Dr. Jayaveeramuthu Nirmala - Vaccination as One of the Drivers of Influenza G...John Blue
Vaccination as One of the Drivers of Influenza Genetic Diversity - Dr. Jayaveeramuthu Nirmala, from the 2017 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 16-19, 2017, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-leman-swine-conference-material
Panel discussion moderated by Prof Paul Heath at Meningitis Research Foundation's 2013 Conference, Meningitis and Septicaemia in Children and Adults
Panellists: Prof Adam Finn, University of Bristol, Dr Simon Nadel, Prof Robert Read, Dr Matthew Snape and Dr Caroline Trotter
"Genomic vaccines promise to offer many advantages, including fast manufacture when a virus, such as Zika or Ebola, suddenly becomes more virulent or widespread”
"Genetic immunization is going to be a revolution in vaccines and now we've taken it to another level - genomic vaccination. We should be able to apply this technology to any pathogen,"
INTRODUCTION
DNA VACCINES
GENE THERAPY
TIME LINE OF DEVELOPING GENE THERAPY
GENE THERAPY STRATEGIES
TECHNOLOGY OF CLASSICAL GENE THERAPY
PRINCIPLES OF GENE TRANSFER
VECTORS
VIRAL VECTORS
NON-VIRAL VECTORS
APPLICATIONS OF GENE THERAPY
ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS
THE FUTURE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Dr. Jayaveeramuthu Nirmala - Vaccination as One of the Drivers of Influenza G...John Blue
Vaccination as One of the Drivers of Influenza Genetic Diversity - Dr. Jayaveeramuthu Nirmala, from the 2017 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 16-19, 2017, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-leman-swine-conference-material
Panel discussion moderated by Prof Paul Heath at Meningitis Research Foundation's 2013 Conference, Meningitis and Septicaemia in Children and Adults
Panellists: Prof Adam Finn, University of Bristol, Dr Simon Nadel, Prof Robert Read, Dr Matthew Snape and Dr Caroline Trotter
"Genomic vaccines promise to offer many advantages, including fast manufacture when a virus, such as Zika or Ebola, suddenly becomes more virulent or widespread”
"Genetic immunization is going to be a revolution in vaccines and now we've taken it to another level - genomic vaccination. We should be able to apply this technology to any pathogen,"
INTRODUCTION
DNA VACCINES
GENE THERAPY
TIME LINE OF DEVELOPING GENE THERAPY
GENE THERAPY STRATEGIES
TECHNOLOGY OF CLASSICAL GENE THERAPY
PRINCIPLES OF GENE TRANSFER
VECTORS
VIRAL VECTORS
NON-VIRAL VECTORS
APPLICATIONS OF GENE THERAPY
ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS
THE FUTURE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
La vacuna en estudio demostró tener un excelente perfil de seguridad; sin embargo, no tuvo la eficacia esperada. Aún así, la investigación realizada deja enseñanzas importantes y aporta información valiosa. Tomado de Infectious Diseases in Children
Like personalized medicine, personalized vaccinology aims to provide the right vaccine, to the right patient, at the right time, to achieve protection from disease, while being safe (i.e., free from unintended side effects). Starting with these lines, this presentation will provide overall information related to the vaccinomoic along with the suitable examples and thus will be helpful for the students to understand the basics related to the same.
Global & Malaysia data has consistently shown that after 2 doses of Sinovac, a Pfizer/AstraZeneca booster is more effective than a 3rd dose of Sinovac, especially Omicron. And despite a third dose of Sinovac, levels of ‘neutralizing’ antibodies, tend to remain low.
A brief overview of the process of vaccine production, clinical trials, and licensing, along with a summary of the different vaccines platforms and vaccine candidates.
Vaccination in adults - Slideset by Professor Paolo BonanniWAidid
The slideset by professor Paolo Bonanni on vaccination in adults makes an overview on influenza, streptococcus pneumoniae, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), measles, mumps, rubella, varicella and tick borne encephalitis. Where we were and where we are.
Implementation and evaluation of anursing assessmentstandin.docxwilcockiris
Implementation and evaluation of a
nursing assessment/standing orders–
based inpatient pneumococcal
vaccination program
Carl Eckrode, MPH, RRT-NPS,b Nancy Church, RN, MT,a and Woodruff J. English III, MDa
Portland and Gresham, Oregon
Background: Pneumococcal vaccination is recommended for patients aged 65 years and greater; inpatient vaccination has been
suggested as means to increase vaccination rates is this population. Our hospital implemented an inpatient pneumococcal vacci-
nation program, and expanded the population of interest to include patients aged 2 to 64 years with risk factors for pneumococcal
bacteremia. We studied the outcomes of this program to determine if the rate of pneumococcal vaccination opportunities and
pneumococcal vaccination rate could be significantly increased through the application of an in-hospital pneumococcal vaccina-
tion program, based on standing orders and assessment by Registered Nurses, when compared to our previous method of physi-
cian assessment and written vaccination order for each patient.
Methods: Subjects were inpatients admitted to non-intensive care units of our hospital from August to December of 2004. Cases
were aged greater than 65 years, or were greater than 2 years of age with selected risk factors. Patients with previous pneumococcal
vaccination with the past five years, in terminal or comfort care, those allergic to vaccine components, patients who received organ
or bone marrow transplants in the year prior to the study, and those physicians barred them from the vaccination protocol were
excluded. Program effectiveness was evaluated through retrospective evaluation of medical records to determine if subjects had
been evaluated for vaccination eligibility, and if subjects were eligible, whether or not they had received pneumococcal vaccination.
Results: Overall vaccination opportunity rate after implementation of the standing orders-based program increased form 8.6% to
59.1%, and overall vaccination rates improved form 0% to 15.4%. The study found a statistically significant difference in the rate
of pneumococcal vaccination opportunities (x2 = 182.46, p = .00) and the pneumococcal vaccination rate (x2 = 56, p = .00)
between the two methods of assessment and vaccination; these results are attributable to the study intervention.
Conclusions: The study program contributed to increased overall vaccination opportunity and vaccination rates, when compared
to the previous method. The overall rates of vaccination attained by this program were often lower than those reported in the ex-
isting literature for other program designs; however, this may be due to an unusually high rate of vaccination refusal. (Am J Infect
Control 2007;35:508-15.)
The significance of invasive pneumococcal disease
cannot be understated, because disease caused by
Streptococcus pneumoniae has been reported to be
responsible for an estimated 36% of community-
acquired pneumonia, an estimated 50% of nosocomial
pneumonias,.
Die britische Regierung räumt ein, dass Impfstoffe das natürliche Immunsystem von Doppelgeimpften geschädigt haben. Die britische Regierung hat zugegeben, dass Sie nach einer Doppelimpfung nie wieder eine vollständige natürliche Immunität gegen Covid-Varianten – oder möglicherweise gegen andere Viren – erlangen können. Sehen wir also zu, wie die „echte“ Pandemie jetzt beginnt! In seinem „COVID-19 Vaccine Surveillance Report“ (Woche 42) räumt das britische Gesundheitsministerium auf Seite 23 ein, dass „die N-Antikörperspiegel bei Menschen, die sich nach zwei Impfdosen infizieren, niedriger zu sein scheinen“. Es heißt weiter, dass dieser Rückgang der Antikörper im Wesentlichen dauerhaft ist. Was bedeutet das? Wir wissen, dass Impfstoffe eine Infektion oder Übertragung des Virus nicht verhindern (tatsächlich zeigt der Bericht an anderer Stelle, dass geimpfte Erwachsene jetzt viel wahrscheinlicher infiziert werden als ungeimpfte). Die Briten stellen nun fest, dass der Impfstoff die Fähigkeit des Körpers beeinträchtigt, nach einer Infektion Antikörper zu bilden, nicht nur gegen das Spike-Protein, sondern auch gegen andere Teile des Virus. Insbesondere scheinen geimpfte Personen keine Antikörper gegen das Nukleokapsid-Protein, die Hülle des Virus, zu bilden, das ein entscheidender Teil der Reaktion bei ungeimpften Personen ist. Langfristig sind die Geimpften deutlich anfälliger für eventuelle Mutationen im Spike-Protein, auch wenn sie bereits einmal oder mehrmals infiziert und geheilt wurden. Die Ungeimpften hingegen werden eine dauerhafte, wenn nicht sogar dauerhafte Immunität gegen alle Stämme des angeblichen Virus erlangen, nachdem sie auch nur einmal auf natürliche Weise damit infiziert wurden. Quelle: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1027511/Vaccine-surveillance-report-week-42.pdf Die
La vacuna en estudio demostró tener un excelente perfil de seguridad; sin embargo, no tuvo la eficacia esperada. Aún así, la investigación realizada deja enseñanzas importantes y aporta información valiosa. Tomado de Infectious Diseases in Children
Like personalized medicine, personalized vaccinology aims to provide the right vaccine, to the right patient, at the right time, to achieve protection from disease, while being safe (i.e., free from unintended side effects). Starting with these lines, this presentation will provide overall information related to the vaccinomoic along with the suitable examples and thus will be helpful for the students to understand the basics related to the same.
Global & Malaysia data has consistently shown that after 2 doses of Sinovac, a Pfizer/AstraZeneca booster is more effective than a 3rd dose of Sinovac, especially Omicron. And despite a third dose of Sinovac, levels of ‘neutralizing’ antibodies, tend to remain low.
A brief overview of the process of vaccine production, clinical trials, and licensing, along with a summary of the different vaccines platforms and vaccine candidates.
Vaccination in adults - Slideset by Professor Paolo BonanniWAidid
The slideset by professor Paolo Bonanni on vaccination in adults makes an overview on influenza, streptococcus pneumoniae, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), measles, mumps, rubella, varicella and tick borne encephalitis. Where we were and where we are.
Implementation and evaluation of anursing assessmentstandin.docxwilcockiris
Implementation and evaluation of a
nursing assessment/standing orders–
based inpatient pneumococcal
vaccination program
Carl Eckrode, MPH, RRT-NPS,b Nancy Church, RN, MT,a and Woodruff J. English III, MDa
Portland and Gresham, Oregon
Background: Pneumococcal vaccination is recommended for patients aged 65 years and greater; inpatient vaccination has been
suggested as means to increase vaccination rates is this population. Our hospital implemented an inpatient pneumococcal vacci-
nation program, and expanded the population of interest to include patients aged 2 to 64 years with risk factors for pneumococcal
bacteremia. We studied the outcomes of this program to determine if the rate of pneumococcal vaccination opportunities and
pneumococcal vaccination rate could be significantly increased through the application of an in-hospital pneumococcal vaccina-
tion program, based on standing orders and assessment by Registered Nurses, when compared to our previous method of physi-
cian assessment and written vaccination order for each patient.
Methods: Subjects were inpatients admitted to non-intensive care units of our hospital from August to December of 2004. Cases
were aged greater than 65 years, or were greater than 2 years of age with selected risk factors. Patients with previous pneumococcal
vaccination with the past five years, in terminal or comfort care, those allergic to vaccine components, patients who received organ
or bone marrow transplants in the year prior to the study, and those physicians barred them from the vaccination protocol were
excluded. Program effectiveness was evaluated through retrospective evaluation of medical records to determine if subjects had
been evaluated for vaccination eligibility, and if subjects were eligible, whether or not they had received pneumococcal vaccination.
Results: Overall vaccination opportunity rate after implementation of the standing orders-based program increased form 8.6% to
59.1%, and overall vaccination rates improved form 0% to 15.4%. The study found a statistically significant difference in the rate
of pneumococcal vaccination opportunities (x2 = 182.46, p = .00) and the pneumococcal vaccination rate (x2 = 56, p = .00)
between the two methods of assessment and vaccination; these results are attributable to the study intervention.
Conclusions: The study program contributed to increased overall vaccination opportunity and vaccination rates, when compared
to the previous method. The overall rates of vaccination attained by this program were often lower than those reported in the ex-
isting literature for other program designs; however, this may be due to an unusually high rate of vaccination refusal. (Am J Infect
Control 2007;35:508-15.)
The significance of invasive pneumococcal disease
cannot be understated, because disease caused by
Streptococcus pneumoniae has been reported to be
responsible for an estimated 36% of community-
acquired pneumonia, an estimated 50% of nosocomial
pneumonias,.
Die britische Regierung räumt ein, dass Impfstoffe das natürliche Immunsystem von Doppelgeimpften geschädigt haben. Die britische Regierung hat zugegeben, dass Sie nach einer Doppelimpfung nie wieder eine vollständige natürliche Immunität gegen Covid-Varianten – oder möglicherweise gegen andere Viren – erlangen können. Sehen wir also zu, wie die „echte“ Pandemie jetzt beginnt! In seinem „COVID-19 Vaccine Surveillance Report“ (Woche 42) räumt das britische Gesundheitsministerium auf Seite 23 ein, dass „die N-Antikörperspiegel bei Menschen, die sich nach zwei Impfdosen infizieren, niedriger zu sein scheinen“. Es heißt weiter, dass dieser Rückgang der Antikörper im Wesentlichen dauerhaft ist. Was bedeutet das? Wir wissen, dass Impfstoffe eine Infektion oder Übertragung des Virus nicht verhindern (tatsächlich zeigt der Bericht an anderer Stelle, dass geimpfte Erwachsene jetzt viel wahrscheinlicher infiziert werden als ungeimpfte). Die Briten stellen nun fest, dass der Impfstoff die Fähigkeit des Körpers beeinträchtigt, nach einer Infektion Antikörper zu bilden, nicht nur gegen das Spike-Protein, sondern auch gegen andere Teile des Virus. Insbesondere scheinen geimpfte Personen keine Antikörper gegen das Nukleokapsid-Protein, die Hülle des Virus, zu bilden, das ein entscheidender Teil der Reaktion bei ungeimpften Personen ist. Langfristig sind die Geimpften deutlich anfälliger für eventuelle Mutationen im Spike-Protein, auch wenn sie bereits einmal oder mehrmals infiziert und geheilt wurden. Die Ungeimpften hingegen werden eine dauerhafte, wenn nicht sogar dauerhafte Immunität gegen alle Stämme des angeblichen Virus erlangen, nachdem sie auch nur einmal auf natürliche Weise damit infiziert wurden. Quelle: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1027511/Vaccine-surveillance-report-week-42.pdf Die
Current challenges in pertussis prevention gaurav gupta - sept 2016Gaurav Gupta
Pentaxim, Hexaxim, India, pertussis, whooping cough, vaccine, 2 component, 5 component.
Talk for Chandigarh, India about whole cell pertussis versus acellular pertussis vaccine -
This slide show provides a summary of Larkin Community Hospital and our plans for Larkin University.
Larkin Community Hospital is one of 12 designated statutory teaching hospitals in Florida. We offer the largest number of training programs for Osteopathic Physicians in the United States (offering training in more than 30 different specialties). We sponsor an allopathic residency program in Psychiatry, an Advanced Education in General Dentistry Residency Program, an American Society of Health System Pharmacists Accredited Pharmacy Residency Program and a Podiatric Medicine and Surgery Residency Program. In addition, our School of Nursing offers a Registered Nurse Associate Degree program and our College of Biomedical Sciences offers a Post-Baccalaureate Biomedical Sciences Degree program.
Our hospital is also the home of:
• The Miami Neuroscience Center at Larkin, a state of the art facility which specializes in Gamma Knife Radiosurgery. This 25 member team, led by world renowned neurosurgeon Dr. Aizik Wolf, has performed over 8000 procedures during the past 20 years. Gamma Knife is a non-invasive state of the art neurological procedure used to treat brain tumors, head and neck cancer, and neurological conditions, such as trigeminal neuralgia and Arteriovenous Malformations.
• The Center for Advanced Orthopedics at Larkin, which specializes in advanced orthopedic surgery using the latest multimodal perioperative pain management modalities and state of art technology and instrumentation with advanced robotic technology. The center, led by world renowned orthopedic surgeon Dr. Carlos Lavernia, includes an outcomes-oriented robust research component with an ongoing prospective surgical registry and a comprehensive rehabilitation department.
Ten Common Orthopedic Injuries - Tennis ElbowJack Michel MD
Ten Common Orthopedic Injuries - Tennis Elbow
Presented by Dr. Philip R. Lozman, M.D.
Dr. Philip R. Lozman, MD, orthopedic surgeon, is a member of the Center for Advanced Orthopedics at Larkin Community Hospital. He is a Diplomat of the American Board of Orthopedic Surgery and Fellow of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. Dr. Lozman completed his internship in General Surgery and his residency in Orthopedic Surgery at the University Miami, Jackson Memorial Medical Center in Miami, FL where he also obtained his Fellowship in Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy. He partook in a two year Clinical Course in Microsurgery, within the Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation. Dr. Lozman received his BS in Biology from the Tulane University of Louisiana, in New Orleans, LA; he then received his medical degree from the University of Miami School of Medicine in Miami, FL.
Hospital-Acquired Condition Fl. Hospital ListJack Michel MD
We are proud to announce that Larkin Community Hospital has received an excellent score from the Hospital-Acquired Condition Reduction Program, part of the Affordable Care Act. Larkin's score is 1.35 which is one of the lowest nation wide, and better than many other hospitals in South Florida. The ranking is on a scale of one to ten with ten reflecting the worst performance.
Metastatic renal cell carcinoma presenting as a thyroid noduleJack Michel MD
Joshua Simon, DO, PGY-1, Philip Pack, DO, PGY-2, Quoc Dang, DO, PGY-1, Michael Kambour, MD, and Mohammad Masri, MD
Larkin Community Hospital General Surgery Residency Program
Rare arterial and venous aneurysms of the gastrointestinal tractJack Michel MD
Alysha Vartevan D.O., Patricio Rossi M.D., Daryl EberM.D,
Javier Casillas M.D, Beatrice Madrazo M.D.
DEPARTMENT OF RADIOLOGY, LARKIN COMMUNITY HOSPITAL
Larkin Community Hospital is a 146 Bed Acute Care Teaching Hospital located in South Miami, Florida. This slide show provides a glimpse into this hospital system highlighting graduate medical education.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Immune response post administration of polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine and implications regarding clinical efficacy
1. Immune Response Post-Administration of Polyvalent Pneumococcal Vaccine and Implications
Regarding Clinical Efficacy
J. M. Khan D.O.1,2, H. M. Nasir D.O.1,2, W. M. Ryan III D.O.1,2
1 Larkin Community Hospital, Miami, FL
2 Allergy and Immunology Fellowship Program, Nova Southeastern University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Davie, FL
Introduction
Acknowledgments
Conclusion
Despite low antibody titers post vaccine administration, it may be
possible to confer immunity using pneumococcal vaccine. There
appears to be a decrease in invasive pneumococcal disease post-
vaccine administration, however, there is conflicting data on
whether or not this decreases all-cause mortality, as mentioned.
Further studies are necessary to determine antibody levels for
immunity to each serotype. Other factors would also need further
study in addition to measurement of IgG levels and subtype levels
(IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4), including evaluation of opsonization
and phagocytosis involving each specific serotype in both in-vitro
and in-vivo models. In adult populations, additional studies would
also need to be performed to determine the efficacy of use of a
conjugate vaccine as previous studies have shown superior
immunogenicity in pediatric populations.
Methods
Pneumococcal vaccine is FDA approved in adults > 50 and children >
2 at increased risk for developing pneumococcal disease. Due to
multiple serotypes, there is no discrete level for antibody titers which
confer protective immunity. We hypothesize that immunity can be
achieved despite suboptimal antibody response. There are over 90
different capsular serotypes of pneumococcus which have been
identified to date. There are multiple formulations of the
pneumococcal vaccine available, but for the purposes of this
discussion, we focus on 7-valent and 23-valent vaccines (Prevnar and
Pneumovax, respectively), as they have been the most widely studies
to date in both pediatric and adult populations. 7-valent, 10-valent,
and 13-valent vaccines are formulated as conjugate vaccines, whereas
the 23-valent vaccine is not. Currently, the 23-valent vaccine includes
23 purified capsular polysaccharide antigens including serotypes: 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 8, 9N, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19A,
19F, 20, 22F, 23F, and 33F. These serotypes were chosen to represent
85 to 90 percent of the serotypes that cause invasive disease in the
United States. A 2008 meta-analysis by the Cochrane group that
assessed the efficacy of PPSV23 for preventing pneumococcal
infection in adults had the following findings: strong evidence of
efficacy against IPD (odds ratio 0.26, 95% CI 0.15-0.46),
inconclusive evidence regarding efficacy against all-cause
pneumonia, no reductions in all-cause mortality.1 Immune responses
in immunocomprimised patients vary, and are not included in the
scope of this discussion.
Results
References
Nova Southeastern University- Larkin Community Hospital Program Director:
Shahnaz Fatteh, M.D.
Walter M. Ryan, III, D.O., FAAAAI
We reviewed data from prospective/retrospective studies
evaluating vaccine efficacy. IgM and IgG antibody levels
were measured by ELISA pre and 2-3 weeks post
administration. Incidence of pneumococcal disease was noted
post-vaccine administration. Studies were controlled for
gender, race, and age. Percent response rates were compared
using titers and analyzed in the context of clinical guidelines
suggesting antibody concentration of 1.3 µg/ml or higher or
200 to 300 ng of antibody nitrogen per ml (N/ml-1) per
serotype, a 4-fold rise in antibody titer from baseline, and in
age > 5 years, a response to at least 70% of serotypes. In
patients age 2-5 years, a response to 50% of the capsular
antigens was expected to confer protective immunity.2
Healthy adults were noted to show a 2-fold increase in antibody
titers after vaccination. Higher pre-immunization antibody
concentrations to a specific serotype showed a smaller rise after
immunization. This does not meet clinical criteria for an adequate
immune response. Clinical efficacy studies revealed an
inconsistent relationship between vaccination administration and
subsequent development of pneumococcal disease.
1. Moberley SA, Holden J, Tatham DP, Andrews RM. Vaccines
for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults. Cochrane
Database Syst Rev 2008; :CD000422
2. Sorenson RU, Leiva LE, Giangrosso PA. Response to
heptavalent conjugate Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine in
children with recurrent infections who are unresponsive to the
polysaccharide vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17: 685
3. Jackson LA, Neuzel KM, Yu O. Effectiveness of
pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in older adults. NEJM
2003; 348: 18
Disclosures
No financial disclosures to report