods, including live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, conjugate, and subunit vaccines. Physical approaches like electroporation and chemical/vesicular approaches like liposomes, niosomes, and viral vectors can be used for transdermal vaccine delivery to stimulate an immune response. The skin is a promising target for topical vaccination due to immune cells present that can recognize antigens and initiate a response.
Untitled document.pdf
Natural insusceptibility is the resistant framework that is available when you are conceived. It is your body's most memorable line of guard against microorganisms.Versatile resistance is assurance that your body constructs when it meets and recollects antigens, which is one more name for microorganisms and other unfamiliar substances in the body.The antibody is managed. It contains antigens to a particular infection.The safe framework recognizes the antigens in the immunization as unfamiliar trespassers.
IMMUNIZATION AND HAPTENS
Immunization is a key strategy for child survival and protection from diseases. The process of immunization stimulates the immune system through antigens from vaccines. It leads to immunity against pathogens but without causing severe infection. Immunization lowers morbidity and mortality in children through techniques like vaccination. Herd immunity occurs when a large percentage of a population is immune, indirectly protecting those who are not immune by disrupting chains of infection. Haptens are small molecules that are antigenic but not immunogenic on their own and require coupling to carrier proteins to induce an immune response.
Vaccine & vaccination
Vaccines provide active acquired immunity by exposing the immune system to weakened or killed forms of disease-causing microbes. Edward Jenner pioneered vaccination in the late 18th century by showing that inoculation with cowpox protected against smallpox. Since then, vaccines have been developed for many diseases like polio, diphtheria, measles and more through the work of scientists like Pasteur and others. Vaccines are administered through various routes and provide long-lasting immunity through both active natural and artificial means.
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The document discusses how energy from the sun is incorporated into biomass through producers, consumers, and decomposers in a food chain or web. It defines producers as organisms like plants that can produce their own food, consumers as organisms that obtain energy by eating other organisms, decomposers as organisms that break down waste and dead materials, and provides examples of each. It also notes that food pyramids show the transfer of biomass from one trophic level to another.
Energy Flows – Pyramids Of Biomass
This lesson plan aims to explain how solar radiation provides energy for living organisms and how this energy is incorporated into biomass. Students will recall simple food chains and define biomass. Then, using an online simulation, students will learn how food chains can be represented as pyramids of biomass and numbers. They will draw examples in their books and complete a worksheet. In the plenary, key concepts will be reviewed using pages from the New Edition Biology textbook.
Energy In Food Production
This document discusses improving the efficiency of food production by comparing free-range and factory farming methods. Free-range farming has advantages like less stress and disease in animals, better tasting meat, lower costs, and higher productivity. However, it also has disadvantages like being more labor-intensive, expensive to feed animals, and animals are more susceptible to climate. Factory farming has less disadvantages but is also less humane.
B3a13plant Mineral Deficiencies
This document summarizes common mineral deficiencies in plants. It identifies that nitrogen deficiency causes yellow leaves and stunted growth, potassium deficiency causes yellow leaves that die, and magnesium deficiency causes yellow leaves with green veins and brown spots. Phosphorus deficiency reduces all aspects of plant growth. The document also states that plants absorb mineral ions from the soil through their roots to enable general growth, and mineral deficiencies result in stunted growth or yellow leaves.
Hydroponic Farming
Hydroponic farming is an efficient way for farmers and growers to produce crops. It allows them to understand the most economic way of growing plants without soil by using mineral nutrient solutions in a water solvent. Hydroponics can help maximize crop yields while using fewer resources.
Light Intensity And Photosynthesis
The lesson plan outlines an experiment to investigate how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis. Students will measure the rate of bubble production in Elodea over a range of distances from a lamp to determine the relationship between light intensity and photosynthesis. In the first lesson, students will set up the experiment and collect initial data. The second lesson will involve collecting additional data and graphing the results to show how the rate of photosynthesis changes with light intensity. The goal is for students to understand that light energy drives photosynthesis and more intense light results in a higher rate.
Starch
Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are polysaccharides that serve important functions in organisms. Starch is made of glucose monomers linked by glycosidic bonds and forms coils that allow it to be compactly stored in plants. Glycogen in animals is similarly structured but more branched, allowing easier breakdown. Cellulose is made of beta-glucose monomers rather than alpha-glucose, causing its chains to form parallel and rigid, providing structure and support in plant cell walls.
Factors Which Affect Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis can be limited by several factors including light intensity, temperature, and carbon dioxide levels. As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis also increases until it reaches a maximum level where another factor becomes limiting. Anything in short supply that is needed for photosynthesis, such as light, heat, or carbon dioxide, can act as a limiting factor to slow the rate of photosynthesis.
The Variety Of Life Continued
There are different types of haemoglobin that take up and release oxygen under different conditions. Haemoglobin with high affinity takes up oxygen easily but releases less readily, while low affinity haemoglobin is not as easy to take up oxygen but releases it more readily. The affinity is correlated to environmental factors like oxygen levels and the organism's metabolic rate. Differences in affinity are caused by variations in the amino acid sequence, which change the shape of haemoglobin. Carbon dioxide reduces the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen through the Bohr effect, making it release oxygen more readily in tissues with high carbon dioxide levels like respiring muscles.
Cell Images
This document discusses how cells allow for the movement of substances and how understanding cells helps explain biological functions. It lists different biological materials like red blood cells, human hair, leaf stomata, pollen, and skin as examples of substances that move or are moved via cells. The list also includes non-biological items like toilet paper, matches, cotton, and diamonds for comparison.
Diffusion
Diffusion is the spreading of particles in a solution from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration, resulting in an even distribution of particles. The rate of diffusion is affected by concentration difference, temperature, and the shape of the particles.
Osmosis – A Special Type Of Diffusion
The document describes an experiment on osmosis using potato slices in solutions with different sucrose concentrations. Potato slices placed in distilled water gained mass, those in the 1.0M sucrose solution lost mass, and those in the 0.3M solution showed no mass change, indicating osmosis. Osmosis is defined as the passive movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher concentration until equilibrium is reached. This movement provides support to plant cells by increasing pressure inside the cell.
Jc Aqa Adds 006 B21 2 Prs Plantcells
The document describes the key characteristics and functions of several types of specialized plant and animal cells, including palisade cells, root hair cells, guard cells, xylem cells, epidermal cells, fat cells, neurons, red blood cells, muscle cells, sperm cells, gland cells, and egg cells. Each cell type is specialized to perform a particular role through adaptations like surface area, organelle content, shape, and secretory abilities.
Cells
This document provides instructions for making slides of onion cells and cheek cells to view under a microscope. The steps are to peel a thin layer of onion, scrape the area with a cotton bud and place it on a slide, then add iodine. For cheek cells, scrape the inside of the cheek with a cotton bud, place it on a separate slide, and add methylene blue. Both slides should then have excess liquid blotted off and a cover slip lowered onto the sample.
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Immunity
- 1. Immunity Lesson objectives To describe how the immune system works. To evaluate how vaccination can help prevent some bacterial and viral diseases.
- 2. WHAT VACCINATIONS HAVE YOU HAD? AQA Science © Nelson Thornes Ltd 2006
- 5. The diseases that children are commonly vaccinated against were once childhood killers.
- 9. This is how vaccines protect you against dangerous infectious diseases Small amounts of dead or inactive pathogen are put into your body, often by injection. .
- 10. This is how vaccines protect you against dangerous infectious diseases The antigens in the vaccine stimulate your white blood cells into making antibodies.
- 11. This is how vaccines protect you against dangerous infectious diseases You are immune to future infections by the pathogen. This is because your body can respond rapidly and make the correct antibodies as if you had already had the disease.
- 12. This is how vaccines protect you against dangerous infectious diseases
- 13. Key word splat. AQA Science © Nelson Thornes Ltd 2006 antibody antigen antibiotic Anti toxin pathogen White blood cell ingest