Immune regulation of immune system .pptx

1. Immunomodulation
Adjustment of the immune response to a desired
level, as in immunopotentiation, or
immunosuppression.

2. Immunopotentiation
Immunopotentiation means enhancement of the
immune response by
increasing its rate
prolonging its duration
by the administration of another substance (an
adjuvant).

3. Adjuvants:
agent that stimulates the immune system and increase the
response to a vaccine, without having any specific
antigenic effect by itself:
1- Inorganic adjuvants like aluminium salts.
2- Organic adjuvants like squalene,
3- Oil-based adjuvants :
Complete freund`s adjuvant (CFA), is a water-in-oil
emulsion containing killed Mycobacteria.
Incomplete freund`s adjuvant, Water-in-oil emulsion
without Mycobacterium,

4. 4- Virosomes: A virosome is a phospholipid
bilayer vesicle containing hepatitis A and
influenza antigens
5- Cytokines for example IL-12,

5. Mechanisms of action of adjuvants:
1- Prolong retention of the immunogen.
2- Increase the size of immunogen and so
promote phagocytosis and presentation by
macrophages.
3- Stimulate the influx of macrophages and
other immune cells to the injection site.
4- Increase local cytokine production.

6. Immunosuppression
Def.: Suppression of immune system
Indications:
 1- Hypersensitivity responses.
 2- Autoimmune disease.
 3- After transplantation to prevent rejection.
Induction:
 1- Drugs.
 2- Radiation.
 3- Anticancer drugs

7.  Methods Of Immunosuppression In Clinical
Use:
Cyclosporine and tacrolimus (FK-506):
Fungal macrolites
Inhibit T cell activation by blocking T cell cytokine
production (IL-2)
The most commonly used immunosuppressive
drugs for prevention of graft rejection
Tacrolimus is less nephrotoxic than cyclosporin

8. Azathioprine and mycophenolate
mofetil:
They are antiproliferative drugs, inhibit
synthesis of purines that are required for
cell division
Block lymphocytes proliferation
Corticosteroids :
Anti-inflammatory drugs
Inhibit the secretion of proinflammatory
cytokines (IL-1, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, TNF-α)
Decrease the migration of inflammatory
cells.

9. Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody
Depletes T cells by binding to
CD3 molecules.
Anti-IL-2 receptor antibody
Inhibit T cell proliferation by
blocking IL-2 binding to its
receptor.